CA2557913A1 - Blasting machine and method - Google Patents
Blasting machine and method Download PDFInfo
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- CA2557913A1 CA2557913A1 CA002557913A CA2557913A CA2557913A1 CA 2557913 A1 CA2557913 A1 CA 2557913A1 CA 002557913 A CA002557913 A CA 002557913A CA 2557913 A CA2557913 A CA 2557913A CA 2557913 A1 CA2557913 A1 CA 2557913A1
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- Prior art keywords
- detonator
- core
- blasting machine
- explosive
- coils
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
- F42D1/04—Arrangements for ignition
- F42D1/045—Arrangements for electric ignition
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
- F42B3/10—Initiators therefor
- F42B3/18—Safety initiators resistant to premature firing by static electricity or stray currents
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract
Detonator Apparatus, such as a blasting machine detonator, is provided with a miniature transformer having multi-turn primary and secondary coils. The transformer feeds a bridge wire detonator element, and has sufficient impedance to permit impedance matching with a carrier that may be as long as 7500 m. The impedance of the detonator is such that the detonator resists firing when subject to stray currents or commonly present power or communications signals. A
blasting machine is provided that is specifically designed to provide a signal having a frequency in the range in which the detonator is sensitive. The blasting machine relies upon semi-conductor switching and timing circuits to control the discharge from a pair of capacitors, rather than upon an output transformer.
blasting machine is provided that is specifically designed to provide a signal having a frequency in the range in which the detonator is sensitive. The blasting machine relies upon semi-conductor switching and timing circuits to control the discharge from a pair of capacitors, rather than upon an output transformer.
Description
APPLICATION FOR CANADIAN LETTERS PATENT
DETONATOR APPARATUS AND METHOD
TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:
BE IT KNOWN THAT We, Mr. Liqing Liu, 315-50th Avenue, S.W., Apt. 301, Calgary, Alberta, T2S 1H3, Canada, Citizen of China and Mr. Michael Norman Lussier, 203 Oakside Road, S.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2V 4H7, Canada, Citizen of Canada, and have invented a: DETONATOR APPARATUS AND METHOD
of which the following is a specification.
20421220.1 DETONATOR APPARATUS AND METHOD
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for remotely activating blasting devices. Such an apparatus and method may be used, for example, in oil and gas well production in other industries in which remote initiation of explosive devices occurs.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the production of oil and gas from underground wells, it is known to convey a perforating gun on a wireline down a bore hole of a well to a position where an oil or gas bearing stratum is located, and then to detonate shaped charges in the perforating gun. The shaped charges penetrate the formation, facilitating the entry of oil or gas into the well.
Safe and reliable initiation of perforating guns or other firing devices in the well-bore, far removed from the surface, has been a continuing source of design challenges.
The explosive train in the perforating gun normally comprises a detonator for setting off a detonating cord. The cord in turn detonates a series of connected shaped charges. The detonator is the first element in the explosive train and is normally the most sensitive to external stimulation.
Generally speaking, the safety level of the perforating gun is primarily determined by the safety level of the detonator used. Bridge wire electric detonators have been, and are widely used. When an electric current of sufficient strength is applied to its lead wires the bridge wire is heated and ignites the pyrotechnic material surrounding it. This in turns sets off the primary and secondary explosive charges in the detonator.
An inherent problem with bridge wire detonators is the risk of unintentional detonation which may arise from stray currents. A bridge wire detonator does not possess the ability to distinguish between firing current and hazardous electric energy that reaches its lead wires.
Typical sources of electrical interference which may cause unintentional detonation are communications equipment, whether cellular telephones or radio, standard 220V, SOHz or 1 10V, 60Hz line current, electro-static discharges and lightning. At present when bridge wire detonators are used for perforating jobs, typical safety measures include shutting down electric sources in the 20416191.1 well rig environment and turning off communication facilities. It would be advantageous to provide the oil industry a method of initiating perforating guns and a detonator which reduces or eliminates the need to suspend the use of without suspending the electric devices and communication radio in the well rig environment. An additional problem concerns unauthorized use of the detonators. Lost, stolen or mishandled detonators that can be set off by commonly available power sources, whether deliberately or accidentally used, may pose a significant danger.
It would be advantageous to have a detonator which will resist detonation except when initiated by an authorized person using a specially designed blasting machine.
A known approach to the problem of unintentional detonation is to add extra resistance in series with the bridge wire, making a "resistorized detonator". A higher voltage than would otherwise be required is used to fire a resistorized detonator, making it more difficult to set off However, the magnitude of the electric current needed to initiate the detonator remains the same as non-resistorized detonators.
Another approach is to increase both the voltage and electric current needed to fire the detonator, so that they substantially exceed the upper limit of routine well rig electrical signals like the exploding bridge wire detonator or exploding foil detonator. This kind of exploding bridge wire or exploding foil detonator is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,777,878 of Johnson et al. issued October 18, 1988 and U. S. Patent No. 5,505,134 of Brooks et al., issued April 9, 1996. Another approach, as shown in U.S. Patent No. 4,708,060 of to Bickes et al., issued November 24, 1987 and U.S. Patent No. 5,503,077 of Motley issued April 2, 1996, employs a semiconductor bridge wire to achieve improved safety.
Still another method of is to isolate the bridge wire, by employing a small transformer in the detonator. The load, generally the bridge wire of the detonator, is connected to the secondary winding of the transformer to form a loop and is electrically isolated from the primary winding of the transformer. The core material of the transformer is chosen to attenuate, or eliminate, spurious electrical power and radiofrequency signals and to respond to firing currents falling within a predetermined range of magnitude and frequency. A blasting machine provides electric current in the predetermined range needed to fire these inductive detonators.
20416191.1 A number of embodiments of transformer based detonators are shown in U.S.
Patent No. 4,273,051 of Stratton, issued June 16, 1981. All of those embodiments employ some form of auxiliary energy dissipation means, whether a series or other leakage inductance, a fusible link, or a resistor in parallel with the primary winding.
Another example of a ferrite core, broad band attenuator is shown in U.S.
Patent No. 4,378,738 of Proctor et al., issued April 5, 1983. U.S. Patent No.
DETONATOR APPARATUS AND METHOD
TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:
BE IT KNOWN THAT We, Mr. Liqing Liu, 315-50th Avenue, S.W., Apt. 301, Calgary, Alberta, T2S 1H3, Canada, Citizen of China and Mr. Michael Norman Lussier, 203 Oakside Road, S.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2V 4H7, Canada, Citizen of Canada, and have invented a: DETONATOR APPARATUS AND METHOD
of which the following is a specification.
20421220.1 DETONATOR APPARATUS AND METHOD
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for remotely activating blasting devices. Such an apparatus and method may be used, for example, in oil and gas well production in other industries in which remote initiation of explosive devices occurs.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the production of oil and gas from underground wells, it is known to convey a perforating gun on a wireline down a bore hole of a well to a position where an oil or gas bearing stratum is located, and then to detonate shaped charges in the perforating gun. The shaped charges penetrate the formation, facilitating the entry of oil or gas into the well.
Safe and reliable initiation of perforating guns or other firing devices in the well-bore, far removed from the surface, has been a continuing source of design challenges.
The explosive train in the perforating gun normally comprises a detonator for setting off a detonating cord. The cord in turn detonates a series of connected shaped charges. The detonator is the first element in the explosive train and is normally the most sensitive to external stimulation.
Generally speaking, the safety level of the perforating gun is primarily determined by the safety level of the detonator used. Bridge wire electric detonators have been, and are widely used. When an electric current of sufficient strength is applied to its lead wires the bridge wire is heated and ignites the pyrotechnic material surrounding it. This in turns sets off the primary and secondary explosive charges in the detonator.
An inherent problem with bridge wire detonators is the risk of unintentional detonation which may arise from stray currents. A bridge wire detonator does not possess the ability to distinguish between firing current and hazardous electric energy that reaches its lead wires.
Typical sources of electrical interference which may cause unintentional detonation are communications equipment, whether cellular telephones or radio, standard 220V, SOHz or 1 10V, 60Hz line current, electro-static discharges and lightning. At present when bridge wire detonators are used for perforating jobs, typical safety measures include shutting down electric sources in the 20416191.1 well rig environment and turning off communication facilities. It would be advantageous to provide the oil industry a method of initiating perforating guns and a detonator which reduces or eliminates the need to suspend the use of without suspending the electric devices and communication radio in the well rig environment. An additional problem concerns unauthorized use of the detonators. Lost, stolen or mishandled detonators that can be set off by commonly available power sources, whether deliberately or accidentally used, may pose a significant danger.
It would be advantageous to have a detonator which will resist detonation except when initiated by an authorized person using a specially designed blasting machine.
A known approach to the problem of unintentional detonation is to add extra resistance in series with the bridge wire, making a "resistorized detonator". A higher voltage than would otherwise be required is used to fire a resistorized detonator, making it more difficult to set off However, the magnitude of the electric current needed to initiate the detonator remains the same as non-resistorized detonators.
Another approach is to increase both the voltage and electric current needed to fire the detonator, so that they substantially exceed the upper limit of routine well rig electrical signals like the exploding bridge wire detonator or exploding foil detonator. This kind of exploding bridge wire or exploding foil detonator is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,777,878 of Johnson et al. issued October 18, 1988 and U. S. Patent No. 5,505,134 of Brooks et al., issued April 9, 1996. Another approach, as shown in U.S. Patent No. 4,708,060 of to Bickes et al., issued November 24, 1987 and U.S. Patent No. 5,503,077 of Motley issued April 2, 1996, employs a semiconductor bridge wire to achieve improved safety.
Still another method of is to isolate the bridge wire, by employing a small transformer in the detonator. The load, generally the bridge wire of the detonator, is connected to the secondary winding of the transformer to form a loop and is electrically isolated from the primary winding of the transformer. The core material of the transformer is chosen to attenuate, or eliminate, spurious electrical power and radiofrequency signals and to respond to firing currents falling within a predetermined range of magnitude and frequency. A blasting machine provides electric current in the predetermined range needed to fire these inductive detonators.
20416191.1 A number of embodiments of transformer based detonators are shown in U.S.
Patent No. 4,273,051 of Stratton, issued June 16, 1981. All of those embodiments employ some form of auxiliary energy dissipation means, whether a series or other leakage inductance, a fusible link, or a resistor in parallel with the primary winding.
Another example of a ferrite core, broad band attenuator is shown in U.S.
Patent No. 4,378,738 of Proctor et al., issued April 5, 1983. U.S. Patent No.
4,441,427 of Barrett, issued April 10, 1984 discloses an oil well detonator assembly that uses ferrite materials to protect against radio frequency energy.
U.5. Patent No. 4,544,035 of Voss, issued October 1, 1985 discloses the use of two coils to initiate a detonator in a perforating gun without the coupling of magnetic materials. U. S. Patent No. 4,806,928 of Veneruso, issued February 21, 1989 discloses the use of coil assemblies arranged on ferrite cores for data transmission between well bore apparatus and the surface and which may also be used to fire perforating guns.
U.S. Patent No. 3,762,331 to Vlahos, issued October 2, 1973 discloses a firing circuit for detonators that uses a step down transformer having a voltage reduction of roughly 100:1 and a secondary coil having only 1 or 2 turns. It operates at a voltage between 60V and 240V and at a signal frequency of the order of l OKHz. It is powered by a battery in parallel with a storage capacitor, which discharge through an inverter circuit which includes a solid state oscillator and a transformer for stepping up the resulting a.c. voltage to the desired level.
This patent also discloses the use of shunt and series capacitance connected to the primary winding of the detonator, and a large step down at the detonator transformer. U. S. Patent No. 4,145,968 to Klein, issued March 27, 1979 describes primary and secondary windings and a fixed magnetic screen designed to be saturated in the presence of the magnetic flux generated by the primary winding. U.5. Patent No. 4,297,947 to Jones et al., issued November 3, 1981 discloses the use of a toroid or a magnetic core with removable parts as transformer cores to couple a relatively short (100m) firing cable and a number of detonators.
U. S. Patent No. 4,304,184 to Jones issued December 8, 1981 discloses a transformer circuit whose primary and secondary windings are not completely isolated.
Instead, they are 20416191.1 coupled not only magnetically but also electrically. While this configuration may provide protection against hazardous electrical currents at low values and low frequencies, the safety features would be more satisfactory if the two windings were completely isolated electrically.
None of the transformer-based detonators noted above appear to be suitable for oil well use.
A detonator that can be used in the oil industry at great depth poses special requirements for the coupling transformer. The electric energy supplied from the surface is transmitted along the wireline cable down oil wells as deep as 7,SOOm. The cable used for well logging and casing perforation may not be designed for high frequency transmission. The distributed shunt capacitance along the cable is in the order of 0. lSuF/Km. The attenuation for high frequency electrical energy is as high as 3dblKm (at 20 KHz). Consequently, for effective power transmission along the wireline, a relatively low frequency is preferred.
However, electric currents having a frequency lower than lKHz will be attenuated by the ferrite core transformer and may not yield a suitable output for energizing the bridge wire in the secondary winding.
Therefore, frequency significantly higher than 1KH? is preferable and the blasting machine must be powerful enough to allow energy dissipation along the wire-line and still secure reliable initiation of the detonator. For optimum power transmission, the inductance of the transformer used in the detonator must be in a certain range at a certain firing current frequency. The inductance of a transformer of some typical known designs may fall in the range of 1-SO,uH.
Inasmuch as the characteristic impedance of a typical monocable used in well logging is about 30-SOS2, this inductance is too low for impedance matching purposes, especially at lower frequencies usable for oil well wirelines.
By contrast, a transformer having a relatively high primary inductance in the order of 40mH, would be unsuitable even at the lowest usable frequencies. Also, where the step down is too large, the relatively high voltage needed to fire the detonator makes it impractical for oil well use because of the rapid attenuation of the high frequency voltage signal along the cable. In the view of the inventors of the present invention, the preferred frequency range for effective power transmission is between 3 and 20KHz, and the primary inductance of the transformer should be in the range of 200uH and 3mH.
20416191.1 A number of the transformers noted above use magnetic cores which provide a closed magnetic circuit. Some of them may have removable parts to accommodate the firing cable and detonator legwires, as disclosed by U.S. Patent Nos. 4,297,947 or 4,601,243.
When the primary inductance needed is small and a relatively big transformer core (for example, a toroid having outer diameter of 20mm, placed outside the detonator body) is used, a few turns of winding may be sufficient. However, for a higher impedance the number of winding turns is relatively large, normally in the range 15-80 for the primary winding, depending on the actual size and material properties of the transformer core. Generally the core size of the transformer should be comparable to that of the outside diameter of the detonator. For an oil well detonator this dimension is commonly about 6~7mm. In the view of the present inventors, as a practical matter, it is difficult efficiently to wind such a large number of turns on a small transformer core, such as a toroid.
In the view of the inventors, some of these difficulties may be addressed by using a transformer constructed with a simple core in the form of a column having the desired number of primary and secondary windings on it. A column represents an open magnetic circuit. To achieve effciency in manufacturing, especially in mass production, it would be advantageous to form the primary and secondary windings by winding separate coils, and then be assembling those coils onto the column shaped core. Alternatively, the primary and secondary windings could be wound on a simple machine sequentially, with the primary winding be embedded, or nested, within the secondary winding, or vice versa. Different shapes of the column can be used, such as a square column, a plate, a tube, a U-shaped core, or other suitable form.
In an open magnetic circuit, there is energy loss associated with the high magnetic resistance. It would be advantageous to reduce this loss by using another piece of magnetically permeable material to form a closed magnetic circuit transformer core.
Examples of such materials are nickel-iron alloys or permalloys and silicon steel, which have a high magnetic permeability, high curie temperature and are small in volume, low in cost and flexible to form different shapes as required.
The oil well use of a transformer-based detonator presents technical challenges. In addition to the extremely long transmission distance (up to 7,SOOm long) discussed previously, the high 20416191.1 temperature environment also tends to present design challenges. Firstly, magnetic permeability of the core changes with increases in temperature, and drops to near zero above the Curie temperature. Magnetic materials lose their magnetism and the ability to transmit signals beyond the Curie temperature. Advantageously, magnetic materials chosen for transformer cores should S have a Curie temperature higher than the highest anticipated temperature in the well, typically 180°C or higher. Secondly, the ability of most magnetic materials to transmit energy decreases substantially with the increase in temperature due to the decrease in saturation flux density. For example, for a typical maganese-zinc ferrite material, the saturation flux density at room temperature is 4500 Gauss. This decreases to 1750 Gauss when the ambient temperature is 200°C. It is advantageous for the transformer detonator to be able to transmit the required amount of initiation energy at reduced saturation flux density. Thirdly, for ferrite materials there is generally an optimum temperature point at which the core loss at a minimum.
Deviation in temperature from that point would result in increased core loss. Even though the detonation location well temperature may vary, it is advantageous to choose a ferrite material which has an optimum core loss temperature close to the expected well temperature.
A blasting machine is an electronic device which sends a high frequency electric signal through the wireline to fire the detonator. It is advantageous to provide a blasting machine whose output characteristics match the preferred frequency range of the detonator.
U.S. Patent No. 4,422,378 discloses an ignition circuit for firing detonators having a toroid transformer. It uses a power oscillator having a transistor to provide a firing signal at the resonant frequency of a network of detonators, the transistor being controlled by a current feedback signal. This self adjusting resonance matching is possible when the inductance and capacitance of the detonators connected in a net are detectable. In some applications, such as those in which diodes are placed in series with the wireline, the inductance of the line can not be obtained and it is difficult automatically to generate the resonant frequency.
U.S. Patent No. 4,422,379 discloses another ignition circuit for firing detonators with a toroid transformer. The oscillator of the circuit is a typical push-pull power amplifier with the use of an output transformer. U.S. Patent No. 4,848,232 also uses a firing circuit in the form of a push-pull power amplifier with an output transformer.
20416191.1 _ 7 _ In U.S. Patent No. 4,601,243, the electrical charge stored by a capacitor is discharged to detonators through a high frequency converting unit which oscillates at a frequency between SOKH? and lMHz.
The above referenced U. S. patents commonly have an output transformer. It would be advantageous to eliminate the use of such an output transformer in the blasting machine. First, power output tends to be limited by the size of the transformer. Long transmission distances or initiation of many detonators in one round tends to require a relatively big transformer. This weight and size disadvantage tends to be more pronounced at relatively lower frequencies such as the 3-20KHz range noted above. When a large, heavy transformer is used the manufacturing cost also tends to increase.
It would be advantageous to have an electrically activated detonator operable at great distances, from an electrical signal source, such as may be desired for perforation of an oil well thousands of metres from the surface.
It would be advantageous to have a simplified, electrically activated detonator that is relatively insensitive to signals from common electrical sources such as radios, telephones, 50 and 60Hz supply signals, and other stray or static signals.
It would be advantageous to have a blasting machine for activating remote detonators that does not require the use of a large, heavy, and expensive iron core output transformer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides, in a first aspect, a detonator for igniting explosive material comprising a multi-turn primary coil for connection to a detonation signal source; a multi-turn secondary coil connected to an explosive igniting element; and a core magnetically linking the coils. The core has a mandrel upon which at least one of the coils is mounted.
In a second aspect of the invention there is a detonator for use in a well perforating gun comprising a transformer having a pair of mufti-turn coils linked by a magnetically permeable 20416191.1 _ 8 _ core. The core has a mandrel. One of the coils is a pre-formed coil mounted upon the mandrel.
One ofthe coils is connectible to a detonation signal source and the other coil is connected to an explosive igniting element with which it forms a closed circuit. Explosive material is in contact with the explosive igniting element.
The invention may also have a magnetically permeable closure member fit to the mandrel to form a closed loop magnetic circuit. Each of the coils may be a pre-formed coil. Each of the coils may be mounted on a mandrel of the core. The detonator may have closure member fit to each mandrel to form a closed loop magnetic path.
In a still further aspect of the invention there is an assembly for causing an explosive charge to explode comprising a blasting machine for generating a detonation signal; a detonator for receiving a detonation signal; and a carrier for carrying a detonation signal from the blasting machine to the detonator; the detonator having a transformer having a pair of multi-turn coils linked by a magnetically permeable core, one of the coils being connectible to the signal carrier;
an explosive igniting element connected to the other coil to form a closed circuit; explosive material in contact with said explosive igniting element; and the core having at least one mandrel, and at least one of the coils being a pre-formed coil mounted on the mandrel.
In a further aspect of that invention, the blasting machine of the explosive assembly further comprises an energy storage system; a discharge system for releasing energy from the storage system; a switching system operable to control the discharge system to release the detonation signal from the energy storage system for communication of the signal to the detonator along the carrier.
In an even further aspect of the invention there is a blasting machine for producing a specific signal for setting off a signal selective detonator, comprising a charge storage system; an output port for connection to the signal selective detonator; a switching system connected between the charge storage system and the output port; a pre-set discharge control system operable to vary flow of charge through the switching system to produce the specific signal.
20416191.1 In a further aspect of that even further aspect of the invention, the blasting machine further comprising a charging system selectively connectable to the charge storage system when the discharge control system is inoperative.
In another further aspect of that even further aspect of the invention the charging system includes a transformer connectable to draw power from a standard line source, and a rectifier connected to the transformer for converting the power to a form storable in the charge storage system.
In yet another aspect of the invention there is a detonator for igniting explosive material comprising a primary winding for connection to a detonation signal source; a secondary winding and an explosive igniting element connected thereto; and a core magnetically linking the primary and secondary windings. The core has a first portion made from a first magnetically permeable material for attenuating signals in a first frequency range, and a second portion made from a second magnetically permeable material for attenuating signals in a second frequency range.
In a still further aspect of the invention a detonator for igniting explosive material comprises a mufti-turn primary coil for connection to a detonation signal source and a mufti-turn secondary coil and an explosive igniting element connected thereto. The coils are co-axially mounted and magnetically coupled by a core of low magnetic permeability.
For a better understanding of the present invention and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made by way of example to the accompanying drawings, which show an apparatus according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention and in which:
Figure 1 is a general schematic drawing indicating the general relationship of a blasting machine, a detonator and a perforating gun in the context of the present invention.
Figure 2 is an electrical schematic of the detonator of Figure 1.
20416191.1 Figure 3a shows a cross section of the detonator of Figure 1 with a transformer core having a closed magnetic circuit core.
Figure 3b shows a cross section of an alternative detonator to the detonator of Figure 1 with a transformer core not having a closed magnetic circuit transformer core, Figure 4a shows a general view of the transformer of Figure 3a.
Figure 4b shows an alternative closed loop transformer for the detonator of Figure 1.
Figure 4c shows an alternative transformer geometry for the detonator of Figure 1.
Figure 4d shows a further alternative geometry for an open loop transformer for the detonator of Figure 1.
Figure 5 is an electrical schematic of a half bridge inverter for the blasting machine of Figure 1.
Figure 6 is an electrical schematic for a self oscillating driver for the blasting machine of Figure 1.
Figure 7 is an electrical schematic for a charging system for the blasting machine of Figure 1.
Figure 8 is an electrical schematic an alternative half bridge inverter for the blasting machine of Figure 1.
Figure 9 is an alternative electrical schematic for a full bridge inverter for the blasting machine of Figure 1.
Figure 10 is a timer circuit schematic for the full bridge inverter of Figure 9.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The description of the invention is best understood with reference to the figures, in which some proportions have been exaggerated, or shown in schematic form for the purposes of conceptual illustration.
The blasting machine of the preferred embodiment is useful, for example, in the oil industry for oil well casing perforation. As such, with reference to Figure l, a well bore, such as may be made for an oil, gas or other well, is shown as 20. It has an inner steel casing 22, with a more or less annular concrete filling 24 between casing 22 and bore 20. A
formation, or stratum of oil bearing rock is indicated as 26. A perforating gun assembly 28 has been conveyed down 20416191.1 bore 20 on the end of a wireline 30 by which it is physically located in the well. The distance down the well may be 1000 m, or more, up to 7,500 m beneath the ground surface.
Wireline 30 also electrically connects assembly 28 with a high frequency blasting machine 32 located on the surface.
Perforating gun assembly 28 has at its upper end a collar locator 34 to which wireline 30 is attached. Depending therefrom, perforating gun assembly 28 includes a tube 36 containing a series of shaped charges 38 connected to a detonating cord 40. Cord 40 terminates at a detonator 42 by which cord 40, and then charges 38 are ignited. In use, an electrical signal originating at blasting machine 32 is delivered along wireline 30 to detonator 42. When detonator 42 is set off, it in turn sets off cord 40 which detonates charges 38. The jets formed by charges 38 penetrate steel casing 22, concrete filling 24 and oil bearing stratum 26 to establish communication between the well and the rock formation.
Referring to the electrical representation of Figure 2 and the physical presentation of Figure 3a in greater detail, detonator 42 has a detonator casing shell 44 with an internal, closed ended, roughly cylindrical chamber 46. Explosive material 48 is packed into the end of chamber 46, and is covered by a partition 50 and pyrotechnic igniter material 52. The igniter material, 52, surrounds an embedded filament in the nature of a bridge wire 54, suspended between the extended ends of two lead wire legs 56 and 58. Legs 56 and 58 are joined in a closed circuit loop by a multiple turn, secondary winding 60 wound about a magnetically permeable, U-shaped Mn-Zn ferrite core 62. A keeper, or closure element 64, again of magnetically permeable material extends between the open legs 66 and 68 of U-shaped core 62 to closed the magnetic circuit of U-shaped core 62.
Referring again to Figures 2 and 3a, wireline 30 is shielded by a grounded sheathing 70 until it reaches perforating gun assembly 28, and is grounded through collar locator 34. Collar locator 34 has a coil 72 for generating an electromagnetic signal when perforating gun assembly 28 passes junctions in casing 22, so that the exact location of perforating gun assembly 28 in bore 20 can be determined relative to stratum 26. Collar locator coil 72 has an inductance of 11H, a typical value for such devices. Wireline 30 extends beyond collar locator 34 20416191.1 to a pair of reversed diodes 74 and 76 on parallel paths. One lead wire 78 of a mufti-turn primary winding 80 is connected to diodes 74 and 76. Winding 80 is wound about U-shaped core 62, and its remaining lead wire, 82 is grounded. Diodes 74 and 76 are used to permit communication of the firing signal from blasting machine 32 to detonator 42 and to provide high impedance to the small signal generated by collar locator coil 72.
Bridge wire 54 is the part of detonator 42 most sensitive to external stimulation. It forms a closed loop with secondary winding 60. It is physically protected by a cast-in-place plastic plug 84 which serves also to capture and immobilize legs 56 and 58, and bridge wire 54 in igniter material 52. Plug 84 additionally holds diodes 74 and 76; the transformer formed by primary winding 80, secondary winding 60, U-shaped core 62, and closure element 64 in place. Bridge wire 54 is also physically and electro-magnetically protected by shell 44 which is, typically, made of a highly conductive metal such as copper or aluminum. Consequently the loop which includes bridge wire 54 remains electrically neutral as it is electrically shielded by shell 44.
Primary winding 80 and secondary winding 60 are pre-formed and then assembled on legs 66 and 68 of U-shaped core 62, before being locked in place by nickel alloy closure element 64. This method encourages relatively easy and economical assembly, and contrasts with the method of assembly of threaded-core detonators. Primary and secondary windings 80 and 60 are mounted parallel to each other in an arrangement which reduces the magnetic flux coupled by air and shared by both windings. The number of turns may vary. It is typically in the range of 15 to 80 for primary winding 80 and for secondary winding 60. In the preferred embodiment the number of turns on primary winding 80 is 24, and the number of turns on secondary winding 60 is 12. In the preferred embodiment, the height of core 62 is 8mm, its thickness is l.Smm, and its width is 6mm.
The number of turns of windings 60 and 80, the permeability of core 62, and the geometry chosen afrect the range of frequencies to which detonator 42 is most responsive. Core 62 is chosen so that it responds efficiently to electric currents delivered by specifically designed blasting machine 32, reducing or eliminating electrical hazards. In use, stray DC signals and low frequency AC sources carried on wireline 30 will have little or no effect on bridgewire 54. Since 20416191.1 electrical frequencies in a typical well rig environment have frequencies either below 1 kHz (e.g., DC, 50 or 60 Hz AC) or well above 1 Mhz (radio frequency energy in GHz), the probability of unintentional detonation tends to be reduced. When an appropriate firing current is delivered to wireline 30 the current running through primary winding 80 induces a current in the closed circuit loop formed by secondary winding 60, legs 56 and 58, and bridge wire 54.
Bridge wire 54 is then heated to incandescence and ignites pyrotechnic igniter material 52. The ignited material 52 initiates detonation of detonator 42, which thereafter sets oi~the explosive train of cord 40 and shaped charges 38 in perforating gun assembly 28.
The preferred material for core 62 is either a Mn-Zn or an Ni-Zn ferrite chosen to discourage energy transmission at frequencies falling outside the chosen frequency range of blasting machine 32. In the preferred embodiment, the ferrite has an operating range between 3 and 20 kHz, which is too high for general power transmission interference, and too low for interference by radio or communications signals. As noted above, the ferrite chosen must have a Curie temperature higher than the temperature in bore 20 at the level of oil bearing rock stratum 26. Typically a Curie temperature of 200°C or higher is preferred. In the preferred embodiment the ferrite core chosen has an initial permeability of 2500, a Curie temperature of 230°C, a saturation flux density of 5000 Gauss at room temperature and a field strength of 15 Oersted.
The preferred material for closure element 64 is a super permalloy ('r.tvl.~, an alloy of 80%
nickel and 20% iron having an A.C. impedance permeability in the order of 100,000 a Curie temperature of roughly 400 ° C, and a saturation flux density of 8 Gauss. Due to its high permeability, the thickness of closure member 64 is 0.36 mm. The material cost is low, and the alloy can be formed to the shape desired. Closure member 64 in other embodiments, can also be made of a suitable ferrite for a given frequency range or from other magnetic materials, such as silicon steels.
The combination of the material properties of core 62 and closure member 64 provide relatively e~lcient, and desirable, frequency discrimination. The Mn-Zn ferrite material responds relatively poorly to DC and low frequency AC stimulation, but can operate satisfactorily at higher frequencies as high as a few MHz. By contrast, the magnetic alloy of closure member 64 responds 20416191.1 satisfactorily to low frequency AC and DC signals, but tends to attenuate high frequency signals as its permeability decreases with increasing frequency. Also, core losses are approximately proportional to the square of the frequency. Consequently low frequency (< 1 KH?) signals are retarded by core 62 and high frequency signals (> lMHz) are attenuated by closure member 64.
When a firing current is delivered by blasting machine 32 to lead wires 78 and 82 both core 62 and closure member 64 are energized, bridge wire 54 is heated to incandescence, and pyrotechnic material 52 is ignited. Thus the combined effect core 62 and closure member 64 is that of a frequency sensitive filter.
Blasting machine 32, located at the far end of wireline 30 from detonator 42, is illustrated in electrical schematic form in Figures 6, 7, and 8. It supplies electric current to fire detonator 42 as described at length above. Blasting machine 32 will be described in detail in order of a timing driver, controlling circuit 86, which provides an oscillating signal; a firing circuit indicated generally as 88, in the nature of an inverting circuit which receives the oscillating signal; and a charging circuit indicated generally as 90, which charges energy storage elements of firing circuit 88 to a desired voltage level.
The time varying signal generator, or driver, controlling circuit 86, shown in Figure 6, has as its principle element a commercially available IR2151 self oscillating MOSFET and IGBT
driver chip 92 having V~~, Rt" C,, Com, Vb, Ho, V9, and Lo ports. A DC source in the nature of a 15V dry cell 94 has a negative terminal connected to the Com port, and a positive terminal connected, through a switch 96, to V~~. A timing resistor 98 is connected across the Rt and C~
ports, and a timing capacitor 100 connected to between the C, port and an output terminal 'D'.
A voltage stabilising capacitor 102 is connected from Com to Vb. A diode 104 and capacitor 106 are used to provide high side power supply, high side power supply capacitor 106 being connected across Vb and Vg. Vg is connected directly to an output terminal 'B'. Ho and Lo are similarly connected to output terminals 'A' and 'C' respectively. Closure of switch 96 will cause chip 92 to produce a high side, low power square wave output 108 between terminals 'A' and 'B', and an opposite, half period phase shifted low side square wave output 110 between terminals 'B' and 'C', as indicated in Figure 5. Chip 92 is capable of generating controlling signals over a wide frequency range. In the preferred embodiment, a controlling signal at 12.75 20416191.1 KHz is produced when resistor 98 has a value of ~6 kS2, capacitor 100 has a value of 1000 pF and capacitor 106 has a value of 0.47 ~cF.
Firing circuit 88 is shown in Figure 5, as a half bridge converter with input ports 'A', 'B', 'C', and 'D' corresponding to output ports 'A', 'B', 'C', and 'D' of driver 86. Back to back energy storage capacitors 112 and 114, whose charging will be described below, are joined in series at a central grounded node 116 and act as power sources for high and low side MOSFETs 118 and 120 respectively, defining a high voltage side 122, and a low voltage side 124. In a preferred embodiment the storage of capacitors 112 and 114 are 470~cF
capacitors. MOSFETs 118 and 120 are of the high speed switching type with voltage and current ratings of 1000 V and 14 A. A voltage limiting Zener diode 126 and an LED 128 are connected in series between high and low voltage sides 122 and 124 as well. The source of MOSFET 118 and the drain of MOSFET 120 are connected at a common node corresponding to input 'B', with the drain of MOSFET 118 connected to high voltage side 122 and the source of MOSFET 120 connected to low voltage side 124.
The gate of MOSFET 118 is connected to input 'A' across a resistor 130 which, in a preferred embodiment, has a value in the range of 10 to SOOS2. Resistor 130 is used to reduce the quality factor of the input circuit, thereby discouraging parasitic oscillations. Similarly the gate of MOSFET 120 is connected to input port 'C' across a resistor 132 or the same magnitude, for the same purpose.
A gate to source resistor 134 having a value of 1MS2 is used to reduce resistance from the gate to the source of MOSFET 118. A similar resistor 136 is used with MOSFET 120 for the same purpose. A pair of opposed Zener diodes 138, 140 having a voltage rating of 18V and a power rating of 1 W each are used to protect the gates and sources of MOSFETs 118 and 120.
Further Zener diodes 142 and 144 connected between the drains and sources, respectively of MOSFETs 118 and 120 provide protection against voltage surges. Higher voltage protection could be obtained by connecting more than one such Zener diode in series.
20416191.1 Finally, a 3052 current limiting resistor 146 extends from input port 'B' to a first load terminal 148, while a second load terminal 150 is connected directly to central grounded node 116. The current initiating resistor is 3052 in the preferred embodiment.
A third component of blasting machine 32 is charging circuit 90. As shown in Figure 7, it has a small step up transformer 152 has a primary coil 154. Primary coil 154 has one lead connected to a standard, single phase, 115V, 60Hz AC plug 156, and has another lead, connected through a current limiting resistor 158 and through a switch 160 to connect with the other side of plug 166. A current limiting resister 162 and LED 164 in series are connected in parallel with primary coil 154 to indicate the working conditions of the transformer.
Secondary coil 166 of transformer 152 has leads 168, 170 connected to opposite sides of a full wave bridge rectifier 172. The positive output of rectifier 172 is connected to high voltage side 122 and the negative side of rectifier 172 to low voltage side 124 of blasting machine 32.
One of leads 168 or 170 is connected by a jumper 174 to grounded node 116, for the purpose of doubling the voltage level of main capacitors 112 and 114.
In operation, assuming that power storage capacitors 112 and 114 are initially uncharged, charging circuit 90 is plugged in to a suitable source, wireline 30 is disconnected from output load terminals 148 and 150, and timing circuit switch 96 is open. Charging circuit switch 160 is then closed to charge capacitors 112 and 114. Once capacitors 112 and 114 have been charged to 300V, switch 160 may be opened or the power source may be disconnected.
After perforating gun assembly 28 has been conveyed along bore 20 to an appropriate position amidst oil bearing rock stratum 26, wireline 30, and hence, ultimately primary winding 80, is connected to load terminal 148. Load terminal 150 is grounded through node 116 and primary winding 80 being connected to ground 82. When timing signal switch 96 is closed, square wave signals 108 and 110 will be sensed at the respective gates of MOSFETs 118 and 120, turning them on and off alternatively and giving a peak output current in the range of 1 to 12A. When a positive voltage of 10 to 15V is applied to terminals A and B ( that is, gate to source), MOSFET 118 conducts, capacitor 112 discharges through it and a current runs through 20416191.1 current limiting resistor 146 to the load, that is, wireline 30 and the components of detonator 42, forming a first half cycle of electric current shown as h as shown in Figure 5. In the second half of a cycle, MOSFET 120 conducts and MOSFET 118 is switched off. Capacitor 114 discharges to the load, RL, that is, through detonator 42 and current limiting resistor 146 such that an electric current indicated as IZ in the lower side. In this manner the two (2) MOSFETs 118 and 120 will conduct alternately, yielding an alternating current in load RL until both capacitors 112 and 114 are discharged. The alternating current produced in this manner is carried along wireline 30 to primary winding 80 to induce a current in secondary winding 60, and bridgewire 54, which in turn heats to incandescence and sets off igniter material 52. In the preferred embodiment, blasting machine 32 constructed using the circuitry described herein has a maximum peak to peak current output of 16A or a maximum peak to peak voltage output of 900V, assuming capacitors 112 and 114 have been charged to 450V each, and resistor 146 has a value of SSS~ . In use the embodiment described yields a signal having relatively high voltage, relatively large current, relatively high momentary power output, and relatively short duration.
The apparatus described has been found to discourage unintentional firing due to stray currents from common AC or DC sources, radio frequency energy, lightning and other electrostatic discharges. The inventors have found that it discourages firing, even when commonly used electric sources are applied directly to leadwires 78 and 82 (with the DC firing current of the material 52 of 0.8 A). The inventors have found that detonators made according to the above description have resisted firing when exposed to 115V, 60Hz AC;
220V, SOHz AC;
380V, SOHz AC; and when connected to a 705pF capacitor charged to 600V.
Having described the preferred embodiment of the invention, it should be noted that a number of alternatives are possible without departing from the principles or spirit of the invention.
The detonator of the present invention can be manufactured in different forms to facilitate its use.
For example, a block detonator is a design that provides some space between the detonator and detonating cord by using a block, allowing fluid desensitization. A top fire detonator is designed to start a top-down detonation of the explosive train in the gun. A detonator in capsule version is directly exposed to the high pressure in the well. The present detonator may be manufactured in any of these forms.
20416191.1 Four alternative versions of detonator geometry are shown in Figures 3b, 4b, 4c and 4d.
Figures 3b shows a transversely mounted detonator transformer 180 having a circular cylindrical ferrite core 182 of a diameter of a 5 mm and a length of 6 mm. A primary winding 184 having 60 turns and a secondary winding 186 of 30 turns are wound in a nested, co-axial fashion about core 182, that is to say, one winding is embedded within the other. Ferrite core 182 is a simple fernte bar, and, as shown, is an open magnetic circuit. The magnetic properties of the bar are the same as those of U-shaped core 62 of the preferred embodiment of Figure 3a.
Figure 4b shows a detonator transformer 200 having a circular cylindrical ferrite core 202, 6mm long and Smm in diameter, about which a primary winding 204 having 60 turns, and a secondary winding 206 having 30 turns are coaxially wound in a nested fashion.
Core 202 is then held about its ends by a U-shaped, or half rectangle shaped, magnetic alloy closure member 208 having a back 210 and legs 212 and 214. Closure member 208 could also be in the form of a full closed rectangle, or a circle or other shape making a closed loop for capturing core 202 about its ends.
Alternatively, the transformer core could be in the form of a bobbin or spindle having at one end a radially extending flanged base or shoulder, with a closure member in the shape of a cap, or thimble, at least partially covering the spindle with continuous magnetically permeable structure extending from one end of the spindle to the other. The foregoing alternatives are only examples of cores that could be used in the present invention, other configurations such as a plate, a square column, or a square or round tube, and other configurations also being possible.
Figure 4c shows a detonator transformer 220 having a circular cylindrical ferrite core 222 of a diameter of a Smm and a length of 6mm. A primary winding 224 having 60 turns is wound about one portion of core 222. A secondary winding 226 of 30 turns is wound about another portion of core 222. There is no highly magnetically permeable closure member, rather the magnetic circuit of ferrite core 222 is left open.
Figure 4d shows a detonator transformer 240 having a core 242 in the form of a C-shaped half cylinder section, much like a half toroid but with a rectangular cross section, having toes 244 20416191.1 and 246. A primary winding 248 of 60 turns is wound about toe 244 and a secondary winding 250 of 30 turns is wound about toe 244. As before, there is no highly magnetically permeable closure member sparing the gap between toes 244 and 246 to form a closed loop path.
It will be appreciated that the geometry of the transformer core may vary, and it may be S in the form of an open core, or a core having a closure member and a closed loop magnetic path.
The core may be solid, or it may be a hollow tube, whether of circular, square, or other section.
The relative position of the primary ans secondary windings has an effect on output performance. When one winding is embedded within the other, or the two windings are coaxial and close together or abutting, it is possible for a low or non-magnetically permeable material, whether air, a ceramic, paper or plastic core, to couple suil'icient magnetic flux between the two windings to permit detonation. For example, a sudden fluctuation in a 150 A
current can be enough to trigger detonation. If the axes of the windings are parallel and spaced apart an axial distance, similar to the axial distance shown in Figure 3a, the magnetic flux coupled by air between the two cores is reduced, or minimized.
In all cases, the detonator transformer windings present a significant level of impedance to the firing current supplied by blasting machine 32 and coupled by wireline 30. This is done by using a relatively large number of turns on both the primary and secondary windings, rather more than merely one or two turns. The minimum number of turns has not been determined, but is thought to be at least f ve. Hand threading multi-turn cores is generally impractical, more so in oil well detonators since a typical inside diameter for a casing, like shell 40, is 6mm, implying very small core and winding sizes. It is more economical to form these multi-turn windings by machine, and this is facilitated if, at the time of manufacture, the core presents an open ended spindle, or mandrel, upon which a winding can be wound, or upon which a pre-formed winding can be slipped. The winding, or windings, can then be retained in place either by the mechanical tightness of the winding, an adhesive, or by mechanical means such as a fastener, a bent over flange, or, as in Figures 4a and 4b, by a magnetically permeable closure member. The spindle, or mandrel, portion, or portions of the core, may be circular in section, as in the case of Figures 4b and 4c, 20416191.1 or rectangular, as in the case or Figures 4a and 4d, or some other shape or shape as may be found convenient.
The alternative blasting machine 260 of Figure 8 shows a half bridge structure of an inverting circuit using pairs of two IGBTs 262, 264 or 266, 268 in parallel in place of MOSFETs 118 or 120, for the purpose of increasing the maximum current out put of the blasting machine.
The full bridge 270 of Figure 9 is for use when a higher voltage output is required than can be produced with the similar half bridge of Figure 5. Those elements that are unchanged from Figure 5 are indicated by the same item numbers as above. A circuit as shown in Figure 10 can be used to drive full bridge 270 of Figure 9. It uses a 555 timer 272 as a square wave signal generator. The circuit is powered by battery 274 controlled by a switch 276.
The frequency of the signal is determined by the values of the capacitors 278 and 280. The output signal of timer 272 is amplified using transistor 282 whose collector is connected to the primary winding 284 of a small transformer 286. The transformer is coupled with a ferrite core 290 and has four identical secondary windings 292, 294, 296 and 298 with the polarity shown, at which output signals identified as GS1, GS2, GS3, and GS4 are sensed.
Referring again to Figure 9, full bridge 270 has four MOSFETs 300, 302, 304, and 306 arranged to work in diagonal pairs to produce a doubled-voltage push-pull effect. MOSFETs 300 and 306 are driven by signals GS 1 and GS2, of the same polarity, MOSFETs 302 and 304 are driven by signals GS3 and GS4, of the opposite polarity. MOSFETs 300 and 306 conduct simultaneously as a pair, and alternate with the other pair formed by MOSFETs 302 and 304.
The net result, as before, is to drive an alternating current through a current limiting resistor 310 and the load, RL. In the embodiment shown, each MOSFET 300, 302, 304 and 306 has a voltage and current rating of 1000V and 14 amperes, respectively. As before, capacitors 112 and 114 have a capacitance of 470 micro F each, in the preferred embodiment. They are connected in series and charged to 800 V, The value of current limiting resistor 310 is 80 ohms.
Full bridge 270 of Figure 9 is driven by 555 timer 272 of Figure 10 at a frequency of 20KHz. Consequently, a blasting machine constructed using this circuitry has a maximum peak 20416191.1 to peak current of 20A, or a maximum peak to peak voltage of 1600V.
Controlling circuit of Figure 10 is one example of a controlling circuit suitable for use with a full wave inverter. Other electronic circuits could be used as well.
Although only two types of power transistors, i.e., MOSFETs and IGBTs, are used in the description of the present invention, other types of power transistors can also be used. Bipolar transistors, Giant Darlington power transistors, and gate turn-o1T silicon-controlled rectifiers can be used in place of MOSFETs and IGBTs with corresponding changes in the driving circuits according to their driving requirements.
In the description of the present invention, the circuits are shown in discrete elements.
However, it is understood that the half bridge or full bridge converter can be integrated into a single chip along with its driving circuit, making it more compact and less expensive.
In each embodiment described, the blasting machine does not require an output transformer. However, it does not exclude the use of a transformer for other purposes, such as for isolation of electronic circuits, or for impedance matching between the blasting machine and the load. In such uses, the transformer is not involved in the conversion of the DC currents to high frequency AC currents. The transformer is not necessary part of the converter.
In addition to charging circuit 90 shown in Figure 7, capacitors 112 and 114 can be charged using dry batteries, an oscillating circuit, a step up blasting machine or other suitable circuit. The use of commercially available single phase 115 V, 60Hz AC , as shown in Figure 7, corresponds to a source commonly available from truck mounted generators at well sites.
Although developed mainly for oil well casing perforation, the apparatus of the present invention can also be used in other oil field applications such as exploration, pipe cutting, severing, and so on. Furthermore, the apparatus of the present invention can also be used to replace conventional bridge wire detonators in mining, construction and other engineering projects where the initiation of explosives is involved.
20416191.1 This description is made with reference to the preferred embodiment of the invention.
However, it is possible to make other embodiments that employ the principles of the invention and that fall within its spirit and scope as defined by the following claims.
20416191.1
U.5. Patent No. 4,544,035 of Voss, issued October 1, 1985 discloses the use of two coils to initiate a detonator in a perforating gun without the coupling of magnetic materials. U. S. Patent No. 4,806,928 of Veneruso, issued February 21, 1989 discloses the use of coil assemblies arranged on ferrite cores for data transmission between well bore apparatus and the surface and which may also be used to fire perforating guns.
U.S. Patent No. 3,762,331 to Vlahos, issued October 2, 1973 discloses a firing circuit for detonators that uses a step down transformer having a voltage reduction of roughly 100:1 and a secondary coil having only 1 or 2 turns. It operates at a voltage between 60V and 240V and at a signal frequency of the order of l OKHz. It is powered by a battery in parallel with a storage capacitor, which discharge through an inverter circuit which includes a solid state oscillator and a transformer for stepping up the resulting a.c. voltage to the desired level.
This patent also discloses the use of shunt and series capacitance connected to the primary winding of the detonator, and a large step down at the detonator transformer. U. S. Patent No. 4,145,968 to Klein, issued March 27, 1979 describes primary and secondary windings and a fixed magnetic screen designed to be saturated in the presence of the magnetic flux generated by the primary winding. U.5. Patent No. 4,297,947 to Jones et al., issued November 3, 1981 discloses the use of a toroid or a magnetic core with removable parts as transformer cores to couple a relatively short (100m) firing cable and a number of detonators.
U. S. Patent No. 4,304,184 to Jones issued December 8, 1981 discloses a transformer circuit whose primary and secondary windings are not completely isolated.
Instead, they are 20416191.1 coupled not only magnetically but also electrically. While this configuration may provide protection against hazardous electrical currents at low values and low frequencies, the safety features would be more satisfactory if the two windings were completely isolated electrically.
None of the transformer-based detonators noted above appear to be suitable for oil well use.
A detonator that can be used in the oil industry at great depth poses special requirements for the coupling transformer. The electric energy supplied from the surface is transmitted along the wireline cable down oil wells as deep as 7,SOOm. The cable used for well logging and casing perforation may not be designed for high frequency transmission. The distributed shunt capacitance along the cable is in the order of 0. lSuF/Km. The attenuation for high frequency electrical energy is as high as 3dblKm (at 20 KHz). Consequently, for effective power transmission along the wireline, a relatively low frequency is preferred.
However, electric currents having a frequency lower than lKHz will be attenuated by the ferrite core transformer and may not yield a suitable output for energizing the bridge wire in the secondary winding.
Therefore, frequency significantly higher than 1KH? is preferable and the blasting machine must be powerful enough to allow energy dissipation along the wire-line and still secure reliable initiation of the detonator. For optimum power transmission, the inductance of the transformer used in the detonator must be in a certain range at a certain firing current frequency. The inductance of a transformer of some typical known designs may fall in the range of 1-SO,uH.
Inasmuch as the characteristic impedance of a typical monocable used in well logging is about 30-SOS2, this inductance is too low for impedance matching purposes, especially at lower frequencies usable for oil well wirelines.
By contrast, a transformer having a relatively high primary inductance in the order of 40mH, would be unsuitable even at the lowest usable frequencies. Also, where the step down is too large, the relatively high voltage needed to fire the detonator makes it impractical for oil well use because of the rapid attenuation of the high frequency voltage signal along the cable. In the view of the inventors of the present invention, the preferred frequency range for effective power transmission is between 3 and 20KHz, and the primary inductance of the transformer should be in the range of 200uH and 3mH.
20416191.1 A number of the transformers noted above use magnetic cores which provide a closed magnetic circuit. Some of them may have removable parts to accommodate the firing cable and detonator legwires, as disclosed by U.S. Patent Nos. 4,297,947 or 4,601,243.
When the primary inductance needed is small and a relatively big transformer core (for example, a toroid having outer diameter of 20mm, placed outside the detonator body) is used, a few turns of winding may be sufficient. However, for a higher impedance the number of winding turns is relatively large, normally in the range 15-80 for the primary winding, depending on the actual size and material properties of the transformer core. Generally the core size of the transformer should be comparable to that of the outside diameter of the detonator. For an oil well detonator this dimension is commonly about 6~7mm. In the view of the present inventors, as a practical matter, it is difficult efficiently to wind such a large number of turns on a small transformer core, such as a toroid.
In the view of the inventors, some of these difficulties may be addressed by using a transformer constructed with a simple core in the form of a column having the desired number of primary and secondary windings on it. A column represents an open magnetic circuit. To achieve effciency in manufacturing, especially in mass production, it would be advantageous to form the primary and secondary windings by winding separate coils, and then be assembling those coils onto the column shaped core. Alternatively, the primary and secondary windings could be wound on a simple machine sequentially, with the primary winding be embedded, or nested, within the secondary winding, or vice versa. Different shapes of the column can be used, such as a square column, a plate, a tube, a U-shaped core, or other suitable form.
In an open magnetic circuit, there is energy loss associated with the high magnetic resistance. It would be advantageous to reduce this loss by using another piece of magnetically permeable material to form a closed magnetic circuit transformer core.
Examples of such materials are nickel-iron alloys or permalloys and silicon steel, which have a high magnetic permeability, high curie temperature and are small in volume, low in cost and flexible to form different shapes as required.
The oil well use of a transformer-based detonator presents technical challenges. In addition to the extremely long transmission distance (up to 7,SOOm long) discussed previously, the high 20416191.1 temperature environment also tends to present design challenges. Firstly, magnetic permeability of the core changes with increases in temperature, and drops to near zero above the Curie temperature. Magnetic materials lose their magnetism and the ability to transmit signals beyond the Curie temperature. Advantageously, magnetic materials chosen for transformer cores should S have a Curie temperature higher than the highest anticipated temperature in the well, typically 180°C or higher. Secondly, the ability of most magnetic materials to transmit energy decreases substantially with the increase in temperature due to the decrease in saturation flux density. For example, for a typical maganese-zinc ferrite material, the saturation flux density at room temperature is 4500 Gauss. This decreases to 1750 Gauss when the ambient temperature is 200°C. It is advantageous for the transformer detonator to be able to transmit the required amount of initiation energy at reduced saturation flux density. Thirdly, for ferrite materials there is generally an optimum temperature point at which the core loss at a minimum.
Deviation in temperature from that point would result in increased core loss. Even though the detonation location well temperature may vary, it is advantageous to choose a ferrite material which has an optimum core loss temperature close to the expected well temperature.
A blasting machine is an electronic device which sends a high frequency electric signal through the wireline to fire the detonator. It is advantageous to provide a blasting machine whose output characteristics match the preferred frequency range of the detonator.
U.S. Patent No. 4,422,378 discloses an ignition circuit for firing detonators having a toroid transformer. It uses a power oscillator having a transistor to provide a firing signal at the resonant frequency of a network of detonators, the transistor being controlled by a current feedback signal. This self adjusting resonance matching is possible when the inductance and capacitance of the detonators connected in a net are detectable. In some applications, such as those in which diodes are placed in series with the wireline, the inductance of the line can not be obtained and it is difficult automatically to generate the resonant frequency.
U.S. Patent No. 4,422,379 discloses another ignition circuit for firing detonators with a toroid transformer. The oscillator of the circuit is a typical push-pull power amplifier with the use of an output transformer. U.S. Patent No. 4,848,232 also uses a firing circuit in the form of a push-pull power amplifier with an output transformer.
20416191.1 _ 7 _ In U.S. Patent No. 4,601,243, the electrical charge stored by a capacitor is discharged to detonators through a high frequency converting unit which oscillates at a frequency between SOKH? and lMHz.
The above referenced U. S. patents commonly have an output transformer. It would be advantageous to eliminate the use of such an output transformer in the blasting machine. First, power output tends to be limited by the size of the transformer. Long transmission distances or initiation of many detonators in one round tends to require a relatively big transformer. This weight and size disadvantage tends to be more pronounced at relatively lower frequencies such as the 3-20KHz range noted above. When a large, heavy transformer is used the manufacturing cost also tends to increase.
It would be advantageous to have an electrically activated detonator operable at great distances, from an electrical signal source, such as may be desired for perforation of an oil well thousands of metres from the surface.
It would be advantageous to have a simplified, electrically activated detonator that is relatively insensitive to signals from common electrical sources such as radios, telephones, 50 and 60Hz supply signals, and other stray or static signals.
It would be advantageous to have a blasting machine for activating remote detonators that does not require the use of a large, heavy, and expensive iron core output transformer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides, in a first aspect, a detonator for igniting explosive material comprising a multi-turn primary coil for connection to a detonation signal source; a multi-turn secondary coil connected to an explosive igniting element; and a core magnetically linking the coils. The core has a mandrel upon which at least one of the coils is mounted.
In a second aspect of the invention there is a detonator for use in a well perforating gun comprising a transformer having a pair of mufti-turn coils linked by a magnetically permeable 20416191.1 _ 8 _ core. The core has a mandrel. One of the coils is a pre-formed coil mounted upon the mandrel.
One ofthe coils is connectible to a detonation signal source and the other coil is connected to an explosive igniting element with which it forms a closed circuit. Explosive material is in contact with the explosive igniting element.
The invention may also have a magnetically permeable closure member fit to the mandrel to form a closed loop magnetic circuit. Each of the coils may be a pre-formed coil. Each of the coils may be mounted on a mandrel of the core. The detonator may have closure member fit to each mandrel to form a closed loop magnetic path.
In a still further aspect of the invention there is an assembly for causing an explosive charge to explode comprising a blasting machine for generating a detonation signal; a detonator for receiving a detonation signal; and a carrier for carrying a detonation signal from the blasting machine to the detonator; the detonator having a transformer having a pair of multi-turn coils linked by a magnetically permeable core, one of the coils being connectible to the signal carrier;
an explosive igniting element connected to the other coil to form a closed circuit; explosive material in contact with said explosive igniting element; and the core having at least one mandrel, and at least one of the coils being a pre-formed coil mounted on the mandrel.
In a further aspect of that invention, the blasting machine of the explosive assembly further comprises an energy storage system; a discharge system for releasing energy from the storage system; a switching system operable to control the discharge system to release the detonation signal from the energy storage system for communication of the signal to the detonator along the carrier.
In an even further aspect of the invention there is a blasting machine for producing a specific signal for setting off a signal selective detonator, comprising a charge storage system; an output port for connection to the signal selective detonator; a switching system connected between the charge storage system and the output port; a pre-set discharge control system operable to vary flow of charge through the switching system to produce the specific signal.
20416191.1 In a further aspect of that even further aspect of the invention, the blasting machine further comprising a charging system selectively connectable to the charge storage system when the discharge control system is inoperative.
In another further aspect of that even further aspect of the invention the charging system includes a transformer connectable to draw power from a standard line source, and a rectifier connected to the transformer for converting the power to a form storable in the charge storage system.
In yet another aspect of the invention there is a detonator for igniting explosive material comprising a primary winding for connection to a detonation signal source; a secondary winding and an explosive igniting element connected thereto; and a core magnetically linking the primary and secondary windings. The core has a first portion made from a first magnetically permeable material for attenuating signals in a first frequency range, and a second portion made from a second magnetically permeable material for attenuating signals in a second frequency range.
In a still further aspect of the invention a detonator for igniting explosive material comprises a mufti-turn primary coil for connection to a detonation signal source and a mufti-turn secondary coil and an explosive igniting element connected thereto. The coils are co-axially mounted and magnetically coupled by a core of low magnetic permeability.
For a better understanding of the present invention and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made by way of example to the accompanying drawings, which show an apparatus according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention and in which:
Figure 1 is a general schematic drawing indicating the general relationship of a blasting machine, a detonator and a perforating gun in the context of the present invention.
Figure 2 is an electrical schematic of the detonator of Figure 1.
20416191.1 Figure 3a shows a cross section of the detonator of Figure 1 with a transformer core having a closed magnetic circuit core.
Figure 3b shows a cross section of an alternative detonator to the detonator of Figure 1 with a transformer core not having a closed magnetic circuit transformer core, Figure 4a shows a general view of the transformer of Figure 3a.
Figure 4b shows an alternative closed loop transformer for the detonator of Figure 1.
Figure 4c shows an alternative transformer geometry for the detonator of Figure 1.
Figure 4d shows a further alternative geometry for an open loop transformer for the detonator of Figure 1.
Figure 5 is an electrical schematic of a half bridge inverter for the blasting machine of Figure 1.
Figure 6 is an electrical schematic for a self oscillating driver for the blasting machine of Figure 1.
Figure 7 is an electrical schematic for a charging system for the blasting machine of Figure 1.
Figure 8 is an electrical schematic an alternative half bridge inverter for the blasting machine of Figure 1.
Figure 9 is an alternative electrical schematic for a full bridge inverter for the blasting machine of Figure 1.
Figure 10 is a timer circuit schematic for the full bridge inverter of Figure 9.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The description of the invention is best understood with reference to the figures, in which some proportions have been exaggerated, or shown in schematic form for the purposes of conceptual illustration.
The blasting machine of the preferred embodiment is useful, for example, in the oil industry for oil well casing perforation. As such, with reference to Figure l, a well bore, such as may be made for an oil, gas or other well, is shown as 20. It has an inner steel casing 22, with a more or less annular concrete filling 24 between casing 22 and bore 20. A
formation, or stratum of oil bearing rock is indicated as 26. A perforating gun assembly 28 has been conveyed down 20416191.1 bore 20 on the end of a wireline 30 by which it is physically located in the well. The distance down the well may be 1000 m, or more, up to 7,500 m beneath the ground surface.
Wireline 30 also electrically connects assembly 28 with a high frequency blasting machine 32 located on the surface.
Perforating gun assembly 28 has at its upper end a collar locator 34 to which wireline 30 is attached. Depending therefrom, perforating gun assembly 28 includes a tube 36 containing a series of shaped charges 38 connected to a detonating cord 40. Cord 40 terminates at a detonator 42 by which cord 40, and then charges 38 are ignited. In use, an electrical signal originating at blasting machine 32 is delivered along wireline 30 to detonator 42. When detonator 42 is set off, it in turn sets off cord 40 which detonates charges 38. The jets formed by charges 38 penetrate steel casing 22, concrete filling 24 and oil bearing stratum 26 to establish communication between the well and the rock formation.
Referring to the electrical representation of Figure 2 and the physical presentation of Figure 3a in greater detail, detonator 42 has a detonator casing shell 44 with an internal, closed ended, roughly cylindrical chamber 46. Explosive material 48 is packed into the end of chamber 46, and is covered by a partition 50 and pyrotechnic igniter material 52. The igniter material, 52, surrounds an embedded filament in the nature of a bridge wire 54, suspended between the extended ends of two lead wire legs 56 and 58. Legs 56 and 58 are joined in a closed circuit loop by a multiple turn, secondary winding 60 wound about a magnetically permeable, U-shaped Mn-Zn ferrite core 62. A keeper, or closure element 64, again of magnetically permeable material extends between the open legs 66 and 68 of U-shaped core 62 to closed the magnetic circuit of U-shaped core 62.
Referring again to Figures 2 and 3a, wireline 30 is shielded by a grounded sheathing 70 until it reaches perforating gun assembly 28, and is grounded through collar locator 34. Collar locator 34 has a coil 72 for generating an electromagnetic signal when perforating gun assembly 28 passes junctions in casing 22, so that the exact location of perforating gun assembly 28 in bore 20 can be determined relative to stratum 26. Collar locator coil 72 has an inductance of 11H, a typical value for such devices. Wireline 30 extends beyond collar locator 34 20416191.1 to a pair of reversed diodes 74 and 76 on parallel paths. One lead wire 78 of a mufti-turn primary winding 80 is connected to diodes 74 and 76. Winding 80 is wound about U-shaped core 62, and its remaining lead wire, 82 is grounded. Diodes 74 and 76 are used to permit communication of the firing signal from blasting machine 32 to detonator 42 and to provide high impedance to the small signal generated by collar locator coil 72.
Bridge wire 54 is the part of detonator 42 most sensitive to external stimulation. It forms a closed loop with secondary winding 60. It is physically protected by a cast-in-place plastic plug 84 which serves also to capture and immobilize legs 56 and 58, and bridge wire 54 in igniter material 52. Plug 84 additionally holds diodes 74 and 76; the transformer formed by primary winding 80, secondary winding 60, U-shaped core 62, and closure element 64 in place. Bridge wire 54 is also physically and electro-magnetically protected by shell 44 which is, typically, made of a highly conductive metal such as copper or aluminum. Consequently the loop which includes bridge wire 54 remains electrically neutral as it is electrically shielded by shell 44.
Primary winding 80 and secondary winding 60 are pre-formed and then assembled on legs 66 and 68 of U-shaped core 62, before being locked in place by nickel alloy closure element 64. This method encourages relatively easy and economical assembly, and contrasts with the method of assembly of threaded-core detonators. Primary and secondary windings 80 and 60 are mounted parallel to each other in an arrangement which reduces the magnetic flux coupled by air and shared by both windings. The number of turns may vary. It is typically in the range of 15 to 80 for primary winding 80 and for secondary winding 60. In the preferred embodiment the number of turns on primary winding 80 is 24, and the number of turns on secondary winding 60 is 12. In the preferred embodiment, the height of core 62 is 8mm, its thickness is l.Smm, and its width is 6mm.
The number of turns of windings 60 and 80, the permeability of core 62, and the geometry chosen afrect the range of frequencies to which detonator 42 is most responsive. Core 62 is chosen so that it responds efficiently to electric currents delivered by specifically designed blasting machine 32, reducing or eliminating electrical hazards. In use, stray DC signals and low frequency AC sources carried on wireline 30 will have little or no effect on bridgewire 54. Since 20416191.1 electrical frequencies in a typical well rig environment have frequencies either below 1 kHz (e.g., DC, 50 or 60 Hz AC) or well above 1 Mhz (radio frequency energy in GHz), the probability of unintentional detonation tends to be reduced. When an appropriate firing current is delivered to wireline 30 the current running through primary winding 80 induces a current in the closed circuit loop formed by secondary winding 60, legs 56 and 58, and bridge wire 54.
Bridge wire 54 is then heated to incandescence and ignites pyrotechnic igniter material 52. The ignited material 52 initiates detonation of detonator 42, which thereafter sets oi~the explosive train of cord 40 and shaped charges 38 in perforating gun assembly 28.
The preferred material for core 62 is either a Mn-Zn or an Ni-Zn ferrite chosen to discourage energy transmission at frequencies falling outside the chosen frequency range of blasting machine 32. In the preferred embodiment, the ferrite has an operating range between 3 and 20 kHz, which is too high for general power transmission interference, and too low for interference by radio or communications signals. As noted above, the ferrite chosen must have a Curie temperature higher than the temperature in bore 20 at the level of oil bearing rock stratum 26. Typically a Curie temperature of 200°C or higher is preferred. In the preferred embodiment the ferrite core chosen has an initial permeability of 2500, a Curie temperature of 230°C, a saturation flux density of 5000 Gauss at room temperature and a field strength of 15 Oersted.
The preferred material for closure element 64 is a super permalloy ('r.tvl.~, an alloy of 80%
nickel and 20% iron having an A.C. impedance permeability in the order of 100,000 a Curie temperature of roughly 400 ° C, and a saturation flux density of 8 Gauss. Due to its high permeability, the thickness of closure member 64 is 0.36 mm. The material cost is low, and the alloy can be formed to the shape desired. Closure member 64 in other embodiments, can also be made of a suitable ferrite for a given frequency range or from other magnetic materials, such as silicon steels.
The combination of the material properties of core 62 and closure member 64 provide relatively e~lcient, and desirable, frequency discrimination. The Mn-Zn ferrite material responds relatively poorly to DC and low frequency AC stimulation, but can operate satisfactorily at higher frequencies as high as a few MHz. By contrast, the magnetic alloy of closure member 64 responds 20416191.1 satisfactorily to low frequency AC and DC signals, but tends to attenuate high frequency signals as its permeability decreases with increasing frequency. Also, core losses are approximately proportional to the square of the frequency. Consequently low frequency (< 1 KH?) signals are retarded by core 62 and high frequency signals (> lMHz) are attenuated by closure member 64.
When a firing current is delivered by blasting machine 32 to lead wires 78 and 82 both core 62 and closure member 64 are energized, bridge wire 54 is heated to incandescence, and pyrotechnic material 52 is ignited. Thus the combined effect core 62 and closure member 64 is that of a frequency sensitive filter.
Blasting machine 32, located at the far end of wireline 30 from detonator 42, is illustrated in electrical schematic form in Figures 6, 7, and 8. It supplies electric current to fire detonator 42 as described at length above. Blasting machine 32 will be described in detail in order of a timing driver, controlling circuit 86, which provides an oscillating signal; a firing circuit indicated generally as 88, in the nature of an inverting circuit which receives the oscillating signal; and a charging circuit indicated generally as 90, which charges energy storage elements of firing circuit 88 to a desired voltage level.
The time varying signal generator, or driver, controlling circuit 86, shown in Figure 6, has as its principle element a commercially available IR2151 self oscillating MOSFET and IGBT
driver chip 92 having V~~, Rt" C,, Com, Vb, Ho, V9, and Lo ports. A DC source in the nature of a 15V dry cell 94 has a negative terminal connected to the Com port, and a positive terminal connected, through a switch 96, to V~~. A timing resistor 98 is connected across the Rt and C~
ports, and a timing capacitor 100 connected to between the C, port and an output terminal 'D'.
A voltage stabilising capacitor 102 is connected from Com to Vb. A diode 104 and capacitor 106 are used to provide high side power supply, high side power supply capacitor 106 being connected across Vb and Vg. Vg is connected directly to an output terminal 'B'. Ho and Lo are similarly connected to output terminals 'A' and 'C' respectively. Closure of switch 96 will cause chip 92 to produce a high side, low power square wave output 108 between terminals 'A' and 'B', and an opposite, half period phase shifted low side square wave output 110 between terminals 'B' and 'C', as indicated in Figure 5. Chip 92 is capable of generating controlling signals over a wide frequency range. In the preferred embodiment, a controlling signal at 12.75 20416191.1 KHz is produced when resistor 98 has a value of ~6 kS2, capacitor 100 has a value of 1000 pF and capacitor 106 has a value of 0.47 ~cF.
Firing circuit 88 is shown in Figure 5, as a half bridge converter with input ports 'A', 'B', 'C', and 'D' corresponding to output ports 'A', 'B', 'C', and 'D' of driver 86. Back to back energy storage capacitors 112 and 114, whose charging will be described below, are joined in series at a central grounded node 116 and act as power sources for high and low side MOSFETs 118 and 120 respectively, defining a high voltage side 122, and a low voltage side 124. In a preferred embodiment the storage of capacitors 112 and 114 are 470~cF
capacitors. MOSFETs 118 and 120 are of the high speed switching type with voltage and current ratings of 1000 V and 14 A. A voltage limiting Zener diode 126 and an LED 128 are connected in series between high and low voltage sides 122 and 124 as well. The source of MOSFET 118 and the drain of MOSFET 120 are connected at a common node corresponding to input 'B', with the drain of MOSFET 118 connected to high voltage side 122 and the source of MOSFET 120 connected to low voltage side 124.
The gate of MOSFET 118 is connected to input 'A' across a resistor 130 which, in a preferred embodiment, has a value in the range of 10 to SOOS2. Resistor 130 is used to reduce the quality factor of the input circuit, thereby discouraging parasitic oscillations. Similarly the gate of MOSFET 120 is connected to input port 'C' across a resistor 132 or the same magnitude, for the same purpose.
A gate to source resistor 134 having a value of 1MS2 is used to reduce resistance from the gate to the source of MOSFET 118. A similar resistor 136 is used with MOSFET 120 for the same purpose. A pair of opposed Zener diodes 138, 140 having a voltage rating of 18V and a power rating of 1 W each are used to protect the gates and sources of MOSFETs 118 and 120.
Further Zener diodes 142 and 144 connected between the drains and sources, respectively of MOSFETs 118 and 120 provide protection against voltage surges. Higher voltage protection could be obtained by connecting more than one such Zener diode in series.
20416191.1 Finally, a 3052 current limiting resistor 146 extends from input port 'B' to a first load terminal 148, while a second load terminal 150 is connected directly to central grounded node 116. The current initiating resistor is 3052 in the preferred embodiment.
A third component of blasting machine 32 is charging circuit 90. As shown in Figure 7, it has a small step up transformer 152 has a primary coil 154. Primary coil 154 has one lead connected to a standard, single phase, 115V, 60Hz AC plug 156, and has another lead, connected through a current limiting resistor 158 and through a switch 160 to connect with the other side of plug 166. A current limiting resister 162 and LED 164 in series are connected in parallel with primary coil 154 to indicate the working conditions of the transformer.
Secondary coil 166 of transformer 152 has leads 168, 170 connected to opposite sides of a full wave bridge rectifier 172. The positive output of rectifier 172 is connected to high voltage side 122 and the negative side of rectifier 172 to low voltage side 124 of blasting machine 32.
One of leads 168 or 170 is connected by a jumper 174 to grounded node 116, for the purpose of doubling the voltage level of main capacitors 112 and 114.
In operation, assuming that power storage capacitors 112 and 114 are initially uncharged, charging circuit 90 is plugged in to a suitable source, wireline 30 is disconnected from output load terminals 148 and 150, and timing circuit switch 96 is open. Charging circuit switch 160 is then closed to charge capacitors 112 and 114. Once capacitors 112 and 114 have been charged to 300V, switch 160 may be opened or the power source may be disconnected.
After perforating gun assembly 28 has been conveyed along bore 20 to an appropriate position amidst oil bearing rock stratum 26, wireline 30, and hence, ultimately primary winding 80, is connected to load terminal 148. Load terminal 150 is grounded through node 116 and primary winding 80 being connected to ground 82. When timing signal switch 96 is closed, square wave signals 108 and 110 will be sensed at the respective gates of MOSFETs 118 and 120, turning them on and off alternatively and giving a peak output current in the range of 1 to 12A. When a positive voltage of 10 to 15V is applied to terminals A and B ( that is, gate to source), MOSFET 118 conducts, capacitor 112 discharges through it and a current runs through 20416191.1 current limiting resistor 146 to the load, that is, wireline 30 and the components of detonator 42, forming a first half cycle of electric current shown as h as shown in Figure 5. In the second half of a cycle, MOSFET 120 conducts and MOSFET 118 is switched off. Capacitor 114 discharges to the load, RL, that is, through detonator 42 and current limiting resistor 146 such that an electric current indicated as IZ in the lower side. In this manner the two (2) MOSFETs 118 and 120 will conduct alternately, yielding an alternating current in load RL until both capacitors 112 and 114 are discharged. The alternating current produced in this manner is carried along wireline 30 to primary winding 80 to induce a current in secondary winding 60, and bridgewire 54, which in turn heats to incandescence and sets off igniter material 52. In the preferred embodiment, blasting machine 32 constructed using the circuitry described herein has a maximum peak to peak current output of 16A or a maximum peak to peak voltage output of 900V, assuming capacitors 112 and 114 have been charged to 450V each, and resistor 146 has a value of SSS~ . In use the embodiment described yields a signal having relatively high voltage, relatively large current, relatively high momentary power output, and relatively short duration.
The apparatus described has been found to discourage unintentional firing due to stray currents from common AC or DC sources, radio frequency energy, lightning and other electrostatic discharges. The inventors have found that it discourages firing, even when commonly used electric sources are applied directly to leadwires 78 and 82 (with the DC firing current of the material 52 of 0.8 A). The inventors have found that detonators made according to the above description have resisted firing when exposed to 115V, 60Hz AC;
220V, SOHz AC;
380V, SOHz AC; and when connected to a 705pF capacitor charged to 600V.
Having described the preferred embodiment of the invention, it should be noted that a number of alternatives are possible without departing from the principles or spirit of the invention.
The detonator of the present invention can be manufactured in different forms to facilitate its use.
For example, a block detonator is a design that provides some space between the detonator and detonating cord by using a block, allowing fluid desensitization. A top fire detonator is designed to start a top-down detonation of the explosive train in the gun. A detonator in capsule version is directly exposed to the high pressure in the well. The present detonator may be manufactured in any of these forms.
20416191.1 Four alternative versions of detonator geometry are shown in Figures 3b, 4b, 4c and 4d.
Figures 3b shows a transversely mounted detonator transformer 180 having a circular cylindrical ferrite core 182 of a diameter of a 5 mm and a length of 6 mm. A primary winding 184 having 60 turns and a secondary winding 186 of 30 turns are wound in a nested, co-axial fashion about core 182, that is to say, one winding is embedded within the other. Ferrite core 182 is a simple fernte bar, and, as shown, is an open magnetic circuit. The magnetic properties of the bar are the same as those of U-shaped core 62 of the preferred embodiment of Figure 3a.
Figure 4b shows a detonator transformer 200 having a circular cylindrical ferrite core 202, 6mm long and Smm in diameter, about which a primary winding 204 having 60 turns, and a secondary winding 206 having 30 turns are coaxially wound in a nested fashion.
Core 202 is then held about its ends by a U-shaped, or half rectangle shaped, magnetic alloy closure member 208 having a back 210 and legs 212 and 214. Closure member 208 could also be in the form of a full closed rectangle, or a circle or other shape making a closed loop for capturing core 202 about its ends.
Alternatively, the transformer core could be in the form of a bobbin or spindle having at one end a radially extending flanged base or shoulder, with a closure member in the shape of a cap, or thimble, at least partially covering the spindle with continuous magnetically permeable structure extending from one end of the spindle to the other. The foregoing alternatives are only examples of cores that could be used in the present invention, other configurations such as a plate, a square column, or a square or round tube, and other configurations also being possible.
Figure 4c shows a detonator transformer 220 having a circular cylindrical ferrite core 222 of a diameter of a Smm and a length of 6mm. A primary winding 224 having 60 turns is wound about one portion of core 222. A secondary winding 226 of 30 turns is wound about another portion of core 222. There is no highly magnetically permeable closure member, rather the magnetic circuit of ferrite core 222 is left open.
Figure 4d shows a detonator transformer 240 having a core 242 in the form of a C-shaped half cylinder section, much like a half toroid but with a rectangular cross section, having toes 244 20416191.1 and 246. A primary winding 248 of 60 turns is wound about toe 244 and a secondary winding 250 of 30 turns is wound about toe 244. As before, there is no highly magnetically permeable closure member sparing the gap between toes 244 and 246 to form a closed loop path.
It will be appreciated that the geometry of the transformer core may vary, and it may be S in the form of an open core, or a core having a closure member and a closed loop magnetic path.
The core may be solid, or it may be a hollow tube, whether of circular, square, or other section.
The relative position of the primary ans secondary windings has an effect on output performance. When one winding is embedded within the other, or the two windings are coaxial and close together or abutting, it is possible for a low or non-magnetically permeable material, whether air, a ceramic, paper or plastic core, to couple suil'icient magnetic flux between the two windings to permit detonation. For example, a sudden fluctuation in a 150 A
current can be enough to trigger detonation. If the axes of the windings are parallel and spaced apart an axial distance, similar to the axial distance shown in Figure 3a, the magnetic flux coupled by air between the two cores is reduced, or minimized.
In all cases, the detonator transformer windings present a significant level of impedance to the firing current supplied by blasting machine 32 and coupled by wireline 30. This is done by using a relatively large number of turns on both the primary and secondary windings, rather more than merely one or two turns. The minimum number of turns has not been determined, but is thought to be at least f ve. Hand threading multi-turn cores is generally impractical, more so in oil well detonators since a typical inside diameter for a casing, like shell 40, is 6mm, implying very small core and winding sizes. It is more economical to form these multi-turn windings by machine, and this is facilitated if, at the time of manufacture, the core presents an open ended spindle, or mandrel, upon which a winding can be wound, or upon which a pre-formed winding can be slipped. The winding, or windings, can then be retained in place either by the mechanical tightness of the winding, an adhesive, or by mechanical means such as a fastener, a bent over flange, or, as in Figures 4a and 4b, by a magnetically permeable closure member. The spindle, or mandrel, portion, or portions of the core, may be circular in section, as in the case of Figures 4b and 4c, 20416191.1 or rectangular, as in the case or Figures 4a and 4d, or some other shape or shape as may be found convenient.
The alternative blasting machine 260 of Figure 8 shows a half bridge structure of an inverting circuit using pairs of two IGBTs 262, 264 or 266, 268 in parallel in place of MOSFETs 118 or 120, for the purpose of increasing the maximum current out put of the blasting machine.
The full bridge 270 of Figure 9 is for use when a higher voltage output is required than can be produced with the similar half bridge of Figure 5. Those elements that are unchanged from Figure 5 are indicated by the same item numbers as above. A circuit as shown in Figure 10 can be used to drive full bridge 270 of Figure 9. It uses a 555 timer 272 as a square wave signal generator. The circuit is powered by battery 274 controlled by a switch 276.
The frequency of the signal is determined by the values of the capacitors 278 and 280. The output signal of timer 272 is amplified using transistor 282 whose collector is connected to the primary winding 284 of a small transformer 286. The transformer is coupled with a ferrite core 290 and has four identical secondary windings 292, 294, 296 and 298 with the polarity shown, at which output signals identified as GS1, GS2, GS3, and GS4 are sensed.
Referring again to Figure 9, full bridge 270 has four MOSFETs 300, 302, 304, and 306 arranged to work in diagonal pairs to produce a doubled-voltage push-pull effect. MOSFETs 300 and 306 are driven by signals GS 1 and GS2, of the same polarity, MOSFETs 302 and 304 are driven by signals GS3 and GS4, of the opposite polarity. MOSFETs 300 and 306 conduct simultaneously as a pair, and alternate with the other pair formed by MOSFETs 302 and 304.
The net result, as before, is to drive an alternating current through a current limiting resistor 310 and the load, RL. In the embodiment shown, each MOSFET 300, 302, 304 and 306 has a voltage and current rating of 1000V and 14 amperes, respectively. As before, capacitors 112 and 114 have a capacitance of 470 micro F each, in the preferred embodiment. They are connected in series and charged to 800 V, The value of current limiting resistor 310 is 80 ohms.
Full bridge 270 of Figure 9 is driven by 555 timer 272 of Figure 10 at a frequency of 20KHz. Consequently, a blasting machine constructed using this circuitry has a maximum peak 20416191.1 to peak current of 20A, or a maximum peak to peak voltage of 1600V.
Controlling circuit of Figure 10 is one example of a controlling circuit suitable for use with a full wave inverter. Other electronic circuits could be used as well.
Although only two types of power transistors, i.e., MOSFETs and IGBTs, are used in the description of the present invention, other types of power transistors can also be used. Bipolar transistors, Giant Darlington power transistors, and gate turn-o1T silicon-controlled rectifiers can be used in place of MOSFETs and IGBTs with corresponding changes in the driving circuits according to their driving requirements.
In the description of the present invention, the circuits are shown in discrete elements.
However, it is understood that the half bridge or full bridge converter can be integrated into a single chip along with its driving circuit, making it more compact and less expensive.
In each embodiment described, the blasting machine does not require an output transformer. However, it does not exclude the use of a transformer for other purposes, such as for isolation of electronic circuits, or for impedance matching between the blasting machine and the load. In such uses, the transformer is not involved in the conversion of the DC currents to high frequency AC currents. The transformer is not necessary part of the converter.
In addition to charging circuit 90 shown in Figure 7, capacitors 112 and 114 can be charged using dry batteries, an oscillating circuit, a step up blasting machine or other suitable circuit. The use of commercially available single phase 115 V, 60Hz AC , as shown in Figure 7, corresponds to a source commonly available from truck mounted generators at well sites.
Although developed mainly for oil well casing perforation, the apparatus of the present invention can also be used in other oil field applications such as exploration, pipe cutting, severing, and so on. Furthermore, the apparatus of the present invention can also be used to replace conventional bridge wire detonators in mining, construction and other engineering projects where the initiation of explosives is involved.
20416191.1 This description is made with reference to the preferred embodiment of the invention.
However, it is possible to make other embodiments that employ the principles of the invention and that fall within its spirit and scope as defined by the following claims.
20416191.1
Claims (41)
1. A detonator for igniting explosive material comprising:
a multi-turn primary coil for connection to a detonation signal source;
a multi-turn secondary coil and an explosive igniting element connected thereto; and a core magnetically linking the coils, the core having a mandrel upon which at least one of the coils is mounted.
a multi-turn primary coil for connection to a detonation signal source;
a multi-turn secondary coil and an explosive igniting element connected thereto; and a core magnetically linking the coils, the core having a mandrel upon which at least one of the coils is mounted.
2. The detonator of claim 1, wherein the secondary coil and the explosive igniting element form a closed loop.
3. The detonator of claim 2, wherein the explosive igniting element is a bridge wire surrounded by explosible material.
4. The detonator of claim 2, wherein the explosive igniting element is an exploding filament.
5. The detonator of claim 2, wherein the explosive igniting element is a semi-conductor heating element.
6. The detonator of claim 1, wherein at least one of the coils is a pre-formed coil receivable on the mandrel.
7. The detonator of claim 1, wherein one of the coils is at least partially nested within the other.
8. The detonator of claim 1, wherein the said core is a magnetically permeable core and the detonator has a magnetically permeable closure member fit to the core to form a magnetic circuit.
9. The detonator of claim 6 wherein said core has a curie temperature of greater than 150° C.
10. A detonator for use in a well perforating gun comprising a transformer having a pair of multi-turn coils linked by a magnetically permeable core having a mandrel; one of the coils being a pre-formed coil mounted upon the mandrel; one of the coils being connectible to a detonation signal source, the other coil being connected to an explosive igniting element with which it forms a closed circuit; and explosive material in contact with the explosive igniting element.
11. The detonator of claim 8, further comprising a magnetically permeable closure member fit to the mandrel to form a closed loop magnetic circuit.
12. The detonator of claim 8, wherein each of the coils is a pre-formed coil, each of the coils is mounted on a mandrel of the core and the detonator has a closure member fit to each the mandrel to form a closed loop magnetic path.
13. The detonator of claim 10, wherein the transformer, the explosive igniting element and the explosive material are captured within a casing.
14. The detonator of claim 11, wherein the transformer is captured within a cast plug.
15. The detonator of claim 8, wherein the detonator has a first primary coil lead wire for connection to a locator coil assembly, and a second lead wire for connection to ground.
16. An assembly for causing an explosive charge to explode comprising:
a blasting machine for generating a detonation signal;
a detonator for receiving a detonation signal; and a carrier for carrying a detonation signal from the blasting machine to the detonator;
a transformer having a pair of multi-turn coils linked by a magnetically permeable core, having at least one mandrel, one of the coils being connectible to the signal carrier;
an explosive igniting element connected to the other of the coils to form a closed circuit, at least one of the coils is a pre-formed coil mounted on the mandrel;
explosive material in contact with the explosive igniting element;
a blasting machine for generating a detonation signal;
a detonator for receiving a detonation signal; and a carrier for carrying a detonation signal from the blasting machine to the detonator;
a transformer having a pair of multi-turn coils linked by a magnetically permeable core, having at least one mandrel, one of the coils being connectible to the signal carrier;
an explosive igniting element connected to the other of the coils to form a closed circuit, at least one of the coils is a pre-formed coil mounted on the mandrel;
explosive material in contact with the explosive igniting element;
17. The explosive assembly of claim 16, wherein the blasting machine comprises:
an energy storage system;
a discharge system for releasing energy from the storage system; and a switching system operable to control the discharge system to release the detonation signal from the energy storage system for communication to the detonator along the carrier.
an energy storage system;
a discharge system for releasing energy from the storage system; and a switching system operable to control the discharge system to release the detonation signal from the energy storage system for communication to the detonator along the carrier.
18. The assembly of claim 16, wherein the carrier is greater than 1000 m long.
19. A detonator for igniting explosive material comprising:
a primary winding for connection to a detonation signal source;
a secondary winding and an explosive igniting element connected thereto; and a core magnetically linking the primary and secondary windings, the core having a first portion made from a first magnetically permeable material for attenuating signals in a first frequency range, and a second portion made from a second magnetically permeable material for attenuating signals in a second frequency range.
a primary winding for connection to a detonation signal source;
a secondary winding and an explosive igniting element connected thereto; and a core magnetically linking the primary and secondary windings, the core having a first portion made from a first magnetically permeable material for attenuating signals in a first frequency range, and a second portion made from a second magnetically permeable material for attenuating signals in a second frequency range.
20. The detonator of claim 19 wherein said first and second portions are components of a closed loop magnetic path linking the primary and secondary windings.
21. The detonator of claim 20 wherein said primary winding and said secondary winding each have at least three turns.
22. The detonator of claim 20 wherein one of the portions includes a mandrel for receiving at least one of the windings.
23. The detonator of claim 22 wherein the windings are coaxially mounted on the mandrel.
24. The detonator of claim 22 wherein the windings are nested together on the mandrel.
25. The detonator of claim 20 wherein said first portion has a pair of mandrels, each for receiving one of the windings
26. The detonator of claim 25 wherein the windings are pre-formed multi-turn windings, the first portion is generally U-shaped, and the second portion is located to mate with the first portion to retain the windings in place.
27. The detonator of claim 26 wherein one of the portions is a ferrite and the other portion is a steel.
28. A detonator for igniting explosive material, the detonator comprising:
a multi-turn primary coil for connection to a detonation signal source;
a multi-turn secondary coil and an explosive igniting element connected thereto;
said coils co-axially mounted and magnetically coupled by a core of low magnetic permeability.
a multi-turn primary coil for connection to a detonation signal source;
a multi-turn secondary coil and an explosive igniting element connected thereto;
said coils co-axially mounted and magnetically coupled by a core of low magnetic permeability.
29. The detonator of claim 28 wherein said core is of a material chosen from the set consisting of (a) an air core; (b) a paper core; (c) a low permeability ceramic core; and (d) a plastic core.
30. The detonator of claim 28 wherein said coils are nested together.
31. The detonator of claim 29 wherein said coils abut.
32. A blasting machine for producing a specific signal for setting off a signal selective detonator, comprising:
a charge storage system;
an output port for connection to the signal selective detonator;
a switching system connected between the charge storage system and the output port;
a pre-set discharge control system operable to vary flow of charge through the switching system to produce the specific signal.
a charge storage system;
an output port for connection to the signal selective detonator;
a switching system connected between the charge storage system and the output port;
a pre-set discharge control system operable to vary flow of charge through the switching system to produce the specific signal.
33. The blasting machine of claim 32, further comprising a charging system selectively connectible to the charge storage system when the discharge control system is inoperative.
34. The blasting machine of claim 33, wherein the charging system includes a transformer connectible to draw power from a standard line source, and a rectifier connected to the transformer for converting the power to a form storable in the charge storage system.
35. The blasting machine of claim 34, wherein the discharge control system includes a timer for producing at least one square wave output signal at a pre-set frequency.
36. The blasting machine of claim 35, wherein the discharge control system comprises a timer for producing a pair of square wave signals offset by a 180 degree phase shift.
37. The blasting machine of claim 32, wherein the charge storage system comprises at least one capacitor connected for discharge through the discharge control system.
38. The blasting machine of claim 37, wherein the charge storage system comprises a pair of opposed capacitors connected for alternating discharge through the discharge control system.
39. The blasting machine of claim 32, wherein the discharge control system comprises a semi-conductor device controllable by the discharge control system.
40 The blasting machine of claim 32, wherein:
the charge storage system comprises a pair of opposed capacitors connected for alternative discharge through the switching system;
the switching system includes a pair of semi-conductor switches each for controlling discharge from one of the capacitors; and the discharge control system is operable alternatively to activate the switches.
the charge storage system comprises a pair of opposed capacitors connected for alternative discharge through the switching system;
the switching system includes a pair of semi-conductor switches each for controlling discharge from one of the capacitors; and the discharge control system is operable alternatively to activate the switches.
41. The blasting machine of claim 32 wherein:
the charge storage system comprises a pair of opposed capacitors connected for alternate discharge through the switching system;
the switching system comprises two alternatively selectable pairs of semi-conductor switches, one member of each pair for controlling discharge from each of the capacitors in a push-pull configuration; and the discharge control system having output means for controlling operation of the two pairs of switches.
the charge storage system comprises a pair of opposed capacitors connected for alternate discharge through the switching system;
the switching system comprises two alternatively selectable pairs of semi-conductor switches, one member of each pair for controlling discharge from each of the capacitors in a push-pull configuration; and the discharge control system having output means for controlling operation of the two pairs of switches.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2224870 CA2224870C (en) | 1997-12-16 | 1997-12-16 | Blasting machine and method |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2224870 Division CA2224870C (en) | 1997-12-16 | 1997-12-16 | Blasting machine and method |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2557913A1 true CA2557913A1 (en) | 1999-06-16 |
Family
ID=29275405
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002557913A Abandoned CA2557913A1 (en) | 1997-12-16 | 1997-12-16 | Blasting machine and method |
| CA 2224870 Expired - Fee Related CA2224870C (en) | 1997-12-16 | 1997-12-16 | Blasting machine and method |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2224870 Expired - Fee Related CA2224870C (en) | 1997-12-16 | 1997-12-16 | Blasting machine and method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (2) | CA2557913A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010539429A (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2010-12-16 | サンドヴィック マイニング アンド コンストラクション アールエスエー プロプライアタリー リミテッド | Electronic blast capsule |
| JP2012516427A (en) * | 2009-01-28 | 2012-07-19 | サンドヴィック マイニング アンド コンストラクション アールエスエー プロプライアタリー リミテッド | Rock destruction cartridge |
| US11215433B2 (en) | 2017-02-05 | 2022-01-04 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Electronic ignition circuit |
| US11307011B2 (en) * | 2017-02-05 | 2022-04-19 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Electronic initiation simulator |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105423830B (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2018-03-13 | 安徽理工大学 | A kind of delay electric detonator of no delay medicine |
| US10036236B1 (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2018-07-31 | Geodynamics, Inc. | Setting tool igniter system and method |
| US10920544B2 (en) | 2017-08-09 | 2021-02-16 | Geodynamics, Inc. | Setting tool igniter system and method |
| CN113310368B (en) * | 2021-04-25 | 2023-05-05 | 上海卫星工程研究所 | Initiating explosive device ignition circuit based on constant current drive |
-
1997
- 1997-12-16 CA CA002557913A patent/CA2557913A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-12-16 CA CA 2224870 patent/CA2224870C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010539429A (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2010-12-16 | サンドヴィック マイニング アンド コンストラクション アールエスエー プロプライアタリー リミテッド | Electronic blast capsule |
| JP2012516427A (en) * | 2009-01-28 | 2012-07-19 | サンドヴィック マイニング アンド コンストラクション アールエスエー プロプライアタリー リミテッド | Rock destruction cartridge |
| US11215433B2 (en) | 2017-02-05 | 2022-01-04 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Electronic ignition circuit |
| US11307011B2 (en) * | 2017-02-05 | 2022-04-19 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Electronic initiation simulator |
| US11686566B2 (en) | 2017-02-05 | 2023-06-27 | DynaEnergetics Europe GmbH | Electronic ignition circuit |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2224870A1 (en) | 1999-06-16 |
| CA2224870C (en) | 2006-10-24 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Dead |