CA2605092C - Herbicidal composition with increased herbicidal efficacy - Google Patents
Herbicidal composition with increased herbicidal efficacy Download PDFInfo
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- CA2605092C CA2605092C CA2605092A CA2605092A CA2605092C CA 2605092 C CA2605092 C CA 2605092C CA 2605092 A CA2605092 A CA 2605092A CA 2605092 A CA2605092 A CA 2605092A CA 2605092 C CA2605092 C CA 2605092C
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Abstract
An herbicide composition available as a concentrate for dilution with water or a ready-to-use oil-in-water emulsion which has a significantly reduced amount of active ingredient of a broadleaf herbicide. The composition combines the reduced amount of herbicide in a mixture of oil and emulsifier.
Description
1 "HERBICIDAL
COMPOSITION WITH INCREASED HERBICIDAL EFFICACY"
COMPOSITION WITH INCREASED HERBICIDAL EFFICACY"
4 The invention relates to herbicidal compositions and in particular to herbicidal oil-in-water emulsions that reduce the effective amount of herbicide 6 required for the control of broadleaf weeds in turfgrass, while being substantially 7 non-phytotoxic to turfgrass.
The use of oils as herbicide adjuvants is a well established practice 11 in agriculture for improvement of weed control applications through better 12 coverage and penetration of the active ingredient on the leaf surface of the target 13 weed. In many cases, this permits some degree of reduction in the rate of 14 herbicide required, which is particularly desired for synthetic herbicides that are toxic to humans and the environment. Oil-based herbicide adjuvants are often 16 formulated as an herbicidal "emulsifiable concentrate" consisting of a 75-95 wt%
17 hydrocarbon oil or solvent with the balance being emulsifier, and to which the 18 herbicide is added. In use, the herbicidal emulsifiable concentrate is diluted with 19 water to form an oil-in-water emulsion which is then sprayed onto the target area 21 While most oil-based herbicidal adjuvants have been directed to 22 the control of grassy weeds in crops, little has been done with respect to the use 23 of such adjuvants for the control of broadleaf (dicotyledous) weeds in turfgrass.
24 In one study by McCowan (McCowan, F.H. "Turf Herbicide Rx: Add Oil" April, 1968), it was found that the addition of Sunspray Oil 11E (a mixture of refined 1 paraffin oil and emulsifier at 98:2 wt%, respectively; available from Sunoco, Inc.
2 Philadelphia PA, USA) to certain herbicides resulted in equal or better weed 3 control in turfgrass when delivered at a rate of 2 gallons of oil per acre.
4 However, the herbicide oil combination also resulted in a significant increase in toxicity to the turfgrass in some cases. Overall, Applicant believes McCowan's 6 findings were not conclusive with respect to the selectivity, effectiveness and 7 phytotoxicity of various herbicide-oil combinations. To the inventor's knowledge, 8 there are currently no high-oil-content herbicide compositions that selectively kill 9 broadleaf weeds on the market for use on turfgrass.
Wide use of selective herbicides like 2,4-D (2,4 11 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), Mecoprop (MCPP or methylchlorophenoxypropionic 12 acid) and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) for controlling broadleaf weed in 13 turfgrass throughout the world are controversial. The International Agency for 14 Research on Cancer has classified the entire family of phenoxy-type herbicides, and particularly 2-4D, as potentially carcinogenic. Mecoprop and dicamba are 16 suspected of being human teratogens. In the interest of public safety, regulatory 17 bodies such as US EPA and Health Canada PMRA have been making label 18 improvements aimed primarily at exposure reduction of 2,4-D and other 19 herbicides to environments.
Control of broadleaf weeds remains a major problem in turfgrass 21 throughout the world. Further, public concerns related to human health and 22 safety as well as the impact on environments resulting from the application of 23 such herbicides, continue to arise. There is, therefore, a need in the art for 24 improved herbicidal compositions for controlling broadleaf weeds in turfgrass that present a reduced risk to humans and to the environment.
2 Embodiments of the invention provide an herbicidal composition 3 having an amount of active ingredient significantly reduced from known 4 prescribed label rates used for conventional herbicides. The novel compositions demonstrate a significantly increased herbicidal efficacy for controlling broadleaf 6 weeds in turfgrass while being substantially non-phytotoxic to the turfgrass.
7 Embodiments of the invention enable use of known herbicides at 8 much lower active ingredient (Al.) rates while showing at least equivalent 9 broadleaf weed control in turfgrass when compared to prescribed label rates, typically expressed as the A.I. per unit area.
11 Embodiments of the invention are also directed to a method of 12 controlling broadleaf weeds in turfgrass while being substantially non-phytotoxic 13 to turfgrass, which comprises treating the locus thereof with an effective amount 14 of the novel herbicidal composition. As an additional feature, embodiments of the novel herbicidal composition have been found to control insects, such as sod 16 webworms and fall armyworms, in turfgrass.
17 Therefore in a broad aspect, embodiments of the herbicidal 18 compositions having increased herbicidal efficacy comprise: a broadleaf 19 herbicide in an effective amount of active ingredient per unit area reduced from about 90% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, wherein the composition has 21 low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass when applied as an oil-in-water emulsion 22 at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in-water 23 emulsion further comprising an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to 24 emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%.
Further, embodiments of the invention include an herbicidal composition provided as an oil-in-water emulsion comprising:
a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, wherein the composition has low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass when applied as the oil-in-water emulsion at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion comprising an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%.
Further, embodiments of the invention are emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrates comprising: a broadleaf herbicide in an effective amount of active ingredient per unit area reduced from about 90% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 50:50 wt% to about 95:5 wt%, wherein when diluted in water as an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre the concentrate has a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
Further, embodiments of the invention include an emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate comprising:
a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 50:50 wt% to =
about 95:5 wt%, wherein when diluted in water as an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre the concentrate has a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
Additionally, embodiments of the invention teach a method of preparing an oil-in-water emulsion having increased herbicidal efficacy and for delivery a reduced amount of active ingredient of an herbicide to turfgrass comprising: preparing an emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate by combining a broadleaf herbicide in an effective amount of active ingredient per unit area reduced from about 90% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 50:50 wt%
to about 95:5 wt%; and combining the emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate with water sufficient to dilute the oil-emulsifier from about 5 wf% to about 35 wt% for forming an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in water emulsion having a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
Additionally, embodiments of the invention include a method of preparing an oil-in-water emulsion comprising:
preparing an emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate by combining a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and 4a an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%; and combining the emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate with water sufficient to dilute the oil-emulsifier from about 5 wt% to about 35 wt% for forming an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion having a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
Additionally, embodiments of the invention include a method for delivering a reduced amount of active ingredient of a herbicide to turfgrass with increased efficacy for controlling broadleaf weeds and substantially no phytotoxicity to the turfgrass comprising:
preparing an oil-in-water emulsion having a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate; and applying the oil-in-water emulsion at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion further comprising an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%.
A further embodiment includes a method for delivering a reduced amount of active ingredient of a herbicide to turfgrass with increased efficacy for controlling broadleaf weeds and substantially no phytotoxicity to the turfgrass comprising applying to the turfgrass the composition provided as an oil-in water emulsion as described herein at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre.
A further embodiment includes the use of the composition provided as an oil-in water emulsion as described herein for delivering a reduced amount of active 4b ingredient of the herbicide to turfgrass with increased efficacy for controlling broadleaf weeds and substantially no phytotoxicity to the turfgrass.
Exemplary herbicides contemplated for use in embodiments of the invention are the auxin mimic-type herbicides which include such herbicides as KILLEX and TRIMECO.
4c 2 Figure 1 is a graphical representation of the effect of KILLEX
3 formulations according to embodiments of the invention, as described in 4 Example 3, over time.
7 As used herein, the term "control" generally refers to killing, 8 inhibition of proliferation, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence of plants.
9 Further, the terms "turfgrass" or "grass" generally refer to grasses that are periodically cut or mowed to provide a groundcover for various utility, 11 recreational or aesthetic purposes. Exemplary turfgrasses include Fescues, 12 Rye, Bent, Bahia, St. Augustine, Centipede, Kentucky bluegrass, Zoysia Native 13 Grasses (e.g., Buffalo grass, Blue Grama and Wheatgrasses), Seashore 14 Paspalum, Carpet Grass, Buffo, and Beach Grass. Such grasses are typically found in locations such as parks, golf courses, sports fields, sod farms, 16 roadsides, and lawns for housing residences, commercial sites, and institutional 17 grounds.
18 Examples of "broadleaf weeds" include, but are not limited to, 19 bedstraw, bindweed (field), birdsfoot trefoil, black medic, blackseed plantain, blueweed, broad-leaved plantain, burdock, buttercup, canada thistle, chickweed, 21 chicory, clover, common chickweed, daisy fleabane, dandelion, devil's paint 22 brush (hawkweed), dock (curled), english daisy, fall dandelion (fall hawkbit), 23 grass leaved stitchwort, ground ivy, heal-all, henbit, knotweed, kochia, Iamb's-24 quarters, mallow, mouse-ear chickweed, mustards, narrow-leaved plantain, ox-eye daisy, peppergrass, pigweed, pineapple weed, poison ivy, prostrate 1 pigweed, purslane, ragweed, russian thistle, sandwort (thyme-leaved), sheep 2 sorrel, shepherd'spurse, smartweed (green), sow thistle, speedwell (purslane 3 leaved), spotted spurge, stitchwort, stonecrop (mossy), veronica (thyme-leaved), 4 wild lettuce, yellow hawkweed brambles, buckhorn plantain, bull thistle, carolina geranium, cocklebur, crudweed, evening primrose, false dandelion, fleabane, 6 florida pusley, frenchweed poison oak, hawkweed, honeysuckle, jimsonweed, 7 kudzu, little starwort, morning glory, oxalis (yellow woodsorrel), pennywort, 8 plantains (narrow, buckhorn, broadleaf), poorjoe, povertyweed, soliva, 9 spreadwell (annual), spurge, sumac, vervain, vetch, violet, wild aster, wild blackberry, wild carrot, wild garlic, wild geranium, wild onion, wild radish, wild 11 raspberry and yarrow.
12 In embodiments of the invention, the herbicidal composition 13 comprises a highly saturated oil, an emulsifier, and a broadleaf herbicide, 14 provided as an oil-in-water emulsion (01W emulsion) for ready-to-use applications or as an emulsifiable herbicidal concentrate which is thereafter 16 diluted in water for application as the 0/W emulsion.
17 In embodiments of the invention, the active ingredients (A.I.) of an 18 herbicide selected to control broadleaf weeds are present in the oil-in-water 19 emulsion in a range of from about a 50% reduction, compared to known prescribed label rates, to about a 90% reduction, compared to known prescribed 21 label rates. The oil and emulsifier in the oil-emulsifier mixture are present in a 22 weight ratio of about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%. The oil-emulsifier mixture is 23 present in the total 0/W emulsion at about 5% to about 35% by weight which is 24 contemplated to be delivered in a total spray volume of about 60 to about 120 gallons of 0/W emulsion per acre of turfgrass.
1 In embodiments of the invention the oil-emulsifier mixture is 2 present in the total oil-in-water emulsion at about 10% to about 30%.
3 In embodiments of the invention the oil-emulsifier mixture 4 comprises a ratio of oil to emulsifier of from about 85:15 wt% to about 90:10 wt%. The inventors have found that an oil-emulsifier mixture having less than 6 about 5% of emulsifier does not significantly increase herbicidal efficacy, even 7 when used at 30% in the 0/W emulsion.
8 In embodiments of the invention, exemplary herbicides comprise 9 auxin mimic or growth regulator type herbicides, which include the phenoxy-type herbicides, such as 2,4-0, 2,4-DB, 24-DP, benzoic acid-type herbicides, such as 11 dicamba and MCPA and other aromatic acid herbicides such as clopyralid, 12 fluroxypyr, picloram and quinclorac.
13 It is particularly contemplated that the herbicide used is either 14 KILLEX (Scott Canada, Mississauga, Ontario) or TRIMEC (PBUGORDON
Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri), both of which are combinations of 2,4-D
16 Mecoprop and dicamba. In embodiments of the invention, KILLEX or 17 TRIMEC are used in a total herbicide active ingredient to oil-emulsifier mixture 18 ratio of about 1:50 to about 1:750 by weight.
19 In the case of KILLEX or TRIMEC , the 2,4-D may be in the form of an acid, a salt or an ester, such as 2,4-D acid, 2,4-D sodium salt, 2,4-D
diethyl 21 amine, 2,4-D dimethylamine salt, 2,4-0 isopropyl acid, 2,4-D
triisopropyl acid, 22 2,4-D butoxyethyl ester, 2,4-D ethylhexyl ester or 2,4-D isopropyl ester. The 23 Mecoprop may be in the form of an acid, a salt or an ester, such as MCPP
acid, 24 potassium salt, dimethylamine salt, diethanolamine salt or isooctyl ester. The Dicamba may be in the form of an acid, a dimethylamine or a sodium salt.
Oils used in the composition are highly saturated oils. Typically, the oils are either synthetic or produced using conventional refining techniques such as solvent extraction, severe and mild hydrocracking or hydrotreating or hydrofining and have a viscosity in the range of about 6cSt to about 34cSt at 40 C (ASTM 445). Embodiments of the invention utilize paraffinic or isoparaffinic oils.
In embodiments of the invention, isoparaffinic oils are selected to have a carbon number distribution in the range of about C16 to about C35 and is highly refined to have an aromatic content of less than about 10wV/0 and in embodiments of the invention less than about 5wt%. In embodiments of the invention an isoparaffinic oil having substantially no aromatics is selected.
As compared to light oils" such as SOLVESSOTM 150 (available from ExxonMobil) or kerosene, the inventors believe heavier isoparaffinic oils evaporate less quickly from the leaf surface and do not cause severe cell membrane disruption and therefore provide a better opportunity for the 011A1 emulsion to spread and for the herbicide therein to penetrate the leaf surface effectively.
Emulsifiers are selected to have minimal toxicological risk, such as those included on the Environmental Protection Agency's List 3 or 4 Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products. Appropriate emulsifiers are selected to have sufficient solvency in the oil phase such as described in US Patent 6,515,031 to Applicant.
In embodiments of the invention, suitable emulsifiers also include ethoxylated alcohols having primary C5 ¨ C20 carbon chains with an average of about 2 to about 7 ethoxylation groups and alkyl phenol ethoxylates, including 8a 1 but not limited to dodecyl phenol ethoxylates, nonyl phenol ethoxylates and the 2 like.
3 Commercial preparations, whether prepared as ready-to-use 4 compositions or as emulsifiable concentrates, may further contain such additional ingredients as are known to one of skill in the art, such as 6 preservatives to extend the shelf-life stability. In embodiments of the invention, a 7 small amount of preservative, such as methylchloroisothiazolinone in 8 combination with methylisothiazolinone (KATHON CG/ICP available from 9 Rohm and Haas) is added, typically at less than 2.25 ppm of active ingredient.
The 0/W emulsions to be sprayed on turfgrass are typically 11 prepared using high shear mixing equipment such as a Polytron Homogenizer 12 (available from Kinematica Inc., Newark, NJ, USA). Preparation using high shear 13 equipment results in stable emulsions which can then be applied to the turfgrass 14 using conventional spraying equipment and techniques.
As shown in the examples below, the unique combinations of oil 16 and emulsifier in the emulsions act to reduce the amount of active ingredient of 17 the herbicide, particularly KILLEXO and TRIMEC , required to kill broadleaf 18 weeds in turfgrass as compared to conventional aqueous solutions of the same 19 herbicides. The compositions as shown result in a lack of detectable phytotoxicity when the 0/W emulsion is used at a total spray volume of about 21 120 gal /acre.
22 One of skill in the art would understand that embodiments of the 23 invention using other herbicides such as listed above would similarly result in a 24 significant reduction of the amount of active ingredient of the herbicide required to control broadleaf weeds in turf grass.
1 Further, Applicant has noted that embodiments of the invention are 2 effective in controlling insects such as tropical sod webworm and fall armyworm 3 when applied to turfgrass.
6 General Materials and Methods 8 Materials 9 The oils, emulsifiers and herbicides shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3 were used as indicated in the examples.
11 Table 1 - Oils Oil Component Source N65DW Synthetic isoparaffinic oil Petro-Canada*
12 *Calgary, AB, Canada Table 2 - Emulsifiers Emulsifier Components Source AL3313 Polyoxyethyene lauryl ether, C10 to C16 alcohol Uniqema*
ethoxylates, and glycerol oleate Atplus 300F Non ionic surfactant blends Uniqema*
17 *New Castle, DE, USA
1 Table 3. Herbicides Herbicide Component Source KILLEX 2,4-D, dimethylamine @ 190 g/1 Scott Canada*
(2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid, dimethylamine salt) Mecoprop-p, Dimethylamine @ 100 g/1, (2-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, dimethylamine salt) Dicamba, Dimethylamine @ 18 g/1 (Benzoic acid 3, 6-dichloro-2-methoxy-, dimethylamine salt) TR1MEC 2,4-D, dimethylamine @ 25.93 % PB1/Gordon"
Classic (2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid, dimethylamine salt) Mecoprop-p, Dimethylamine @ 13.85 %
(2-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, dimethylamine salt) Dicamba, Dimethylamine @ 2.76 %
(Benzoic acid 3, 6-dichloro-2-methoxy-, dimethylamine salt) TRIMECO 2,4-D, dimethylamine @ 18.74% PBI/Gordon**
Southern (2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid, dimethylamine salt) Mecoprop-p, Dimethylamine @ 17.37%
(2-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, dimethylamine salt) Dicamba, Dimethylamine @ 3.85%
(Benzoic acid 3, 6-dichloro-2-methoxy-, dimethylamine salt) 3 * Mississauga, Ontario 4 ** Kansas City, Missouri 6 Methods 7 Preparation and use of aaueous KILLEX and TRIMECO formulations 8 Conventional aqueous KILLEX solutions were prepared by 9 diluting KILLEX in water as appropriate for use at the label rate ("KILLEX
100%", 0.59 gal/acre) and at a reduced rate ("KILLEX 12.5%", 0.074ga1/acre, 1 87.5% reduction). In particular," KILLEX 100%" was used at the label rate of 0.59 2 gal/acre in sufficient water (approximately 107 gal/acre). "KILLEX 12.5%"
was 3 used at a reduced rate of 0.074 gal/acre in sufficient water (approximately 107 4 gal/acre).
TRI MEC Classic solutions were prepared by diluting 6 TRIMEC Classic in water as appropriate for use at the label rate ("TRIMEC
7 100%", 0.5 gal/acre) and at a reduced rate ("TRIMEC 12.5%", 0.0625gal/acre), 8 each used at a spray volume of about 62 gallons per acre.
9 TRIMEC Southern solutions were prepared by diluting TRIMEC Southern in water as appropriate for use at the label rate of 0.19 11 gal/acre ("TRIMEC Southern 100%") and at a reduced rate of 0.0625 gal/acre 12 ("TRIMEC Southern 33%"), each used at a spray volume of about 62 gallons 13 per acre.
Preparation and use of KILLEX or TRIMECO oil-in-water emulsion formulations 16 KILLEX or TRIMECO OfW emulsions were generally prepared by 17 tank-mixing the components using high shear equipment such as a Polytron 18 Homogenizer (available from Kinematica Inc., Newark, NJ, USA) so as to 19 produce a stable emulsion for application to turfgrass.
Various compositions of oil, emulsifier, herbicide and water were 21 prepared, according to embodiments of the invention, varying the oil and 22 emulsifier at 10%, 20% or 30% by weight of the total solution as shown in the 23 examples below. The 0/W emulsions were used at a rate of from about 62 24 gal/acre to about 107 gal/acre.
1 Testing of KILLEX and TRIMECO formulations 2 KILLEX or TRIMECO formulations according to the various 3 examples were applied to 2m x 2m plots of turfgrass. Turfgrass tested at the 4 University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada predominantly comprised perennial ryegrass, with some Kentucky bluegrass and other perennial grasses. Turfgrass 6 tested at Michigan State University, MI, USA comprised a mixture of Kentucky 7 blue grass, rye grass and tall fescue grass. Turfgrass tested at University of 8 Florida, FL, USA comprised bahia grass and St. Augustine grass. The 9 formulations were applied using standard spray procedures, as is known in the art.
11 For measuring the effect of the KILLEX and TRIMECO
12 formulations on the control of broadleaf weeds, the number of dandelions, 13 clovers, dollarweeds or pusley present in each plot was counted before and after 14 treatment with KILLEX or TRIMECC) formulations.
For measuring phytotoxic effects of the KILLEX or TRIMECO
16 formulations on the turfgrass, the turfgrass was analyzed by visual rating 17 accompanied by instrumental assessment using a chlorophyll meter.
Effects of KILLEX dosage and an 0/W emulsion of KILLEX on dandelions 21 This example demonstrates the effect of aqueous KILLEX
22 formulations on dandelion counts when used at the label rate (0.59 gal/acre) and 23 a reduced rate (12.5%, 0.074 gal/acre, 87.5% reduction), as well as the effect of 24 an 0/W emulsion formulation containing 30% by weight of oil plus emulsifier on the efficacy of KILLEX at the reduced rate. The KILLEX formulations were 1 prepared and tested as described in Example 1, with the 0/W emulsions being 2 applied at a rate of 107 gal /acre. The results are shown below in Table 4.
4 Table 4 Dandelion (%cover) - 21 days after treatment KILLEX PCI Oil-emulsifier Dandelion Sample %cover Gal/acre Oil emulsifier (21 DAA*) Control (untreated) (none) (none) (none) 14.0 KILLEX 100% 0.59 (none) (none) 5.0 (label rate) KILLEX 12.5% 0.074 (none) (none) 12.8 KILLEX 12.5% + 0.074 85 wt% N65DW 15 wt% A13313 3.5 PCI 30%
6 *DM ¨ days after application 7 The results shown in Table 4 demonstrate that KILLEX , 8 formulated as an 0/W emulsion according to an embodiment of the invention, 9 has increased efficacy with reduced herbicide and therefore lower levels of KILLEX can be used to control dandelions.
13 Effect of KILLEX 0/W emulsion over time on dandelions 14 This example demonstrates the effect of KILLEX 0/W emulsion over time on dandelion counts in turfgrass. KILLEX was used at a rate of 16 0.074 gal/acre in an 0/W emulsion containing N65DW:AL3313 at 85:15 wt%
and 17 diluted to 30% by weight in water ("PCI 30% + KILLEX 12.5%"). The KILLEX
18 formulations were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The control 19 used was untreated turfgrass.
1 As shown in Fig. 1, KILLEX , formulated as an 0/W emulsion 2 according to an embodiment of the invention, is effective in controlling 3 dandelions over time, expressed as days after treatment (DAT).
6 Effects of TRIMECO dosage and an 0/W emulsion of TRIMECO on white 7 clovers 9 Example 4 demonstrates the effect of aqueous TRIMECO
formulations on white clover counts when used at the label rate (0.5 gal/acre ) 11 and at a reduced rate (0.0625 gal/ Acre, 87.5% reduction).
12 Further Example 4 demonstrates the effect on the efficacy of 13 TRIMECO at the reduced rate when used as an 0/W emulsion formulation 14 according to embodiments of the invention containing 10% by weight of oil plus emulsifier and 20% by weight of oil plus emulsifier The TRIMECO formulations 16 were prepared and tested as described in Example 1 at Michigan State 17 University, with the 0/W emulsions being applied at a rate of 62 gal /acre. The 18 results are shown in Table 5 below.
1 Table 5 3 Clover (%cover) 24 days after treatment Clover %cover Turf Sample TRIMEC PCI Oil-emulsifier (24DAA*) Injury**
(gal/acre) Oil emulsifier Control (none) (none) (none) 15.7 1.0 (untreated) TRIMEC 0.5 (none) (none) 1.3 1.0 100%
label rate TRIMEC 0.0625 (none) (none) 10 1.0 12.5%
TRIMEC 0.0625 85 wt% 15 wt% 1.3 1.0 12.5%+ PCI N65DW A13313 10%
TRIMEC 0.0625 85 wt% 15 wt% 1.7 1.0 12.5% + PCI N65DW A13313 20%
4 * days after application **Rating range from 0 to10, with 10 representing greatest injury 6 (phytotoxicity) 8 The results in Table 5 demonstrate that TRIMEC formulated as 9 an 0/W emulsion according to embodiments of the invention has increased efficacy and therefore significantly lower levels of TRIMEC can be used to 11 control clovers in turfgrass without increased phytotoxicity.
The use of oils as herbicide adjuvants is a well established practice 11 in agriculture for improvement of weed control applications through better 12 coverage and penetration of the active ingredient on the leaf surface of the target 13 weed. In many cases, this permits some degree of reduction in the rate of 14 herbicide required, which is particularly desired for synthetic herbicides that are toxic to humans and the environment. Oil-based herbicide adjuvants are often 16 formulated as an herbicidal "emulsifiable concentrate" consisting of a 75-95 wt%
17 hydrocarbon oil or solvent with the balance being emulsifier, and to which the 18 herbicide is added. In use, the herbicidal emulsifiable concentrate is diluted with 19 water to form an oil-in-water emulsion which is then sprayed onto the target area 21 While most oil-based herbicidal adjuvants have been directed to 22 the control of grassy weeds in crops, little has been done with respect to the use 23 of such adjuvants for the control of broadleaf (dicotyledous) weeds in turfgrass.
24 In one study by McCowan (McCowan, F.H. "Turf Herbicide Rx: Add Oil" April, 1968), it was found that the addition of Sunspray Oil 11E (a mixture of refined 1 paraffin oil and emulsifier at 98:2 wt%, respectively; available from Sunoco, Inc.
2 Philadelphia PA, USA) to certain herbicides resulted in equal or better weed 3 control in turfgrass when delivered at a rate of 2 gallons of oil per acre.
4 However, the herbicide oil combination also resulted in a significant increase in toxicity to the turfgrass in some cases. Overall, Applicant believes McCowan's 6 findings were not conclusive with respect to the selectivity, effectiveness and 7 phytotoxicity of various herbicide-oil combinations. To the inventor's knowledge, 8 there are currently no high-oil-content herbicide compositions that selectively kill 9 broadleaf weeds on the market for use on turfgrass.
Wide use of selective herbicides like 2,4-D (2,4 11 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), Mecoprop (MCPP or methylchlorophenoxypropionic 12 acid) and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) for controlling broadleaf weed in 13 turfgrass throughout the world are controversial. The International Agency for 14 Research on Cancer has classified the entire family of phenoxy-type herbicides, and particularly 2-4D, as potentially carcinogenic. Mecoprop and dicamba are 16 suspected of being human teratogens. In the interest of public safety, regulatory 17 bodies such as US EPA and Health Canada PMRA have been making label 18 improvements aimed primarily at exposure reduction of 2,4-D and other 19 herbicides to environments.
Control of broadleaf weeds remains a major problem in turfgrass 21 throughout the world. Further, public concerns related to human health and 22 safety as well as the impact on environments resulting from the application of 23 such herbicides, continue to arise. There is, therefore, a need in the art for 24 improved herbicidal compositions for controlling broadleaf weeds in turfgrass that present a reduced risk to humans and to the environment.
2 Embodiments of the invention provide an herbicidal composition 3 having an amount of active ingredient significantly reduced from known 4 prescribed label rates used for conventional herbicides. The novel compositions demonstrate a significantly increased herbicidal efficacy for controlling broadleaf 6 weeds in turfgrass while being substantially non-phytotoxic to the turfgrass.
7 Embodiments of the invention enable use of known herbicides at 8 much lower active ingredient (Al.) rates while showing at least equivalent 9 broadleaf weed control in turfgrass when compared to prescribed label rates, typically expressed as the A.I. per unit area.
11 Embodiments of the invention are also directed to a method of 12 controlling broadleaf weeds in turfgrass while being substantially non-phytotoxic 13 to turfgrass, which comprises treating the locus thereof with an effective amount 14 of the novel herbicidal composition. As an additional feature, embodiments of the novel herbicidal composition have been found to control insects, such as sod 16 webworms and fall armyworms, in turfgrass.
17 Therefore in a broad aspect, embodiments of the herbicidal 18 compositions having increased herbicidal efficacy comprise: a broadleaf 19 herbicide in an effective amount of active ingredient per unit area reduced from about 90% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, wherein the composition has 21 low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass when applied as an oil-in-water emulsion 22 at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in-water 23 emulsion further comprising an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to 24 emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%.
Further, embodiments of the invention include an herbicidal composition provided as an oil-in-water emulsion comprising:
a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, wherein the composition has low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass when applied as the oil-in-water emulsion at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion comprising an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%.
Further, embodiments of the invention are emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrates comprising: a broadleaf herbicide in an effective amount of active ingredient per unit area reduced from about 90% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 50:50 wt% to about 95:5 wt%, wherein when diluted in water as an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre the concentrate has a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
Further, embodiments of the invention include an emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate comprising:
a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 50:50 wt% to =
about 95:5 wt%, wherein when diluted in water as an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre the concentrate has a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
Additionally, embodiments of the invention teach a method of preparing an oil-in-water emulsion having increased herbicidal efficacy and for delivery a reduced amount of active ingredient of an herbicide to turfgrass comprising: preparing an emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate by combining a broadleaf herbicide in an effective amount of active ingredient per unit area reduced from about 90% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 50:50 wt%
to about 95:5 wt%; and combining the emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate with water sufficient to dilute the oil-emulsifier from about 5 wf% to about 35 wt% for forming an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in water emulsion having a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
Additionally, embodiments of the invention include a method of preparing an oil-in-water emulsion comprising:
preparing an emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate by combining a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and 4a an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%; and combining the emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate with water sufficient to dilute the oil-emulsifier from about 5 wt% to about 35 wt% for forming an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion having a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
Additionally, embodiments of the invention include a method for delivering a reduced amount of active ingredient of a herbicide to turfgrass with increased efficacy for controlling broadleaf weeds and substantially no phytotoxicity to the turfgrass comprising:
preparing an oil-in-water emulsion having a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate; and applying the oil-in-water emulsion at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion further comprising an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%.
A further embodiment includes a method for delivering a reduced amount of active ingredient of a herbicide to turfgrass with increased efficacy for controlling broadleaf weeds and substantially no phytotoxicity to the turfgrass comprising applying to the turfgrass the composition provided as an oil-in water emulsion as described herein at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre.
A further embodiment includes the use of the composition provided as an oil-in water emulsion as described herein for delivering a reduced amount of active 4b ingredient of the herbicide to turfgrass with increased efficacy for controlling broadleaf weeds and substantially no phytotoxicity to the turfgrass.
Exemplary herbicides contemplated for use in embodiments of the invention are the auxin mimic-type herbicides which include such herbicides as KILLEX and TRIMECO.
4c 2 Figure 1 is a graphical representation of the effect of KILLEX
3 formulations according to embodiments of the invention, as described in 4 Example 3, over time.
7 As used herein, the term "control" generally refers to killing, 8 inhibition of proliferation, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence of plants.
9 Further, the terms "turfgrass" or "grass" generally refer to grasses that are periodically cut or mowed to provide a groundcover for various utility, 11 recreational or aesthetic purposes. Exemplary turfgrasses include Fescues, 12 Rye, Bent, Bahia, St. Augustine, Centipede, Kentucky bluegrass, Zoysia Native 13 Grasses (e.g., Buffalo grass, Blue Grama and Wheatgrasses), Seashore 14 Paspalum, Carpet Grass, Buffo, and Beach Grass. Such grasses are typically found in locations such as parks, golf courses, sports fields, sod farms, 16 roadsides, and lawns for housing residences, commercial sites, and institutional 17 grounds.
18 Examples of "broadleaf weeds" include, but are not limited to, 19 bedstraw, bindweed (field), birdsfoot trefoil, black medic, blackseed plantain, blueweed, broad-leaved plantain, burdock, buttercup, canada thistle, chickweed, 21 chicory, clover, common chickweed, daisy fleabane, dandelion, devil's paint 22 brush (hawkweed), dock (curled), english daisy, fall dandelion (fall hawkbit), 23 grass leaved stitchwort, ground ivy, heal-all, henbit, knotweed, kochia, Iamb's-24 quarters, mallow, mouse-ear chickweed, mustards, narrow-leaved plantain, ox-eye daisy, peppergrass, pigweed, pineapple weed, poison ivy, prostrate 1 pigweed, purslane, ragweed, russian thistle, sandwort (thyme-leaved), sheep 2 sorrel, shepherd'spurse, smartweed (green), sow thistle, speedwell (purslane 3 leaved), spotted spurge, stitchwort, stonecrop (mossy), veronica (thyme-leaved), 4 wild lettuce, yellow hawkweed brambles, buckhorn plantain, bull thistle, carolina geranium, cocklebur, crudweed, evening primrose, false dandelion, fleabane, 6 florida pusley, frenchweed poison oak, hawkweed, honeysuckle, jimsonweed, 7 kudzu, little starwort, morning glory, oxalis (yellow woodsorrel), pennywort, 8 plantains (narrow, buckhorn, broadleaf), poorjoe, povertyweed, soliva, 9 spreadwell (annual), spurge, sumac, vervain, vetch, violet, wild aster, wild blackberry, wild carrot, wild garlic, wild geranium, wild onion, wild radish, wild 11 raspberry and yarrow.
12 In embodiments of the invention, the herbicidal composition 13 comprises a highly saturated oil, an emulsifier, and a broadleaf herbicide, 14 provided as an oil-in-water emulsion (01W emulsion) for ready-to-use applications or as an emulsifiable herbicidal concentrate which is thereafter 16 diluted in water for application as the 0/W emulsion.
17 In embodiments of the invention, the active ingredients (A.I.) of an 18 herbicide selected to control broadleaf weeds are present in the oil-in-water 19 emulsion in a range of from about a 50% reduction, compared to known prescribed label rates, to about a 90% reduction, compared to known prescribed 21 label rates. The oil and emulsifier in the oil-emulsifier mixture are present in a 22 weight ratio of about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%. The oil-emulsifier mixture is 23 present in the total 0/W emulsion at about 5% to about 35% by weight which is 24 contemplated to be delivered in a total spray volume of about 60 to about 120 gallons of 0/W emulsion per acre of turfgrass.
1 In embodiments of the invention the oil-emulsifier mixture is 2 present in the total oil-in-water emulsion at about 10% to about 30%.
3 In embodiments of the invention the oil-emulsifier mixture 4 comprises a ratio of oil to emulsifier of from about 85:15 wt% to about 90:10 wt%. The inventors have found that an oil-emulsifier mixture having less than 6 about 5% of emulsifier does not significantly increase herbicidal efficacy, even 7 when used at 30% in the 0/W emulsion.
8 In embodiments of the invention, exemplary herbicides comprise 9 auxin mimic or growth regulator type herbicides, which include the phenoxy-type herbicides, such as 2,4-0, 2,4-DB, 24-DP, benzoic acid-type herbicides, such as 11 dicamba and MCPA and other aromatic acid herbicides such as clopyralid, 12 fluroxypyr, picloram and quinclorac.
13 It is particularly contemplated that the herbicide used is either 14 KILLEX (Scott Canada, Mississauga, Ontario) or TRIMEC (PBUGORDON
Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri), both of which are combinations of 2,4-D
16 Mecoprop and dicamba. In embodiments of the invention, KILLEX or 17 TRIMEC are used in a total herbicide active ingredient to oil-emulsifier mixture 18 ratio of about 1:50 to about 1:750 by weight.
19 In the case of KILLEX or TRIMEC , the 2,4-D may be in the form of an acid, a salt or an ester, such as 2,4-D acid, 2,4-D sodium salt, 2,4-D
diethyl 21 amine, 2,4-D dimethylamine salt, 2,4-0 isopropyl acid, 2,4-D
triisopropyl acid, 22 2,4-D butoxyethyl ester, 2,4-D ethylhexyl ester or 2,4-D isopropyl ester. The 23 Mecoprop may be in the form of an acid, a salt or an ester, such as MCPP
acid, 24 potassium salt, dimethylamine salt, diethanolamine salt or isooctyl ester. The Dicamba may be in the form of an acid, a dimethylamine or a sodium salt.
Oils used in the composition are highly saturated oils. Typically, the oils are either synthetic or produced using conventional refining techniques such as solvent extraction, severe and mild hydrocracking or hydrotreating or hydrofining and have a viscosity in the range of about 6cSt to about 34cSt at 40 C (ASTM 445). Embodiments of the invention utilize paraffinic or isoparaffinic oils.
In embodiments of the invention, isoparaffinic oils are selected to have a carbon number distribution in the range of about C16 to about C35 and is highly refined to have an aromatic content of less than about 10wV/0 and in embodiments of the invention less than about 5wt%. In embodiments of the invention an isoparaffinic oil having substantially no aromatics is selected.
As compared to light oils" such as SOLVESSOTM 150 (available from ExxonMobil) or kerosene, the inventors believe heavier isoparaffinic oils evaporate less quickly from the leaf surface and do not cause severe cell membrane disruption and therefore provide a better opportunity for the 011A1 emulsion to spread and for the herbicide therein to penetrate the leaf surface effectively.
Emulsifiers are selected to have minimal toxicological risk, such as those included on the Environmental Protection Agency's List 3 or 4 Inert (other) Pesticide Ingredients in Pesticide Products. Appropriate emulsifiers are selected to have sufficient solvency in the oil phase such as described in US Patent 6,515,031 to Applicant.
In embodiments of the invention, suitable emulsifiers also include ethoxylated alcohols having primary C5 ¨ C20 carbon chains with an average of about 2 to about 7 ethoxylation groups and alkyl phenol ethoxylates, including 8a 1 but not limited to dodecyl phenol ethoxylates, nonyl phenol ethoxylates and the 2 like.
3 Commercial preparations, whether prepared as ready-to-use 4 compositions or as emulsifiable concentrates, may further contain such additional ingredients as are known to one of skill in the art, such as 6 preservatives to extend the shelf-life stability. In embodiments of the invention, a 7 small amount of preservative, such as methylchloroisothiazolinone in 8 combination with methylisothiazolinone (KATHON CG/ICP available from 9 Rohm and Haas) is added, typically at less than 2.25 ppm of active ingredient.
The 0/W emulsions to be sprayed on turfgrass are typically 11 prepared using high shear mixing equipment such as a Polytron Homogenizer 12 (available from Kinematica Inc., Newark, NJ, USA). Preparation using high shear 13 equipment results in stable emulsions which can then be applied to the turfgrass 14 using conventional spraying equipment and techniques.
As shown in the examples below, the unique combinations of oil 16 and emulsifier in the emulsions act to reduce the amount of active ingredient of 17 the herbicide, particularly KILLEXO and TRIMEC , required to kill broadleaf 18 weeds in turfgrass as compared to conventional aqueous solutions of the same 19 herbicides. The compositions as shown result in a lack of detectable phytotoxicity when the 0/W emulsion is used at a total spray volume of about 21 120 gal /acre.
22 One of skill in the art would understand that embodiments of the 23 invention using other herbicides such as listed above would similarly result in a 24 significant reduction of the amount of active ingredient of the herbicide required to control broadleaf weeds in turf grass.
1 Further, Applicant has noted that embodiments of the invention are 2 effective in controlling insects such as tropical sod webworm and fall armyworm 3 when applied to turfgrass.
6 General Materials and Methods 8 Materials 9 The oils, emulsifiers and herbicides shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3 were used as indicated in the examples.
11 Table 1 - Oils Oil Component Source N65DW Synthetic isoparaffinic oil Petro-Canada*
12 *Calgary, AB, Canada Table 2 - Emulsifiers Emulsifier Components Source AL3313 Polyoxyethyene lauryl ether, C10 to C16 alcohol Uniqema*
ethoxylates, and glycerol oleate Atplus 300F Non ionic surfactant blends Uniqema*
17 *New Castle, DE, USA
1 Table 3. Herbicides Herbicide Component Source KILLEX 2,4-D, dimethylamine @ 190 g/1 Scott Canada*
(2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid, dimethylamine salt) Mecoprop-p, Dimethylamine @ 100 g/1, (2-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, dimethylamine salt) Dicamba, Dimethylamine @ 18 g/1 (Benzoic acid 3, 6-dichloro-2-methoxy-, dimethylamine salt) TR1MEC 2,4-D, dimethylamine @ 25.93 % PB1/Gordon"
Classic (2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid, dimethylamine salt) Mecoprop-p, Dimethylamine @ 13.85 %
(2-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, dimethylamine salt) Dicamba, Dimethylamine @ 2.76 %
(Benzoic acid 3, 6-dichloro-2-methoxy-, dimethylamine salt) TRIMECO 2,4-D, dimethylamine @ 18.74% PBI/Gordon**
Southern (2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid, dimethylamine salt) Mecoprop-p, Dimethylamine @ 17.37%
(2-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, dimethylamine salt) Dicamba, Dimethylamine @ 3.85%
(Benzoic acid 3, 6-dichloro-2-methoxy-, dimethylamine salt) 3 * Mississauga, Ontario 4 ** Kansas City, Missouri 6 Methods 7 Preparation and use of aaueous KILLEX and TRIMECO formulations 8 Conventional aqueous KILLEX solutions were prepared by 9 diluting KILLEX in water as appropriate for use at the label rate ("KILLEX
100%", 0.59 gal/acre) and at a reduced rate ("KILLEX 12.5%", 0.074ga1/acre, 1 87.5% reduction). In particular," KILLEX 100%" was used at the label rate of 0.59 2 gal/acre in sufficient water (approximately 107 gal/acre). "KILLEX 12.5%"
was 3 used at a reduced rate of 0.074 gal/acre in sufficient water (approximately 107 4 gal/acre).
TRI MEC Classic solutions were prepared by diluting 6 TRIMEC Classic in water as appropriate for use at the label rate ("TRIMEC
7 100%", 0.5 gal/acre) and at a reduced rate ("TRIMEC 12.5%", 0.0625gal/acre), 8 each used at a spray volume of about 62 gallons per acre.
9 TRIMEC Southern solutions were prepared by diluting TRIMEC Southern in water as appropriate for use at the label rate of 0.19 11 gal/acre ("TRIMEC Southern 100%") and at a reduced rate of 0.0625 gal/acre 12 ("TRIMEC Southern 33%"), each used at a spray volume of about 62 gallons 13 per acre.
Preparation and use of KILLEX or TRIMECO oil-in-water emulsion formulations 16 KILLEX or TRIMECO OfW emulsions were generally prepared by 17 tank-mixing the components using high shear equipment such as a Polytron 18 Homogenizer (available from Kinematica Inc., Newark, NJ, USA) so as to 19 produce a stable emulsion for application to turfgrass.
Various compositions of oil, emulsifier, herbicide and water were 21 prepared, according to embodiments of the invention, varying the oil and 22 emulsifier at 10%, 20% or 30% by weight of the total solution as shown in the 23 examples below. The 0/W emulsions were used at a rate of from about 62 24 gal/acre to about 107 gal/acre.
1 Testing of KILLEX and TRIMECO formulations 2 KILLEX or TRIMECO formulations according to the various 3 examples were applied to 2m x 2m plots of turfgrass. Turfgrass tested at the 4 University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada predominantly comprised perennial ryegrass, with some Kentucky bluegrass and other perennial grasses. Turfgrass 6 tested at Michigan State University, MI, USA comprised a mixture of Kentucky 7 blue grass, rye grass and tall fescue grass. Turfgrass tested at University of 8 Florida, FL, USA comprised bahia grass and St. Augustine grass. The 9 formulations were applied using standard spray procedures, as is known in the art.
11 For measuring the effect of the KILLEX and TRIMECO
12 formulations on the control of broadleaf weeds, the number of dandelions, 13 clovers, dollarweeds or pusley present in each plot was counted before and after 14 treatment with KILLEX or TRIMECC) formulations.
For measuring phytotoxic effects of the KILLEX or TRIMECO
16 formulations on the turfgrass, the turfgrass was analyzed by visual rating 17 accompanied by instrumental assessment using a chlorophyll meter.
Effects of KILLEX dosage and an 0/W emulsion of KILLEX on dandelions 21 This example demonstrates the effect of aqueous KILLEX
22 formulations on dandelion counts when used at the label rate (0.59 gal/acre) and 23 a reduced rate (12.5%, 0.074 gal/acre, 87.5% reduction), as well as the effect of 24 an 0/W emulsion formulation containing 30% by weight of oil plus emulsifier on the efficacy of KILLEX at the reduced rate. The KILLEX formulations were 1 prepared and tested as described in Example 1, with the 0/W emulsions being 2 applied at a rate of 107 gal /acre. The results are shown below in Table 4.
4 Table 4 Dandelion (%cover) - 21 days after treatment KILLEX PCI Oil-emulsifier Dandelion Sample %cover Gal/acre Oil emulsifier (21 DAA*) Control (untreated) (none) (none) (none) 14.0 KILLEX 100% 0.59 (none) (none) 5.0 (label rate) KILLEX 12.5% 0.074 (none) (none) 12.8 KILLEX 12.5% + 0.074 85 wt% N65DW 15 wt% A13313 3.5 PCI 30%
6 *DM ¨ days after application 7 The results shown in Table 4 demonstrate that KILLEX , 8 formulated as an 0/W emulsion according to an embodiment of the invention, 9 has increased efficacy with reduced herbicide and therefore lower levels of KILLEX can be used to control dandelions.
13 Effect of KILLEX 0/W emulsion over time on dandelions 14 This example demonstrates the effect of KILLEX 0/W emulsion over time on dandelion counts in turfgrass. KILLEX was used at a rate of 16 0.074 gal/acre in an 0/W emulsion containing N65DW:AL3313 at 85:15 wt%
and 17 diluted to 30% by weight in water ("PCI 30% + KILLEX 12.5%"). The KILLEX
18 formulations were prepared and tested as described in Example 1. The control 19 used was untreated turfgrass.
1 As shown in Fig. 1, KILLEX , formulated as an 0/W emulsion 2 according to an embodiment of the invention, is effective in controlling 3 dandelions over time, expressed as days after treatment (DAT).
6 Effects of TRIMECO dosage and an 0/W emulsion of TRIMECO on white 7 clovers 9 Example 4 demonstrates the effect of aqueous TRIMECO
formulations on white clover counts when used at the label rate (0.5 gal/acre ) 11 and at a reduced rate (0.0625 gal/ Acre, 87.5% reduction).
12 Further Example 4 demonstrates the effect on the efficacy of 13 TRIMECO at the reduced rate when used as an 0/W emulsion formulation 14 according to embodiments of the invention containing 10% by weight of oil plus emulsifier and 20% by weight of oil plus emulsifier The TRIMECO formulations 16 were prepared and tested as described in Example 1 at Michigan State 17 University, with the 0/W emulsions being applied at a rate of 62 gal /acre. The 18 results are shown in Table 5 below.
1 Table 5 3 Clover (%cover) 24 days after treatment Clover %cover Turf Sample TRIMEC PCI Oil-emulsifier (24DAA*) Injury**
(gal/acre) Oil emulsifier Control (none) (none) (none) 15.7 1.0 (untreated) TRIMEC 0.5 (none) (none) 1.3 1.0 100%
label rate TRIMEC 0.0625 (none) (none) 10 1.0 12.5%
TRIMEC 0.0625 85 wt% 15 wt% 1.3 1.0 12.5%+ PCI N65DW A13313 10%
TRIMEC 0.0625 85 wt% 15 wt% 1.7 1.0 12.5% + PCI N65DW A13313 20%
4 * days after application **Rating range from 0 to10, with 10 representing greatest injury 6 (phytotoxicity) 8 The results in Table 5 demonstrate that TRIMEC formulated as 9 an 0/W emulsion according to embodiments of the invention has increased efficacy and therefore significantly lower levels of TRIMEC can be used to 11 control clovers in turfgrass without increased phytotoxicity.
14 Effects of TRIMECOSouthem and an 0/W emulsion of TRIMECOSouthern on dollarweed and puslev 17 Example 5 demonstrates the effect of an aqueous 18 TR1MECOSouthern formulation on dollarweed and pusley counts when used at 19 the label rate (0.19 gal/acre) and an 0/W emulsion formulation containing 10%
1 by weight of oil plus emulsifier according to a embodiment of the invention 2 applied at a reduced rate (0.0625 gal/acre, 67% reduction).
3 The TRIMECOSouthern formulations were prepared and tested as 4 described in Example 1 at University of Florida, with the 0/W emulsions being applied at a rate of 62 gal /acre. The results are shown in Table 6 below.
7 Table 6 9 Pusley and Dollarweed (%cover) - 24 days after treatment Pusley Dollarweed TRIMEC PCI Oil-emulsifier %cover %cover Sample Southern (28DAA*) (28DAA*) (gal/acre) Oil emulsifier Control (none) (none) (none) 100 72 (untreated) TRIMECO 0.19 (none) (none) 49 Southern 100%
label rate TRIMECO 0.0625 85 wt`)/0 15 wV/0 39 42 Southern 33% N65DW A13313 + PCI 10%
* Days after application 11 The results in Table 6 demonstrate that TRIMECOSouthem 12 formulated as an 0/W emulsion according to an embodiment of the invention 13 has increased efficacy and therefore significantly lower levels of 14 TRIMECOSouthern can be used to control pusley and dollarweed.
2 Effect of KILLEX and 0/W emulsions of KILLEX on turfarass - Phvtotoxicitv 3 Example 6 demonstrates the phytotoxic effect of KILLEX and 4 various 0/W emulsions of KILLEX according to embodiments of the invention on turfgrass.
6 The KILLEX formulations were prepared and tested as described 7 in Example 1, with the 0/W emulsions comprising oil plus emulsifier at 20% by 8 weight in water. The formulations were applied at a total spray volume 9 gal/acre. The results are shown in Table 6 below.
11 Table 6 13 Turfgrass phytotoxicity - KILLEX formulations applied at 0.0885 gal/acre Oil-emulsifier Phyto-Sample Oil Emulsifier toxicity (scale 0 ¨ 10)**
Control (none) (none) 0.25 KILLEX 12.5% (none) (none) 0.25 KILLEX 12.5%+PCI 20% 85 wt% N65DW 15 wt% A13313 0.25 KILLEX 12.5%+PCII 20% 85 wt% N65DW 15 wt% Atplus300 0.5 KILLEX 12.5%+PCIII 20% 50 wt% N65DW 50 wt% Atplus300 0.25 14 ** Phytoxicity scale from 0 to 10, 10 representing greatest phytotoxicity The results shown in Table 6 demonstrate that the ratio of oil to 16 emulsifier and the type of emulsifier used in the oil-emulsifier mixture can affect 17 the phytotoxic effects of KILLEX in 0/W formulations according to 18 embodiments of the invention.
2 Effect of TRIMECO 0/W emulsion on the control of tropical sod webworms 3 Applicant has found that TRIMECO 0/W emulsions, according to 4 embodiments of the invention described herein, are also effective to control sod webworms and fall armyworms in turfgrass.
6 Example 7 demonstrates the effect of the 0/W formulations 7 according to embodiments of the invention on killing tropical sod webworm 8 larvae on St. Augustinegrass.
9 The 0/W
formulation was prepared having a reduced rate of TRIMECO (0.0625 gal/acre) containing 10% by weight of oil plus emulsifier. The 11 field trial was carried out at University of Florida on St. Augustine grass. Ten 12 medium sized tropical sod webworm larvae per PVC ring were used, the larvae 13 in the rings being retained outside on turfgrass for 4 days after the application of 14 the 0/W emulsion. The 0/W emulsion was applied at a rate of 80 gal/acre.
Live larvae numbers were counted four days after application. The results are 16 shown in Table 7 below.
17 Table 7 19 Live Tropical Sod Webworm larvae 4 days after treatment Treatment # # live larvae - untreated # live larvae - 0/W herbicide emulsion Control (4DAA) treated plot (4DAA) mean 5.44 2.22 % control 0 59.18 1 The results in Table 7 demonstrate that TRIMEC formulated as 2 an 0/W emulsion according to an embodiment of the invention is effective to 3 control sod webworms in turfgrass.
1 by weight of oil plus emulsifier according to a embodiment of the invention 2 applied at a reduced rate (0.0625 gal/acre, 67% reduction).
3 The TRIMECOSouthern formulations were prepared and tested as 4 described in Example 1 at University of Florida, with the 0/W emulsions being applied at a rate of 62 gal /acre. The results are shown in Table 6 below.
7 Table 6 9 Pusley and Dollarweed (%cover) - 24 days after treatment Pusley Dollarweed TRIMEC PCI Oil-emulsifier %cover %cover Sample Southern (28DAA*) (28DAA*) (gal/acre) Oil emulsifier Control (none) (none) (none) 100 72 (untreated) TRIMECO 0.19 (none) (none) 49 Southern 100%
label rate TRIMECO 0.0625 85 wt`)/0 15 wV/0 39 42 Southern 33% N65DW A13313 + PCI 10%
* Days after application 11 The results in Table 6 demonstrate that TRIMECOSouthem 12 formulated as an 0/W emulsion according to an embodiment of the invention 13 has increased efficacy and therefore significantly lower levels of 14 TRIMECOSouthern can be used to control pusley and dollarweed.
2 Effect of KILLEX and 0/W emulsions of KILLEX on turfarass - Phvtotoxicitv 3 Example 6 demonstrates the phytotoxic effect of KILLEX and 4 various 0/W emulsions of KILLEX according to embodiments of the invention on turfgrass.
6 The KILLEX formulations were prepared and tested as described 7 in Example 1, with the 0/W emulsions comprising oil plus emulsifier at 20% by 8 weight in water. The formulations were applied at a total spray volume 9 gal/acre. The results are shown in Table 6 below.
11 Table 6 13 Turfgrass phytotoxicity - KILLEX formulations applied at 0.0885 gal/acre Oil-emulsifier Phyto-Sample Oil Emulsifier toxicity (scale 0 ¨ 10)**
Control (none) (none) 0.25 KILLEX 12.5% (none) (none) 0.25 KILLEX 12.5%+PCI 20% 85 wt% N65DW 15 wt% A13313 0.25 KILLEX 12.5%+PCII 20% 85 wt% N65DW 15 wt% Atplus300 0.5 KILLEX 12.5%+PCIII 20% 50 wt% N65DW 50 wt% Atplus300 0.25 14 ** Phytoxicity scale from 0 to 10, 10 representing greatest phytotoxicity The results shown in Table 6 demonstrate that the ratio of oil to 16 emulsifier and the type of emulsifier used in the oil-emulsifier mixture can affect 17 the phytotoxic effects of KILLEX in 0/W formulations according to 18 embodiments of the invention.
2 Effect of TRIMECO 0/W emulsion on the control of tropical sod webworms 3 Applicant has found that TRIMECO 0/W emulsions, according to 4 embodiments of the invention described herein, are also effective to control sod webworms and fall armyworms in turfgrass.
6 Example 7 demonstrates the effect of the 0/W formulations 7 according to embodiments of the invention on killing tropical sod webworm 8 larvae on St. Augustinegrass.
9 The 0/W
formulation was prepared having a reduced rate of TRIMECO (0.0625 gal/acre) containing 10% by weight of oil plus emulsifier. The 11 field trial was carried out at University of Florida on St. Augustine grass. Ten 12 medium sized tropical sod webworm larvae per PVC ring were used, the larvae 13 in the rings being retained outside on turfgrass for 4 days after the application of 14 the 0/W emulsion. The 0/W emulsion was applied at a rate of 80 gal/acre.
Live larvae numbers were counted four days after application. The results are 16 shown in Table 7 below.
17 Table 7 19 Live Tropical Sod Webworm larvae 4 days after treatment Treatment # # live larvae - untreated # live larvae - 0/W herbicide emulsion Control (4DAA) treated plot (4DAA) mean 5.44 2.22 % control 0 59.18 1 The results in Table 7 demonstrate that TRIMEC formulated as 2 an 0/W emulsion according to an embodiment of the invention is effective to 3 control sod webworms in turfgrass.
Claims (55)
1. An herbicidal composition provided as an oil-in-water emulsion comprising:
a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, wherein the composition has low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass when applied as the oil-in-water emulsion at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion comprising an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%.
a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, wherein the composition has low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass when applied as the oil-in-water emulsion at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion comprising an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the ratio of oil to emulsifier in the oil-emulsifier mixture is from about 85:15 wt% to about 90:10 wt%.
3. The composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the oil-emulsifier mixture is diluted in water from about 5 wt% to about 35 wt% for forming the oil-in-water emulsion.
4. The composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the oil-emulsifier mixture is diluted in water from about 10 wt% to about 30 M% for forming the oil-in-water emulsion.
5. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the broadleaf herbicide comprises:
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester, or combinations thereof;
2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester or combinations thereof; and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, or combinations thereof.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester, or combinations thereof;
2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester or combinations thereof; and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, or combinations thereof.
6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the effective amount of active ingredients of the broadleaf herbicide to oil-emulsifier mixture is in a ratio of about 1:50 to about 1:750 by weight.
7. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the oil is a highly saturated oil.
8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the oil has a carbon number distribution of from about C16 to about C35.
9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the oil has an aromatic content of less than about 10 wt%.
10. The composition of claim 7, wherein the oil has an aromatic content of less than about 5 wt%.
11. The composition of claim 7, wherein the oil has substantially no aromatic content.
12. The composition of claim 7, wherein the oil is a synthetic isoparaffinic oil.
13. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the emulsifier is selected to be soluble in the oil.
14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the emulsifier is an ethoxylated alcohol.
15. An emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate comprising:
a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 50:50 wt% to about 95:5 wt%, wherein when diluted in water as an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre the concentrate has a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 50:50 wt% to about 95:5 wt%, wherein when diluted in water as an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre the concentrate has a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
16. The concentrate of claim 15, wherein the concentrate is diluted in water sufficient to dilute the oil-emulsifier from about 5 wt% to about 35 wt% for forming the oil-in-water emulsion.
17. The concentrate of claim 15, wherein the concentrate is diluted in water sufficient to dilute the oil-emulsifier from about 10 wt% to about 30 wt% for forming the oil-in-water emulsion.
18. The concentrate of any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the ratio of oil to emulsifier in the oil-emulsifier mixture is from about 85:15 wt% to about 90:10 wt%.
19. The concentrate of any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein the oil is a highly saturated oil having a carbon number distribution of from about C16 to about C35 and an aromatic content of less than about 10 wt%.
20. The concentrate of claim 19, wherein the oil has an aromatic content of less than about 5 wt%.
21. The concentrate of claim 19, wherein the oil has substantially no aromatic content.
22. The concentrate of claim 19, wherein the oil is a synthetic isoparaffinic oil.
23. The concentrate of any one of claims 15 to 22, wherein the broadleaf herbicide comprises:
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester, or combinations thereof;
2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester or combinations thereof; and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, or combinations thereof.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester, or combinations thereof;
2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester or combinations thereof; and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, or combinations thereof.
24. The concentrate of any one of claims 15 to 23, wherein the emulsifier is selected to be soluble in the oil.
25. A method of preparing an oil-in-water emulsion comprising:
preparing an emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate by combining a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%; and combining the emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate with water sufficient to dilute the oil-emulsifier from about 5 wt% to about 35 wt% for forming an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion having a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
preparing an emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate by combining a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate, and an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%; and combining the emulsion-forming broadleaf herbicide concentrate with water sufficient to dilute the oil-emulsifier from about 5 wt% to about 35 wt% for forming an oil-in-water emulsion for application to turfgrass at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion having a low potential phytotoxicity for turfgrass.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the combining of the concentrate with the water is performed using high shear.
27. The method of claim 25 or 26, wherein the ratio of oil to emulsifier in the oil-emulsifier mixture is from about 85:15 wt% to about 90:10 wt%.
28. The method of any one of claims 25 to 27, wherein the oil-emulsifier mixture is diluted in water from about 10 wt% to about 30 wt% for forming the oil-in-water emulsion.
29. The method of any one of claims 25 to 28, wherein the broadleaf herbicide comprises:
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester, or combinations thereof;
2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester or combinations thereof; and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, or combinations thereof.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester, or combinations thereof;
2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester or combinations thereof; and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, or combinations thereof.
30. The method of any one of claims 25 to 29, wherein the effective amount of active ingredients of the broadleaf herbicide to oil-emulsifier mixture is in a ratio of about 1:50 to about 1:750 by weight.
31. The method of any one of claims 25 to 30, wherein the oil is a highly saturated oil.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the oil has a carbon number distribution of from about C16 to about C35.
33. The method of claim 31, wherein the oil has an aromatic content of less than about wt%.
34. The method of claim 31, wherein the oil has an aromatic content of less than about 5 wt%.
35. The method of claim 31, wherein the oil has substantially no aromatic content.
36. The method of claim 31, wherein the oil is a synthetic isoparaffinic oil.
37. The method of any one of claims 25 to 36, wherein the emulsifier is selected to be soluble in the oil.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the emulsifier is an ethoxylated alcohol.
39. A method for delivering a reduced amount of active ingredient of a herbicide to turfgrass with increased efficacy for controlling broadleaf weeds and substantially no phytotoxicity to the turfgrass comprising:
preparing an oil-in-water emulsion having a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate; and applying the oil-in-water emulsion at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion further comprising an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%.
preparing an oil-in-water emulsion having a broadleaf herbicide which is an auxin mimic-type herbicide in an effective amount, wherein the effective amount is from about 10% to about 50% of a prescribed label rate; and applying the oil-in-water emulsion at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre, the oil-in-water emulsion further comprising an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier from about 95:5 wt% to about 50:50 wt%.
40. The method of claim 39, wherein the preparing the oil-in-water emulsion further comprises:
preparing an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier in from about 85:15 wt% to about 90:10 wt%;
mixing the broadleaf herbicide in the oil-emulsifier mixture; and diluting the oil-emulsifier mixture and herbicide, in water from about 5 wt%
to about 35 wt% for forming the oil-in-water emulsion.
preparing an oil-emulsifier mixture having a ratio of oil to emulsifier in from about 85:15 wt% to about 90:10 wt%;
mixing the broadleaf herbicide in the oil-emulsifier mixture; and diluting the oil-emulsifier mixture and herbicide, in water from about 5 wt%
to about 35 wt% for forming the oil-in-water emulsion.
41. The method of claim 40, further comprising:
diluting the oil-emulsifier mixture with herbicide in water from about 10 wt%
to about 30 wt% for forming the oil-in-water emulsion.
diluting the oil-emulsifier mixture with herbicide in water from about 10 wt%
to about 30 wt% for forming the oil-in-water emulsion.
42. The method of any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein the oil-emulsifier mixture is diluted in water from about 5 wt% to about 35 wt% for forming the oil-in-water emulsion.
43. The method of any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein the oil-emulsifier mixture is diluted in water from about 10 wt% to about 30 wt% for forming the oil-in-water emulsion.
44. The method of any one of claims 39 to 43, wherein the broadleaf herbicide comprises:
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester, or combinations thereof;
2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester or combinations thereof; and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, or combinations thereof.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester, or combinations thereof;
2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, in the form of an acid, a salt, an ester or combinations thereof; and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid in the form of an acid, a salt, or combinations thereof.
45. The method of any one of claims 39 to 44, wherein the effective amount of active ingredients of the broadleaf herbicide to oil-emulsifier mixture is in a ratio of about 1:50 to about 1:750 by weight.
46. The method of any one of claims 39 to 45, wherein the oil is a highly saturated oil.
47. The method of claim 46, wherein the oil has a carbon number distribution of from about C16 to about C35.
48. The method of claim 46, wherein the oil has an aromatic content of less than about wt%.
49. The method of claim 46, wherein the oil has an aromatic content of less than about 5 wt%.
50. The method of claim 46, wherein the oil has substantially no aromatic content.
51. The method of claim 46, wherein the oil is a synthetic isoparaffinic oil.
52. The method of any one of claims 39 to 51, wherein the emulsifier is selected to be soluble in the oil.
53. The method of claim 52, wherein the emulsifier is an ethoxylated alcohol.
54. A method for delivering a reduced amount of active ingredient of a herbicide to turfgrass with increased efficacy for controlling broadleaf weeds and substantially no phytotoxicity to the turfgrass comprising applying to the turfgrass the composition provided as an oil-in water emulsion of any one of claims 1 to 14 at a total spray volume of from about 60 to about 120 gal/acre.
55. Use of the composition provided as an oil-in water emulsion of any one of claims 1 to 14 for delivering a reduced amount of active ingredient of the herbicide to turfgrass with increased efficacy for controlling broadleaf weeds and substantially no phytotoxicity to the turfgrass.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2605092A CA2605092C (en) | 2006-10-05 | 2007-10-02 | Herbicidal composition with increased herbicidal efficacy |
| CA2847477A CA2847477A1 (en) | 2006-10-05 | 2007-10-02 | Herbicidal composition with increased herbicidal efficacy |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US82835206P | 2006-10-05 | 2006-10-05 | |
| US60/828,352 | 2006-10-05 | ||
| CA2,562,718 | 2006-10-05 | ||
| CA 2562718 CA2562718A1 (en) | 2006-10-05 | 2006-10-05 | Herbicidal composition with increased herbicidal efficacy |
| CA2605092A CA2605092C (en) | 2006-10-05 | 2007-10-02 | Herbicidal composition with increased herbicidal efficacy |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2847477A Division CA2847477A1 (en) | 2006-10-05 | 2007-10-02 | Herbicidal composition with increased herbicidal efficacy |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2605092A1 CA2605092A1 (en) | 2008-04-05 |
| CA2605092C true CA2605092C (en) | 2014-03-25 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2605092A Active CA2605092C (en) | 2006-10-05 | 2007-10-02 | Herbicidal composition with increased herbicidal efficacy |
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| Country | Link |
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| CA (1) | CA2605092C (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8853128B2 (en) | 2008-06-26 | 2014-10-07 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Turfgrass fungicide formulation with pigment |
| US9226504B2 (en) | 2010-09-09 | 2016-01-05 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Synergistic paraffinic oil and boscalid fungicides |
| US9451773B2 (en) | 2011-06-03 | 2016-09-27 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Paraffinic oil-in-water emulsions for controlling infection of crop plants by fungal pathogens |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2472806A1 (en) | 2004-05-18 | 2005-11-18 | Petro-Canada | Compositions and methods for treating turf insect pests and diseases such as fungal infestations |
| US9357768B2 (en) | 2006-10-05 | 2016-06-07 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Herbicidal composition with increased herbicidal efficacy |
-
2007
- 2007-10-02 CA CA2605092A patent/CA2605092C/en active Active
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8853128B2 (en) | 2008-06-26 | 2014-10-07 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Turfgrass fungicide formulation with pigment |
| US9485988B2 (en) | 2008-06-26 | 2016-11-08 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Turfgrass fungicide formulation with pigment |
| US9226504B2 (en) | 2010-09-09 | 2016-01-05 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Synergistic paraffinic oil and boscalid fungicides |
| US9451773B2 (en) | 2011-06-03 | 2016-09-27 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Paraffinic oil-in-water emulsions for controlling infection of crop plants by fungal pathogens |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2605092A1 (en) | 2008-04-05 |
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