CA2616382A1 - Fuel and lubricant additives and methods for improving fuel economy and vehicle emissions - Google Patents
Fuel and lubricant additives and methods for improving fuel economy and vehicle emissions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2616382A1 CA2616382A1 CA002616382A CA2616382A CA2616382A1 CA 2616382 A1 CA2616382 A1 CA 2616382A1 CA 002616382 A CA002616382 A CA 002616382A CA 2616382 A CA2616382 A CA 2616382A CA 2616382 A1 CA2616382 A1 CA 2616382A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- additive
- calcium
- oil
- fuel
- fatty acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 115
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 59
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 title description 11
- 239000003879 lubricant additive Substances 0.000 title description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 223
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 194
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- -1 fatty acid esters Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229940119170 jojoba wax Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 235000004443 Ricinus communis Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ricinoleic acid Natural products CCCCCCC(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229960003656 ricinoleic acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002173 cutting fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 44
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000828 canola oil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000019519 canola oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims 6
- WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N ricinelaidic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N 0.000 claims 6
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-QJWNTBNXSA-N ricinoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-QJWNTBNXSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- ULQISTXYYBZJSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCC(O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O ULQISTXYYBZJSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229940114072 12-hydroxystearic acid Drugs 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 46
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 39
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 38
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 36
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 29
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000013028 emission testing Methods 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 241000282341 Mustela putorius furo Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241000221095 Simmondsia Species 0.000 description 4
- 235000004433 Simmondsia californica Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010730 cutting oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004164 Wax ester Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940088417 precipitated calcium carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000019386 wax ester Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 101100352919 Caenorhabditis elegans ppm-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000879777 Lynx rufus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010042618 Surgical procedure repeated Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003467 diminishing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003254 gasoline additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl salicylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O OSWPMRLSEDHDFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- VYQNWZOUAUKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N monobenzone Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1OCC1=CC=CC=C1 VYQNWZOUAUKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011837 pasties Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010773 plant oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000009637 wintergreen oil Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M161/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M109/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution
- C10M109/02—Reaction products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M163/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M173/00—Lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/06—Metal compounds
- C10M2201/062—Oxides; Hydroxides; Carbonates or bicarbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/281—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/286—Esters of polymerised unsaturated acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
- C10M2207/402—Castor oils
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2209/10—Macromolecular compoundss obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10M2209/102—Polyesters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/02—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds
- C10M2219/024—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds of esters, e.g. fats
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
- C10M2219/044—Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
- C10M2219/046—Overbasedsulfonic acid salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
- C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/50—Emission or smoke controlling properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/54—Fuel economy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/20—Metal working
- C10N2040/22—Metal working with essential removal of material, e.g. cutting, grinding or drilling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
- C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
Abstract
An additive includes a calcium source, a suspension agent, a castor oil, and optionally a castor supplement/replacement. In many embodiments, polyalphaolefin is included. The preferred suspension agents are fatty acid esters, triglycerides or other, with a pour point/melt point from about 5 degrees C to about 50 degrees C. Suspension agents of particular interest are:
1) polymerized ester(s) of ricinoleic acid (polymerized ester(s) of 12-Hydroxy Oleic Acid), 2) polymerized ester(s) of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid, 3) waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, 4) palm oil, 5) palm-olein, 6) coconut oil, and 7) jojoba oil. The waxy esters may result from polymerization of shorter carboxylic acid monomers. The additive may be used in fuels to improve combustion engine performance in terms of efficiency and emissions.
Polyalphaolefin may be important, especially in additive formulations for diesel fuels, for NOx reduction. The additive may be used in lubricants that improve performance of both ferrous and non-ferrous metal components of engines, guns, or other machinery. The additive also may be used in cutting fluids for machining and fabrication. Used in conjunction with other additives, embodiments of the invention may be used to lower pour points in oils, esters and other similar products.
1) polymerized ester(s) of ricinoleic acid (polymerized ester(s) of 12-Hydroxy Oleic Acid), 2) polymerized ester(s) of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid, 3) waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, 4) palm oil, 5) palm-olein, 6) coconut oil, and 7) jojoba oil. The waxy esters may result from polymerization of shorter carboxylic acid monomers. The additive may be used in fuels to improve combustion engine performance in terms of efficiency and emissions.
Polyalphaolefin may be important, especially in additive formulations for diesel fuels, for NOx reduction. The additive may be used in lubricants that improve performance of both ferrous and non-ferrous metal components of engines, guns, or other machinery. The additive also may be used in cutting fluids for machining and fabrication. Used in conjunction with other additives, embodiments of the invention may be used to lower pour points in oils, esters and other similar products.
Description
FUEL AND LUBRICANT ADDITIVES AND METHODS
FOR IMPROVING FUEL ECONOMY AND VEHICLE EMISSIONS
DESCRIPTION
This application claims priority of U.S. Patent Application No. 60/702,420, filed July 25, 2005, and U.S. Patent Application No. 60/782,091, filed March 13, 2006.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to additives for motor fuels that improve combustion engine performance, especially in terms of efficiency and emissions. The invention also relates to additives for lubricants that improve performance of both ferrous and non-ferrous metal components of engines, guns, or other machinery. The invention may also relate to additives for cutting fluids used in machining and fabricating, as well as mining and other similar cutting, shearing, and grinding applications that benefit from ease of cutting and lower temperatures. The invention may also relate to additives for pour point depressants. The invention may find other applications in various fuels, oils, esters, grease, pasty compounds such as cosmetics, as well as other fluids and semi-solids.
BACKGROUND
Ritter, in U.S. Patent 5,505,867 (issued April 9, 1996), discloses compositions of matter for inclusion in fuels and lubricants that include overbased sulfonates, jojoba oil, and castor oil. A combination of these components, when added to lubes oils for metals, was found to provide superior lubrication performance. A combination of these components, when added to automotive diesel fuel, was found to provide superior power, lower fuel consumption, and lower smoke emissions. A combination of these components, when added to 95 Research Octane gasoline, allowed a single-engine aircraft engine to perform without incipient detonation even while "leaning" the fuel by 20 - 25 %.
Many other patents and products attempt to improve engine performance and lube oil performance, with varying success. Many commercial products are available from the major oil companies and from smaller specialty producers that tout improved engine performance and life due to removal of deposits, prevention of deposits, lubrication of engine metal surfaces, removal of water droplets in fuel, or rust inhibition.
Still, the present inventors believe that improvement in fuel additives and lubricants is needed. Embodiments of the present invention meet this and other needs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Objects of the invention include improving the combustion performance of fuels, so that fuel economy is increased and harmful emissions are reduced. Further objects of the present invention include improving the lubricating value of fuels, and improving performance of lubricants in high velocity contact of metals. Other objects of some embodiments of the invention include enhancing pour point depression in diesel fuels.
Invented compositions of matter are provided as additives for fuels and lubricants, wherein said additives enhance said combustion performance and lubrication, and fulfill some or all of the above objects.
The additives of the invention comprise a calcium-containing component, castor oil, a suspension agent, an optional castor supplement/partial replacement, and, in many embodiments, a polyalphaolefin component. Preferred calcium-containing components are overbased calcium sulfonate, calcium carbonate, and other liquids and powders containing calcium sulfonate and/or calcium carbonate. Preferred suspension agents (also called herein "bonding agents") are fatty acid esters, triglycerides or otlier, with a pour point/melt point between about 5 degrees C and 50 degrees C. Especially-preferred suspension agents are waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, palm oil, palm-olein, coconut oil, and jojoba oil. Preferred castor supplement/partial-replacements include sulfated castor oil, soy methyl ester, canola oil, and pour point depressant.
In embodiments used with fuels, the invented additives may be formulated from components only from the above lists, or may include other components such as conventional fuel additive packages, and the additives may be used with fuels that themselves include other additive packages. In embodiments used with lubricants or as lubricants, the invented additives may be formulated from components only from the above lists, or may include other components such as conventional lubricant additive packages, and the additives may be used with lubricants that themselves include other additive packages. In embodiments used with pour point depressants, the invented additives may be formulated from components only from the above lists, or may include other components; the invented additives may be used to enhance pour point depressants used with biodiesel fuel or diesels containing biodiesel, and most preferably, the invented additive is mixed with the pour point depressant before the mixture is added to a biodiesel or biodiesel-containing fuel.
While particular uses of the invented additives are described herein, other uses may become apparent over time. Further, particular preferred formulations are described here, but other formulations according to the invention may be effective within the broad scope of this disclosure or within the broad scope of the priority documents for this application, specifically U.S. Patent Application No. 60/702,420, filed July 25, 2005, and U.S. Patent Application No. 60/782,091, filed March 13, 2006, which are incorporated herein by this reference.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the invented composition may be formulated for use alone, blended into fuels, lubricants, treatments, or cutting oils, or blended into additives or pour point depressants for said fuel, lubricants, treatments, or cutting fluids:
Embodiments of the invented composition may improve combustion and/or operation of combustion engines, resulting in improved miles per gallon and/or improved emissions. Embodiments of the invented additives may improve fuel lubricity, resulting in less engine wear and increased engine efficiency. Additives according to the invention comprise a calcium-containing component; castor oil; a suspension agent; an optional castor supplement/partial replacement, and, in many embodiments, a polyalphaolefin component.
The calcium component may be calcium sulfonate, preferably an overbased calcium sulfonate, but the inventors have also found that calcium carbonate may be effective, in place of, or in addition to, calcium sulfonate. Many calcium sulfonates and overbased calcium sulfonates are known (see, for example, U.S. Patent 5,505,867 Related Art), and are available conunercially, for example, from Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura). Particularly preferred calcium sources are C-400TM or C-400-CTM or CLRTM overbased calcium sulfonates from Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura). Crompton C-400TM or C-400-CTM or C-400-CLRTM have been found to be excellent calcium sources in the form of liquids that do not exhibit calcium particle size problems by plugging fuel filters.
The inventors have experimented with magnesium sulfonates, and have found them to be effective, except that they typically leave deposits in combustion chambers on the head, valves, spark plugs, etc., to the point that the deposits on the spark plugs "ground out" the spark plugs. Therefore, including magnesium sulfonates instead of, or in addition to, calcium sulfonates may not be practical and are therefore not preferred. The inventors have experimented with barium sulfonates, but have not found them to be effective, for example, because they appear to decompose at the temperatures of interest in combustion engines to produce undesirable emissions. In preferred embodiments, therefore, only calcium-containing components are used, rather than other alkaline earth components and rather than other alkaline earth sulfonates.
The inventors believe that many, if not all, polyalphaolefm compounds will be effective in the preferred additives. The polyalphaolefms are preferably not hydrogenated for use in the preferred additives. Specific examples of preferred polyalphaolefin compounds that have been effective in the below-described tests and examples are SYNTONTM
PAOs (such as SYNTON-40TM and SYNTON-80TM) available from Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura), and DURASYNTM PAO's available from BP Amoco.
The suspension agents, sometimes called "bonding agents" by the inventors, are believed to be critical in keeping the calcium-containing component, whether calcium organic (example: sulfonate) or inorganic (example: carbonate) salt, in suspension in the vegetable oils of the preferred additives, and also in the fmal fuel-additive blends and the final lubricant-additive blends. The inventors note, in the case of overbased calcium sulfonate being suspended in additive-fuel or additive-lubricant mixtures of the invention, that both inorganic (the carbonate "overbased" portion of the overbased calcium sulfonate) and organic (the sulfonate portion of the overbased calcium sulfonate) calcium are being suspended.
Because the effectiveness of the suspension agents has been so remarkable, it has appeared to the inventors that the suspension agent seems to nearly "bind" the calcium to the other components to keep the calcium in suspension, and, hence, the name "bonding agent." The inventors do not necessarily believe that the calcium is covalently bound to the "bonding agent" or to the castor'oil, castor supplement/replacement, or the PAO, but they use this "bonding agent" terminology as indicative of the surprising results achievable by using the suspension agents.
The preferred suspension agents comprise one or more of the following: 1) polymerized ester(s) of ricinoleic acid (polymerized ester(s) of 12-Hydroxy Oleic Acid), 2) polymerized ester(s) of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid, 3) palm oil 4) palm-olein, 5) coconut oil, and 6) jojoba oil. Partiuclarly preferred suspension agents are:
FOR IMPROVING FUEL ECONOMY AND VEHICLE EMISSIONS
DESCRIPTION
This application claims priority of U.S. Patent Application No. 60/702,420, filed July 25, 2005, and U.S. Patent Application No. 60/782,091, filed March 13, 2006.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to additives for motor fuels that improve combustion engine performance, especially in terms of efficiency and emissions. The invention also relates to additives for lubricants that improve performance of both ferrous and non-ferrous metal components of engines, guns, or other machinery. The invention may also relate to additives for cutting fluids used in machining and fabricating, as well as mining and other similar cutting, shearing, and grinding applications that benefit from ease of cutting and lower temperatures. The invention may also relate to additives for pour point depressants. The invention may find other applications in various fuels, oils, esters, grease, pasty compounds such as cosmetics, as well as other fluids and semi-solids.
BACKGROUND
Ritter, in U.S. Patent 5,505,867 (issued April 9, 1996), discloses compositions of matter for inclusion in fuels and lubricants that include overbased sulfonates, jojoba oil, and castor oil. A combination of these components, when added to lubes oils for metals, was found to provide superior lubrication performance. A combination of these components, when added to automotive diesel fuel, was found to provide superior power, lower fuel consumption, and lower smoke emissions. A combination of these components, when added to 95 Research Octane gasoline, allowed a single-engine aircraft engine to perform without incipient detonation even while "leaning" the fuel by 20 - 25 %.
Many other patents and products attempt to improve engine performance and lube oil performance, with varying success. Many commercial products are available from the major oil companies and from smaller specialty producers that tout improved engine performance and life due to removal of deposits, prevention of deposits, lubrication of engine metal surfaces, removal of water droplets in fuel, or rust inhibition.
Still, the present inventors believe that improvement in fuel additives and lubricants is needed. Embodiments of the present invention meet this and other needs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Objects of the invention include improving the combustion performance of fuels, so that fuel economy is increased and harmful emissions are reduced. Further objects of the present invention include improving the lubricating value of fuels, and improving performance of lubricants in high velocity contact of metals. Other objects of some embodiments of the invention include enhancing pour point depression in diesel fuels.
Invented compositions of matter are provided as additives for fuels and lubricants, wherein said additives enhance said combustion performance and lubrication, and fulfill some or all of the above objects.
The additives of the invention comprise a calcium-containing component, castor oil, a suspension agent, an optional castor supplement/partial replacement, and, in many embodiments, a polyalphaolefin component. Preferred calcium-containing components are overbased calcium sulfonate, calcium carbonate, and other liquids and powders containing calcium sulfonate and/or calcium carbonate. Preferred suspension agents (also called herein "bonding agents") are fatty acid esters, triglycerides or otlier, with a pour point/melt point between about 5 degrees C and 50 degrees C. Especially-preferred suspension agents are waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, palm oil, palm-olein, coconut oil, and jojoba oil. Preferred castor supplement/partial-replacements include sulfated castor oil, soy methyl ester, canola oil, and pour point depressant.
In embodiments used with fuels, the invented additives may be formulated from components only from the above lists, or may include other components such as conventional fuel additive packages, and the additives may be used with fuels that themselves include other additive packages. In embodiments used with lubricants or as lubricants, the invented additives may be formulated from components only from the above lists, or may include other components such as conventional lubricant additive packages, and the additives may be used with lubricants that themselves include other additive packages. In embodiments used with pour point depressants, the invented additives may be formulated from components only from the above lists, or may include other components; the invented additives may be used to enhance pour point depressants used with biodiesel fuel or diesels containing biodiesel, and most preferably, the invented additive is mixed with the pour point depressant before the mixture is added to a biodiesel or biodiesel-containing fuel.
While particular uses of the invented additives are described herein, other uses may become apparent over time. Further, particular preferred formulations are described here, but other formulations according to the invention may be effective within the broad scope of this disclosure or within the broad scope of the priority documents for this application, specifically U.S. Patent Application No. 60/702,420, filed July 25, 2005, and U.S. Patent Application No. 60/782,091, filed March 13, 2006, which are incorporated herein by this reference.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the invented composition may be formulated for use alone, blended into fuels, lubricants, treatments, or cutting oils, or blended into additives or pour point depressants for said fuel, lubricants, treatments, or cutting fluids:
Embodiments of the invented composition may improve combustion and/or operation of combustion engines, resulting in improved miles per gallon and/or improved emissions. Embodiments of the invented additives may improve fuel lubricity, resulting in less engine wear and increased engine efficiency. Additives according to the invention comprise a calcium-containing component; castor oil; a suspension agent; an optional castor supplement/partial replacement, and, in many embodiments, a polyalphaolefin component.
The calcium component may be calcium sulfonate, preferably an overbased calcium sulfonate, but the inventors have also found that calcium carbonate may be effective, in place of, or in addition to, calcium sulfonate. Many calcium sulfonates and overbased calcium sulfonates are known (see, for example, U.S. Patent 5,505,867 Related Art), and are available conunercially, for example, from Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura). Particularly preferred calcium sources are C-400TM or C-400-CTM or CLRTM overbased calcium sulfonates from Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura). Crompton C-400TM or C-400-CTM or C-400-CLRTM have been found to be excellent calcium sources in the form of liquids that do not exhibit calcium particle size problems by plugging fuel filters.
The inventors have experimented with magnesium sulfonates, and have found them to be effective, except that they typically leave deposits in combustion chambers on the head, valves, spark plugs, etc., to the point that the deposits on the spark plugs "ground out" the spark plugs. Therefore, including magnesium sulfonates instead of, or in addition to, calcium sulfonates may not be practical and are therefore not preferred. The inventors have experimented with barium sulfonates, but have not found them to be effective, for example, because they appear to decompose at the temperatures of interest in combustion engines to produce undesirable emissions. In preferred embodiments, therefore, only calcium-containing components are used, rather than other alkaline earth components and rather than other alkaline earth sulfonates.
The inventors believe that many, if not all, polyalphaolefm compounds will be effective in the preferred additives. The polyalphaolefms are preferably not hydrogenated for use in the preferred additives. Specific examples of preferred polyalphaolefin compounds that have been effective in the below-described tests and examples are SYNTONTM
PAOs (such as SYNTON-40TM and SYNTON-80TM) available from Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura), and DURASYNTM PAO's available from BP Amoco.
The suspension agents, sometimes called "bonding agents" by the inventors, are believed to be critical in keeping the calcium-containing component, whether calcium organic (example: sulfonate) or inorganic (example: carbonate) salt, in suspension in the vegetable oils of the preferred additives, and also in the fmal fuel-additive blends and the final lubricant-additive blends. The inventors note, in the case of overbased calcium sulfonate being suspended in additive-fuel or additive-lubricant mixtures of the invention, that both inorganic (the carbonate "overbased" portion of the overbased calcium sulfonate) and organic (the sulfonate portion of the overbased calcium sulfonate) calcium are being suspended.
Because the effectiveness of the suspension agents has been so remarkable, it has appeared to the inventors that the suspension agent seems to nearly "bind" the calcium to the other components to keep the calcium in suspension, and, hence, the name "bonding agent." The inventors do not necessarily believe that the calcium is covalently bound to the "bonding agent" or to the castor'oil, castor supplement/replacement, or the PAO, but they use this "bonding agent" terminology as indicative of the surprising results achievable by using the suspension agents.
The preferred suspension agents comprise one or more of the following: 1) polymerized ester(s) of ricinoleic acid (polymerized ester(s) of 12-Hydroxy Oleic Acid), 2) polymerized ester(s) of 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid, 3) palm oil 4) palm-olein, 5) coconut oil, and 6) jojoba oil. Partiuclarly preferred suspension agents are:
Acme Wax 224TM from Acme Hardesty Co. (an example of item no. 1 above);
Acme Wax 225TM from Acme Hardesty Co. (an example, of items no. 2 above, having a 45 degree Centigrade melting point);
palm oil #701 (41 degrees C melting point), #710 (41 degrees C melting point), #720, and #730 (28 degrees C melting point) from Columbus Foods;
palm-olein #725 (21 degrees C melting point); and coconut oils #92 (34 degrees C melting point) and #76 (26 degrees C melting point) also from Columbus Foods.
A less preferred suspension agent is jojoba oil (preferably only cis jojoba, that naturally occuring jojoba, with about 7 degrees C melting point), wherein it is less-preferred particularly because of its cost and low availability.
A representation of the general chemical structure of Acme Wax 224TM is portrayed in Figure 1, wherein one may see the unsaturation in the structure (that is, the carbon=carbon double bonds in each of the monomers) and the plurality of hydroxy groups bonded to the carbon chains (here, one per monomer). Acme Wax 224TM wax ester may comprise dimers, trimers, and oligmers, with the chain lengths being greater than 30 carbons (dimers and higher numbers of polymerized monomers), and typically greater than 40 carbons (trimers and higher numbers of polymerized monomers).
A representation of the general chemical structure of Acme Wax 225TM is portrayed in Figure 2, wherein one may see the saturation in the structure (that is, the carbon-carbon single bonds throughout each of the polymerized monomers) and the plurality of hydroxy groups bonded to the carbon chains (here, one per monomer). Acme Wax 225TM wax ester may comprise dimers, trimers, and oligmers, with the chain lengths being greater than 30 carbons (dimers and higher numbers of polymerized monomers), and typically greater than 40 carbons (trimers and higher numbers of polymerized monomers).
One may note the 18-carbon-chain monomers in both Acme Wax 224TM and 225TM, each with a carboxyl (COO-) groups.
Regarding the castor oil component, conventional castor oil, as available from many commercial sources, is effective. The castor oil component optionally may be supplemented, or a portion but not all of the castor oil may be replaced, with one or more of the castor supplement/partial replacement components. The preferred castor supplement/partial replacement components are sulfated castor oil, canola oil, soy methyl ester, and pour point depressant (preferably a plant-oil-based pour point depressant, such as Rho-Max 10 - 310TM, currently available from RHOMAX in Montreal, and reported to be a rapeseed oil derivative being the one preferred by the inventors). Sulfated castor oil (for example, "75% sulfated") is preferred, and is also available from Acme Hardesty Co., Blue Bell, PA, U.S.A.
A wide range of formulations are expected to be effective for the additive, for example, a "three group" formulation (noting that in such formulations polyalphaolefins are not added) may be within the following ranges:
Group 1: Calcium component, 10 - 50 LV-%, including calcium sulfonate and/or calcium carbonate;
Group 2: Polyalphaolefin, 0 LV-%;
Group 3: Castor oil, including optional castor supplement/partial replacement:
LV-%; and Group 4: Suspension Agent, 1- 25 LV-%.
The ranges for a "four group" formulation, listed below, have been found to be effective in many different environments:
Group 1: Calcium component, 10 - 50 LV-%, such as calcium sulfonate and/or calcium carbonate;
Group 2: Polyalphaolefin, 15 - 75 LV-%;
Group 3: Castor oil, including optional castor supplement/partial replacement, LV-%;
Group 4: Suspension Agent, 1- 20 LV-%; and When components from three groups are blended together to form 1001iquid-volume-% of the additive (leaving out Group 2), it is referred to as the "three-group additive"
composition. When four groups are blended together to form 1001iquid-volume-%
of the additive (including Group 2), it is referred to as the "four-group additive."
The blending process is best done by adding Group 4 to the Group 1 component(s), and blending these two components/groups very well before adding any other groups. After blending the Groups 1 and 4, Group 3 and optionally Group 2 component(s) may be added.
A thorough blending of components from Groups 1 and 4, before any other coinponents are added, is believed by the inventors to be very important to keeping all the components of the additive in solution/suspension, and in keeping the additive in proper solution/suspension with the oil, fuel, or lubricant into which the additive is placed. While the components may be at a range of temperatures during the blending process, it is preferred that the components be blended at about room temperature up to about 100 - 140 degrees F.
The terms "blend" and "mixture" and "add" herein may be done with various methods and various equipment, and is not intended to require a particular method, particular equipment, or duration of mixing. In the claims, multiple of these terms may be used in a single claim, which is for clarity in explaining different steps, but is not intended to imply that the steps require different mixing techniques or equipment. In some embodiments, however, the blending/mixing/adding of the various components of the preferred additives with each other, or of the additive to the fuel or lubricant, may need to be done with a high speed, high shear, or otherwise energetic mixing technique of equipment, as will be apparent to one of average skill in the art without undue experimentation.
The preferred three-group additive may consist only of said three groups, and the preferred four-group additive may consist only of said four groups.
Alternatively, the preferred three-group additive or four-group additive may be blended with additional components, for example, additive packages such as those available commercially, to arrive at a "blended additive." A blended additive may consist of, for example, 80 -99.99 LV-% of the three group combination and 20 - 0.01 LV-% of "additional components." Or, a blended additive may consist of, for example, 80 - 99.99 LV-% of the four group combination and 20 -0.01 LV-% of "additional components." Thus, the "additional components" may range from a significant portion of the product (at about 20 LV-%, for example) to a very small portion of the product (at about 0.01 LV-%, for example). Examples of components that may be added to the "three-group additive" or "four-group additive" to form a "blended additive"
include, but are not limited to, a pour point suppressant, wintergreen oil, dyes, oil, various esters, and/or various conventional additive packages for fuels or for lubricants. Further, the three-group or four-group additive or the blended additive may be added/blended with other materials, preferably lube oil or fuels, which themselves may already contain other "additives."
Effective concentrations of the three-group or four-group additive, or the blended additive, in conventional lube oils are believed to be 0.002- 20.0 LV-% four-group or five-group or blended additive (0.03 - 20 LV-% being typical) with 99.998 - 80 LV-%
lube oil (99.97 - 80 LV-% being typical), for example. Effective concentrations of the three-group or four-group additive, or the blended additive, in combustion engine fuels are believed to be 0.002 - 5.0 LV-% three-group or four-group or blended additive (0.03 - 5 LV-%
being typical) with 99.998 - 95 LV-% fuel (99.97 - 95 LV-% being typical), for example.
The inventor envisions use of a wide range of concentrations of the three or four-group additive or the blended additive in lube oils, fuels, cutting oils, treatment oils, and that the more important issue is that components from at least the three required groups be present in the lube or fuel, with or without other conventional or unconventional additive components.
In the following Examples, additives according to embodiments of the invention are described. Data associated therewith illustrates emissions improvement, fuel mileage (miles per gallon) improvement, and lubricity and metals treatment improvement.
EXAMPLE I
Emissions Testing Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV-% C-400 Calcium Sulfonate LV-% Polyalphaolefm 20 LV-% Castor Oil 2 LV-% Jojoba Oil 18 LV-% Canola Oil 20 Equaling 100 LV-% additive.
This formulation was blended by the methods described above, added to diesel fuel and to gasoline, and run in a variety of engines, as noted in the table below.
Procedures:
Tests 1 - 9 were performed under no-load conditions, with diesel fuel plus the additive (in a concentration of 1 ounce of additive in 12 gallons of conventional, commercial diesel fuel) compared to the same engine operating on only the diesel fuel.
Tests 10 and 11 were performed under no-load conditions, with gasoline plus the additive (in a concentration of 1 ounce of additive in 18 gallons of conventional 87 octane, commercial gasoline) compared to the same engine operating with only the gasoline. All emissions results were obtained by means of an analyzer in the vehicle tailpipe, such as a FerretTM, SunTM, or ECOMTM analyzer.
Acme Wax 225TM from Acme Hardesty Co. (an example, of items no. 2 above, having a 45 degree Centigrade melting point);
palm oil #701 (41 degrees C melting point), #710 (41 degrees C melting point), #720, and #730 (28 degrees C melting point) from Columbus Foods;
palm-olein #725 (21 degrees C melting point); and coconut oils #92 (34 degrees C melting point) and #76 (26 degrees C melting point) also from Columbus Foods.
A less preferred suspension agent is jojoba oil (preferably only cis jojoba, that naturally occuring jojoba, with about 7 degrees C melting point), wherein it is less-preferred particularly because of its cost and low availability.
A representation of the general chemical structure of Acme Wax 224TM is portrayed in Figure 1, wherein one may see the unsaturation in the structure (that is, the carbon=carbon double bonds in each of the monomers) and the plurality of hydroxy groups bonded to the carbon chains (here, one per monomer). Acme Wax 224TM wax ester may comprise dimers, trimers, and oligmers, with the chain lengths being greater than 30 carbons (dimers and higher numbers of polymerized monomers), and typically greater than 40 carbons (trimers and higher numbers of polymerized monomers).
A representation of the general chemical structure of Acme Wax 225TM is portrayed in Figure 2, wherein one may see the saturation in the structure (that is, the carbon-carbon single bonds throughout each of the polymerized monomers) and the plurality of hydroxy groups bonded to the carbon chains (here, one per monomer). Acme Wax 225TM wax ester may comprise dimers, trimers, and oligmers, with the chain lengths being greater than 30 carbons (dimers and higher numbers of polymerized monomers), and typically greater than 40 carbons (trimers and higher numbers of polymerized monomers).
One may note the 18-carbon-chain monomers in both Acme Wax 224TM and 225TM, each with a carboxyl (COO-) groups.
Regarding the castor oil component, conventional castor oil, as available from many commercial sources, is effective. The castor oil component optionally may be supplemented, or a portion but not all of the castor oil may be replaced, with one or more of the castor supplement/partial replacement components. The preferred castor supplement/partial replacement components are sulfated castor oil, canola oil, soy methyl ester, and pour point depressant (preferably a plant-oil-based pour point depressant, such as Rho-Max 10 - 310TM, currently available from RHOMAX in Montreal, and reported to be a rapeseed oil derivative being the one preferred by the inventors). Sulfated castor oil (for example, "75% sulfated") is preferred, and is also available from Acme Hardesty Co., Blue Bell, PA, U.S.A.
A wide range of formulations are expected to be effective for the additive, for example, a "three group" formulation (noting that in such formulations polyalphaolefins are not added) may be within the following ranges:
Group 1: Calcium component, 10 - 50 LV-%, including calcium sulfonate and/or calcium carbonate;
Group 2: Polyalphaolefin, 0 LV-%;
Group 3: Castor oil, including optional castor supplement/partial replacement:
LV-%; and Group 4: Suspension Agent, 1- 25 LV-%.
The ranges for a "four group" formulation, listed below, have been found to be effective in many different environments:
Group 1: Calcium component, 10 - 50 LV-%, such as calcium sulfonate and/or calcium carbonate;
Group 2: Polyalphaolefin, 15 - 75 LV-%;
Group 3: Castor oil, including optional castor supplement/partial replacement, LV-%;
Group 4: Suspension Agent, 1- 20 LV-%; and When components from three groups are blended together to form 1001iquid-volume-% of the additive (leaving out Group 2), it is referred to as the "three-group additive"
composition. When four groups are blended together to form 1001iquid-volume-%
of the additive (including Group 2), it is referred to as the "four-group additive."
The blending process is best done by adding Group 4 to the Group 1 component(s), and blending these two components/groups very well before adding any other groups. After blending the Groups 1 and 4, Group 3 and optionally Group 2 component(s) may be added.
A thorough blending of components from Groups 1 and 4, before any other coinponents are added, is believed by the inventors to be very important to keeping all the components of the additive in solution/suspension, and in keeping the additive in proper solution/suspension with the oil, fuel, or lubricant into which the additive is placed. While the components may be at a range of temperatures during the blending process, it is preferred that the components be blended at about room temperature up to about 100 - 140 degrees F.
The terms "blend" and "mixture" and "add" herein may be done with various methods and various equipment, and is not intended to require a particular method, particular equipment, or duration of mixing. In the claims, multiple of these terms may be used in a single claim, which is for clarity in explaining different steps, but is not intended to imply that the steps require different mixing techniques or equipment. In some embodiments, however, the blending/mixing/adding of the various components of the preferred additives with each other, or of the additive to the fuel or lubricant, may need to be done with a high speed, high shear, or otherwise energetic mixing technique of equipment, as will be apparent to one of average skill in the art without undue experimentation.
The preferred three-group additive may consist only of said three groups, and the preferred four-group additive may consist only of said four groups.
Alternatively, the preferred three-group additive or four-group additive may be blended with additional components, for example, additive packages such as those available commercially, to arrive at a "blended additive." A blended additive may consist of, for example, 80 -99.99 LV-% of the three group combination and 20 - 0.01 LV-% of "additional components." Or, a blended additive may consist of, for example, 80 - 99.99 LV-% of the four group combination and 20 -0.01 LV-% of "additional components." Thus, the "additional components" may range from a significant portion of the product (at about 20 LV-%, for example) to a very small portion of the product (at about 0.01 LV-%, for example). Examples of components that may be added to the "three-group additive" or "four-group additive" to form a "blended additive"
include, but are not limited to, a pour point suppressant, wintergreen oil, dyes, oil, various esters, and/or various conventional additive packages for fuels or for lubricants. Further, the three-group or four-group additive or the blended additive may be added/blended with other materials, preferably lube oil or fuels, which themselves may already contain other "additives."
Effective concentrations of the three-group or four-group additive, or the blended additive, in conventional lube oils are believed to be 0.002- 20.0 LV-% four-group or five-group or blended additive (0.03 - 20 LV-% being typical) with 99.998 - 80 LV-%
lube oil (99.97 - 80 LV-% being typical), for example. Effective concentrations of the three-group or four-group additive, or the blended additive, in combustion engine fuels are believed to be 0.002 - 5.0 LV-% three-group or four-group or blended additive (0.03 - 5 LV-%
being typical) with 99.998 - 95 LV-% fuel (99.97 - 95 LV-% being typical), for example.
The inventor envisions use of a wide range of concentrations of the three or four-group additive or the blended additive in lube oils, fuels, cutting oils, treatment oils, and that the more important issue is that components from at least the three required groups be present in the lube or fuel, with or without other conventional or unconventional additive components.
In the following Examples, additives according to embodiments of the invention are described. Data associated therewith illustrates emissions improvement, fuel mileage (miles per gallon) improvement, and lubricity and metals treatment improvement.
EXAMPLE I
Emissions Testing Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV-% C-400 Calcium Sulfonate LV-% Polyalphaolefm 20 LV-% Castor Oil 2 LV-% Jojoba Oil 18 LV-% Canola Oil 20 Equaling 100 LV-% additive.
This formulation was blended by the methods described above, added to diesel fuel and to gasoline, and run in a variety of engines, as noted in the table below.
Procedures:
Tests 1 - 9 were performed under no-load conditions, with diesel fuel plus the additive (in a concentration of 1 ounce of additive in 12 gallons of conventional, commercial diesel fuel) compared to the same engine operating on only the diesel fuel.
Tests 10 and 11 were performed under no-load conditions, with gasoline plus the additive (in a concentration of 1 ounce of additive in 18 gallons of conventional 87 octane, commercial gasoline) compared to the same engine operating with only the gasoline. All emissions results were obtained by means of an analyzer in the vehicle tailpipe, such as a FerretTM, SunTM, or ECOMTM analyzer.
Results:
The results of this testing are shown below as percent change in emissions when going from the diesel-only or gasoline-only performances to the "diesel plus additive" or the "gasoline plus additive" performance, respectively.
In Tests 1, 3-9 (no data available for Test No. 2): when additive was included, 02 increased by an average of 3%, while NOX decreased by an average of approximately 18%, carbon monoxide decreased by an average of approximately 27 %, and carbon dioxide decreased by an average of approximately 8 %. When additive was included, NO2 decreased by an average of approximately 19 %, and NO decreased by an average of approximately 17 %. Therefore, significant and surprising improvements in each of these emissions were seen in the diesel plus additive operations. In Test 10 and 11: when additive was included, hydrocarbon ppm emissions dropped by very large percentages, namely, approximately 100 % and 67 %, for an average of an 83.5 % decrease. Therefore, significant and surprising improvement in emissions was seen in the gasoline plus additive operations.
OVERVIEW OF
EMISSIONS Test Sequence A
VEHICLE #1 JOHN DEERE 4850 Diesel #2 JOHN DEERE 4650 Diesel #3 JOHN DEERE 8300 Diesel #4 CASE STIEGER 9390 Diesel #5 FORD 1900 Diesel #6 NEW HOLLAND LX665 Diesel #7 BOBCAT Diesel #8 FREIGHTLINER CAT Diesel #9 DODGE RAM'/z TON Diesel #10 96 JEEPCHEROKEE 4.0 Gas #11 3.8 Gas DIESEL AVERAGE
VEHICLE #1 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 02 +13% +1% +1% +5% +2% +1.1% +1% +0.3% 3%
NOX -20% -14% -15% 16% -12% -23% -18% -21% -18.25%
CO -20% -21% -18% 49% -19% -47% -25% -21% -27.50%
CO2 -35% 0% -3% 14% -5% -14% -5% -4.80% -8.22%
NO2 -20% -25% -10% -9% -10% -41% -20% 19.30% -19.28%
NO -26% -7% -18% 17% -12% -18% -18% 24.90% -17.61%
(Continued) GAS T AVERAGE
VEHICLE #10 411 % DROP
HC PPM 100% 67% -83.50%
EXAMPLE II
Emissions Testing Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
30 LV-% C-400-C Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura)) 30 LV-% Polyalphaolefm 20 LV-% Castor Oil 2 LV-% Jojoba Oil 18 LV-% Canola Oil Equaling 100 LV-% additive.
Procedures:
Testing was done in a Cummins B Series Turbo Diesel, starting with conventional, commercial #2 diesel (Test No. 1), followed by: the same diesel combined with additive (Test No. 2), diesel with 2% biodiesel additive and 1 ounce/10 gallons additive (Test No. 3), diesel with 5% biodiesel additive and 1 ounce/10 gallons additive (Test No.
4), and the fuel of Test No. 4 with an additional 1 ounce of additive per 10 gallons of fuel.
Results:
Testing was done at various engine rpm with no load, and at various road speeds ("with load"). Emissions were reported as shown in the table below, in the form of percent change from the base test, that is, Test No. 1. The data shows substantial and surprising improvement in NOx with the addition of additive and additive combined with biodiesel. For example, NOx decreased about 7- 14 % at 2500 rpm, no load; 8- 31 % at 30 mph;
3 - 21 %
at 50 mph; and 4- 8 % at 70 mph.
Vehicle:
Dodge 2001 pickup, VIN# 387K23601G735111 Engine: Cummins B series Turbo Diesel Fuels:
1. #2 diesel fuel 2. #2 diesel fuel with Additive in proportion of 1 fluid ounce per 10 gallons diesel fuel 3. #2 diesel fuel plus 2% biodiesel, with Additive in proportion of 1 fluid ounce per 10 gallons diesel fuel 4. #2 diesel fuel plus 5% biodiesel, with Additive in proportion of 1 fluid ounce per 10 gallons diesel fuel 5. the mixed fuel from no. 4 above, plus an additional 1 ounce of Additive per 10 gallons fuel.
Note: 02=% CO=ppm NOx=ppm C02=%
Change=Difference from condition #1 data 800 RPM with No Load Test Condition 02 CO NOx CO2 1 18.5 286 282 1.8 Change ---- ---- ---- ----2 18.6 257 280 1.8 Change +.5% -10% -0.7% 0%
3 18.6 233 284 1.8 Change +0.5% -18.5% +0.7% 0%
4 18.5 163 298 1.8 Change 0% -43% +5.6% 0%
18.6 206 289 1.8 Change +0.5% -30% +2.4% 0%
2500 RPM with No Load Test Condition 02 CO NOx CO2 1 17.3 578 192 2.7 Change ---- ---- ---- ----2 17.3 751 167 2.7 Change 0% +29% -13% 0%
3 17.2 650 166 2.8 Change -0.6% +12% -14% +3.7%
4 17.1 627 172 2.9 Change +1.1% +8% -10% +7.4%
5 17.2 637 178 2.8 Change -0.6% -10% -7% +3.7%
The results of this testing are shown below as percent change in emissions when going from the diesel-only or gasoline-only performances to the "diesel plus additive" or the "gasoline plus additive" performance, respectively.
In Tests 1, 3-9 (no data available for Test No. 2): when additive was included, 02 increased by an average of 3%, while NOX decreased by an average of approximately 18%, carbon monoxide decreased by an average of approximately 27 %, and carbon dioxide decreased by an average of approximately 8 %. When additive was included, NO2 decreased by an average of approximately 19 %, and NO decreased by an average of approximately 17 %. Therefore, significant and surprising improvements in each of these emissions were seen in the diesel plus additive operations. In Test 10 and 11: when additive was included, hydrocarbon ppm emissions dropped by very large percentages, namely, approximately 100 % and 67 %, for an average of an 83.5 % decrease. Therefore, significant and surprising improvement in emissions was seen in the gasoline plus additive operations.
OVERVIEW OF
EMISSIONS Test Sequence A
VEHICLE #1 JOHN DEERE 4850 Diesel #2 JOHN DEERE 4650 Diesel #3 JOHN DEERE 8300 Diesel #4 CASE STIEGER 9390 Diesel #5 FORD 1900 Diesel #6 NEW HOLLAND LX665 Diesel #7 BOBCAT Diesel #8 FREIGHTLINER CAT Diesel #9 DODGE RAM'/z TON Diesel #10 96 JEEPCHEROKEE 4.0 Gas #11 3.8 Gas DIESEL AVERAGE
VEHICLE #1 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 02 +13% +1% +1% +5% +2% +1.1% +1% +0.3% 3%
NOX -20% -14% -15% 16% -12% -23% -18% -21% -18.25%
CO -20% -21% -18% 49% -19% -47% -25% -21% -27.50%
CO2 -35% 0% -3% 14% -5% -14% -5% -4.80% -8.22%
NO2 -20% -25% -10% -9% -10% -41% -20% 19.30% -19.28%
NO -26% -7% -18% 17% -12% -18% -18% 24.90% -17.61%
(Continued) GAS T AVERAGE
VEHICLE #10 411 % DROP
HC PPM 100% 67% -83.50%
EXAMPLE II
Emissions Testing Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
30 LV-% C-400-C Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura)) 30 LV-% Polyalphaolefm 20 LV-% Castor Oil 2 LV-% Jojoba Oil 18 LV-% Canola Oil Equaling 100 LV-% additive.
Procedures:
Testing was done in a Cummins B Series Turbo Diesel, starting with conventional, commercial #2 diesel (Test No. 1), followed by: the same diesel combined with additive (Test No. 2), diesel with 2% biodiesel additive and 1 ounce/10 gallons additive (Test No. 3), diesel with 5% biodiesel additive and 1 ounce/10 gallons additive (Test No.
4), and the fuel of Test No. 4 with an additional 1 ounce of additive per 10 gallons of fuel.
Results:
Testing was done at various engine rpm with no load, and at various road speeds ("with load"). Emissions were reported as shown in the table below, in the form of percent change from the base test, that is, Test No. 1. The data shows substantial and surprising improvement in NOx with the addition of additive and additive combined with biodiesel. For example, NOx decreased about 7- 14 % at 2500 rpm, no load; 8- 31 % at 30 mph;
3 - 21 %
at 50 mph; and 4- 8 % at 70 mph.
Vehicle:
Dodge 2001 pickup, VIN# 387K23601G735111 Engine: Cummins B series Turbo Diesel Fuels:
1. #2 diesel fuel 2. #2 diesel fuel with Additive in proportion of 1 fluid ounce per 10 gallons diesel fuel 3. #2 diesel fuel plus 2% biodiesel, with Additive in proportion of 1 fluid ounce per 10 gallons diesel fuel 4. #2 diesel fuel plus 5% biodiesel, with Additive in proportion of 1 fluid ounce per 10 gallons diesel fuel 5. the mixed fuel from no. 4 above, plus an additional 1 ounce of Additive per 10 gallons fuel.
Note: 02=% CO=ppm NOx=ppm C02=%
Change=Difference from condition #1 data 800 RPM with No Load Test Condition 02 CO NOx CO2 1 18.5 286 282 1.8 Change ---- ---- ---- ----2 18.6 257 280 1.8 Change +.5% -10% -0.7% 0%
3 18.6 233 284 1.8 Change +0.5% -18.5% +0.7% 0%
4 18.5 163 298 1.8 Change 0% -43% +5.6% 0%
18.6 206 289 1.8 Change +0.5% -30% +2.4% 0%
2500 RPM with No Load Test Condition 02 CO NOx CO2 1 17.3 578 192 2.7 Change ---- ---- ---- ----2 17.3 751 167 2.7 Change 0% +29% -13% 0%
3 17.2 650 166 2.8 Change -0.6% +12% -14% +3.7%
4 17.1 627 172 2.9 Change +1.1% +8% -10% +7.4%
5 17.2 637 178 2.8 Change -0.6% -10% -7% +3.7%
Test Condition 02 CO NOx CO2 1 15.5 460 587 4.0 Change ---- --- ---- ----2 16.9 421 406 3.0 Change +9% -8.4% -31% -25%
3 16.8 378 420 3.1 Change +9% -17.8% -28% -23%
4 16.9 377 505 3.7 Change +9% -18% -14% -7.5%
15.7 369 536 4 Change -1% -14% -8.6% 0%
Test Condition 02 CO NOx CO2 1 13.5 202 760 5.5 Change ---- ---- ---- ----2 15.3 312 597 4.2 Change +13% +54% -21% -24%
3 14.2 243 669 4.8 Change +7% +20% -15% -12.7%
4 133 284 636 4.8 Change -1.4% +40% -16% -14.5%
5 13.6 243 733 5.8 Change +0.7% +20% -3.5% +5.5%
Test Condition 02 CO NOx COZ
1 13.3 213 457 5.6 Change ---- ---- ---- ----2 13.8 307 427 5.3 Change +3.7% +44% -6.5% -5.3%
3 13.4 305 421 5.6 Change +5.7% +43% -7.9% 0%
4 12.5 196 439 6.2 Change -6% -7.9% -3.9% -10.7%
5 13.4 281 426 5.6 Change +0.7% +32% 6.8% 0%
Vehicle - Pont. Bonneville EXAMPLE III
Emissions Testing Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
30 LV-% C-400-c Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura)) 30 LV-% Polyalphaolefm 20 LV-% Castor Oil 2 LV-% Jojoba Oil 18 LV-% Canola Oil Equaling 100 LV-% additive.
Procedures:
In this test, a gasoline vehicle was tested with load, at 75 mph. The vehicle was a 2001 Pontiac Bonneville with a 3800 engine (not turbo-charged). Test No. 1 was performed at 75 mph with conventional, commercial gasoline of 87 octane, and Test no. 2 was performed at 75 mph with the same gasoline plus 1 ounce of additive added per 10 gallons of the gasoline.
Results:
The test results show substantial and surprising results in CO emissions and in NOx emissions. CO was reduced by over 15% and NOx was reduced by over 50%, as shown by the table below.
Test condition 1-75 mph without additive 2-75 mph with 1 oz additive per 10 gallons of gasoline Test Condition HC CO CO2 02 NOx 1 1 .39 15.2 0 19 2 1 .33 15.1 0 9 Change 0% -15.3% -0.6% 0% -53%
Note: HC = ppm CO =%, CO2 %, 02 =%, NOx = ppm Note: While specific baseline and experimental data was not formally collected, it appeared that spikes in HC and NOx during and shortly after rapid acceleration were substantially reduced.
3 16.8 378 420 3.1 Change +9% -17.8% -28% -23%
4 16.9 377 505 3.7 Change +9% -18% -14% -7.5%
15.7 369 536 4 Change -1% -14% -8.6% 0%
Test Condition 02 CO NOx CO2 1 13.5 202 760 5.5 Change ---- ---- ---- ----2 15.3 312 597 4.2 Change +13% +54% -21% -24%
3 14.2 243 669 4.8 Change +7% +20% -15% -12.7%
4 133 284 636 4.8 Change -1.4% +40% -16% -14.5%
5 13.6 243 733 5.8 Change +0.7% +20% -3.5% +5.5%
Test Condition 02 CO NOx COZ
1 13.3 213 457 5.6 Change ---- ---- ---- ----2 13.8 307 427 5.3 Change +3.7% +44% -6.5% -5.3%
3 13.4 305 421 5.6 Change +5.7% +43% -7.9% 0%
4 12.5 196 439 6.2 Change -6% -7.9% -3.9% -10.7%
5 13.4 281 426 5.6 Change +0.7% +32% 6.8% 0%
Vehicle - Pont. Bonneville EXAMPLE III
Emissions Testing Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
30 LV-% C-400-c Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton Corporation/Great Lakes Corporation (Chemtura)) 30 LV-% Polyalphaolefm 20 LV-% Castor Oil 2 LV-% Jojoba Oil 18 LV-% Canola Oil Equaling 100 LV-% additive.
Procedures:
In this test, a gasoline vehicle was tested with load, at 75 mph. The vehicle was a 2001 Pontiac Bonneville with a 3800 engine (not turbo-charged). Test No. 1 was performed at 75 mph with conventional, commercial gasoline of 87 octane, and Test no. 2 was performed at 75 mph with the same gasoline plus 1 ounce of additive added per 10 gallons of the gasoline.
Results:
The test results show substantial and surprising results in CO emissions and in NOx emissions. CO was reduced by over 15% and NOx was reduced by over 50%, as shown by the table below.
Test condition 1-75 mph without additive 2-75 mph with 1 oz additive per 10 gallons of gasoline Test Condition HC CO CO2 02 NOx 1 1 .39 15.2 0 19 2 1 .33 15.1 0 9 Change 0% -15.3% -0.6% 0% -53%
Note: HC = ppm CO =%, CO2 %, 02 =%, NOx = ppm Note: While specific baseline and experimental data was not formally collected, it appeared that spikes in HC and NOx during and shortly after rapid acceleration were substantially reduced.
EXAMPLE IV
Emissions Testing, with Incremental PAO Added Vehicle:
MAC Truck from City of Butte, Montana Analyzer:
ECOM AC Diesel Analyzer Procedures:
In Condition #1, the MAC truck engine was warmed to operating temperature and run at idle at 600 rpm for an additional 15 minutes. Emission readings were taken for 5 minutes during which the readings were stable. The truck engine was then run for 5 minutes at 2000 rpm and 5 minutes of readings were again taken, during which time the readings were again stable.
In Condition #2, additive according to the following formula was added in the proportion of once fluid ounce to 20 gallons of #2 diesel fuel:
Baseline Additive Formulation added to the MAC fuel tank in Condition #2:
48 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CFC) 48 LV% Castor Oil from Acme Hardesty 4 LV% Jojoba Oil (tech grade from Purcell Jojoba) Readings were taken at 600 rpm and 2000 rpm, after running the engine on this Condition #2 fuel-additive blend for 5 minutes.
In Condition #3, PAO (Crompton Synton 40) was added to the MAC truck fuel tank at a rate of one fluid ounce of PAO per 20 gallons of the Condition #2 fuel-additive blend.
After running the engine on this Condition #3 PAO-enhanced-fuel-additive blend for 5 minutes, readings were taken at both 600 rpm and 2000 rpm.
In Condition #4, an additional dose of PAO was added to the MAC truck fuel tank at a rate of one fluid ounce of PAO per 20 gallons of Condition #3 PAO-enhanced-fuel-additive blend. After running the engine for 10 minutes (during which time the NOx and CO readings were dropping), the readings became stable and were taken at 600 rpm and at 2000 rpm for this condition.
In Condition #5, an additional dose of PAO was added to the MAC truck fuel tank at a rate of one fluid ounce per 20 gallons of the Condition #4 PAO-enhanced-fuel-additive blend. After running the engine for 10 minutes (during which time the NOx and CO readings were dropping), the readings became stable and were taken at 600 rpm and at 2000 rpm for this condition.
Results:
The readings for the above conditions may be summarized as shown below.
For both the 600 RPM and the 2000 RPM data, the amounts of each added item are shown in fluid ounces per 20 gallons.
600 RPM:
Condition/
Fuel # CaSulfonate Jojoba Oil Castor Oil Synton 40 CO ppm NOx ppm 2 .48 .04 .48 0 10 121 3 .48 .04 .48 1 6 110 4 .48 .04 .48 2 5 105 5 .48 .04 .48 3 5 101 2000 RPM:
2 .48 .04 .48 0 11 73 3 .48 .04 .48 1 8 50 4 .48 .04 .48 2 7 40 5 .48 .04 .48 3 6 37 This data clearly show the reduction in CO emission and NOx emission both when the base formula is added to the diesel fuel, and also when the PAO is added to the fuel already enhanced by the base formula. It also shows a diminishing effect with extra PAO (as more and more is added in Conditions #4 and 5).
Note that this Example D involves fuel additive being used at a total ofl to 4 fluid ounces per 20 gallons of fuel. The largest benefit comes from 1 ounce of the baseline additive formula plus 1 ounce of PAO.
EXAMPLE V
Emissions Testing with Acme Wax 225TM as Suspension Agent Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CFCTM) 2 LV% Acme Wax 225TM (From Acme Hardesty) 20 LV% Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) 38 LV% Soy Methyl Ester (B-100 Biodiesel from Cenex in West Fargo ND) Baseline Fuel:
89 Octane gasoline with 10% ethanol, purchased at Casey's General Store, in Detroit Lakes, MN
Emissions Measuring Instrument:
Ferret 16 five gas analyzer Vehicle:
1998 Buick Regal 3800 engine, 173267 miles The vehicle had a port welded to the exhaust pipe (in from of the catalytic converter) to measure emissions prior to the effects of the catalytic converter Procedures:
Vehicle first was driven for 30 miles on the highway. Next the vehicle was allowed to idle for 20 minutes.
Baseline measurements were taken at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes.
The same procedure was used to evaluate during the experimental condition, wherein the above additive was added to the baseline fuel at a rate of one ounce to 15 gallons.
Mean and median were calculated for the first and second half of the observation as well as for the total observation.
Baseline Condition (with baseline fuel only):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 147 .267 5.7 12.79 6.3 Second Half 148.7 .266 5.74 12.71 6.2 Total 147.9 .2665 5.72 12.75 6.1 Median PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 147 .27 5.7 12.8 6 Second half 151 .27 5.7 12.7 6 Total 149 .27 5.7 12.7 6 Experimental Condition (with additive included in fuel):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Emission HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 133.6 .231 5.24 13.4 5.3 Second Half 134.5 .228 51.6 13.43 4.9 Total 134.0 .2295 52.0 13.42 5.1 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 133 .23 5.2 13.5 5 Second half 135 .23 5.25 13.4 5 Total 134 .23 5.2 13.4 5 Percent Change from Baseline to Experimental Condition:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half -9.1 -13.5 -8.1 +4.8 -15.9 Second half -9.5 -16.5 -10.1 +5.7 -21.7 Total -9.3 -13.9 -9.1 +5.2 -16.4 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half -9.5 -14.8 -8.8 +5.5 -16.6 Second Half -10.6 -14.8 -7.9 +5.5 -16.6 Total -10.1 -14.8 -8.8 +5.5 ' -16.6 EXAMPLE VI
Emissions Testing with Palm Oil as Suspension Agent Composition of Additive:
48% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CFCTM) 4% Palm Oil (From Columbus Foods) 48% Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) Baseline Fuel:
87 Octane gasoline with 10% ethanol, purchased at Tesoro Station, in Detroit Lakes, MN
Emissions Measuring Instrument:
Ferret 16 Five Gas Analyzer Vehicle:
1998 Buick Regal 3800 engine, with 173237 miles The vehicle has a port welded to the exhaust pipe (in from of the catalytic converter) to measure emissions prior to the effects of the catalytic converter Procedures:
Vehicle first was driven for 80 miles on the highway with the baseline fuel only. Next the vehicle was allowed to idle for 20 minutes. Baseline measurements were taken at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes. For Experiment Case #1, the above additive was blended into the baseline fuel, in a proportion of 1 ounce per 15 gallons. Mean and median were calculated for the first and second half of the observation as well as for the total observation.
Baseline Condition (baseline fuel only):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 161.5 .192 4.97 14.37 47.4 Second Half 145.4 .200 5.03 13.74 44.7 Total 153.5 .196 5.00 14.06 46.1 Median PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 160 .19 4.9 14.0 46.0 Second half 145 .20 5.0 13.8 44.5 Total 150 .19 5.0 13.9 45.0 Experimental Case #1 (Baseline fuel plus above palm-oil-containing "base"
additive):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 122.5 .199 5.02 13.87 39.8 Second Half 120.0 .193 4.84 13.90 39.4 Total 121.3 .196 4.93 13.89 39.6 Median PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 124 .195 4.95 14.15 38.5 Second half 118.5 .19 4.85 13.95 39 Total 120 .19 4.90 14.0 39 Percent Change from Baseline to Experimental Case #1:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half -24.1 +3.6 +1.0 -3.4 -16.0 Second half -17.5 -3.5 -3.6 +1.8 -11.4 Total -21.0 00.0 -1.4 -1.0 -14.1 Median PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half -22.5 +2.6 +1.0 +0.7 -16.3 Second Half -18.3 -5.0 -3.0 +1.1 -12.4 Total -20.0 0.0 -2.0 +0.7 -13.3 EXAMPLE VII
Emissions Testing with Palm-Olein as Suspension Agent Additive (according to one embodiment of the Invention):
48 LV%- Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CLR) 48 LV%- Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) 4 LV% - Palm-Olein (From Columbus Foods) The Palm-Olein was added to the sulfonate and vigorously stirred with a hand held blender until it appeared to be thoroughly blended. Castor oil was then added and blended as well.
Fuel:
87 Octane gasoline with 10% ethanol, purchased at Tesoro Station, in Detroit Lakes, MN
Emissions Measuring Instrument:
Ferret 16 five gas analyzer Vehicle:
1998 Buick Regal 3800 engine, 173000+ miles The vehicle has a port welded to the exhaust pipe (in from of the catalytic converter) to measure emissions prior to the effects of the catalytic converter.
Procedures:
Vehicle first was driven for 80 miles on the highway using baseline fuel..
Next the vehicle was allowed to idle for 20 minutes. Baseline measurements were taken at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes. The same procedure was used to evaluate during the experimental condition, wherein the above composition of additive with palm-olein was added to the baseline fuel at a rate of one ounce to 15 gallons. Mean and median were calculated for the first and second half of the observation as well as for the total observation.
Baseline Condition:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 188.1 .348 8.75 8.66 82.5 Second Half 188.2 .353 8.63 8.72 80.5 Total 188.15.351 8.69 8.69 81.5 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 190 .35 8.7 8.7 82.5 Second half 188.5 .355 8.7 8.75 80.5 Total 189 .35 8.7 8.7 81.5 Experimental Condition (With Palm-Olein additive):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 158.2 .298 8.03 9.63 77.6 Second Half 159.3 .312 7.59 10.2 70.7 Total 158.75.305 7.81 9.92 74.2 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 158 .30 8.0 9.6 78 Second half 159.5 .31 75.5 10.25 71 Total 159 .305 77.5 9.9 74 Percent of Change from Baseline to Experimental:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half -15.9 -14.4 -8.2 +10.9 -5.9 Second half -15.4 -11.6 -12.1 +17.5 -12.2 Total -15.6 -13.1 -10.1 +14.2 -9.0 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half -16.8 -14.3 -8.8 +10.3 -5.5 Second Half -15.4 -12.7 -13.2 +17.1 -11.8 Total -15.9 -12.9 -10.9 +13.8 -9.2 EXAMPLE VIII
Emissions Testing with Coconut Oil as Suspension Agent Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention): ) 48 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CFCTM
4 LV% Coconut Oi192 (from Columbus Foods) 48 LV% Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) Baseline Fuel:
89 Octane gasoline with 10% ethanol, purchased at the Tesoro station, in Detroit Lakes, MN
Emissions Measuring Instrument:
Ferret 16 five gas analyzer Vehicle:
1998 Buick Regal 3 800 engine 173000+ miles The vehicle has a port welded to the exhaust pipe (in from of the catalytic converter) to measure emissions prior to the effects of the catalytic converter.
Procedures:
Vehicle first was driven for 80 miles on the highway on baseline fuel. Next the vehicle was allowed to idle for 20 minutes. Baseline measurements were taken at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes. The same procedure was used to evaluate during the experimental condition.
The above composition of additive with Coconut Oi192 was added to the baseline fuel at a proportion of one ounce to 15 gallons. Mean and median were calculated for the first and second half of the observation as well as for the total observation.
Baseline Condition:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 94.5 .199 4.96 13.83 49.6 Second Half 93.8 .205 5.19 13.55 50.0 Total 94.2 .202 5.08 13.69 49.8 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 94 .20 5.0 138.5 51 Second half 93.5 .21 5.2 135 50 Total 94 .20 5.05 137 50.5 Experimental Condition (With Coconut 92 additive):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 63.1 .165 4.32 14.71 39.8 Second Half 63.9 .167 4.28 14.74 40.1 Total 63.5 .166 4.30 14.725 39.95 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 64 .16 4.3 14.7 40 Second half 61 .165 4.24 14.8 41 Total 63 .16 4.3 14.7 40 Percent of Change from Baseline to Experimental Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half -33.2 -17.1 -12.9 +6.3 -19.8 Second half -31.9 -18.5 -17.5 +8.9 -19.8 Total -32.5 -17.8 -15.4 +7.6 -19.8 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half -31.9 -20.0 -14.0 +6.1 -21.6 Second Half -34.8 -21.4 -18.5 +9.6 -18.0 Total -32.9 -20.0 -14.9 +7.3 -20.8 EXAMPLE IX
Emissions Testing with Calcium Carbonate as Calcium Component Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
17% Acme Wax 224TM - Acme Hardesty 33% Castor Oil - Acme Hardesty 17% PAO - Poly Alfa Olefin, Synton 40TM from Crompton Corporation 17% Calcium Carbonate - From Specialty Minerals Inc., Alba Fi1TM, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate A-5-205-32 Additive Blend Procedures:
2 ounces (by volume) of calcium carbonate was heated in an electric oven to 120 Degrees F.
Next, 2 fluid oz of Acme Wax 224TM was then mixed with the calcium carbonate, until it took on a consistent paste-like composition. Next, 2 fluid oz of castor oil was added and mixed with the combination of calcium carbonate and Acme Wax 224TM. PAO was then mixed in.
Baseline Fuel:
87 Octane gasoline with 10% ethanol, purchased at Tesoro Station, in Detroit Lakes, MN
Emissions Measuring Instrument:
Ferret 16 five gas analyzer Vehicle:
1998 Buick Regal 3800 engine 173000+ miles The vehicle has a port welded to the exhaust pipe (in from of the catalytic converter) to measure emissions prior to the effects of the catalytic converter.
Procedures:
Vehicle first was driven for 80 miles on the highway with the baseline fuel.
Next the vehicle was allowed to idle for 20 minutes. Baseline measurements were taken at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes. The same procedure was used to evaluate during the experimental condition, after the above composition of additive with calcium carbonate was added to the baseline fuel at a proportion of one ounce to 24 gallons. Mean and median were calculated for the first and second half of the observation as well as for the total observation.
Baseline Condition:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 235.9 .343 8.21 9.19 120 Second Half 242.5 .311 7.60 10.09 108.5 Total 239.2 .327 7.91 9.64 114.25 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 236 .35 8.3 9.2 119.5 Second half 243 .31 76.0 101 108.5 Total 239.5 .23 76.5 100.5 109.5 Experimental Condition (With calcium carbonate additive):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 219.3 .314 7.49 102.1 108.8 Second Half 223.7 .303 7.59 99.7 109.3 Total 221.5 .308 7.54 100.9 109.1 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 217.5 .31 7.5 10.6 108 Second half 223 .30 7.55 9.90 108.5 Total 220.5 .31 7.5 10.25 108.5 Percent of Change from Baseline to Experimental:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half -7.0 -8.5 -8.8 +9.8 -9.3 Second half -7.8 -2.6 -0.1 -1.2 +0.7 Total -7.4 -5.8 -4.7 +4.7 -4.5 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half -7.8 -11.4 -9.6 +15.2 -9.6 Second Half -8.2 -3.2 -0.6 -8.7 -0.0 Total -7.9 -3.1 -2.0 +1.5 -0.9 EXAMPLE X
Additive in Lawn Mower Fuel, Time Running on One Tank Ambient Temp:
50 degrees Lawn Mower:
Stanley riding lawn mower with Briggs & Stratton 21 HP two cylinder engine.
Procedures & Measurements:
Engine was warmed up and run until it burned up all the fuel in the tank and stopped.
The mower was then filled with three pints of Condition A fuel (below); engine was started and mower deck immediately engaged. RPM was held at 4400. A "Snap On"
Tachometer was used to check the RPM. The engine was run until all of the three pints was burned and the engine stopped. A watch was set to measure the running time of this condition.
The mower was then filled with three pints of Condition B fuel (below); engine was started and mower deck immediately engaged. RPM was held at 4400. As above, a "Snap On" Tachometer was used to check the RPM. The engine was run until all of the three pints was burned and the engine stopped. As above, a watch was set to measure the rumiing time of this condition.
Condition A fuel: 20 gallons gasoline with an octane rating of 87, plus one (1) ounce additive according to one embodiment of the invention:
Calcium Sulfonate: 30 LV%
Polyalphaolefin: 30 LV%
Castor Oil: 10 LV%
Jojoba Oil: 1 LV%
Soy Methyl Ester: 29 LV%
Equaling 100 LV-% additive.
Condition B: 100% gasoline with an octane rating of 87 (Not treated with any embodiment of the invented additive).
Results:
Condition A ran for 2910 seconds Condition B ran for 2715 seconds 2910 seconds / 2715 seconds = 1.0712 (approximately a 7% improvement in performance).
EXAMPLE XI
Fuel Mileage (Miles per Gallon) Testing with Various Additives Vehicle: 2002 Toyota, Forerunner Location: Bozeman MT
Baseline Fuel: Mid-grade 88 octane purchased at Exxon in Bozeman MT
Procedures:
Vehicle fuel tank was filled with fuel and then vehicle was driven on a particular route. The vehicle was then refueled at the same station with the same baseline fuel and a composition of additive was added with the fuel, and the same route was followed by the vehicle to test the baseline fuel with that particular additive. Each time the fuel ran low in the tank, the procedure repeated, refueling with baseline fuel and adding alternative compositions of additive. The four variations were:
Baseline Operation: Vehicle operation with only mid-grade 88 octane gasoline Case #1 Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention): Formulation follows, in LV%, Added at rate of 1 fluid ounce per 20 gallons of baseline fuel.
40% Calcium Carbonate - From Specialty Minerals Inc.
Product- Alba Fil, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate A-5-205-32 33% Soy Methyl Ester (Cenex B-100 Biodiesel) 20% Castor Oil 5% Sulfated Castor Oil (75% sulfated) 2% Acme Wax 224TM
Case #2 Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention): Formulation follows, in LV%, Added at rate of 1 fluid ounce per 25 gallons of baseline fuel.
25% Calcium Carbonate 50 % Castor Oil 25% Acme Wax 224TM
Case #3 Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention): Formulation follows, in LV%, Added at rate of 1 fluid ounce per 20 gallons of baseline fuel.
48% Calcium Sulfoante 48% Castor Oil 4% Acme Wax 225TM
Case #4 Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention): Formulation follows, in LV%, Added at rate of 1 fluid ounce per 20 gallons of baseline fuel.
48% Calcium Sulfonate 48% Castor Oil 4% Palm Oil Miles Driven Gallons Used Miles per Gallon %Change in MPG
Baseline: 267 16.28 16.4 ---Case #1: 267 14.28 18.7 +12.3 Case #2: 267 14.51 18.4 +10.9 Case #3: 267 14.29 18.7 +12.2 Case #4: 267 14.35 18.6 +11.9 EXAMPLE XII
Fuel mileage testing conducted at KARCO Engineering of Adelento, California.
Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400 - CLR)TM
33 LV% Soy Methyl Ester (Cenex B-100 Biodiesel) 20 LV% Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 5 LV% Sulfated Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 2 LV % Acme Wax 224TM (from Acme Hardesty) Procedures:
Vehicles A and B were run with baseline, midgrade gasoline, and then the same vehicles were operated with the same baseline gasoline plus the additive above (1 ounce per 20 gallons) for Control A and Test B.
Independent Mileage Test - KARCO
Ford Taurus Run Miles Driven Gasoline Used Miles/Gallon Improvement Baseline A 303 11.12 27.25 Control A 303 10.96 27.65 1.46%
Baseline B 303 11.03 27.47 Test B 303 10.28 29.47 7.3%
EXAMPLE XIII
Fuel Mileage Testing Testing conducted in Butte, Montana, was conducted using the following:
Vehicle:
Mack 12 yard Dump (T-46), 1988 Engine Mack 673 Fuel Tank Capacity 100 gallons Fuel Type Diesel Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400 - CLRTM) 33 LV% Soy Methyl Ester (Cenex B-100 Biodiesel) 20 LV% Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 5 LV% Sulfated Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 2 LV % Acme Wax 224TM (from Acme Hardesty) Procedures:
First tank of diesel fuel was untreated (no additive). Second tank was baseline fuel (diesel) plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons (this second tank may be considered a conditioning treatment). Third tank was same baseline fuel plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons.
Results:
Starting Mileage Ending Mileage Fuel Used Additive MPG
307028 307800 97.49 gal. (1s' tank) NO 7.92 307800 308327 60.65 gal. (2 d tank) Yes 8.6 308327 309038 81.07 gal. (3'a tank) Yes 8.77 So, one may see that there is a 8.6 % increase in MPG between the lst tank baseline and the 2 a tank (with additive) and a 10.77 % increase in MPG between the 1s' tank baseline and the 3rd tank (with additive).
EXAMPLE XIV
Fuel Mileage Testing Testing conducted in Butte, Montana, was conducted using the following:
Vehicle:
GMC 3/ Ton (T-20) Year 2003 Engine Size 6.0 L
Fuel Tank Capacity 32 gallons Fuel Type Gas Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400 - CLR)TM
33 LV% Soy Metliyl Ester (Cenex B-100 Biodiesel) 20 LV% Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 5 LV% Sulfated Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 2 LV % Acme Wax 224TM (from Acme Hardesty) Procedures:
First tank of diesel fuel was untreated (no additive). Second tank was baseline fuel (diesel) plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons (this second tank may be considered a conditioning treatment). Third tank was same baseline fuel plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons.
Results:
Starting Mileage Ending Mileage Fuel Used Additive? MPG
31098 31347 23.57 gal. (lst tank) NO 10.56 31347 32775 90.07 gal. (2d tank) Yes 13.39 33015 34480 119.69ga1. (3rd tank) Yes 12.24 So, one may see that there is a 26.8 % increase in MPG between the ls' tank baseline and the 2"a tank (with additive) and a 15.90 % increase in MPG between the 15t tank baseline and the 3ra tank (with additive).
EXAMPLE XV
Fuel Mileage Testing Vehicle:
GMC Yukon, 1997 Fuel Tank Capacity 32 gallons Fuel Type Gasoline Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400 - CLR)TM
33 LV% Soy Methyl Ester (Cenex B-100 Biodiesel) LV% Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 5 LV% Sulfated Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 2 LV % Acme Wax 224TM (from Acme Hardesty) 15 Procedures:
First tank of diesel fuel was untreated (no additive). Second tank was baseline fuel (diesel) plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons (this second tank may be considered a conditioning treatment). Third tank was same baseline fu.el plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons.
Results:
Starting Mileage Ending Mileage Fuel Used Additive MPG
100935 101516 57.65 gal. (1St tank) NO 10.09 101516 101725 25.92 gal. (2a tank) Yes 11.69 101725 10997 20.45 gal. (3rd tank) Yes 13.3 102265 102265 21.81 gal. (4th tank) Yes 12.29 So, one may see that there is a 15.9 % increase in MPG between the ls' tank baseline and the 2a tank (with additive) and a 31.8 % increase in MPG between the 1" tank baseline and the 3'a tank (with additive), and a 21.8 % increase in MPG between the 1st tank baseline and the 4th tank (with additive).
EXAMPLE XVI
Fuel Mileage Testing Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
48 LV%- Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CLR) 48 LV%- Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) 4 LV% - Coconut Oi192 (From Columbus Foods) Blending Procedure:
The Coconut oil was added to the sulfonate and vigorously stirred with a hand held blender until it appeared to be thoroughly blended. Castor oil was then added and blended as well.
Vehicle:
1991 Ford F-250, 4x4, standard cab, 4.9 liter 6 Cylinder engine, Standard Transmission, XLT Lariat Procedures:
With fuel tanks nearly empty, the vellicle was filled with 87 octane fuel at the Tesoro Station in Detroit Lakes, MN. It was the driven with the cruise control on at 65 miles per hour in fourth gear, on four lane highways for 345.9 miles. The vehicle was then refueled at the same station, with the additive added to the fuel tank in the proportion of 1 ounce per 20 gallons, and the driving repeated on the same route under the same conditions.
Miles Driven Gallons Used Miles per Gallon Baseline: 345.9 28.20 12.27 Experimental: 345.8 26.79 12.91 % Improvement in Mileage +5.2 EXAMPLE XVII
Metal Conditioning Properties Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention)::
Calcium Sulfonate: 40 LV%
PAO: 20 LV%
Castor Oil: 20 LV%
Jojoba Oil: 1 LV%
Soy methyl ester: 19 LV%
Equaling 100 LV% Additive Procedures:
Testing the muzzle velocity of a 180 grain 30 - 06 bullet when fired from a rifle and measured by a chronograph.
Condition A: hand-loaded cartridge (described above) was fired and velocity measured.
Condition B: identical to Condition A above except the cartridges were first put in the above-described Additive and the Additive with cartridges "soaking"
therein were heated to 200 degrees F. After several minutes at 200 degrees F, the cartridges were removed, wiped clean, cooled, hand-loaded, and fired.
Results:
Condition A: 2768 feet per second.
Condition B: 2916 feet per second.
2916 / 2768 = 1.0535 (approximately a 5.4 % increase in muzzle velocity).
EXAMPLE XVIII
Mini-Masonry Chain Saw Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention)::
Calcium sulfonate: 40 LV%
PAO: 20 LV /
Castor Oil: 20%
Jojoba Oil: 1 LV%
Soy Methyl Ester: 19 LV%
Equaling 100 LV % Additive Procedures:
Use a prototype masonry chain saw, temperature was measured at the hottest point of the saw (tip). Also, an observation was made regarding the speed of cutting.
Condition A: The saw was used to remove mortar between bricks on an existing wall. Water was used as a coolant.
Condition B: The saw was used to remove mortar between bricks on an existing wall, as in Condition A. Water, treated with PB 10 sulfur chlorinated water-soluble cutting oil, was used as a coolant.
Treatment rates: 1 oz per gallon of water Condition C: The saw was used to remove mortar between bricks on an existing wall, as in Conditions A and B. Water, treated with the Condition B
water soluble cutting oil and the Additive listed above, was used as a coolant.
Treatment rates: 1 oz of the Additive was added to 4 oz PB 10. One ounce of the blend of Additive plus PB-10 was added per gallon of water.
Results:
Condition A: Tip Temperature = 161 degree F
Condition B: Tip Temperature = 130 degrees F
Condition C: Tip Teinperature = 91 degrees F
Water soluble oil as a coolant (Condition B) resulted in an average 31 degree F
lower temperature compared to Condition A.
Additive plus Water Soluble Oil (Condition C) resulted in a temperature 70 degrees F lower than Condition A, and a temperature 39 degrees F lower than Condition B.
Other advantages included: In Conditions A and B (that is, without the Additive), the cutting debris stuck (impacted) to the chain and bar. Also, with the additive, the operator reported a significant increase in power and RPM, and that the rate of cutting appeared to double.
EXAMPLE XIX
Fuels Lubricity Comparison Test Film strength of sulfur free gasoline and diesel fuels as compared to same fuels with palm oil as a bonding agent.
Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention)::
48%- Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CLRTM) 4% - Palm Oil (From Columbus Foods) 48%- Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) Baseline Procedure:
One fluid ounce of sulfur free gasoline was poured into reservoir on bearing test machine and let run for 20 sec. after which one llb. weight was applied to the pendulum so that it puts 26 lbs. weight on rotating bearing. Machine immediately stalled and welded the bearings together (approx. 3 seconds).
Case #1:
Next, new bearings were installed on the bearing test machine, and the baseline gasoline plus the above additive was poured into the machine reservoir (one fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons fuel, or 1.4 cc. per gal.) Results:
The bearing test produced a 28 second run (compared to about 3 sec. above) until film strength failed and bearings welded, stalling the machine.
EXAMPLE XX
Acme Wax 224TM and Others as Suspension Agent Acme Wax 224TM, from Acme Hardesty Corp., was evaluated as a suspension agent, as described below.
An additive according to embodiments of the invention was blended from:
1 fluid ounce C-400-CLRTM calcium sulfonate;
1 cc ounce Acme Wax 224TM; and 1 fluid ounce castor oil.
(approximately: 49 LV% calcium sulfonate, 2 LV% Acme Wax 224TM, 49 LV% castor oil) This additive was blended using the method described earlier, so that calcium component and the Acme Wax 224TM were well-blended together first, followed by addition of the castor oil.
This blend was allowed to cool to a temperature of 67 degrees F.
One and'/a cc of the above additive was added to 1/2 pint of fresh mid-grade gasoline, from an Exxon gasoline station, and, even after cooling to -17 degrees F in a freezer for 13 hours (followed by warming to room temperature), the components remained in suspension/solution and no residue or cloudiness was visible in the jar, indicating full calcium suspension.
The same suspension results were achieved in the same test with Coconut Oi192 and Palm Oil as suspension agents.
EXAMPLE XXI
Cold Temp Properties Sample A:
B-100 --. A "bulk" fuel, soy methyl ester, which is called "Biodiesel" and "B-100"
(meaning 100% soy methyl ester).
Sample B:
B-100 plus an embodiment of the invented additive including conventional pour point depressant (Rho-Max 10 - 310TM). The embodiment of the invented additive consisted of (LV-%):
40 % Calcium Sulfonate 15% Castor Oil 34% Poly Alpha Olefin (PAO) 10% Pour point depressant (RHO-Max 10 - 310TM) 1 % Jojoba Oil Totaling 100 LV-%
This above additive was then added to B- 100 at a rate of one ounce per five gallons of B- 100, and heated to 104 degrees Fahrenheit for a period of five hours.
Procedures:
Samples A and B were put in similar containers and brought to lower temperatures. Viscosity and pourability were visually checked.
Results:
Both Samples A and B were observed to have similar viscosity and both samples poured at similar rates from 80 to 30 degrees F.
Sample A became cloudy at about 25 degrees F and turned to a solid at 20 degrees F.
Sample B showed some clouding at -10 degrees F, but continued to pour well at -20 degrees F (that is, poured in a manner similar to Sample A when Sample A was at 70 degrees F). Pourability of Sample B remained at this level with no observable change for a period of two weeks. The sample was then diluted with 50% soy methyl ester (that is, 50 LV% more B-100 was added), and identical results were noted.
Therefore, the inventors believe the additive to be highly effective as an enhancer for pour point depressant over a wide range of concentrations.
EXAMPLE XXII
Cold Temp Properties The inventors have found that, when embodiments of the invented additive including a conventional pour point depressant and then added to "B-20" (which is common terminology for a bulk fuel of 80 LV-% conventional diesel fuel plus 20 LV-% Biodiesel (soy methyl ester)), the soy methyl ester does not separate from the conventional diesel fuel at - 20 degrees F. This surprising result may be due to the invented additive being a suspension agent between the esters and the hydrocarbons.
This benefit may extend to very low temperature, such as -40 degrees F, wherein the additive may act as an anti-geUanti-separation agent for diesel fuels.
EXAMPLE XXIII
Cold Temp Properties vs. Concentration of Additive in Biodiesel Additive:
Several additives were blended in the following ranges and tested in Biodiesel:
C-400-C calcium sulfonate 40%
PAO 20-30%
Castor Oil 10 - 15%
Sulfated Castor Oil ("75% sulfated") 5%
Jojoba or similar wax oil/ester 2%
SME 16-20%
pour point depressant 2- 3%
Results:
On average, one fluid ounce of the additive added to 10 gallons B-100 biodiesel resulting in the treated biodiesel being liquid at 20 - 25 degrees F.
On average, one fluid ounce of the additive added to 5 gallons B- 100 biodiesel resulting in the treated biodiesel being liquid at 10 degrees F.
On average, one fluid ounce of the additive added to 2 gallons B-100 biodiesel resulting in the treated biodiesel being liquid at minus 20 degrees F.
From the Examples and the foregoing discussion, one may see that a wide range of additive formulations are within the scope of the invention.
Formulations of particular interest may be described as comprising:
Calcium-Containing Component, preferably calcium sulfonate and/or calcium carbonate 30 - 50 LV%
PAO 0 LV%
Castor Oil and supplements 40 - 60 LV%
Fatty acid ester as suspension agent 1 - 4 LV%
-- OR --Calcium-Containing Component, preferably calcium sulfonate and/or calcium carbonate 30 - 50 LV%
PAO 15-30LV%
Castor Oil and supplements 30 - 50 LV%
Fatty acid ester as suspension agent 1 - 4 LV%
While many additives may comprise the above components and percentages, some embodiments may consist of the above components and percentages (that is, totaling 100 LV% with no additional ingredients).
Of particular interest and benefit is that embodiments of the invented compositions of matter have been shown to reduce harmful emissions from combustion fuels (gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, and gasoline-ethanol) and to increase miles per gallon performance.
Embodiments of the additives, and methods of using them in fuels, may reduce NOx, VOC's, HC, smoke and odor from combustion fuels, with NOx emissions being particularly improved by additives according to embodiments of the invention containing PAO, and with smoke and odor being particularly improved in diesel applications according to embodiments of the invention. The inventors believe, therefore, that automobile, bus, truck, airplane, train, heavy equipment, generators, etc. benefit from the invented additive.
The inventors believe that there is a synergistic effect from the invented composition of matter, specifically, treatment of the metal engine surfaces and improvement of combustion characteristics that together result in greatly improved and cleaner engine performance. The immediate effect is seen in terms of reduced harmful and unpleasant emissions, and the longer-term effect is seen in that metal surfaces appear to be changed, at least temporarily, so that an engine run with the invented additive in its fuel continues for a time to exhibit improved performance (compared to pre-additive operation) even when changed back to the original (pre-additive) fuel.
Although this invention has been described above with reference to particular means, materials and embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these disclosed particulars, but extends instead to all equivalents within the broad scope of the following claims.
Emissions Testing, with Incremental PAO Added Vehicle:
MAC Truck from City of Butte, Montana Analyzer:
ECOM AC Diesel Analyzer Procedures:
In Condition #1, the MAC truck engine was warmed to operating temperature and run at idle at 600 rpm for an additional 15 minutes. Emission readings were taken for 5 minutes during which the readings were stable. The truck engine was then run for 5 minutes at 2000 rpm and 5 minutes of readings were again taken, during which time the readings were again stable.
In Condition #2, additive according to the following formula was added in the proportion of once fluid ounce to 20 gallons of #2 diesel fuel:
Baseline Additive Formulation added to the MAC fuel tank in Condition #2:
48 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CFC) 48 LV% Castor Oil from Acme Hardesty 4 LV% Jojoba Oil (tech grade from Purcell Jojoba) Readings were taken at 600 rpm and 2000 rpm, after running the engine on this Condition #2 fuel-additive blend for 5 minutes.
In Condition #3, PAO (Crompton Synton 40) was added to the MAC truck fuel tank at a rate of one fluid ounce of PAO per 20 gallons of the Condition #2 fuel-additive blend.
After running the engine on this Condition #3 PAO-enhanced-fuel-additive blend for 5 minutes, readings were taken at both 600 rpm and 2000 rpm.
In Condition #4, an additional dose of PAO was added to the MAC truck fuel tank at a rate of one fluid ounce of PAO per 20 gallons of Condition #3 PAO-enhanced-fuel-additive blend. After running the engine for 10 minutes (during which time the NOx and CO readings were dropping), the readings became stable and were taken at 600 rpm and at 2000 rpm for this condition.
In Condition #5, an additional dose of PAO was added to the MAC truck fuel tank at a rate of one fluid ounce per 20 gallons of the Condition #4 PAO-enhanced-fuel-additive blend. After running the engine for 10 minutes (during which time the NOx and CO readings were dropping), the readings became stable and were taken at 600 rpm and at 2000 rpm for this condition.
Results:
The readings for the above conditions may be summarized as shown below.
For both the 600 RPM and the 2000 RPM data, the amounts of each added item are shown in fluid ounces per 20 gallons.
600 RPM:
Condition/
Fuel # CaSulfonate Jojoba Oil Castor Oil Synton 40 CO ppm NOx ppm 2 .48 .04 .48 0 10 121 3 .48 .04 .48 1 6 110 4 .48 .04 .48 2 5 105 5 .48 .04 .48 3 5 101 2000 RPM:
2 .48 .04 .48 0 11 73 3 .48 .04 .48 1 8 50 4 .48 .04 .48 2 7 40 5 .48 .04 .48 3 6 37 This data clearly show the reduction in CO emission and NOx emission both when the base formula is added to the diesel fuel, and also when the PAO is added to the fuel already enhanced by the base formula. It also shows a diminishing effect with extra PAO (as more and more is added in Conditions #4 and 5).
Note that this Example D involves fuel additive being used at a total ofl to 4 fluid ounces per 20 gallons of fuel. The largest benefit comes from 1 ounce of the baseline additive formula plus 1 ounce of PAO.
EXAMPLE V
Emissions Testing with Acme Wax 225TM as Suspension Agent Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CFCTM) 2 LV% Acme Wax 225TM (From Acme Hardesty) 20 LV% Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) 38 LV% Soy Methyl Ester (B-100 Biodiesel from Cenex in West Fargo ND) Baseline Fuel:
89 Octane gasoline with 10% ethanol, purchased at Casey's General Store, in Detroit Lakes, MN
Emissions Measuring Instrument:
Ferret 16 five gas analyzer Vehicle:
1998 Buick Regal 3800 engine, 173267 miles The vehicle had a port welded to the exhaust pipe (in from of the catalytic converter) to measure emissions prior to the effects of the catalytic converter Procedures:
Vehicle first was driven for 30 miles on the highway. Next the vehicle was allowed to idle for 20 minutes.
Baseline measurements were taken at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes.
The same procedure was used to evaluate during the experimental condition, wherein the above additive was added to the baseline fuel at a rate of one ounce to 15 gallons.
Mean and median were calculated for the first and second half of the observation as well as for the total observation.
Baseline Condition (with baseline fuel only):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 147 .267 5.7 12.79 6.3 Second Half 148.7 .266 5.74 12.71 6.2 Total 147.9 .2665 5.72 12.75 6.1 Median PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 147 .27 5.7 12.8 6 Second half 151 .27 5.7 12.7 6 Total 149 .27 5.7 12.7 6 Experimental Condition (with additive included in fuel):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Emission HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 133.6 .231 5.24 13.4 5.3 Second Half 134.5 .228 51.6 13.43 4.9 Total 134.0 .2295 52.0 13.42 5.1 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 133 .23 5.2 13.5 5 Second half 135 .23 5.25 13.4 5 Total 134 .23 5.2 13.4 5 Percent Change from Baseline to Experimental Condition:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half -9.1 -13.5 -8.1 +4.8 -15.9 Second half -9.5 -16.5 -10.1 +5.7 -21.7 Total -9.3 -13.9 -9.1 +5.2 -16.4 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half -9.5 -14.8 -8.8 +5.5 -16.6 Second Half -10.6 -14.8 -7.9 +5.5 -16.6 Total -10.1 -14.8 -8.8 +5.5 ' -16.6 EXAMPLE VI
Emissions Testing with Palm Oil as Suspension Agent Composition of Additive:
48% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CFCTM) 4% Palm Oil (From Columbus Foods) 48% Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) Baseline Fuel:
87 Octane gasoline with 10% ethanol, purchased at Tesoro Station, in Detroit Lakes, MN
Emissions Measuring Instrument:
Ferret 16 Five Gas Analyzer Vehicle:
1998 Buick Regal 3800 engine, with 173237 miles The vehicle has a port welded to the exhaust pipe (in from of the catalytic converter) to measure emissions prior to the effects of the catalytic converter Procedures:
Vehicle first was driven for 80 miles on the highway with the baseline fuel only. Next the vehicle was allowed to idle for 20 minutes. Baseline measurements were taken at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes. For Experiment Case #1, the above additive was blended into the baseline fuel, in a proportion of 1 ounce per 15 gallons. Mean and median were calculated for the first and second half of the observation as well as for the total observation.
Baseline Condition (baseline fuel only):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 161.5 .192 4.97 14.37 47.4 Second Half 145.4 .200 5.03 13.74 44.7 Total 153.5 .196 5.00 14.06 46.1 Median PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 160 .19 4.9 14.0 46.0 Second half 145 .20 5.0 13.8 44.5 Total 150 .19 5.0 13.9 45.0 Experimental Case #1 (Baseline fuel plus above palm-oil-containing "base"
additive):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 122.5 .199 5.02 13.87 39.8 Second Half 120.0 .193 4.84 13.90 39.4 Total 121.3 .196 4.93 13.89 39.6 Median PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 124 .195 4.95 14.15 38.5 Second half 118.5 .19 4.85 13.95 39 Total 120 .19 4.90 14.0 39 Percent Change from Baseline to Experimental Case #1:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half -24.1 +3.6 +1.0 -3.4 -16.0 Second half -17.5 -3.5 -3.6 +1.8 -11.4 Total -21.0 00.0 -1.4 -1.0 -14.1 Median PPM % % % PPM
Emissions HC CO C02 02 NOx First half -22.5 +2.6 +1.0 +0.7 -16.3 Second Half -18.3 -5.0 -3.0 +1.1 -12.4 Total -20.0 0.0 -2.0 +0.7 -13.3 EXAMPLE VII
Emissions Testing with Palm-Olein as Suspension Agent Additive (according to one embodiment of the Invention):
48 LV%- Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CLR) 48 LV%- Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) 4 LV% - Palm-Olein (From Columbus Foods) The Palm-Olein was added to the sulfonate and vigorously stirred with a hand held blender until it appeared to be thoroughly blended. Castor oil was then added and blended as well.
Fuel:
87 Octane gasoline with 10% ethanol, purchased at Tesoro Station, in Detroit Lakes, MN
Emissions Measuring Instrument:
Ferret 16 five gas analyzer Vehicle:
1998 Buick Regal 3800 engine, 173000+ miles The vehicle has a port welded to the exhaust pipe (in from of the catalytic converter) to measure emissions prior to the effects of the catalytic converter.
Procedures:
Vehicle first was driven for 80 miles on the highway using baseline fuel..
Next the vehicle was allowed to idle for 20 minutes. Baseline measurements were taken at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes. The same procedure was used to evaluate during the experimental condition, wherein the above composition of additive with palm-olein was added to the baseline fuel at a rate of one ounce to 15 gallons. Mean and median were calculated for the first and second half of the observation as well as for the total observation.
Baseline Condition:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 188.1 .348 8.75 8.66 82.5 Second Half 188.2 .353 8.63 8.72 80.5 Total 188.15.351 8.69 8.69 81.5 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 190 .35 8.7 8.7 82.5 Second half 188.5 .355 8.7 8.75 80.5 Total 189 .35 8.7 8.7 81.5 Experimental Condition (With Palm-Olein additive):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 158.2 .298 8.03 9.63 77.6 Second Half 159.3 .312 7.59 10.2 70.7 Total 158.75.305 7.81 9.92 74.2 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 158 .30 8.0 9.6 78 Second half 159.5 .31 75.5 10.25 71 Total 159 .305 77.5 9.9 74 Percent of Change from Baseline to Experimental:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half -15.9 -14.4 -8.2 +10.9 -5.9 Second half -15.4 -11.6 -12.1 +17.5 -12.2 Total -15.6 -13.1 -10.1 +14.2 -9.0 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half -16.8 -14.3 -8.8 +10.3 -5.5 Second Half -15.4 -12.7 -13.2 +17.1 -11.8 Total -15.9 -12.9 -10.9 +13.8 -9.2 EXAMPLE VIII
Emissions Testing with Coconut Oil as Suspension Agent Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention): ) 48 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CFCTM
4 LV% Coconut Oi192 (from Columbus Foods) 48 LV% Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) Baseline Fuel:
89 Octane gasoline with 10% ethanol, purchased at the Tesoro station, in Detroit Lakes, MN
Emissions Measuring Instrument:
Ferret 16 five gas analyzer Vehicle:
1998 Buick Regal 3 800 engine 173000+ miles The vehicle has a port welded to the exhaust pipe (in from of the catalytic converter) to measure emissions prior to the effects of the catalytic converter.
Procedures:
Vehicle first was driven for 80 miles on the highway on baseline fuel. Next the vehicle was allowed to idle for 20 minutes. Baseline measurements were taken at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes. The same procedure was used to evaluate during the experimental condition.
The above composition of additive with Coconut Oi192 was added to the baseline fuel at a proportion of one ounce to 15 gallons. Mean and median were calculated for the first and second half of the observation as well as for the total observation.
Baseline Condition:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 94.5 .199 4.96 13.83 49.6 Second Half 93.8 .205 5.19 13.55 50.0 Total 94.2 .202 5.08 13.69 49.8 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 94 .20 5.0 138.5 51 Second half 93.5 .21 5.2 135 50 Total 94 .20 5.05 137 50.5 Experimental Condition (With Coconut 92 additive):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 63.1 .165 4.32 14.71 39.8 Second Half 63.9 .167 4.28 14.74 40.1 Total 63.5 .166 4.30 14.725 39.95 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half 64 .16 4.3 14.7 40 Second half 61 .165 4.24 14.8 41 Total 63 .16 4.3 14.7 40 Percent of Change from Baseline to Experimental Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half -33.2 -17.1 -12.9 +6.3 -19.8 Second half -31.9 -18.5 -17.5 +8.9 -19.8 Total -32.5 -17.8 -15.4 +7.6 -19.8 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half -31.9 -20.0 -14.0 +6.1 -21.6 Second Half -34.8 -21.4 -18.5 +9.6 -18.0 Total -32.9 -20.0 -14.9 +7.3 -20.8 EXAMPLE IX
Emissions Testing with Calcium Carbonate as Calcium Component Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
17% Acme Wax 224TM - Acme Hardesty 33% Castor Oil - Acme Hardesty 17% PAO - Poly Alfa Olefin, Synton 40TM from Crompton Corporation 17% Calcium Carbonate - From Specialty Minerals Inc., Alba Fi1TM, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate A-5-205-32 Additive Blend Procedures:
2 ounces (by volume) of calcium carbonate was heated in an electric oven to 120 Degrees F.
Next, 2 fluid oz of Acme Wax 224TM was then mixed with the calcium carbonate, until it took on a consistent paste-like composition. Next, 2 fluid oz of castor oil was added and mixed with the combination of calcium carbonate and Acme Wax 224TM. PAO was then mixed in.
Baseline Fuel:
87 Octane gasoline with 10% ethanol, purchased at Tesoro Station, in Detroit Lakes, MN
Emissions Measuring Instrument:
Ferret 16 five gas analyzer Vehicle:
1998 Buick Regal 3800 engine 173000+ miles The vehicle has a port welded to the exhaust pipe (in from of the catalytic converter) to measure emissions prior to the effects of the catalytic converter.
Procedures:
Vehicle first was driven for 80 miles on the highway with the baseline fuel.
Next the vehicle was allowed to idle for 20 minutes. Baseline measurements were taken at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes. The same procedure was used to evaluate during the experimental condition, after the above composition of additive with calcium carbonate was added to the baseline fuel at a proportion of one ounce to 24 gallons. Mean and median were calculated for the first and second half of the observation as well as for the total observation.
Baseline Condition:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 235.9 .343 8.21 9.19 120 Second Half 242.5 .311 7.60 10.09 108.5 Total 239.2 .327 7.91 9.64 114.25 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 236 .35 8.3 9.2 119.5 Second half 243 .31 76.0 101 108.5 Total 239.5 .23 76.5 100.5 109.5 Experimental Condition (With calcium carbonate additive):
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 219.3 .314 7.49 102.1 108.8 Second Half 223.7 .303 7.59 99.7 109.3 Total 221.5 .308 7.54 100.9 109.1 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half 217.5 .31 7.5 10.6 108 Second half 223 .30 7.55 9.90 108.5 Total 220.5 .31 7.5 10.25 108.5 Percent of Change from Baseline to Experimental:
Mean PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO C02 02 NOx First half -7.0 -8.5 -8.8 +9.8 -9.3 Second half -7.8 -2.6 -0.1 -1.2 +0.7 Total -7.4 -5.8 -4.7 +4.7 -4.5 Median PPM % % % PPM
Gas HC CO CO2 02 NOx First half -7.8 -11.4 -9.6 +15.2 -9.6 Second Half -8.2 -3.2 -0.6 -8.7 -0.0 Total -7.9 -3.1 -2.0 +1.5 -0.9 EXAMPLE X
Additive in Lawn Mower Fuel, Time Running on One Tank Ambient Temp:
50 degrees Lawn Mower:
Stanley riding lawn mower with Briggs & Stratton 21 HP two cylinder engine.
Procedures & Measurements:
Engine was warmed up and run until it burned up all the fuel in the tank and stopped.
The mower was then filled with three pints of Condition A fuel (below); engine was started and mower deck immediately engaged. RPM was held at 4400. A "Snap On"
Tachometer was used to check the RPM. The engine was run until all of the three pints was burned and the engine stopped. A watch was set to measure the running time of this condition.
The mower was then filled with three pints of Condition B fuel (below); engine was started and mower deck immediately engaged. RPM was held at 4400. As above, a "Snap On" Tachometer was used to check the RPM. The engine was run until all of the three pints was burned and the engine stopped. As above, a watch was set to measure the rumiing time of this condition.
Condition A fuel: 20 gallons gasoline with an octane rating of 87, plus one (1) ounce additive according to one embodiment of the invention:
Calcium Sulfonate: 30 LV%
Polyalphaolefin: 30 LV%
Castor Oil: 10 LV%
Jojoba Oil: 1 LV%
Soy Methyl Ester: 29 LV%
Equaling 100 LV-% additive.
Condition B: 100% gasoline with an octane rating of 87 (Not treated with any embodiment of the invented additive).
Results:
Condition A ran for 2910 seconds Condition B ran for 2715 seconds 2910 seconds / 2715 seconds = 1.0712 (approximately a 7% improvement in performance).
EXAMPLE XI
Fuel Mileage (Miles per Gallon) Testing with Various Additives Vehicle: 2002 Toyota, Forerunner Location: Bozeman MT
Baseline Fuel: Mid-grade 88 octane purchased at Exxon in Bozeman MT
Procedures:
Vehicle fuel tank was filled with fuel and then vehicle was driven on a particular route. The vehicle was then refueled at the same station with the same baseline fuel and a composition of additive was added with the fuel, and the same route was followed by the vehicle to test the baseline fuel with that particular additive. Each time the fuel ran low in the tank, the procedure repeated, refueling with baseline fuel and adding alternative compositions of additive. The four variations were:
Baseline Operation: Vehicle operation with only mid-grade 88 octane gasoline Case #1 Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention): Formulation follows, in LV%, Added at rate of 1 fluid ounce per 20 gallons of baseline fuel.
40% Calcium Carbonate - From Specialty Minerals Inc.
Product- Alba Fil, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate A-5-205-32 33% Soy Methyl Ester (Cenex B-100 Biodiesel) 20% Castor Oil 5% Sulfated Castor Oil (75% sulfated) 2% Acme Wax 224TM
Case #2 Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention): Formulation follows, in LV%, Added at rate of 1 fluid ounce per 25 gallons of baseline fuel.
25% Calcium Carbonate 50 % Castor Oil 25% Acme Wax 224TM
Case #3 Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention): Formulation follows, in LV%, Added at rate of 1 fluid ounce per 20 gallons of baseline fuel.
48% Calcium Sulfoante 48% Castor Oil 4% Acme Wax 225TM
Case #4 Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention): Formulation follows, in LV%, Added at rate of 1 fluid ounce per 20 gallons of baseline fuel.
48% Calcium Sulfonate 48% Castor Oil 4% Palm Oil Miles Driven Gallons Used Miles per Gallon %Change in MPG
Baseline: 267 16.28 16.4 ---Case #1: 267 14.28 18.7 +12.3 Case #2: 267 14.51 18.4 +10.9 Case #3: 267 14.29 18.7 +12.2 Case #4: 267 14.35 18.6 +11.9 EXAMPLE XII
Fuel mileage testing conducted at KARCO Engineering of Adelento, California.
Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400 - CLR)TM
33 LV% Soy Methyl Ester (Cenex B-100 Biodiesel) 20 LV% Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 5 LV% Sulfated Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 2 LV % Acme Wax 224TM (from Acme Hardesty) Procedures:
Vehicles A and B were run with baseline, midgrade gasoline, and then the same vehicles were operated with the same baseline gasoline plus the additive above (1 ounce per 20 gallons) for Control A and Test B.
Independent Mileage Test - KARCO
Ford Taurus Run Miles Driven Gasoline Used Miles/Gallon Improvement Baseline A 303 11.12 27.25 Control A 303 10.96 27.65 1.46%
Baseline B 303 11.03 27.47 Test B 303 10.28 29.47 7.3%
EXAMPLE XIII
Fuel Mileage Testing Testing conducted in Butte, Montana, was conducted using the following:
Vehicle:
Mack 12 yard Dump (T-46), 1988 Engine Mack 673 Fuel Tank Capacity 100 gallons Fuel Type Diesel Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400 - CLRTM) 33 LV% Soy Methyl Ester (Cenex B-100 Biodiesel) 20 LV% Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 5 LV% Sulfated Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 2 LV % Acme Wax 224TM (from Acme Hardesty) Procedures:
First tank of diesel fuel was untreated (no additive). Second tank was baseline fuel (diesel) plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons (this second tank may be considered a conditioning treatment). Third tank was same baseline fuel plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons.
Results:
Starting Mileage Ending Mileage Fuel Used Additive MPG
307028 307800 97.49 gal. (1s' tank) NO 7.92 307800 308327 60.65 gal. (2 d tank) Yes 8.6 308327 309038 81.07 gal. (3'a tank) Yes 8.77 So, one may see that there is a 8.6 % increase in MPG between the lst tank baseline and the 2 a tank (with additive) and a 10.77 % increase in MPG between the 1s' tank baseline and the 3rd tank (with additive).
EXAMPLE XIV
Fuel Mileage Testing Testing conducted in Butte, Montana, was conducted using the following:
Vehicle:
GMC 3/ Ton (T-20) Year 2003 Engine Size 6.0 L
Fuel Tank Capacity 32 gallons Fuel Type Gas Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400 - CLR)TM
33 LV% Soy Metliyl Ester (Cenex B-100 Biodiesel) 20 LV% Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 5 LV% Sulfated Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 2 LV % Acme Wax 224TM (from Acme Hardesty) Procedures:
First tank of diesel fuel was untreated (no additive). Second tank was baseline fuel (diesel) plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons (this second tank may be considered a conditioning treatment). Third tank was same baseline fuel plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons.
Results:
Starting Mileage Ending Mileage Fuel Used Additive? MPG
31098 31347 23.57 gal. (lst tank) NO 10.56 31347 32775 90.07 gal. (2d tank) Yes 13.39 33015 34480 119.69ga1. (3rd tank) Yes 12.24 So, one may see that there is a 26.8 % increase in MPG between the ls' tank baseline and the 2"a tank (with additive) and a 15.90 % increase in MPG between the 15t tank baseline and the 3ra tank (with additive).
EXAMPLE XV
Fuel Mileage Testing Vehicle:
GMC Yukon, 1997 Fuel Tank Capacity 32 gallons Fuel Type Gasoline Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
40 LV% Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400 - CLR)TM
33 LV% Soy Methyl Ester (Cenex B-100 Biodiesel) LV% Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 5 LV% Sulfated Castor Oil (from Acme Hardesty) 2 LV % Acme Wax 224TM (from Acme Hardesty) 15 Procedures:
First tank of diesel fuel was untreated (no additive). Second tank was baseline fuel (diesel) plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons (this second tank may be considered a conditioning treatment). Third tank was same baseline fu.el plus 1 fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons.
Results:
Starting Mileage Ending Mileage Fuel Used Additive MPG
100935 101516 57.65 gal. (1St tank) NO 10.09 101516 101725 25.92 gal. (2a tank) Yes 11.69 101725 10997 20.45 gal. (3rd tank) Yes 13.3 102265 102265 21.81 gal. (4th tank) Yes 12.29 So, one may see that there is a 15.9 % increase in MPG between the ls' tank baseline and the 2a tank (with additive) and a 31.8 % increase in MPG between the 1" tank baseline and the 3'a tank (with additive), and a 21.8 % increase in MPG between the 1st tank baseline and the 4th tank (with additive).
EXAMPLE XVI
Fuel Mileage Testing Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention):
48 LV%- Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CLR) 48 LV%- Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) 4 LV% - Coconut Oi192 (From Columbus Foods) Blending Procedure:
The Coconut oil was added to the sulfonate and vigorously stirred with a hand held blender until it appeared to be thoroughly blended. Castor oil was then added and blended as well.
Vehicle:
1991 Ford F-250, 4x4, standard cab, 4.9 liter 6 Cylinder engine, Standard Transmission, XLT Lariat Procedures:
With fuel tanks nearly empty, the vellicle was filled with 87 octane fuel at the Tesoro Station in Detroit Lakes, MN. It was the driven with the cruise control on at 65 miles per hour in fourth gear, on four lane highways for 345.9 miles. The vehicle was then refueled at the same station, with the additive added to the fuel tank in the proportion of 1 ounce per 20 gallons, and the driving repeated on the same route under the same conditions.
Miles Driven Gallons Used Miles per Gallon Baseline: 345.9 28.20 12.27 Experimental: 345.8 26.79 12.91 % Improvement in Mileage +5.2 EXAMPLE XVII
Metal Conditioning Properties Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention)::
Calcium Sulfonate: 40 LV%
PAO: 20 LV%
Castor Oil: 20 LV%
Jojoba Oil: 1 LV%
Soy methyl ester: 19 LV%
Equaling 100 LV% Additive Procedures:
Testing the muzzle velocity of a 180 grain 30 - 06 bullet when fired from a rifle and measured by a chronograph.
Condition A: hand-loaded cartridge (described above) was fired and velocity measured.
Condition B: identical to Condition A above except the cartridges were first put in the above-described Additive and the Additive with cartridges "soaking"
therein were heated to 200 degrees F. After several minutes at 200 degrees F, the cartridges were removed, wiped clean, cooled, hand-loaded, and fired.
Results:
Condition A: 2768 feet per second.
Condition B: 2916 feet per second.
2916 / 2768 = 1.0535 (approximately a 5.4 % increase in muzzle velocity).
EXAMPLE XVIII
Mini-Masonry Chain Saw Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention)::
Calcium sulfonate: 40 LV%
PAO: 20 LV /
Castor Oil: 20%
Jojoba Oil: 1 LV%
Soy Methyl Ester: 19 LV%
Equaling 100 LV % Additive Procedures:
Use a prototype masonry chain saw, temperature was measured at the hottest point of the saw (tip). Also, an observation was made regarding the speed of cutting.
Condition A: The saw was used to remove mortar between bricks on an existing wall. Water was used as a coolant.
Condition B: The saw was used to remove mortar between bricks on an existing wall, as in Condition A. Water, treated with PB 10 sulfur chlorinated water-soluble cutting oil, was used as a coolant.
Treatment rates: 1 oz per gallon of water Condition C: The saw was used to remove mortar between bricks on an existing wall, as in Conditions A and B. Water, treated with the Condition B
water soluble cutting oil and the Additive listed above, was used as a coolant.
Treatment rates: 1 oz of the Additive was added to 4 oz PB 10. One ounce of the blend of Additive plus PB-10 was added per gallon of water.
Results:
Condition A: Tip Temperature = 161 degree F
Condition B: Tip Temperature = 130 degrees F
Condition C: Tip Teinperature = 91 degrees F
Water soluble oil as a coolant (Condition B) resulted in an average 31 degree F
lower temperature compared to Condition A.
Additive plus Water Soluble Oil (Condition C) resulted in a temperature 70 degrees F lower than Condition A, and a temperature 39 degrees F lower than Condition B.
Other advantages included: In Conditions A and B (that is, without the Additive), the cutting debris stuck (impacted) to the chain and bar. Also, with the additive, the operator reported a significant increase in power and RPM, and that the rate of cutting appeared to double.
EXAMPLE XIX
Fuels Lubricity Comparison Test Film strength of sulfur free gasoline and diesel fuels as compared to same fuels with palm oil as a bonding agent.
Additive (according to one embodiment of the invention)::
48%- Calcium Sulfonate (Crompton C-400-CLRTM) 4% - Palm Oil (From Columbus Foods) 48%- Castor Oil (From Acme Hardesty) Baseline Procedure:
One fluid ounce of sulfur free gasoline was poured into reservoir on bearing test machine and let run for 20 sec. after which one llb. weight was applied to the pendulum so that it puts 26 lbs. weight on rotating bearing. Machine immediately stalled and welded the bearings together (approx. 3 seconds).
Case #1:
Next, new bearings were installed on the bearing test machine, and the baseline gasoline plus the above additive was poured into the machine reservoir (one fluid ounce additive per 20 gallons fuel, or 1.4 cc. per gal.) Results:
The bearing test produced a 28 second run (compared to about 3 sec. above) until film strength failed and bearings welded, stalling the machine.
EXAMPLE XX
Acme Wax 224TM and Others as Suspension Agent Acme Wax 224TM, from Acme Hardesty Corp., was evaluated as a suspension agent, as described below.
An additive according to embodiments of the invention was blended from:
1 fluid ounce C-400-CLRTM calcium sulfonate;
1 cc ounce Acme Wax 224TM; and 1 fluid ounce castor oil.
(approximately: 49 LV% calcium sulfonate, 2 LV% Acme Wax 224TM, 49 LV% castor oil) This additive was blended using the method described earlier, so that calcium component and the Acme Wax 224TM were well-blended together first, followed by addition of the castor oil.
This blend was allowed to cool to a temperature of 67 degrees F.
One and'/a cc of the above additive was added to 1/2 pint of fresh mid-grade gasoline, from an Exxon gasoline station, and, even after cooling to -17 degrees F in a freezer for 13 hours (followed by warming to room temperature), the components remained in suspension/solution and no residue or cloudiness was visible in the jar, indicating full calcium suspension.
The same suspension results were achieved in the same test with Coconut Oi192 and Palm Oil as suspension agents.
EXAMPLE XXI
Cold Temp Properties Sample A:
B-100 --. A "bulk" fuel, soy methyl ester, which is called "Biodiesel" and "B-100"
(meaning 100% soy methyl ester).
Sample B:
B-100 plus an embodiment of the invented additive including conventional pour point depressant (Rho-Max 10 - 310TM). The embodiment of the invented additive consisted of (LV-%):
40 % Calcium Sulfonate 15% Castor Oil 34% Poly Alpha Olefin (PAO) 10% Pour point depressant (RHO-Max 10 - 310TM) 1 % Jojoba Oil Totaling 100 LV-%
This above additive was then added to B- 100 at a rate of one ounce per five gallons of B- 100, and heated to 104 degrees Fahrenheit for a period of five hours.
Procedures:
Samples A and B were put in similar containers and brought to lower temperatures. Viscosity and pourability were visually checked.
Results:
Both Samples A and B were observed to have similar viscosity and both samples poured at similar rates from 80 to 30 degrees F.
Sample A became cloudy at about 25 degrees F and turned to a solid at 20 degrees F.
Sample B showed some clouding at -10 degrees F, but continued to pour well at -20 degrees F (that is, poured in a manner similar to Sample A when Sample A was at 70 degrees F). Pourability of Sample B remained at this level with no observable change for a period of two weeks. The sample was then diluted with 50% soy methyl ester (that is, 50 LV% more B-100 was added), and identical results were noted.
Therefore, the inventors believe the additive to be highly effective as an enhancer for pour point depressant over a wide range of concentrations.
EXAMPLE XXII
Cold Temp Properties The inventors have found that, when embodiments of the invented additive including a conventional pour point depressant and then added to "B-20" (which is common terminology for a bulk fuel of 80 LV-% conventional diesel fuel plus 20 LV-% Biodiesel (soy methyl ester)), the soy methyl ester does not separate from the conventional diesel fuel at - 20 degrees F. This surprising result may be due to the invented additive being a suspension agent between the esters and the hydrocarbons.
This benefit may extend to very low temperature, such as -40 degrees F, wherein the additive may act as an anti-geUanti-separation agent for diesel fuels.
EXAMPLE XXIII
Cold Temp Properties vs. Concentration of Additive in Biodiesel Additive:
Several additives were blended in the following ranges and tested in Biodiesel:
C-400-C calcium sulfonate 40%
PAO 20-30%
Castor Oil 10 - 15%
Sulfated Castor Oil ("75% sulfated") 5%
Jojoba or similar wax oil/ester 2%
SME 16-20%
pour point depressant 2- 3%
Results:
On average, one fluid ounce of the additive added to 10 gallons B-100 biodiesel resulting in the treated biodiesel being liquid at 20 - 25 degrees F.
On average, one fluid ounce of the additive added to 5 gallons B- 100 biodiesel resulting in the treated biodiesel being liquid at 10 degrees F.
On average, one fluid ounce of the additive added to 2 gallons B-100 biodiesel resulting in the treated biodiesel being liquid at minus 20 degrees F.
From the Examples and the foregoing discussion, one may see that a wide range of additive formulations are within the scope of the invention.
Formulations of particular interest may be described as comprising:
Calcium-Containing Component, preferably calcium sulfonate and/or calcium carbonate 30 - 50 LV%
PAO 0 LV%
Castor Oil and supplements 40 - 60 LV%
Fatty acid ester as suspension agent 1 - 4 LV%
-- OR --Calcium-Containing Component, preferably calcium sulfonate and/or calcium carbonate 30 - 50 LV%
PAO 15-30LV%
Castor Oil and supplements 30 - 50 LV%
Fatty acid ester as suspension agent 1 - 4 LV%
While many additives may comprise the above components and percentages, some embodiments may consist of the above components and percentages (that is, totaling 100 LV% with no additional ingredients).
Of particular interest and benefit is that embodiments of the invented compositions of matter have been shown to reduce harmful emissions from combustion fuels (gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, and gasoline-ethanol) and to increase miles per gallon performance.
Embodiments of the additives, and methods of using them in fuels, may reduce NOx, VOC's, HC, smoke and odor from combustion fuels, with NOx emissions being particularly improved by additives according to embodiments of the invention containing PAO, and with smoke and odor being particularly improved in diesel applications according to embodiments of the invention. The inventors believe, therefore, that automobile, bus, truck, airplane, train, heavy equipment, generators, etc. benefit from the invented additive.
The inventors believe that there is a synergistic effect from the invented composition of matter, specifically, treatment of the metal engine surfaces and improvement of combustion characteristics that together result in greatly improved and cleaner engine performance. The immediate effect is seen in terms of reduced harmful and unpleasant emissions, and the longer-term effect is seen in that metal surfaces appear to be changed, at least temporarily, so that an engine run with the invented additive in its fuel continues for a time to exhibit improved performance (compared to pre-additive operation) even when changed back to the original (pre-additive) fuel.
Although this invention has been described above with reference to particular means, materials and embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to these disclosed particulars, but extends instead to all equivalents within the broad scope of the following claims.
Claims (33)
1. An additive for fuels and lubricants for improving combustion engine emissions and fuel mileage and improving lubricity, the additive comprising:
a calcium-containing component;
a castor oil; and a suspension agent;
wherein said suspension agent is a fatty acid ester with a melt point between degrees C.
a calcium-containing component;
a castor oil; and a suspension agent;
wherein said suspension agent is a fatty acid ester with a melt point between degrees C.
2. An additive as in Claim 1, further comprising a castor supplement/partial replacement components selected from the group consisting of: sulfated castor oil, soy methyl ester, canola oil, and pour point depressant.
3. An additive as in Claim 1, further comprising polyalphaolefin as a fourth component.
4. An additive as in Claim 1, wherein said calcium source is selected from the group consisting of calcium sulfonate, overbased calcium sulfonate, and calcium carbonate.
5. As additive as in Claim 1, wherein said suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of: fatty acid esters, triglycerides fatty acid esters, waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, palm oil, palm-olein, coconut oil, and jojoba oil.
6. An additive for fuels and lubricants for improving combustion engine emissions and fuel mileage and improving lubricity, the additive comprising:
- 50 LV% calcium-containing component;
10 - 60 LV% castor oil and castor supplements component selected from the group consisting of castor oil, sulfated castor oil, soy methyl ester, canola oil, and pour point depressant; and 1-25 LV% suspension agent, wherein said suspension agent is a fatty acid ester with a melt point between 5-50 degrees C.
- 50 LV% calcium-containing component;
10 - 60 LV% castor oil and castor supplements component selected from the group consisting of castor oil, sulfated castor oil, soy methyl ester, canola oil, and pour point depressant; and 1-25 LV% suspension agent, wherein said suspension agent is a fatty acid ester with a melt point between 5-50 degrees C.
7. An additive as in Claim 6, further comprising polyalphaolefin as a fourth component.
8. An additive as in Claim 6, wherein said calcium-containing component is selected from the group consisting of: calcium sulfonate, overbased calcium sulfonate, and calcium carbonate.
9. An additive as in Claim 6, wherein said suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of: fatty acid esters, triglycerides fatty acid esters, waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, palm oil, palm-olein, coconut oil, and jojoba oil.
10. An additive as in Claim 6, wherein said calcium-containing component is 30-LV% of the additive, said castor oil and castor supplements component is 40-60 LV%
of the additive, and said suspension agent is 1-4 LV% of the additive.
of the additive, and said suspension agent is 1-4 LV% of the additive.
11. An additive for fuels and lubricants for improving combustion engine emissions and fuel mileage and improving lubricity, the additive comprising:
10-50 LV% calcium-containing component;
15-75 LV% polyalpholefin;
10-60 LV% castor oil component and supplements selected from the group consisting of castor oil, sulfated castor oil, soy methyl ester, canola oil, and pour point depressant; and 1-20 LV% suspension agent, wherein said suspension agent is a fatty acid ester with a melt point between 5-50 degrees C.
10-50 LV% calcium-containing component;
15-75 LV% polyalpholefin;
10-60 LV% castor oil component and supplements selected from the group consisting of castor oil, sulfated castor oil, soy methyl ester, canola oil, and pour point depressant; and 1-20 LV% suspension agent, wherein said suspension agent is a fatty acid ester with a melt point between 5-50 degrees C.
12. An additive as in Claim 11, wherein said calcium-containing component is selected from the group consisting of: calcium sulfonate, overbased calcium sulfonate, and calcium carbonate.
13. As additive as in Claim 11, wherein said suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of: fatty acid esters, triglycerides fatty acid esters, waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, palm oil, palm-olein, coconut oil, and jojoba oil.
14. An additive as in Claim 11, wherein said calcium-containing component is LV% of the additive, said polyalpholefin is 15-30 LV% of the additive, said castor oil and castor supplements components is 30-50 LV% of the additive, and said suspension agent is 1-4 LV% of the additive.
15. A method of formulating and using an additive fuels, lubricants, pour point depressants, and cutting fluids, the method comprising:
providing a calcium-containing component;
blending a suspension agent with said calcium-containing component to obtain a blend, wherein said suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of:
fatty acid ester; fatty acid ester with a melt point between 5-50 degrees C;
triglycerides fatty acid esters, waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, palm oil, palm-olein, coconut oil, and jojoba oil; and after said blending, providing castor oil and mixing the castor oil into said blend.
providing a calcium-containing component;
blending a suspension agent with said calcium-containing component to obtain a blend, wherein said suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of:
fatty acid ester; fatty acid ester with a melt point between 5-50 degrees C;
triglycerides fatty acid esters, waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, palm oil, palm-olein, coconut oil, and jojoba oil; and after said blending, providing castor oil and mixing the castor oil into said blend.
16. A method as in Claim 15, further comprising adding a castor supplement/partial replacement component to said blend after said blending, the castor supplement/partial replacement component being selected from a group consisting of: sulfated castor oil, soy methyl ester, canola oil, and pour point depressant.
17. A method as in Claim 15, further comprising providing an effective amount of said additive in a gasoline fuel in a vehicle, wherein fuel mileage of the vehicle is increased.
18. A method as in Claim 15, further comprising providing an effective amount of said additive in a diesel fuel in a vehicle, wherein fuel mileage of the vehicle is increased.
19. A method as in Claim 15, further comprising placing an effective amount of said additive in a gasoline fuel for a combustion engine, whereby emissions of NOx hydrocarbons, CO, and CO2 from the combustion engine are reduced.
20. A method as in Claim 15, further comprising placing an effective amount of said additive in a diesel fuel for a combustion engine, whereby emissions of NOx hydrocarbons, CO, and CO2 from the combustion engine are reduced.
21. A method as in Claim 20, wherein the diesel fuel is petroleum diesel.
22. A method as in Claim 20, wherein the diesel fuel comprises biodiesel.
23. A method as in Claim 20, wherein the diesel fuel comprises ethanol.
24. A method as in Claim 15, further comprising adding polyalphaolefin to said blend after said blending.
25. A method as in Claim 24, further comprising placing an effective amount of said additive in a gasoline fuel for a combustion engine, whereby emissions of NOx hydrocarbons, CO, and CO2 from the combustion engine are reduced.
26. A method as in Claim 24, further comprising placing an effective amount of said additive in a diesel fuel for a combustion engine, whereby emissions of NOx hydrocarbons, CO, and CO2 from the combustion engine are reduced.
27. A method as in Claim 15, further comprising placing an effective amount of said additive in a cutting fluid, wherein friction is reduced in the cutting operation in which said cutting fluid is used.
28. A method of suspending calcium in a combustion engine gasoline fuel, the method comprising:
providing a calcium-containing component;
blending a suspension agent with said calcium-containing component to obtain a blend, wherein said suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of:
fatty acid esters; fatty acid ester with a melt point between 5-50 degrees C;
triglycerides fatty acid esters, waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, palm oil, palm-olein, coconut oil, and jojoba oil;
at a time later than said blending, adding a castor oil component into said blend to obtain a mixture; and at a time later than said adding said castor oil component to obtain said mixture, placing said mixture into gasoline fuel, whereby the calcium is suspended in the gasoline fuel.
providing a calcium-containing component;
blending a suspension agent with said calcium-containing component to obtain a blend, wherein said suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of:
fatty acid esters; fatty acid ester with a melt point between 5-50 degrees C;
triglycerides fatty acid esters, waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, palm oil, palm-olein, coconut oil, and jojoba oil;
at a time later than said blending, adding a castor oil component into said blend to obtain a mixture; and at a time later than said adding said castor oil component to obtain said mixture, placing said mixture into gasoline fuel, whereby the calcium is suspended in the gasoline fuel.
29. A method of suspending calcium as in Claim 28, further adding polyalphaolefin to said blend at a time later than said blending and before said mixture is placed into the gasoline fuel.
30. A method of suspending calcium in a combustion engine diesel fuel, the method comprising:
providing a calcium-containing component;
blending a suspension agent with said calcium-containing component to obtain a blend, wherein said suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of:
fatty acid esters; fatty acid ester with a melt point between 5 - 50 degrees C;
triglycerides fatty acid esters, waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, palm oil, palm-olein, coconut oil, and jojoba oil;
at a time later than said blending, adding a castor oil component into said blend to obtain a mixture; and at a time later than adding said castor oil component to obtain said mixture, placing said mixture into diesel fuel, whereby the calcium is suspended in the diesel fuel.
providing a calcium-containing component;
blending a suspension agent with said calcium-containing component to obtain a blend, wherein said suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of:
fatty acid esters; fatty acid ester with a melt point between 5 - 50 degrees C;
triglycerides fatty acid esters, waxy esters of ricinoleic acid, palm oil, palm-olein, coconut oil, and jojoba oil;
at a time later than said blending, adding a castor oil component into said blend to obtain a mixture; and at a time later than adding said castor oil component to obtain said mixture, placing said mixture into diesel fuel, whereby the calcium is suspended in the diesel fuel.
31. A method of suspending calcium as in Claim 30, further adding polyalphaolefin to said blend at a time later than said blending and before said mixture is placed into the diesel fuel.
32. A method as in Claim 30, wherein said diesel comprises biodiesel.
33. A method as in Claim 30, wherein said diesel comprises ethanol.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US70242005P | 2005-07-25 | 2005-07-25 | |
US60/702,420 | 2005-07-25 | ||
US78209106P | 2006-03-13 | 2006-03-13 | |
US60/782,091 | 2006-03-13 | ||
PCT/US2006/029016 WO2007014266A2 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-25 | Fuel and lubricant additives and methods for improving fuel economy and vehicle emissions |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2616382A1 true CA2616382A1 (en) | 2007-02-01 |
Family
ID=37683949
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002616382A Abandoned CA2616382A1 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-07-25 | Fuel and lubricant additives and methods for improving fuel economy and vehicle emissions |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080295391A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1934316A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2009503194A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20080032200A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2006272625A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0613965A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2616382A1 (en) |
EA (1) | EA200800423A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2008001185A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007014266A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100024287A1 (en) * | 2008-07-31 | 2010-02-04 | Smith Susan Jane | Liquid fuel compositions |
KR101044217B1 (en) * | 2008-09-18 | 2011-06-29 | 금종자원개발주식회사 | The Ion-Fuel Addition in the bunker C oil |
FR2941707A1 (en) * | 2009-02-04 | 2010-08-06 | Inter Meca | Use of jojoba oil as an extreme pressure additive and in lubricant, which is useful in a process of lubrication for machining operation or assembly of metals |
JP5028701B2 (en) * | 2009-08-07 | 2012-09-19 | 協同油脂株式会社 | Grease composition for constant velocity joint and constant velocity joint |
US9169454B2 (en) * | 2011-08-25 | 2015-10-27 | Sabatino Nacson | Lubricating oil formulation |
CN105936837B (en) * | 2016-03-30 | 2017-09-26 | 王严绪 | Full esters environmental protection diesel oil antiwear additive and preparation method thereof |
JP7191394B2 (en) * | 2020-08-31 | 2022-12-19 | 丸山化成株式会社 | engine oil additive |
Family Cites Families (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2824836A (en) * | 1954-11-01 | 1958-02-25 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Lubricating oil compositions |
GB1383198A (en) * | 1971-02-16 | 1975-02-05 | Shell Int Research | Hot rolling of metals |
US4451266A (en) * | 1982-01-22 | 1984-05-29 | John D. Barclay | Additive for improving performance of liquid hydrocarbon fuels |
US4428850A (en) * | 1982-01-28 | 1984-01-31 | Texaco Inc. | Low foaming railway diesel engine lubricating oil compositions |
US4664821A (en) * | 1984-11-13 | 1987-05-12 | Wynn Oil Company | Lubricant additive concentrate containing isomerized jojoba oil |
US4575382A (en) * | 1985-06-21 | 1986-03-11 | Texaco Inc. | Thermal stabilized vegetable oil extended diesel fuels |
GB9114236D0 (en) * | 1991-07-02 | 1991-08-21 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Fuel oil treatment |
US5413725A (en) * | 1992-12-18 | 1995-05-09 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Pour point depressants for high monounsaturated vegetable oils and for high monounsaturated vegetable oils/biodegradable base and fluid mixtures |
US5338471A (en) * | 1993-10-15 | 1994-08-16 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Pour point depressants for industrial lubricants containing mixtures of fatty acid esters and vegetable oils |
US5826369A (en) * | 1993-12-07 | 1998-10-27 | Barto/Jordan Company, Inc. | Chlorophyll based fuel additive for reducing pollutant emissions |
US5505867A (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 1996-04-09 | Ritter; Clyde G. | Fuel and Lubrication oil additive |
GB9714828D0 (en) * | 1997-07-15 | 1997-09-17 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Improved fuel oil compositions |
PL340468A1 (en) * | 1997-11-21 | 2001-02-12 | Rohmax Additives Gmbh | Additive to a diesel engine biofuel and to fuel bio-oils |
US7144433B2 (en) * | 2001-03-22 | 2006-12-05 | Oryxe Energy International, Inc. | Method and composition for using organic, plant-derived, oil-extracted materials in fossil fuels for reduced emissions |
US6620772B2 (en) * | 2001-07-13 | 2003-09-16 | Renewable Lubricants, Inc. | Biodegradable penetrating lubricant |
US20040142827A1 (en) * | 2001-11-29 | 2004-07-22 | Palazzotto John D. | Sulfur containing lubricating oil additive system particularly useful for natural gas fueled engines |
US6713439B2 (en) * | 2002-06-05 | 2004-03-30 | Infineum International Ltd. | Energy conserving power transmission fluids |
US6586374B1 (en) * | 2002-07-18 | 2003-07-01 | Primrose Oil Company | Engineered synthetic engine oil and method of use |
US6790813B2 (en) * | 2002-11-21 | 2004-09-14 | Chevron Oronite Company Llc | Oil compositions for improved fuel economy |
-
2006
- 2006-07-25 EA EA200800423A patent/EA200800423A1/en unknown
- 2006-07-25 BR BRPI0613965-5A patent/BRPI0613965A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-07-25 US US11/996,721 patent/US20080295391A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-07-25 MX MX2008001185A patent/MX2008001185A/en unknown
- 2006-07-25 KR KR1020087003889A patent/KR20080032200A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-07-25 WO PCT/US2006/029016 patent/WO2007014266A2/en active Application Filing
- 2006-07-25 CA CA002616382A patent/CA2616382A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-07-25 EP EP06800354A patent/EP1934316A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-07-25 JP JP2008524103A patent/JP2009503194A/en active Pending
- 2006-07-25 AU AU2006272625A patent/AU2006272625A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BRPI0613965A2 (en) | 2011-02-22 |
WO2007014266A2 (en) | 2007-02-01 |
US20080295391A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
KR20080032200A (en) | 2008-04-14 |
EP1934316A2 (en) | 2008-06-25 |
MX2008001185A (en) | 2008-04-07 |
JP2009503194A (en) | 2009-01-29 |
WO2007014266A3 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
AU2006272625A1 (en) | 2007-02-01 |
EA200800423A1 (en) | 2008-06-30 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20080221001A1 (en) | Composition and Methods for Improved Lubrication, Pour Point, and Fuel Performance | |
JP3927724B2 (en) | Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines | |
CA2616382A1 (en) | Fuel and lubricant additives and methods for improving fuel economy and vehicle emissions | |
US9834735B2 (en) | Universal synthetic lubricant, method and product-by-process to replace the lost sulfur lubrication when using low-sulfur diesel fuels | |
CA2710403C (en) | Universal synthetic gasoline fuel conditioner additive, method and product-by-process | |
US5505867A (en) | Fuel and Lubrication oil additive | |
US20020042348A1 (en) | Engine, fuel, gear, and grease treatment compositions and methods related thereto | |
CN101993761B (en) | Lubricating oil composition | |
JP2009500465A (en) | Lubricant composition for hydrocarbon mixture and product thereof | |
JP2021525815A (en) | Compounds containing quaternary monoammonium functional groups, acidic functional groups and boron functional groups, and their use as lubricant additives. | |
WO2007100309A1 (en) | Versatile additive to lubricating and fuel materials and fuels containing said additive | |
US20110021396A1 (en) | Fuel additive | |
CN107849477A (en) | Purposes of the glyceride of hydroxyl polycarboxylic acid in lubricant and fuel as anti-camshaft abrasion additive | |
WO2003078556A1 (en) | Lubricant for two-cycle engines | |
US20080312114A1 (en) | Composition and Methods for Improved Lubrication, Pour Point, and Fuel Performance | |
CN105339477A (en) | Lubricating composition for a marine engine | |
CN103387868A (en) | Formula for novel lubricant and additive | |
WO2021250307A1 (en) | Use of organometallic salt compositions in marine lubricants | |
JP3804248B2 (en) | 2-cycle engine base oil | |
JPH0726283A (en) | Composition and process for chemical treatment of metal and oil | |
Larson | Petroleum Lubricating Oils as Related to Automotive Equipment |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
FZDE | Discontinued |