CA2574020A1 - Gasification apparatus and method - Google Patents

Abstract

A gasification system (10) is disclosed having a combustor (12), a scrubber (14), a finisher (16), and optionally a recycler (18). A carbonaceous fuel is partially combusted in the combustor to generate a combustible gas. An improved ash support and removal system reduces clogging and other problems in the combustor (12). The combustible gas passes through the scrubber (14) to remove matter such as tar and oil and to undergo preliminary catalytic chemical reactions. The scrubbed gas passes through a hybrid blower (0) to the finisher (16). Final catalytic chemical reactions occur in the finisher (18), and wood chips or other filters may also be used in the finisher to provide a relatively clean, dry, combustible gas. Wastewater and other waste products from the scrubber and finisher are captured in the recycler (18) and returned to the combustor (12).

Description

GASIFICATION APPARATUS AND METHOD

This application claims priority from U.S. patent application serial number 10/911,386, filed on August 4, 2004.

Background of the Invention This invention relates to gasification and, more particularly, to a flexible gasification apparatus and method that provides combustible gases having high heating values wllile avoiding pitfalls of prior attempts at gasification.
Gasification has generally been known for years. In gasification, a carbonaceous fuel source is partially combusted to produce a combustible gas, synthesis gas, or syngas. The combustible gas is then combusted to produce work. The combustible gases produced by gasification may find any number of uses, including but not limited to supplying heat, powering a motor, or producing electricity. Gasification provides many advantages, such as allowing fuels having relatively low heating values to be used, allowing waste products to be used to produce work, and, similarly, reducing the amount of waste material that must be sent to landfills. Despite these obvious advantages, gasification has met with only limited success, because gasification systems have typically been plagued by a number of disadvantages or difficulties. For example, the heating values of gases produced using prior art systems have tended to fluctuate to an undesirable degree, particularly when a variety of fuel sources or fuel sources of varying compositions have been used. Similarly, it has also proven difficult to consistently produce gases having sufficiently high heating values. Separating particulate matter from the produced gas has proven problematic. Similarly, it has proven difficult to produce sufficiently clean gases having sufficiently low amounts of particulate matter as well as sufficiently low amounts of pollutants such as such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO,t), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen chloride (HC1), and other chlorides. Environmentally sound disposal of wastewater generated by such systems has also presented difficulties. Further still, the presence of water or other liquids in the combustible gas has made it difficult or impossible to use blowers for moving the combustible gases without creating undesirable levels of wear and tear on the blowers.

Summary of the Invention It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a flexible gasification apparatus and method that provides combustible gases having high heating values while avoiding pitfalls of prior attempts at gasification.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method of the above type that can easily handle a wide variety of carbonaceous fuel sources or combinations of fuel sources.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method of the above type that produces a high value heating gas having low amounts of particulate matter and otlzer pollutants.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method of the above type that requires little or no wastewater disposal.
It is a still f-urther object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method of the above type that captures a relatively high fraction of the potential heating value of the fuel sources.
It is a still furtlier object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method of the above type that safely and cleanly consumes a wide variety of agricultural and industrial byproducts, including but not limited to animal waste and wood pulp sludge.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method of the above type that is less prone to clogging problems typically associated with ash removal.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method of the above type that may easily process a wide variety of combinations of solid, semi-solid, and liquid fuels.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method of the above type that can safely and efficiently handle and dry relatively wet combustible gases.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method of the above type that uses a rugged, hybrid blower that can safely and efficiently handle both dry and relatively wet combustible gases.
Toward the fulfillment of these and other objects and advantages, the system of the present invention comprises a combustor, a scrubber, a finisher, and optionally a recycler. A

carbonaceous fuel is partially combusted in the combustor to generate a combustible gas. An improved ash support and removal system reduces clogging and other problems in the combustor. The combustible gas passes through the scrubber to remove matter such as tar and oil and/or to undergo preliminary catalytic chemical reactions. The scrubbed gas passes through a hybrid blower to the finisher. Final catalytic chemical reactions occur in the finisher, and wood chips or other filters may also be used in the finisher to provide a relatively clean, diy, combustible gas. Wastewater and other waste products from the scrubber and finisher may be captured in the recycler and returned to the combustor.

Brief Description of the Drawings The above brief description, as well as further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description of the presently preferred but nonetheless illustrative embodiments in accordance with the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wlierein:
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a system for practicing the present invention;
FIG 2 is a side elevation, schematic view of a combustor for practicing the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an overhead, schematic view of a blower for practicing the present invention;
and FIG. 4 is a side elevation view of an impeller for practicing the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment Referring to Fig. 1, the reference numeral 10 refers in general to a gasification system for practicing the present invention. The system 10 will typically coinprise a combustor 12, a sciubber 14, and a finisher 16, and may also include a recycler 18. The system 10 principally consists of preferably a combustor 12 and a finisher 16, more preferably a combustor 12, a scrubber 14, and a finisher 16, and most preferably a combustor 12, a scrubber 14, a finisher 16, and a recycler 18. The combustor 12, scrubber 14, finisher 16, and recycler 18 may include any type of reaction vessel.

Referring to Fig. 2, the combustor 12 has an upper, outer wall portion 20 and a lower base portion 22. The combustor 12 is preferably open, more preferably closed, at the top and is preferably configured as a downdraft combustor, more preferably as an updraft combustor.
A feed line, conduit, or fuel auger 24 is disposed above the combustor 12 to provide a carbonaceous fuel source. Another feed line 26 may also be provided to recycle material from other portions of the system 10 as discussed in more detail below.
Additional feed lines may also be used, for example, to provide different types of solid, semi-solid, and liquid fuel sources. An inner wall 28 is disposed within the combustor 12 and is connected to the combustor 12 to form an inner chamber 30 and an outer chamber 32. A lower portion of the inner wall 28 defines an opening 34. An ash support member 36 is affixed to a lower portion of the inner wall 28 by rigid members 38 so that the ash support member 36 is disposed a distance below the opening 34. The outer periphery of the ash support member 36 is relatively free from obstructions about the vast majority of the outer periphery, providing relatively open side passageways between the inner wall 28 and the ash support member 36.
This allows ash to spill from the ash support member 36 preferably over at least approximately 80 percent of the outer periphery of the ash support member 36, more preferably over at least approximately 90 percent of the outer periphery of the ash support member 36, and most preferably over at least approximately 95 percent of the outer periphery of the ash support member 36.
A gas injection ring 40 is affixed to the inner wall 28 and is disposed at a medial point of the inner chamber 30. Openings 42 in the inner wall 28 provide a flow path for gas, such as air or an air and fuel mixture, to pass from a plenum 44 forined by the ring 40 into the inner chamber 30. A conduit or gas manifold 46 extends througli the outer wall 20 of the combustor 12 and is operably connected to the ring 40. The conduit or gas manifold 46 is connected to an air source and is preferably connected to a fuel source, such as a source of natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), or propane (C3H8). As seen in Fig. 1, a recycle line 48 may also be provided to return a portion of the combustible gas generated by the system 10. An igniter 50, such as a spark plug igniter, is preferably disposed in the conduit or gas manifold 46 adjacent to the combustor 12, more preferably disposed inside a partial shield to prevent particles from bridging the spark plug gap, with said shield disposed in the conduit or gas manifold 46 adjacent to the combustor 12. One additional igniter, partial shield, and branch of gas manifold 46 may be optionally (and is preferably) disposed diametrically opposite igniter 50 to improve combustion uniformity within combustor 12.

As seen in Fig. 2, a fuel agitator, such as fuel stirring member 52, is provided in the inner chamber 30. The fuel stirring member 52 is preferably disposed above the opening 34 and is more preferably disposed above the ring 40. Similarly, an ash agitator or combustion bed stirrer such as ash stirring member or combustion bed stirrer 54 is provided inside the combustor 12, below the ring 40 and above the ash support member 36. Another ash agitator such as ash stirring member 55 is provided inside the combustor 12 below the ash support member 36. Coaxial shafts 56 and 58 extend upward from the stirring members 52, 54, and 55 to or above an upper portion of the combustor 12. Motors 60 and 62 are operably connected to the shafts 56 and 58 for rotating the shafts and stirring members 52, 54, and 55.
Hollow shaft 58 is rotated by motor 60 and is preferably connected to both stirring members 52 and 54, and more preferably connected to stirring member 52 but not to stirring member 54. Solid shaft 56 is rotated by motor 62 and is preferably comlected to stirring member 55 but not to stiiTing member 54, but more preferably connected to both stirring member 54 and stirring member 55. Stirring members 52, 54, and 55 are most preferably attached individually to separate coaxial shafts that are individually rotated by separate motors.
The fi-ustoconical, lower base portion 22 of the combustor 12 extends below the ash support member 36. An opening is provided at the bottom of the lower base portion 22 to allow ash to pass from the combustor 12 to an ash removal system 64, such as an auger drive for solids transfer. A conduit 66 is provided through the outer wall of the combustor 12 in an upper portion of preferably the outer chamber 32, more preferably the inner chamber 30 to provide a path for combustible gases generated within the combustor 12 to pass from the combustor 12.
A fuel level sensor 68 is provided in the inner chamber 30, preferably above the opening 34, more preferably above the ring 40, and most preferably above the fuel agitator 52. The fuel level sensor 68 is operably coupled with the feed line or fuel auger 24 to automate the process of maintaining fuel at a desired level within the inner chamber 30. An ash level sensor 70 is disposed within the combustor 12, preferably below the opening 34, more preferably below the ash agitator or combustion bed stirrer 54, and most preferably below the ash support member 36. The ash level sensor 70 is operably coupled with the ash removal system 64 to automate the process of maintaining ash at a desired level within the combustor 12. It is of course understood that the combustor 12 may take any number of sizes, shapes, and configurations. It is also understood that the combustor 12 need not be closed at the top and need not be an updraft combustor 12.
Referring to Fig. 1, conduit 66 connects the combustor 12 with the scrubber 14, providing a flow path into preferably an upper portion, more preferably a lower portion of the scrubber 14. The scrubber 14 preferably contains one or more filters (including, but not limited to, ferrous or non-feiTous metals, precious metals, ceramics, minerals, liquids, plastics, fibrous or non-fibrous materials, wood chips, organic or inorganic materials, porous or non-porous materials, natural or artificial materials, absorbents or adsorbents, diatomaceous earth, mixtures or combinations of these and other materials, or any other filter known to those skilled in the art). The scrubber 14 more preferably contains one or more filters and one or more catalysts (including, but not limited to, ferrous or non-ferrous metals, precious metals, ceramics, minerals, liquids, plastics, fibrous or non-fibrous materials, wood chips, organic or inorganic materials, porous or non-porous materials, natural or artificial materials, absorbents or adsorbents, diatomaceous earth, mixtures or combinations of these and other materials, or any other catalyst known to those skilled in the art).
A pump 72 is preferably provided to pass liquid, for example water with impurities therein, through a feed line 74 into a preferably upper portion, more preferably lower portion, of the scrubber 14 and preferably through sprayers. A liquid return line 76 is preferably connected to a lower portion of the scrubber 14 for returning liquid to the pump 72 for reuse within the scrubber 14. A
feed line or conduit 78 may also be provided for providing preferably gas from combustor 12, more preferably gas and liquids from combustor 12, most preferably gas and liquids from combustor 12 and recirculated liquid to scrubber 14. Wash or recirculation lines 80 may be provided for intermittent use as described below. Scrubbed gas exits through conduit 82 that is disposed at a preferably lower, more preferably upper portion of the scrubber 14. A skim line 84 is preferably provided at a lower portion of the scrubber 14, and a blow down line or conduit 86 is provided at the bottom of the scrubber 14. A level sensor 88, such as a float switch, is preferably disposed in the scrubber 14 for maintaining liquid levels within the scrubber 14 at desired levels. It is of course understood that the scrubber 14 may take any number of shapes, sizes, and configurations, and that any number of different filter media or catalysts or different combinations of filter media and catalysts may be used in scrubber 14.
Conduit 82 passes fiom the scrubber 14 to blowers 90. As best seen in Fig. 3, the blowers 90 are heavy duty hybrids that combine desirable features of blowers designed for moving gases and pumps designed for moving liquids. Walls fonning the impeller housing 92 have a wall thickness of preferably approximately 3/4 inch, more preferably approximately 5/8 inch. A sealing member 94, such as a gasket, is used to create an airtight and watertight seal between the walls forming the impeller housing 92. Referring to Fig. 4, the impeller blades 96 are preferably straight, but are more preferably curved, and are thicker than impeller blades of common blowers designed for moving gases, preferably approximately 50 percent thicker. Referring back to Fig. 3, a packing gland 98, similar to a packing gland used in a water pump, is used to provide a shaft 100 seal. Additional sets of bearings 102 are also preferably used in connection with the impeller shaft 100. It is preferred to use at least two sets of bearings 102. Referring to Fig. 1, conduit 104 passes from the blowers 90 to the finisher 16, providing a flow path into preferably a lower portion, but more preferably an upper portion, of the finisher 16. It is of course understood that the blowers 90 may be disposed at any number of locations in the system 10 and that the blowers 90 may take any number of different sizes, shapes, and configurations. It is also understood that, although not preferred, conventional blowers may be used.
The finisher 16 preferably contains one or more filters (including, but not limited to, ferrous or non-ferrous metals, precious metals, ceramics, minerals, liquids, plastics, fibrous or non-fibrous materials, wood chips, organic or inorganic materials, porous or non-porous materials, natural or artificial materials, absorbents or adsorbents, diatomaceous earth, mixtures or combinations of these and other materials, or any other filter known to those skilled in the art). The finisher 16 more preferably contains one or more filters and one or more catalysts (including, but not limited to, ferrous or non-ferrous metals, precious metals, ceramics, minerals, liquids, plastics, fibrous or non-fibrous materials, wood chips, organic or inorganic materials, porous or non-porous materials, natural or artificial materials, absorbents or adsorbents, diatomaceous earth, mixtures or combinations of these and other materials, or any other catalyst known to those skilled in the art). Conduit 106 passes from preferably an upper portion, more preferably a lower portion, of the finisher 16 to provide a flow path for the scrubbed and finished combustible gas. Additional conduits 108, 48, and 110 are also provided for passing the scrubbed, finished combustible gas to flare, to recycle, and for further uses. A conduit 112 passes from a lower portion of the finisher 16 for removing wastewater and other matter that condenses or is removed from the gas as it passes through the finisher 16. It is understood that the finisher 16 may take any number of shapes, sizes, and configurations and that any number of different filter media or catalysts or different combinations of filter media and catalysts may be used in finisher 16.

Conduits 84, 86, 112, and 114 preferably connect the scrubber 14 and finisher 16 to a recycler 18, providing a flow path into an upper portion of the recycler 18.
Return line or conduit 116 preferably passes from a lower portion of the recycler 18 to pump 118, and line 26 preferably passes from pump 118 to combustor 12. A recirculation line 120 is preferably provided for diverting a portion of the liquid from the return line 26 back to the recycler 18.
A level sensor 122, such as a float switch, is preferably disposed in the recycler 18 for maintaining liquid levels within the recycler 18 at desired levels. It is understood that the recycler 18 may take any number of different shapes, sizes, and configurations.
In operation, feed line or fuel auger 24 provides a solid or semi-solid carbonaceous fuel to the combustor 12. As seen in Fig. 2, the solid or semi-solid fuel drops through the inner chamber 30, accumulates on the ash support member 36, and builds up within the inner chamber 30 to a level above the ring 40 and then above the fuel stirring member 52. As seen in Fig. 1, an oxygen source, such as air, is provided preferably via conduit 124, more preferably via conduit 126 instead, and an alternate fuel source is provided preferably via conduit 126, more preferably via conduit 124 instead. Referring to Fig. 2, the air and alternate fuel are mixed inside conduit or gas manifold 46, ignited by igniter 50, and pass through the ring 40 and into the inner chamber 30. The burning air and alternate fuel mixture ignites the carbonaceous fuel within the inner chamber 30. As the carbonaceous fuel sources pass downward within the inner chainber 30, the carbonaceous fuel sources are at least partially combusted to produce, among other materials, ash and a combustible gas. Fuel stirring member 52 keeps the different fuel sources blended and reduces or prevents channeling, bridging, clumping, voids, and similar problems.
Ash passes through opening 34 and collects on ash support member 36. The ash stirring member or combustion bed stirrer 54 prevents ash build up by moving the collecting ash preferably outward so that the ash spills or passes from the outer periphery of the ash support member 36, more preferably moving the collecting ash downward so that the ash spills or passes through perforations in ash support member 36, or most preferably moving the collecting ash both outward from the outer periphery of ash support member 36 and downward through perforations in ash support member 36 to fall down to the lower base portion 22 of the combustor 12. Other than the ash stirring member or combustion bed stirrer 54 and support members 38, the area between the opening 34 of the inner wal128 and the top surface of ash support member 36 is substantially unobstructed to provide a ready path for ash removal, free from obstructions and sources of clogging such as grates or mesh materials. In that regard, the support members 38 connect the ash support member 36 to the inner wa1128 in a manner that allows ash to spill from the ash support member 36 preferably over at least approximately 70 percent of the outer periphery of the ash support member 36, more preferably over at least approximately 80 percent of the outer periphery of the ash support member 36, and most preferably over at least approximately 90 percent of the outer periphery of the ash support member 36.
Ash that accumulates in the lower base portion 22 of the combustor 12 passes through an opening in the bottom of the combustor 12 and is removed by an ash removal system 64, such as by an auger or screw drive. The ash auger drive 64 is operably coupled with ash level sensor 70 to maintain the ash in the combustor 12 below a desired amount. The ash removed from the combustor 12 will typically be a salable product. For example, the ash might be suitable for sale as fertilizer, soil stabilizer, filter material, and/or as an extender for mortar, concrete, or road material, among other uses.
The fuel level sensor 68 is operably coupled with the solid or semi-solid fuel feed line or fuel auger 24 to maintain solid or semi-solid fuel within a desired height range within the inner chainber 30. The desired heigl7t range will vary depending upon a number of factors, including but not limited to the properties of the solid or semi-solid fuel.
It is typically desirable to maintain the solid or semi-solid fuel level within the inner chamber 30 at the lowest possible level while still maintaining an adequate seal, preferably to prevent products of combustion from escaping through the top of the combustor 12 and/or to help control the degree of partial combustion within inner chamber 30. The level desired will vary with factors such as the density and moisture content of the solid or semi-solid fuel. For example, the desired level for a solid or semi-solid fuel comprised primarily of chicken litter (including, but not limited to, chicken waste products, absorbents such as rice hulls or wood chips, or any combination of these and similar or related materials) will tend to be higher than the desired level for a solid or semi-solid fuel comprised primarily of wood pulp or paper mill sludge, and the desired level for a solid or semi-solid fuel comprised primarily of wood pulp sludge will tend to be higher than the desired level for a solid or semi-solid fuel comprised primarily of sanding or wood dust. In a typical operation in which the solid or semi-solid fuel is comprised primarily of chicken litter, the level of solid or semi-solid fuel within the inner chamber 30 is preferably maintained at a heiglit of approximately 8 inches to approximately 10 inches above the ring 40. Similarly, in an operation in which the solid or semi-solid fuel is comprised primarily of wood pulp sludge, the level of solid or semi-solid fuel within the inner chamber 30 is preferably maintained at a height that is only slightly above the ring 40. Also, in an operation in which the solid or semi-solid fuel is comprised primarily of sanding or wood dust, the level of solid or semi-solid fuel within the inner chamber 30 is preferably maintained at a height that is approximately even with or slightly below the ring 40.
The blowers 90 draw gaseous products of combustion preferably downward, more preferably upward, through the combustor 12 so that they pass through the opening 34 in the inner wall 28 and upwardly through preferably the outer chamber 32, more preferably the inner chamber 30 before passing tlirough conduit 66. Referring to Fig. 1, combustible gas from the combustor 12 enters preferably an upper portion, more preferably a lower portion, of the scrubber 14 and passes upward toward conduit 82. Pump 72 circulates liquid, for example water with impurities therein, to the scrubber 14. Liquid enters the scrubber 14 through conduit 74, passes preferably through sprayers, and contacts the combustible gas.
The liquid cools and scrubs the combustible gas, removing matter from the combustible gas including tar, oil, and particulate matter. The liquid level in the scrubber 14 is maintained at a desired level so that tar, oil, and similar matter may be removed from the scrubber 14 preferably via the skimmer line 84. Particulate matter and other components that settle to the bottom of the scr=ubber 14 are periodically removed via blow down line or conduit 86. Valves 128 are also opened preferably periodically so that the puinp 72 may circulate liquid through wash lines 80 and through conduits 66, 82, and 104 for cleaning. From time to time, valve 130 may be opened so that the liquid in scrubber 14 may also be drained through line 86 and preferably replaced with liquid from line 78. Filters in scrubber 14 primarily remove liquids from the gas. Catalysts in scrubber 14 primarily improve the chemical composition of the gas.
The scrubbed combustible gas exits the scrubber 14 through line 82, passes through blowers 90, and is driven through fmisher 16. As it exits the scrubber 14, the gas may also be passed through a filter/knock-out pot, before being passed to the blowers 90.
Wood chips or other filters in the finisher 16 diy the gas and remove additional amounts of particulate matter and other pollutants. Wastewater and other matter that are removed from the combustible gas and that are not absorbed by the wood chips or other filters fall to the bottom of the finisher 16 and are removed via line 112. Filters in finisher 16 primarily remove liquids from the gas.
Catalysts in finisher 16 primarily improve the chemical composition of the gas. Scrubbed, finished combustible gas exits the fmisher 16 via line 106. From there the combustible gas is flared via line 108, returned to the reaction chamber via line 48, or sent to other uses via line 110. During the initial start-up phase, the combustible gas is flared until it is determined that gas is being produced at a desired quantity and quality. Once the start-up phase is complete, the combustible gas will primarily be passed via line 110 to produce work or for further uses elsewhere. For example, the combustible gas might be combusted to supply heat to a process or might be combusted within a motor or turbine to produce work or to generate electricity.
As additional examples, the combustible gas produced by the system 10 may be used in brooder heaters in poultry houses, in internal combustion engines, and in boilers. In fact, the combustible gas generated by the present system 10 compares quite favorably with natural gas, often being cleaner while having comparable or higher heating values. The heating values of the combustible gas produced will vary depending upon a number of factors, such as the type, composition, and moisture content of the carbonaceous fuel provided, but the heating values of the combustible gas produced will typically be at or near 550 British Thermal Units (BTUs) per cubic foot. Accordingly, combustible gas produced using the present system 10 is a good candidate for use in any situation that currently uses natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), or propane.
Depending upon the properties of the carbonaceous fuels being supplied to the combustor 12, such as the moisture content, a portion of the combustible gas may be returned to the combustor 12 via line 48 to supply additional fuel to aid in the partial combustion of the carbonaceous fuel. The combustible gas supplied via line 48 may serve as a complete or partial replacement for the alternate fuel source supplied to the combustor 12, preferably via line 126, more preferably via line 124. Returning the combustible gas to the reaction chamber 12 offers a number of advantages. For example, it saves on alternate fuel costs that might otherwise be required to maintain the desired combustion in the combustor 12.
Lines 86, 84, 112, and 114 pass from the scrubber 14 and the finisher 16 to recycler 18. These lines 86, 84, 112, and 114 pass wastewater, excess liquid from wet fuel components, tar, oil, particulate matter, and other removed substances to an upper portion of the recycler 18. These components pass from the recycler 18, preferably via line 116 and pump 118, via line 26 back to the combustor 12, where they are fed into an upper portion of the combustor 12. A portion of these components is preferably diverted via line 120 and returned to the recycler 18 to help stir or agitate the contents of the recycler 18. Returning the wastewater and other components to the combustor 12 provides a number of advantages. For example, the wastewater scavenges additional, residual carbon from the ash as the liquid is broken down. This provides for better recovery of the heating value from the carbonaceous fuel and eliminates or drastically reduces the need to dispose of wastewater.
The system 10 may be used to process a wide variety of carbonaceous fuels, as well as combinations thereof. The spacing between the ash support member 36 and the opening 34 of the inner wa1128, as well as the relatively unobstructed side openings there, allow a wide assortment of solid or semi-solid fuels to be used without fear of clogging.
Possible carbonaceous fuels include, but are not limited to, materials such as chicken litter, other animal waste, municipal solid or semi-solid waste, glued woods (such as plywood and press board), paper mill or wood pulp sludge (including sludge with a moisture content of 65% or higher), wood or yard waste, agricultural waste, shredded tires, and mixtures or combinations of these and other carbonaceous materials. Liquid carbonaceous fuels may also be added, including but not limited to waste motor oil and cooking oil. Adding these liquid carbonaceous fuels can markedly increase the heating value of the combustible gas produced.
In one particular embodiment, the system 10 is approximately 6 feet wide, approximately 10 feet long, and approximately 7.5 feet tall. This particular embodiment of system 10 gasifies approximately eighty (80) pounds of chicken litter per hour, requires no auxiliary fuel after startup, uses only about three (3) kilowatt-hours of electricity, produces over 3.5 million BTUs per hour of combustible gas, and produces only about four (4) pounds per hour of mineral ash, generating no other solid waste, no liquid waste, and no gaseous waste.
The following emissions test examples illustrate that the gasification system 10 of the present invention can produce combustible gas that is environmentally friendly while processing solid or semi-solid carbonaceous fuels that previously posed serious landfill issues.
Example 1 An emissions test was conducted on combustible gas generated by the system 10 while combusting chicken litter. A sample run of 60 minutes in duration was performed.
Testing was performed in accordance with the methods detailed in 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 60, Appendix A. The flow, based on the lowest recordable flow, had a velocity of 6.77 feet per second, and the sample collected had a voluine of 41.42 dry standard cubic feet. The results of the emissions testing are summarized in Table 1 below.

Table 1 Substance Emissions lbs/hr Particulate Matter (based on lowest detectable flow rate) 0.003 VOC as Propane (corrected for moisture) 0.137 Nitrogen Oxides as NOZ 0.001 Carbon Monoxide 0.003 Sulfur Dioxide 0.096 Ammonia 0.033 HCl 0.008 Chloride 0.005 Example 2 An emissions test was conducted on combustible gas generated by the system 10 while combusting paper mill sludge. A sample run of 60 minutes in duration was performed.
Testing was performed in accordance with the metliods detailed in 40 CFR, Part 60, Appendix A. The flow, based on the lowest recordable flow, had a velocity of 6.53 feet per second, and the sample collected had a volume of 40.60 dry standard cubic feet. The results of the emissions testing are summarized in Table 2 below.

Table 2 Substance Emissions (lbs/hr) Particulate Matter (based on lowest detectable flow rate) 0.0014 VOC as Propane (corrected for moisture) 0.014 Nitrogen Oxides as NO2 0.013 Carbon Monoxide 0.051 Sulfur Dioxide 0.017 Other modifications, changes and substitutions are intended in the foregoing, and in some instances, some features of the invention will be employed without a corresponding use of other features. For example, the configuration of the ash support member 36 may be used in combination with any number of different gasification systems, regardless of whether such systems also use other features of the present invention, and may also find uses in systems other than gasification systems. Similarly, the wastewater return features of the present invention may be used in combination with any number of different gasification systems, regardless of whether such systems also use other features of the present invention, and may also find uses in systems other than gasification systems. Further, the wood chip filtering or other filters or catalysts of the present invention may be used in combination with any number of different gasification systems, regardless of whether such systems also use other features of the present invention, and may also find uses in systems other than gasification systems.
Further still, the hybrid blower 90 design of the present invention may be used in combination with any number of different gasification systems, regardless of whether such systems also use other features of the present invention, and may also find uses in systems other than gasification systems. Of course, quantitative information is included by way of exainple only and is not intended as a limitation as to the scope of the invention.
Accordingly, it is appropriate that the invention be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the invention disclosed.

Claims

What is claimed is:

19. A combination, comprising:
a combustor having an upper outer wall portion and a lower base portion;
an inner wall disposed within said combustor, an upper portion of said inner wall being connected to said combustor to form an inner chamber and an outer chamber, a lower portion of said inner wall defining a first opening within said combustor;
an ash support member disposed within said combustor below said first opening, said ash support member being affixed within said combustor so that ash may spill from said ash support member over at least approximately 80 percent of an outer periphery of said ash support member.
20. The combination of claim 19, wherein said ash support member is affixed within said combustor so that ash may spill from said ash support member over at least approximately 90 percent of said outer periphery of said ash support member.
21. The combination of claim 19, further comprising:
a first agitating member disposed within said combustor above said opening;
and a second agitating member disposed within said combustor below said opening.

22. The combination of claim 21, further comprising a third agitating member disposed within said combustor above said opening.
23. The combination of claim 19, further comprising:
a scrubber, said scrubber being operably connected to said combustor to provide a flow path from said outer chamber of said combustor to said scrubber, a finisher, said finisher being operably connected to said scrubber; and one or more filters disposed in said finisher.
24. The combination of claim 19, further comprising:
a blower disposed downstream from said combustor and operably connected to said combustor for withdrawing a combustible gas from said combustor, said blower comprising:
an impeller housing;
an impeller disposed within said impeller housing; and a seal between portions of said impeller housing.
25. The combination of claim 24, wherein said blower further comprises:
a shaft affixed to said impeller; and at least two sets of bearings operably connected to said shaft.