CA2495041A1 - Power producing device - Google Patents
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- CA2495041A1 CA2495041A1 CA002495041A CA2495041A CA2495041A1 CA 2495041 A1 CA2495041 A1 CA 2495041A1 CA 002495041 A CA002495041 A CA 002495041A CA 2495041 A CA2495041 A CA 2495041A CA 2495041 A1 CA2495041 A1 CA 2495041A1
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- reactor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
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- Recrystallisation Techniques (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to the power production using deuterium nuclear interaction in the crystalline structures of deuterides of palladium and other metals activated during phase transitions. The inventive device comprises a reactor containing a working substance, a system for measuring and controlling a gas pressure, a system for heating and temperature control, a system for transferring and using the released heat. The reactor (1) containing the working substance (13) and capable to undergo isostructural phase transformations accompanied by the modification of the deuterium content is embodied in the form of coaxially disposed pipes (2 and 3) provided with valves (4 and 5) which seal the volume therebetween. Heaters (14 and 15) are arranged at the end of said pipes in such a way that it is possible to produce a directionally variable temperature gradient along the longitudinal axis of the reactor. The heat exchanger of a primary circuit (22) is embodied in the form of coaxial pipes (23 and 24) between which a heat carrier (29) passes, and butted against the reactor on the side radially opposite to the position of the heaters. Various modifications of the inventive device enabling to carry out the simultaneous desorption and sorption of deuterium in the working substance on the opposite sides of the reactor, efficiently transfer and use the released excess heat, increase the reliability of the operation and to provide the conditions for the automation thereof are also disclosed.
Description
POWER GENERATING DEVICE
Field of the Invention The invention concerns nuclear physics and power engineering.
Prior Art s The devices for power generation and for production of tritium, helium and free neutrons are known [1], [2]. They are based on nuclear reactions of heavy hydrogen isotopes, which generate helium and tritium in the crystal lattices of deuterides of some metals and on their surface in some physicochemical processes. The experimental evidence of such reactions and theoretical io hypotheses about their mechanism are published in numerous (more than thousand) papers, references to which and to earlier reviews are given in [3-9].
The theoretical analysis in [1-5] has shown that the rate of such reactions should increase at isostructural phase transformations of metal deuterides causing a change in the deuterium content. The methods and devices claimed in [1 ] and [2]
is are based on this phenomenon.
The first design of the device described in [1 ] and [2] comprises: 1 ) a pressure-tight vessel (reactor), 2) a working substance - a metal capable of isostructural phase transformations at variations of temperature or pressure of gaseous deuterium inside said reactor, 3) a system for gas pressure control and 2o measuring, which includes high-pressure pipes, gas-liquid separator, pressure gauge, hydraulic pump, vacuum pump, valves and a gas cylinder with compressed gaseous deuterium, 4) a system for heating and temperature control, which includes resistance heaters or a furnace for heating by high-frequency currents and temperature regulator, and 5) a system for transfer and use of Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device released heat, which includes a coolant embodied as a pipe coil with a flowing fluid inside or a vessel with a flowing heat carrier.
The known device has following disadvantages.
1. Whereas an indispensable condition for realisation of nuclear process s accompanied by a power output is a cyclical heating and cooling of the reactor with the working substance, the deuterium desorption at temperature growth increases the gas pressure and inhibits the process of a phase transformation of metal deuteride. Therefore, the efficiency of power generation is reduced.
2. The reactor material becomes fragile due to hydrogen diffusion under ~o operating conditions resulting in a sudden destruction of the reactor. A
breakdown of the reactor will cause loss in expensive working substance and is dangerous to the staff.
Field of the Invention The invention concerns nuclear physics and power engineering.
Prior Art s The devices for power generation and for production of tritium, helium and free neutrons are known [1], [2]. They are based on nuclear reactions of heavy hydrogen isotopes, which generate helium and tritium in the crystal lattices of deuterides of some metals and on their surface in some physicochemical processes. The experimental evidence of such reactions and theoretical io hypotheses about their mechanism are published in numerous (more than thousand) papers, references to which and to earlier reviews are given in [3-9].
The theoretical analysis in [1-5] has shown that the rate of such reactions should increase at isostructural phase transformations of metal deuterides causing a change in the deuterium content. The methods and devices claimed in [1 ] and [2]
is are based on this phenomenon.
The first design of the device described in [1 ] and [2] comprises: 1 ) a pressure-tight vessel (reactor), 2) a working substance - a metal capable of isostructural phase transformations at variations of temperature or pressure of gaseous deuterium inside said reactor, 3) a system for gas pressure control and 2o measuring, which includes high-pressure pipes, gas-liquid separator, pressure gauge, hydraulic pump, vacuum pump, valves and a gas cylinder with compressed gaseous deuterium, 4) a system for heating and temperature control, which includes resistance heaters or a furnace for heating by high-frequency currents and temperature regulator, and 5) a system for transfer and use of Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device released heat, which includes a coolant embodied as a pipe coil with a flowing fluid inside or a vessel with a flowing heat carrier.
The known device has following disadvantages.
1. Whereas an indispensable condition for realisation of nuclear process s accompanied by a power output is a cyclical heating and cooling of the reactor with the working substance, the deuterium desorption at temperature growth increases the gas pressure and inhibits the process of a phase transformation of metal deuteride. Therefore, the efficiency of power generation is reduced.
2. The reactor material becomes fragile due to hydrogen diffusion under ~o operating conditions resulting in a sudden destruction of the reactor. A
breakdown of the reactor will cause loss in expensive working substance and is dangerous to the staff.
3. A need for hydraulic pump and a gas-liquid separator complicates the device and makes it unreliable in service.
~s 4. The electric power is used inefficiently since a significant part of heat from the heater dissipates into environment.
The second device, described also in [1 ) and [2) and chosen as a prototype of the present invention, comprises: 1 ) two pressure-tight reactors provided with seals and joined together by a pipe-line, 2) heaters and temperature regulator, 3) 2o a system for gas pressure measuring and control including a high-pressure pipe-line, gas cylinder, valves and pressure gauge with a separator, and 4) cooling system made as a pipe coil or a vessel with a flowing fluid.
The second device has an important advantage: a temperature growth does not result in significant pressure rise inside the heated reactor, as deuterium, Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device released during desorption, is sorbing in another reactor. However, this device has also some disadvantages.
1. Usage of two reactors instead of one complicates the device, increases its cost and reduces reliability.
s 2. Significant inertness of the device caused by the large mass of gas pressure seals and connective pipe-line slows down desorption and sorption of deuterium and resulting phase transformations, thereby reducing the rate of power generation by nuclear fusion reactions.
3. Electric power supply to the heaters is used ineffectively because of the io significant heat loss.
~s 4. The electric power is used inefficiently since a significant part of heat from the heater dissipates into environment.
The second device, described also in [1 ) and [2) and chosen as a prototype of the present invention, comprises: 1 ) two pressure-tight reactors provided with seals and joined together by a pipe-line, 2) heaters and temperature regulator, 3) 2o a system for gas pressure measuring and control including a high-pressure pipe-line, gas cylinder, valves and pressure gauge with a separator, and 4) cooling system made as a pipe coil or a vessel with a flowing fluid.
The second device has an important advantage: a temperature growth does not result in significant pressure rise inside the heated reactor, as deuterium, Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device released during desorption, is sorbing in another reactor. However, this device has also some disadvantages.
1. Usage of two reactors instead of one complicates the device, increases its cost and reduces reliability.
s 2. Significant inertness of the device caused by the large mass of gas pressure seals and connective pipe-line slows down desorption and sorption of deuterium and resulting phase transformations, thereby reducing the rate of power generation by nuclear fusion reactions.
3. Electric power supply to the heaters is used ineffectively because of the io significant heat loss.
4. Deuterium infiltration to the working substance is hindered, particularly at the bottom of the reactor. This slows down its sorption and reduces the rate of power release.
5. Atomic deuterium released in the course of desorption in one vessel can to ~s recombine during its motion through the pipe-line and forming D2 molecules.
The additional time is required for their repeated disintegration on the surface of the working substance that slows down diffusion processes and phase transformation within metal deuterides, which is the source of excessive energy.
20 6. Deuterium diffuses into steel walls of the reactor during operations at high temperatures and pressures, a consequence of that is a hydrogen embrittlement and accident destruction of the reactor.
DISCLOSURE of the INVENTION
The aims of the present invention is to develop a device for efficient power Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device generation with a simple design, high reliability and suitable for automatic control and operation.
This problem is solved by virtue of that in the known device for power generation (and production of tritium and helium), comprising a pressure-tight s reactor with a working substance capable of reversible isostructural phase transformations accompanied by change in deuterium content, a system for gas pressure measuring and control, a system for heating and temperature control and a system for transfer and use of released heat, said reactor with working substance is embodied as coaxial pipes provided with seals; heaters, ~o temperature sensors of said system for heating and temperature control are arranged outside the reactor at end parts of said pipes so, that a directionally variable temperature gradient can be produced along the reactor; said system for transfer and use of released power comprises a primary heat exchanger arranged at the reactor on the side radial opposite the position of said heaters and joined to pipes with a heat carrier, and also hydraulic pump, secondary heat exchanger and heat-insulating shell.
The combination of said distinctive features of the device allows to conduct simultaneously desorption of deuterium by the working substance in the heated part of the reactor and absorption in its cooled part. This makes possible the 2o process of a nuclear fusion accompanying the isostructural phase transformations and production of more energy than consumed.
The particular implementation and development of distinctive features of the suggested device described in the first claim of the formula of the invention is formulated in additional claims 2-26.
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmeinikov A.I. Power generating device Concerning the reactor:
~ The internal surface of reactor pipes made of steel alloy is covered with a coating resistant to hydrogen infiltration, for example, a silver layer;
~ The seals of the reactor tightly hold the reactor pipes. The seals are provided s with through nipples for loading of working substance and joining to a system for measuring and control a gas pressure;
~ The inner pipe of the reactor is embodied with a dead end; the seal with through obturator has thread connection to the external pipe;
~ The reactor has acoustic contact with a generator of ultrasonic waves.
to The proposals concerning the reactor design increase reactor resistance to the deuterium-driven damage through lining of its internal surface with a coating material more resistant to hydrogen infiltration than the material of reactor pipes, and also increase a speed of deuterium atoms movement within the working substance due to the action of ultrasonic waves.
is The reactor can be made with a different working reactor volumes depending on planned power: from several cubic centimetres for laboratory researches, up to several cubic meters for plants. The ratio of length of the reactor pipes and their cross sections is determined by technical convenience. In the central part of the reactor the partition wall can be placed, which is made from a gas-permeable 2o material, for example, porous ceramics or aluminium oxide.
Concerning the working substance:
~ A multilayer foil is reeled on the inner pipe of the reactor, that is fabricated, for example, from copper or silver and is coated by the working substance layer with width from 1 nm up to 100 nm;
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device ~ The working substance is deposited or sputtered on a porous material, for example, aluminium oxide or silica gel;
~ The elementary metals and intermetallic compounds are used as working substance, deuterides of which are capable of isostructural phase s transformations accompanied by a change in deuterium content at the temperature preferentially above 350 K at pressure below 100 MPa, for example, palladium, vanadium, niobium, rare earth chemical elements, intermetallic compounds TiFe, TiMnl,S, LaNiS, LaCoS, produced as fine powder with particles sizes ranging from 10-'2 up to 10-9 m in cross section;
~o ~ The working substance, produced as a fine powder, is mixed with a porous material, for example, a powder of activated coal, a volume share of the working substance is commonly from 10 % up to 90 %;
~ Several layers of the working substance, for example, rare earth elements, are arranged in the reactor so that the temperatures of three-phase equilibrium of is their isostructural deuterides with a gas phase at the same pressure correspond to a radial temperature gradient in the operating reactor.
The essence of the proposals relating to the working substance, which is an integral design part of the stated device, is illustrated below.
A heat carrier can be used efficiently if its temperature is rather high (not less 2o than 80-100°C) and if the gas pressure inside the reactor for operations safety is not very high (for operation safety). Therefore, the working metals and their parameters are chosen so that the temperatures of three-phase equilibrium of their isostructural deuterides with a gas phase would be preferentially at the temperature of above 350 K and at pressure below 100 MPa.
The additional time is required for their repeated disintegration on the surface of the working substance that slows down diffusion processes and phase transformation within metal deuterides, which is the source of excessive energy.
20 6. Deuterium diffuses into steel walls of the reactor during operations at high temperatures and pressures, a consequence of that is a hydrogen embrittlement and accident destruction of the reactor.
DISCLOSURE of the INVENTION
The aims of the present invention is to develop a device for efficient power Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device generation with a simple design, high reliability and suitable for automatic control and operation.
This problem is solved by virtue of that in the known device for power generation (and production of tritium and helium), comprising a pressure-tight s reactor with a working substance capable of reversible isostructural phase transformations accompanied by change in deuterium content, a system for gas pressure measuring and control, a system for heating and temperature control and a system for transfer and use of released heat, said reactor with working substance is embodied as coaxial pipes provided with seals; heaters, ~o temperature sensors of said system for heating and temperature control are arranged outside the reactor at end parts of said pipes so, that a directionally variable temperature gradient can be produced along the reactor; said system for transfer and use of released power comprises a primary heat exchanger arranged at the reactor on the side radial opposite the position of said heaters and joined to pipes with a heat carrier, and also hydraulic pump, secondary heat exchanger and heat-insulating shell.
The combination of said distinctive features of the device allows to conduct simultaneously desorption of deuterium by the working substance in the heated part of the reactor and absorption in its cooled part. This makes possible the 2o process of a nuclear fusion accompanying the isostructural phase transformations and production of more energy than consumed.
The particular implementation and development of distinctive features of the suggested device described in the first claim of the formula of the invention is formulated in additional claims 2-26.
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmeinikov A.I. Power generating device Concerning the reactor:
~ The internal surface of reactor pipes made of steel alloy is covered with a coating resistant to hydrogen infiltration, for example, a silver layer;
~ The seals of the reactor tightly hold the reactor pipes. The seals are provided s with through nipples for loading of working substance and joining to a system for measuring and control a gas pressure;
~ The inner pipe of the reactor is embodied with a dead end; the seal with through obturator has thread connection to the external pipe;
~ The reactor has acoustic contact with a generator of ultrasonic waves.
to The proposals concerning the reactor design increase reactor resistance to the deuterium-driven damage through lining of its internal surface with a coating material more resistant to hydrogen infiltration than the material of reactor pipes, and also increase a speed of deuterium atoms movement within the working substance due to the action of ultrasonic waves.
is The reactor can be made with a different working reactor volumes depending on planned power: from several cubic centimetres for laboratory researches, up to several cubic meters for plants. The ratio of length of the reactor pipes and their cross sections is determined by technical convenience. In the central part of the reactor the partition wall can be placed, which is made from a gas-permeable 2o material, for example, porous ceramics or aluminium oxide.
Concerning the working substance:
~ A multilayer foil is reeled on the inner pipe of the reactor, that is fabricated, for example, from copper or silver and is coated by the working substance layer with width from 1 nm up to 100 nm;
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device ~ The working substance is deposited or sputtered on a porous material, for example, aluminium oxide or silica gel;
~ The elementary metals and intermetallic compounds are used as working substance, deuterides of which are capable of isostructural phase s transformations accompanied by a change in deuterium content at the temperature preferentially above 350 K at pressure below 100 MPa, for example, palladium, vanadium, niobium, rare earth chemical elements, intermetallic compounds TiFe, TiMnl,S, LaNiS, LaCoS, produced as fine powder with particles sizes ranging from 10-'2 up to 10-9 m in cross section;
~o ~ The working substance, produced as a fine powder, is mixed with a porous material, for example, a powder of activated coal, a volume share of the working substance is commonly from 10 % up to 90 %;
~ Several layers of the working substance, for example, rare earth elements, are arranged in the reactor so that the temperatures of three-phase equilibrium of is their isostructural deuterides with a gas phase at the same pressure correspond to a radial temperature gradient in the operating reactor.
The essence of the proposals relating to the working substance, which is an integral design part of the stated device, is illustrated below.
A heat carrier can be used efficiently if its temperature is rather high (not less 2o than 80-100°C) and if the gas pressure inside the reactor for operations safety is not very high (for operation safety). Therefore, the working metals and their parameters are chosen so that the temperatures of three-phase equilibrium of their isostructural deuterides with a gas phase would be preferentially at the temperature of above 350 K and at pressure below 100 MPa.
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device The rate of deuterium sorption and, accordingly, the mass of working substance undergoing phase transition per time unit is in inversely proportional quadratic relation to the diffusion layer thickness. For this reason the intensity of excess energy output accompanying process of isostructural transformation s becomes higher for smaller particles and increases with the specific surface of the working substance. It is most effective to use a fine powdered working substance with the smallest sizes of particles, while keeping the crystalline structure. For the majority of metals, this particle size is about several nanometers. The working substance can be sputtered also as a crystalline film ~o with width less than 100 nm on a metal foil reeled on an inner pipe of the reactor.
The thin film can be deposited also by an electrolytic method. It is possible to use a film with non-uniform width. The working substance can be deposited also on a powdery material, for example, aluminium oxide or silica gel this hinders its sintering and reduction of a surface during operation.
~s The process of a phase transformation slows down with time because of a radial temperature gradient that reduces efficiency of energy release. It is possible to use for process intensification several layers of working substances arranged so that the temperatures of three-phase equilibrium of their isostructural deuterides with a gas phase at the same pressure would correspond to a radial 2o temperature gradient in the reactor in the operational mode. Examples of such metals with distinguishing temperatures of transitions at the same pressure are rare earth elements. The layers of powders of said metals, prepared in equal molar proportions, are divided by a metal foil or a fine mesh made from brass, silver or steel. It is possible also to use metal foils with films of different metals _7_ Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.l. Power generating device sequentially reeled on an inner pipe of the reactor so that the phase transitions of their deuterides at given pressure in the reactor would correspond to a radial temperature gradient inside the reactor. Phase transformations of deuterides in different zones of the reactor happen at such arrangement almost s simultaneously, and this increases the power output.
It is expedient to mix the working substance with a porous material, for example, with a powder of activated coal or silica gel to maintain the best gas access to particles and to prevent their sintering.
Concerning the system for heating and temperature control:
~o ~ The heaters made as a resistance elements or as inductors of a high frequency electromagnetic field are put inside the inner pipe at end parts of the reactor, allowance is made for their alternative switching on and off;
~ The heaters are arranged on the end parts of the external pipe of the reactor, allowance is made for their alternative switching on and off;
is ~ The heaters are divided by a screen made from a material with low heat conductivity, for example, porous ceramics;
~ A single heater is used, which is provided with a system of moving along of the reactor axis.
The essence of the proposals concerning the temperature control system 2o consists in producing fast changes in the longitudinal temperature gradient inside the reactor at definite temperature or at specified intervals set manually or automatically. This is attained at the expense of use of two alternatively powered up heaters arranged at the end parts of the reactor or by moving of a single heater along the reactor axis.
_g_ Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device Concerning the system for transfer and use of released heat:
~ The primary heat exchanger of the device made as two coaxial pipes, tightly joined together by means of seals, is arranged on an external pipe of the reactor and is provided with through nipples connected to tubes with the heat s carrier, for example, water;
~ The primary heat exchanger embodied as pipes, adjacent to the inner pipe of the reactor, and is provided with through nipples joined to tubes with heat carrier;
~ The primary heat exchanger is provided with a spiral insertion made from ~o metal, for example, steel or brass;
~ The device is supplied with the gear for regulation and reversal of a flow of the heat carrier inside the primary heat exchanger, for example, by means of a reversible pump or a valve switched by electromagnets;
~ The primary heat exchanger is provided with a partition wall in its middle and ~s each of its two sections is provided with spiral insertion and through nipples, allowance is made for of independent regulation of a heat carrier flow;
~ Between the reactor and the primary heat exchanger a heat-transfer bush is placed, which is made, for example, from steel or brass copper;
~ The adjacent surfaces of reactor, heat-transfer bush and primary heat 2o exchanger are interference fitted;
~ The heat-transfer bush is embodied hollow one and is filled to 40-60 % of their cavity volume by a grainy material with high heat conductivity, for example, globules made from copper or silver;
~ The bush is produced from a non-magnetic material, for example, brass or _g_ Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device aluminium, and provided with electromagnets suitable for displacement of the grainy material made of ferromagnetic metals, for example, steel globules, along the bush through alternative electromagnets switching;
~ The device is provided with a system for changing an inclination angle s ensuring turn of the reactor and the heat-transfer bush in the vertical plane up to 180 °C;
~ Air from cavity inside the heat-transfer bush is evacuated;
~ A heat-insulation shell of the device comprises a hoNow evacuated body, enveloping reactor, heaters and primary heat exchanger, and also covers ~o arranged on reactor ends which are made from a material with low heat conductivity, for example, porous ceramics.
The essence of the proposals concerning the system for transfer and use of released heat is explained below.
The primary heat exchanger provides effective transfer of released heat due ~s to close contact with the reactor directly or through the heat-transfer bush, spiral insertions and also a reversal gear for a heat carrier flow from the less heated side to more heated one.
The primary heat exchanger can be provided with a partition. When the more intensive flow of the heat carrier passes through the part cooling the reactor, the 2o temperature gradient, produced as a result of actuation of one of the heaters, increases.
The heat-transfer bush is made so that a directionally variable temperature gradient is creating inside the reactor. For this purpose in the hollow bush made from non-magnetic metal, a grainy ferromagnetic material is placed, for example, Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device small steel balls. When a grainy material is moved with the help of alternately powered up electromagnets or declination of the bush, conditions create for fast cooling of the working substance inside the reactor part near the switched -off heater. Another part of the reactor insulated from the heat exchanger by the s hollow bush (which might be previously evacuated) gets warming and desorbs the deuterium. Another heater is switched on after holding at the definite temperature, which is higher than the temperature of the three-phase equilibrium of two isostructural deuterides with a gas phase at the operating pressure in the hot zone of the reactor. The grainy material is displaced to the counter part of the io heat-transfer bush.
The reactor, heaters and primary heat exchanger are enveloped by the heat insulating shell comprising a hollow evacuated cylindrical body, with end covers made of porous ceramics that allows decreasing waste of heat and electric power. It is also expedient to cover heat carrier tubes with a heat-insulating ~ s jacket.
THE BRIEF DESCRIPTION of DRAWINGS
Figs. 1 and 2 show the versions of device designs with the heaters arranged inside the inner pipe at end parts of the reactor and the heat exchanger placed outside on its external pipe.
2o Fig. 3 shows a design of the device, in which the heaters are arranged outside the external pipe at end parts of the reactor, and heat exchanger is placed inside its internal pipe.
Fig. 4 shows the general schematic sketch of the set-up comprising the proposed device and auxiliary systems.
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device Fig. 5 shows a schematic diagram of the calorimetric cell for measuring the excessive heat.
Fig. 6 shows the heat flow registered by the calorimeter depending from the electric pulse power supplied to the heater for palladium hydride.
s Fig. 7 shows the relation of the heat measured by the calorimeter versus the heat released at the heater, for the cell with palladium hydride.
Fig. 8 shows the heat flow registered by the calorimeter depending from the electric pulse power supplied to the heater for palladium deuteride.
Fig. 9 shows the heat, measured by the calorimeter, versus the heat ~o released at the heater, for the cell with a palladium deuteride.
VERSIONS of EMBODIMENTS
The device described by set of features listed in the claims can be made in different baseline designs, and three of them are described below and illustrated in figs. 1-3.
is The reactor 1 in fig. 1 is embodied as two coaxial pipes (internal pipe 2 and external pipe 3) tightly joined by seals 4 and 5. The cross section of pipes can be made of different shape, but the pipes with round cross sections are most convenient for manufacturing and operation. Pipes and valves are made of steel alloy, their internal surfaces are coated with the material, a speed of diffusion 2o hydrogen atoms wherein is less, than in steel, for example, by an electrolytically deposited layer of silver and / or by the silver bush which is fitting closely to pipes walls. The seals 4 and 5 can be made as end covers tightly joined with pipes ends by welding or soldering, for example, with a solder containing silver.
The seal 4 is provided with a through nipple 6 and a filter 7, designed for Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device preventing losses of small-sized crystalline particles at vacuum operation, and is joined through a high-pressure line 8 to a system for a gas pressure measuring and control.
In one of the seals (5 in fig.1 ) there are pockets 9 and 10, in which the s measuring temperature sensors 11 and 12, for example, thermocouples, are set in with capacity to slide along the pocket.
The seal may have threaded joint with the external pipe 3 of the reactor 1.
The gas-tightness is reached in this case with the help of an O-ring seal fabricated from metal, which is plastically deforming at force application, for io example, from copper. The inner pipe of the reactor at such design has a dead end. The pressure seal of such type is applied, for example, in autoclaves and has advantage at repeated reactor reloads.
Inside the reactor 1 a working substance 13 is placed, for example, palladium, vanadium, niobium, rare earth elements, an isostructural phase ~s transitions take place in their deuterides at cyclical temperature variations. This is accompanied by discontinuous change of deuterium content.
At end parts of the reactor 1 the heaters 14 and 15 are located with capacity to their alternating power supply at definite temperature or in pre-set period manually or automatically. The heaters are resistive or inductive ones.
Between 2o heaters a screen 16 can be placed, it is made from materials with low heat conductivity, for example, porous ceramics. The single heater can be used, which is provided with a system of moving along the inner pipe of the reactor. One can use thermocouples as regulating temperature sensors 17 and 18.
A heat-transfer bush 19 fits closely to the external pipe 3 of the reactor, that Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device is implemented, for example, with the help of conical landing using dry lubricants, for example, graphite or molybdenum disulphide. The heat-transfer bush 19 can be made solid or, as shown in fig.1, hollow one. In the last case its cavity is filled by 40-60 % of the volume by a grainy material 20 with high heat conductivity, for s example, steel balls. Displacing the grainy material in the bush cavity, it is possible to obtain a fast heat drain and cooling of the appropriate part of the reactor. The hollow heat-transfer bush 19 has a through nipple 21, with the help of which one can load the grainy material and to evacuate gases.
The outer side of the bush 19 is fitted closely to primary heat exchange 22, ~o embodied as two coaxial and tightly joined pipes 23 and 24. It is provided by through nipples 25 and 26 and joined to pipes 27 and 28 with a cooling heat carrier 29. Inside the primary heat exchanger 22 spiral insertions can be set in (they are not shown in fig.1 ). The primary heat exchanger 22 is joined to pipes 27 and 28 with the cooling heat carrier 29.
~s The device is provided with a heat-insulating shell for heat loss reduction. It consists of covers 30 and 31 made from materials with low heat conductivity, for example, porous ceramics arranged on ends of the reactor 1 and of a hollow body 32, provided by a through nipple 33 and joined to a hose 34. The hollow body 32 adjoins to the external surface of the heat exchanger of a primary circuit 20 22.
The design is shown in fig. 2, in which there is no heat-transfer bush, and the heat exchanger of a primary circuit 22 (it is also embodied as two coaxial pipes 23 and 24) is arranged directly on the reactor 1 and is provided with a partition 35. Each of its two sections has through nipples 25, 25', 26, 26', joined to the Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device pipes 27 and 28 with the heat carrier 29. Spiral insertions can be installed inside the primary heat exchanger 22 for more effective cooling of the reactor (they are not shown in figures). Remaining positions are similar ones described for fig.
1.
In fig. 3 a design is presented, in which heaters 14, 15, separating screen 16 s and temperature regulating sensors 17, 18 are arranged on the external pipe 3 of the reactor 1. The primary heat exchanger 22 is embodied as pipes provided with through nipples 25 and 26, which are joined to the pipes 27 and 28 with a heat carrier 29. Remaining positions are similar ones described for fig.1.
The general schematic sketch of the set-up is shown in fig.4 comprising said to device and auxiliary systems ensuring its service.
The system for gas pressure measuring and control 1 comprises vacuum pump 36, vacuum gauge 37, source of compressed deuterium 38 (for example, gas cylinder), pressure gauges 39 and 40, receiver 41, sampler 42, high-pressure line 43, valves 44, 45, 46, 47 and 48.
~s The system for heating and temperature control comprises electric power source 49 for the heaters (14 and 15 in figs. 1-3), wattmeter 50, temperature regulator 51, multichannel potentiometers 52, connected to measuring temperature sensors (10 and 11 in figs. 1-3).
The system for transfer and use of released heat comprises: the primary 2o heat exchanger 22, hydraulic pump 53, gear for regulation and reversal of heat carrier flow 54, tubes 55, 56 with the heat carrier, flowmeters 57, 58, secondary heat exchanger 59, pipe-line of cooling fluid flow 60 (for example, water) and pipe-line of heated fluid flow 61.
The device operates as follows.
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device One loads into the reactor 1 the working substance prepared as fine crystalline powder, thin film on a carrier or thin film on a metal foil reeled on the inner pipe. One closes tightly the seals 4 and 5. For the devices shown in figs. 1, 2, and 3 the seal 4 is made in the form of a cover with a through nipple, and the s seal 5 is made in the form of cover with pockets. The seals are welded or brazed, for example, with silver containing solder to the ends of internal and external pipes of the reactor. For the device according to claim 4 the seals having a thread joint are screwed by a compression nut and deform the copper gasket. Such a design of the seal is customary, for example, for autoclaves and therefore it is not ~o shown in figures.
The filter 7 is put into the nipple 6 for preventing losses of small-sized particles of a working substance powder at vacuum operations. The reactor 1 is joined by means of the through nipple 6 to the system for gas pressure measuring and control. One opens the valves 46 and 47 at closed valves 45 and ~s 48 and evacuates air by the vacuum pump 36 from the reactor 1 up to the pressure less 1 Pa, that is measured by the vacuum gauge 40 (fig. 4). One closes the valve 46 and drives up compressed deuterium into the reactor from the gas cylinder 38 or from other gas sources at the opened valve 44 until the pressure will be steady at the pre-set level. Then the valve 47 is open. The temperature 2o regulating sensors 17 and 18 are connected up to the temperature regulator 51, and the temperature sensors 10 and 11 are connected to the multichannel potentiometer 52 (fig.4).
The primary heat exchanger 22 is connected to the pipes 27 and 28 for transfer the heat carrier 29, for example, water and then it is connected to the Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device secondary heat exchanger 59 (fig. 4).
One displaces the grainy material 20 with high heat conductivity (for example, steel balls) to one half of the heat-transfer bush 19, for example, to the right one by tilting it downwards or by switching on of the right electromagnet (it is s not shown in figures). Then one passes the main flow of the heat carrier through the right part of the primary heat exchanger 22 with the help of regulating gear (54 in fig. 4) keeping in the left part a weak passage for fluid flow to prevent vapour accumulation.
One of the heaters, for example, 14 has powered at first. Its temperature is to increased up by the regulator 51 to the level lower than the temperature of three-phase equilibrium of two deuterides of the selected working substance with gaseous deuterium at the pressure, which is created inside the reactor and measured by the pressure gauge 40 (fig.4). The value of this temperature is determined according to the known diagram: compositions of deuterides -Is temperature - pressure of gaseous deuterium for the working substance used (see [2]).
One holds the temperature higher than the line of the said three-phase equilibrium (predominantly 101 - 103 seconds, depending on width of the working substance layer) and switches over the power supply to the heater 15 with 2o simultaneous switching-off of the heater 14. The grainy material 20 is displaced to the left half of the heat-transfer bush 19 (fig. 1 ). For the device in fig. 2 a more high flow of the heat carrier is routed to the left half of the heat exchanger 22 with simultaneous reduction of a flow through its right half.
In the device in figs.l and 3 the system for heat transfer and use is simplified Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device as distinguished from one shown in fig. 4. At switching of the heater with the help of regulator gear (54 in fig.4) the flow of a heat carrier is routed to the heat exchanger in the primary circuit from the side, where the heater is switched-off.
That creates conditions for a more fast heat rejection from the cooled part of the s reactor.
Said cycle is repeated many times during all operating time of the device.
The released heat is taken up by the heat carrier and is transferred to the heat exchanger in the secondary circuit (59 in fig. 4), where it can be used, for example, to warm water in the heating system.
~o The gas accumulating during a continuous operation contains helium and tritium. This gas can be collected in a sampler 42 by opening of the valves 47 and 48 at closed valves 45 and 46 (fig. 4), and then it is transferred into other vessels and separated from deuterium.
Examples of measurement of excess heat in a model device ~s For measurement of excess heat in the device using palladium deuteride as a working substance a special technique was developed for comparison of heat effects at sorption - desorption of hydrogen isotopes in palladium using the standard scanning calorimeter "SETARAM" DSK-111.
Since dimensions of working channels of the calorimeter are small (length =
20 140 mm, diameter = 8 mm) and it is technically difficult to place an exact copy of the proposed device, experiments were conducted with a model ampoule. The heaters were placed in end parts of this ampoule with possibility of their alternate actuation. Such a design allows to create a directionally variable temperature gradient in the working substance and to achieve simultaneously desorption of Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device deuterium in the heated end of ampoule and sorption in its cooled end, where the heater is switched-off. A role of the primary heat exchanger executes a measuring block of the calorimeter. Thus, on such model the physicochemical processes occurring in the claimed device are reproduced in essence.
s Measurement methods. A sealed steel ampoule with the studied substance was placed into the measurement channel of the calorimeter. An identical ampoule with the finely powdered palladium was placed symmetrically in a reference channel (see fig. 5). The composition of the studied substances and the experimental conditions are shown in table 1.
~o In fig. 5 the schematic diagram of calorimetric measurements is shown: 1 -reference ampoule; 2 - measured ampoule with the working substance; 3 -heaters; 4 - calorimetric detector (thermocouples batteries); 5 - calorimetric signal measurement amplifier; 6 - power supply for the heaters. Arrows designate a heat flow from heaters on the left side of the ampoules in the "on" condition.
~s Finely powdered palladium was prepared making use of PdCl2 solution reduction by sodium formiate: Na(HCOO)2H20. The precipitate was filtered off on an ashless filter, washed by alcohol and then ignited. The readings on a scanning electronic microscope JSM-35 showed that Pd particles sizes vary in the range of 100-800 nm whereas over 70% of them have the size of 300-500 nm and are 2o isometrically shaped.
Palladium deuteride ~i-PdDX was obtained by charging 5 ~m-thick palladium foil (99.9% pure) with deuterium through electrolysis of heavy water containing 0.1 M LiOH at the current density of 50mA/cm2 for 70-100 hours. Heavy water (99.9% D20) had been produced by the Experimental Plant of the State Institute Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device of Applied Chemistry, St.-Petersburg. The completeness of the transformation to the ~-phase and its composition was controlled by the weight and X-ray method using a diffractometer. The obtained palladium composition corresponded to PdDo.so~o.o,. Making use of lithium hydroxide resulted in the presence of the s insignificant amount of light hydrogen isotope in proportion H/D ~ 1:300.
Palladium hydride was obtained by the similar technique but making use of doubly distilled H20.
Equal masses of palladium deuteride (or hydride) foil and finely powdered palladium were placed in the measured ampoules. The ampoules were ~o hermetically sealed by press-fitted copper ring and held at 650K for 30 minutes and then cooled. Meanwhile, desorption of hydrogen isotopes from the foil took place and cooling resulted in the sorption into finely powdered palladium deuteride with high surface. The weight method was used to control the absence of gaseous hydrogen isotope losses. The calorimeter measurements showed that ~s the sorption-desorption of hydrogen isotopes resulted in the temperature range of 400-500 K. One and the same reference ampoule with pure palladium powder was used in all experiments produced so that its thermal effect was a little lower than that of the measured ampoule.
At the ends of the ampoules, platinum wire resistive heaters were placed 2o with an approximately equal resistance of ~2.7 Ohm. Power from A.C.
generator was alternately supplied to the right and left resistive heaters. The ohmic heat released on the heaters was calculated from the readings of voltmeter and amperemeter. Prior to starting the measurements, the ampoules were centred one at a time in the channels so that the heat flows from equal electric pulses of Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device the left and right resistive heaters were equal. At constant temperature and when the heaters were switched off the calorimetric signal is constant. On measurements taken at elevated temperature, the temperatures at the center and at the ends of the channel and, therefore, of the ampoule, are different.
s The heat flow measured by the calorimeter is only a part of the supplied electric power: OW = I~V~a, where I is the current, V is the voltage and a is the calibration coefficient measured by us as a function of a distance between the ampoule heater and the calorimeter detector.
After the both ampoules have been centred, the heaters are switched on.
~o When the current is on, the calorimeter measures the difference between the signals from the measured and reference ampoules. The measurements are performed in the following way. At the initial stationary state, at constant heat flow, the resistive heaters are turned on for 300 seconds. The current and voltage are measured at the 100t" and 200'" seconds. The heat flow attains a new ~s constant value. In 300 seconds, the heaters are turned off. This brings the heat flow back to its original state in 250-400 seconds (depending on the pulse power).
Then the heaters at the opposite side of the ampoule are switched on and the procedure is repeated. After the signal has been brought into its original state, a new cycle begins. The voltage is increased by about 50%.
2o Experimental results. - Eight series of experiments have been carried out (see table 1 ). The data for Series 7 (with palladium hydride) are presented in figs.
6 and 7. It is evident that the recorded signal retains its form and increases practically linearly with the increase in pulse power. The similar linear signal dependence on the applied pulse power of the heaters has been observed in Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device Series 5-8.
A completely different type of dependence occurs when palladium deuteride is used. By way of example, consider the results of the Series 2. On power increase to 3 W, the measured signal increases. As the power is increased s further, the measured signal falls and even its sign is changed. The experimental results for all the eight series are shown in figs. 8 and 9. Anomalous dependence of the calorimetric signal value on the applied pulse was observed using the ampoule with the same sample after a lapse of two months at the temperatures of 440 and 520 K.
~o Table 1.
Ns Contents T, K Number of~ of a of seriesmeasuring c cles ampoule 1 Foil PdDo.s0.3+ owder0.3 440 9 Pd 2 Foil PdDo.60.3+ owder0.3 440 8 Pd 3 Foil PdDo.60.3+ owder0.3 520 9 Pd 4 Foil Pd + 440 8 0.3 Pd owder 0.3 Foil PdHo,s0.3+ owder0.3 440 10 Pd 6 Foil PdHo.fi0.3+ owder0.3 295 10 Pd 7 Foil PdHo,s0.3+ owder0.3 440 10 Pd 8 Foil PdHo,s0.3+ owder0.3 400 10 Pd In fig. 6 the change in the form of the signal detected using the palladium hydride under changing supplied power in cycles 1-10 is shown for series 7 (Watt):1-0.13;2-0.28;3-0.64;4-1.30;5-2.3;6-3.2;7-4.3;8-7.1,9-8.8;
- 10.2.
~s As it is visible, the signal saved the form (shape) and practically linearly increased at increase of power of an electric pulse (figs. 6 and 7). The similar linear dependence of a signal from value of the applied power of electric pulse to heaters was watched in series 4, 6-8.
Completely other character of relation took place at usage of palladium Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device deuteride. In fig. 8 the change in the form of the signal detected using the palladium deuteride under changing supplied power (~QS~P) in cycles 1-8 is shown for the series 2 (Watt): 1 - 0.37; 2 - 1.33; 3 - 2.62; 4 - 4.5; 5 - 5.5;
6 - 6.5; 7 - 8.9; 8 - 11.6.
s At increase of power of electric pulse up to 3 W, the measured signal increased, but at further increase of power it decreased and even changed the sign. The relation of a signal registered by the calorimeter from power of electric pulse, given on heaters in experience 1-8 is plotted in fig. 9. The anomalous relation of value of a signal to the applied electric pulse was captured on an ~o ampoule with that by a sample in 2 months and in experience with temperature 440 K and 520 K.
The obtained results show that during deuterium sorption-desorption by the finely powdered palladium deuteride, excess energy is released whereas in the analogous experiments with the light hydrogen isotope no anomalous effects is have been observed. The experimental conditions (hermetically sealed ampoules with the samples inside, the ampoule mass conservation after the experiments, similarity of measurements on using deuteride and palladium hydride) make it impossible to attribute the obtained difference to chemical grounds or various D
and H diffusion rate in the palladium. The source of the excessive heat release 2o can be mainly the nuclear reaction of the deuterium atoms yielding helium, which is attended with absorption of the released energy by the palladium deuteride:
D + D -> 4He+ Q. The mechanism of nuclear fusion energy absorption by a crystalline structure and the reason of radically different branching ratio for D+D
fusion in condensed media at low energies and in charge particle accelerators at Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device high energies have been widely discussed in the literature.
The maximum release of excess energy recorded by us in series 1-2 is estimated as 10 Joules taking into account the conditions of our experiments (mass of PdDo,s=0.3 gram, t=300 seconds and coefficient a = 0.1 ). That s corresponds to = 1 Watt of the excess output power per gram of palladium deuteride. The order of magnitude of this value corresponds to the earlier performed theoretical evaluations of the nuclear reaction rate in palladium deuteride.
According a theoretical estimation, using more fine crystal powder with ~o dimensions of particles 1 - 5 manometers and increased heating and cooling rates up to tens seconds will increase the power output at least up to 10-100 W per gram of palladium. Thus, in the reactor with a volume of 1 litre (103 m3) and with a weight of a finely powdered palladium ~ of 1 kg one can generate a power up to several tens kilowatt.
~s INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
The application of the offered device can be diverse.
It is possible to use these devices for heating of water for separate houses, green-houses, swimming pools, that is there, where the temperature less than 100°C is required. It is possible also to arrange the centralised heat supply of 2o villages, city districts from stations including a series of such devices.
The consumption of the electric power on heating of water thus will be essentially reduced.
Unlike electrochemical cells, the proposed device allows warming of a heat carrier up to temperatures several hundreds Celsius degrees, that provides a Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device principal possibility of generating an electrical power by the known methods, for example, using a steam power generator. Direct methods of heat conversion into electricity can be used also, that considerably expands possibilities of the device for practical applications.
s The device is accident proof during service because of the main part of deuterium is in a bound state in the form of metal deuterides, and the operating pressure of gaseous deuterium is only slightly higher than atmospheric. Since initial substances, containing deuterium and end products (helium) are not radioactive, the device is environmentally safe not only at customary service, but ~o even at the emergency destruction.
Harnessing of nuclear fusion reactions allows use a practically inexhaustible source of deuterium containing in natural water for heat and power generation.
A
power output of a nuclear reaction from deuterium containing in one litre of natural water is equivalent to energy released at a burning of several tens litres of ~s oil. The technology of separation of hydrogen isotopes is known. The production of heavy water and gaseous deuterium does not introduce a substantial contribution to the cost of generated power, which will be much lower than one received by the conventional methods.
References 20 1. International Patent Application PCT/RU 93/00174, A1, IPC: G21 B 1 /00, 4/02, International publication number WO 094/03902, 1994.
2. Patent of the Russian Federation Ns 2056656, C 1, 6 G 21 G 4/02, G 21 B 1 /00, priority 03.08.1992, published in Bulletin "Otkritiya Isobreteniya "(Discoveries Inventions) 20.03.1996, No. 8, part 2, page 267 (in Russian).
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device 3. V. A. Kirkinskii, Yu. A. Novikov, Theoretical simulation of a cold nuclear fusion, Pre-print. Novosibirsk, 48 p. (1998) (in Russian).
4. V. A. Kirkinskii, Yu. A. Novikov, Europhysics Letters, 1999, vol. 46, No 4, pp. 448 - 453.
s 5. V. A. Kirkinskii, Yu. A. Novikov, Theoretical modelling of cold fusion. -Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State University, 2002, 105 p.
6. E. Storms, Cold Fusion: An Objective Assessment, http://home.netcom.com/
~storms2/review8.html 7. V. A.Kirkinskii, V.A. Drebushchak, A.I. Khmelnikov, Europhysics Letters, 2002, v.
~ 0 58, No. 3, pp. 462-467.
8. V. A. Kirkinskii, Yu. A., Novikov, Europhysics Letters, 2004, v. 67, No. 3, pp. 362-368.
The thin film can be deposited also by an electrolytic method. It is possible to use a film with non-uniform width. The working substance can be deposited also on a powdery material, for example, aluminium oxide or silica gel this hinders its sintering and reduction of a surface during operation.
~s The process of a phase transformation slows down with time because of a radial temperature gradient that reduces efficiency of energy release. It is possible to use for process intensification several layers of working substances arranged so that the temperatures of three-phase equilibrium of their isostructural deuterides with a gas phase at the same pressure would correspond to a radial 2o temperature gradient in the reactor in the operational mode. Examples of such metals with distinguishing temperatures of transitions at the same pressure are rare earth elements. The layers of powders of said metals, prepared in equal molar proportions, are divided by a metal foil or a fine mesh made from brass, silver or steel. It is possible also to use metal foils with films of different metals _7_ Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.l. Power generating device sequentially reeled on an inner pipe of the reactor so that the phase transitions of their deuterides at given pressure in the reactor would correspond to a radial temperature gradient inside the reactor. Phase transformations of deuterides in different zones of the reactor happen at such arrangement almost s simultaneously, and this increases the power output.
It is expedient to mix the working substance with a porous material, for example, with a powder of activated coal or silica gel to maintain the best gas access to particles and to prevent their sintering.
Concerning the system for heating and temperature control:
~o ~ The heaters made as a resistance elements or as inductors of a high frequency electromagnetic field are put inside the inner pipe at end parts of the reactor, allowance is made for their alternative switching on and off;
~ The heaters are arranged on the end parts of the external pipe of the reactor, allowance is made for their alternative switching on and off;
is ~ The heaters are divided by a screen made from a material with low heat conductivity, for example, porous ceramics;
~ A single heater is used, which is provided with a system of moving along of the reactor axis.
The essence of the proposals concerning the temperature control system 2o consists in producing fast changes in the longitudinal temperature gradient inside the reactor at definite temperature or at specified intervals set manually or automatically. This is attained at the expense of use of two alternatively powered up heaters arranged at the end parts of the reactor or by moving of a single heater along the reactor axis.
_g_ Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device Concerning the system for transfer and use of released heat:
~ The primary heat exchanger of the device made as two coaxial pipes, tightly joined together by means of seals, is arranged on an external pipe of the reactor and is provided with through nipples connected to tubes with the heat s carrier, for example, water;
~ The primary heat exchanger embodied as pipes, adjacent to the inner pipe of the reactor, and is provided with through nipples joined to tubes with heat carrier;
~ The primary heat exchanger is provided with a spiral insertion made from ~o metal, for example, steel or brass;
~ The device is supplied with the gear for regulation and reversal of a flow of the heat carrier inside the primary heat exchanger, for example, by means of a reversible pump or a valve switched by electromagnets;
~ The primary heat exchanger is provided with a partition wall in its middle and ~s each of its two sections is provided with spiral insertion and through nipples, allowance is made for of independent regulation of a heat carrier flow;
~ Between the reactor and the primary heat exchanger a heat-transfer bush is placed, which is made, for example, from steel or brass copper;
~ The adjacent surfaces of reactor, heat-transfer bush and primary heat 2o exchanger are interference fitted;
~ The heat-transfer bush is embodied hollow one and is filled to 40-60 % of their cavity volume by a grainy material with high heat conductivity, for example, globules made from copper or silver;
~ The bush is produced from a non-magnetic material, for example, brass or _g_ Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device aluminium, and provided with electromagnets suitable for displacement of the grainy material made of ferromagnetic metals, for example, steel globules, along the bush through alternative electromagnets switching;
~ The device is provided with a system for changing an inclination angle s ensuring turn of the reactor and the heat-transfer bush in the vertical plane up to 180 °C;
~ Air from cavity inside the heat-transfer bush is evacuated;
~ A heat-insulation shell of the device comprises a hoNow evacuated body, enveloping reactor, heaters and primary heat exchanger, and also covers ~o arranged on reactor ends which are made from a material with low heat conductivity, for example, porous ceramics.
The essence of the proposals concerning the system for transfer and use of released heat is explained below.
The primary heat exchanger provides effective transfer of released heat due ~s to close contact with the reactor directly or through the heat-transfer bush, spiral insertions and also a reversal gear for a heat carrier flow from the less heated side to more heated one.
The primary heat exchanger can be provided with a partition. When the more intensive flow of the heat carrier passes through the part cooling the reactor, the 2o temperature gradient, produced as a result of actuation of one of the heaters, increases.
The heat-transfer bush is made so that a directionally variable temperature gradient is creating inside the reactor. For this purpose in the hollow bush made from non-magnetic metal, a grainy ferromagnetic material is placed, for example, Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device small steel balls. When a grainy material is moved with the help of alternately powered up electromagnets or declination of the bush, conditions create for fast cooling of the working substance inside the reactor part near the switched -off heater. Another part of the reactor insulated from the heat exchanger by the s hollow bush (which might be previously evacuated) gets warming and desorbs the deuterium. Another heater is switched on after holding at the definite temperature, which is higher than the temperature of the three-phase equilibrium of two isostructural deuterides with a gas phase at the operating pressure in the hot zone of the reactor. The grainy material is displaced to the counter part of the io heat-transfer bush.
The reactor, heaters and primary heat exchanger are enveloped by the heat insulating shell comprising a hollow evacuated cylindrical body, with end covers made of porous ceramics that allows decreasing waste of heat and electric power. It is also expedient to cover heat carrier tubes with a heat-insulating ~ s jacket.
THE BRIEF DESCRIPTION of DRAWINGS
Figs. 1 and 2 show the versions of device designs with the heaters arranged inside the inner pipe at end parts of the reactor and the heat exchanger placed outside on its external pipe.
2o Fig. 3 shows a design of the device, in which the heaters are arranged outside the external pipe at end parts of the reactor, and heat exchanger is placed inside its internal pipe.
Fig. 4 shows the general schematic sketch of the set-up comprising the proposed device and auxiliary systems.
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device Fig. 5 shows a schematic diagram of the calorimetric cell for measuring the excessive heat.
Fig. 6 shows the heat flow registered by the calorimeter depending from the electric pulse power supplied to the heater for palladium hydride.
s Fig. 7 shows the relation of the heat measured by the calorimeter versus the heat released at the heater, for the cell with palladium hydride.
Fig. 8 shows the heat flow registered by the calorimeter depending from the electric pulse power supplied to the heater for palladium deuteride.
Fig. 9 shows the heat, measured by the calorimeter, versus the heat ~o released at the heater, for the cell with a palladium deuteride.
VERSIONS of EMBODIMENTS
The device described by set of features listed in the claims can be made in different baseline designs, and three of them are described below and illustrated in figs. 1-3.
is The reactor 1 in fig. 1 is embodied as two coaxial pipes (internal pipe 2 and external pipe 3) tightly joined by seals 4 and 5. The cross section of pipes can be made of different shape, but the pipes with round cross sections are most convenient for manufacturing and operation. Pipes and valves are made of steel alloy, their internal surfaces are coated with the material, a speed of diffusion 2o hydrogen atoms wherein is less, than in steel, for example, by an electrolytically deposited layer of silver and / or by the silver bush which is fitting closely to pipes walls. The seals 4 and 5 can be made as end covers tightly joined with pipes ends by welding or soldering, for example, with a solder containing silver.
The seal 4 is provided with a through nipple 6 and a filter 7, designed for Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device preventing losses of small-sized crystalline particles at vacuum operation, and is joined through a high-pressure line 8 to a system for a gas pressure measuring and control.
In one of the seals (5 in fig.1 ) there are pockets 9 and 10, in which the s measuring temperature sensors 11 and 12, for example, thermocouples, are set in with capacity to slide along the pocket.
The seal may have threaded joint with the external pipe 3 of the reactor 1.
The gas-tightness is reached in this case with the help of an O-ring seal fabricated from metal, which is plastically deforming at force application, for io example, from copper. The inner pipe of the reactor at such design has a dead end. The pressure seal of such type is applied, for example, in autoclaves and has advantage at repeated reactor reloads.
Inside the reactor 1 a working substance 13 is placed, for example, palladium, vanadium, niobium, rare earth elements, an isostructural phase ~s transitions take place in their deuterides at cyclical temperature variations. This is accompanied by discontinuous change of deuterium content.
At end parts of the reactor 1 the heaters 14 and 15 are located with capacity to their alternating power supply at definite temperature or in pre-set period manually or automatically. The heaters are resistive or inductive ones.
Between 2o heaters a screen 16 can be placed, it is made from materials with low heat conductivity, for example, porous ceramics. The single heater can be used, which is provided with a system of moving along the inner pipe of the reactor. One can use thermocouples as regulating temperature sensors 17 and 18.
A heat-transfer bush 19 fits closely to the external pipe 3 of the reactor, that Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device is implemented, for example, with the help of conical landing using dry lubricants, for example, graphite or molybdenum disulphide. The heat-transfer bush 19 can be made solid or, as shown in fig.1, hollow one. In the last case its cavity is filled by 40-60 % of the volume by a grainy material 20 with high heat conductivity, for s example, steel balls. Displacing the grainy material in the bush cavity, it is possible to obtain a fast heat drain and cooling of the appropriate part of the reactor. The hollow heat-transfer bush 19 has a through nipple 21, with the help of which one can load the grainy material and to evacuate gases.
The outer side of the bush 19 is fitted closely to primary heat exchange 22, ~o embodied as two coaxial and tightly joined pipes 23 and 24. It is provided by through nipples 25 and 26 and joined to pipes 27 and 28 with a cooling heat carrier 29. Inside the primary heat exchanger 22 spiral insertions can be set in (they are not shown in fig.1 ). The primary heat exchanger 22 is joined to pipes 27 and 28 with the cooling heat carrier 29.
~s The device is provided with a heat-insulating shell for heat loss reduction. It consists of covers 30 and 31 made from materials with low heat conductivity, for example, porous ceramics arranged on ends of the reactor 1 and of a hollow body 32, provided by a through nipple 33 and joined to a hose 34. The hollow body 32 adjoins to the external surface of the heat exchanger of a primary circuit 20 22.
The design is shown in fig. 2, in which there is no heat-transfer bush, and the heat exchanger of a primary circuit 22 (it is also embodied as two coaxial pipes 23 and 24) is arranged directly on the reactor 1 and is provided with a partition 35. Each of its two sections has through nipples 25, 25', 26, 26', joined to the Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device pipes 27 and 28 with the heat carrier 29. Spiral insertions can be installed inside the primary heat exchanger 22 for more effective cooling of the reactor (they are not shown in figures). Remaining positions are similar ones described for fig.
1.
In fig. 3 a design is presented, in which heaters 14, 15, separating screen 16 s and temperature regulating sensors 17, 18 are arranged on the external pipe 3 of the reactor 1. The primary heat exchanger 22 is embodied as pipes provided with through nipples 25 and 26, which are joined to the pipes 27 and 28 with a heat carrier 29. Remaining positions are similar ones described for fig.1.
The general schematic sketch of the set-up is shown in fig.4 comprising said to device and auxiliary systems ensuring its service.
The system for gas pressure measuring and control 1 comprises vacuum pump 36, vacuum gauge 37, source of compressed deuterium 38 (for example, gas cylinder), pressure gauges 39 and 40, receiver 41, sampler 42, high-pressure line 43, valves 44, 45, 46, 47 and 48.
~s The system for heating and temperature control comprises electric power source 49 for the heaters (14 and 15 in figs. 1-3), wattmeter 50, temperature regulator 51, multichannel potentiometers 52, connected to measuring temperature sensors (10 and 11 in figs. 1-3).
The system for transfer and use of released heat comprises: the primary 2o heat exchanger 22, hydraulic pump 53, gear for regulation and reversal of heat carrier flow 54, tubes 55, 56 with the heat carrier, flowmeters 57, 58, secondary heat exchanger 59, pipe-line of cooling fluid flow 60 (for example, water) and pipe-line of heated fluid flow 61.
The device operates as follows.
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device One loads into the reactor 1 the working substance prepared as fine crystalline powder, thin film on a carrier or thin film on a metal foil reeled on the inner pipe. One closes tightly the seals 4 and 5. For the devices shown in figs. 1, 2, and 3 the seal 4 is made in the form of a cover with a through nipple, and the s seal 5 is made in the form of cover with pockets. The seals are welded or brazed, for example, with silver containing solder to the ends of internal and external pipes of the reactor. For the device according to claim 4 the seals having a thread joint are screwed by a compression nut and deform the copper gasket. Such a design of the seal is customary, for example, for autoclaves and therefore it is not ~o shown in figures.
The filter 7 is put into the nipple 6 for preventing losses of small-sized particles of a working substance powder at vacuum operations. The reactor 1 is joined by means of the through nipple 6 to the system for gas pressure measuring and control. One opens the valves 46 and 47 at closed valves 45 and ~s 48 and evacuates air by the vacuum pump 36 from the reactor 1 up to the pressure less 1 Pa, that is measured by the vacuum gauge 40 (fig. 4). One closes the valve 46 and drives up compressed deuterium into the reactor from the gas cylinder 38 or from other gas sources at the opened valve 44 until the pressure will be steady at the pre-set level. Then the valve 47 is open. The temperature 2o regulating sensors 17 and 18 are connected up to the temperature regulator 51, and the temperature sensors 10 and 11 are connected to the multichannel potentiometer 52 (fig.4).
The primary heat exchanger 22 is connected to the pipes 27 and 28 for transfer the heat carrier 29, for example, water and then it is connected to the Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device secondary heat exchanger 59 (fig. 4).
One displaces the grainy material 20 with high heat conductivity (for example, steel balls) to one half of the heat-transfer bush 19, for example, to the right one by tilting it downwards or by switching on of the right electromagnet (it is s not shown in figures). Then one passes the main flow of the heat carrier through the right part of the primary heat exchanger 22 with the help of regulating gear (54 in fig. 4) keeping in the left part a weak passage for fluid flow to prevent vapour accumulation.
One of the heaters, for example, 14 has powered at first. Its temperature is to increased up by the regulator 51 to the level lower than the temperature of three-phase equilibrium of two deuterides of the selected working substance with gaseous deuterium at the pressure, which is created inside the reactor and measured by the pressure gauge 40 (fig.4). The value of this temperature is determined according to the known diagram: compositions of deuterides -Is temperature - pressure of gaseous deuterium for the working substance used (see [2]).
One holds the temperature higher than the line of the said three-phase equilibrium (predominantly 101 - 103 seconds, depending on width of the working substance layer) and switches over the power supply to the heater 15 with 2o simultaneous switching-off of the heater 14. The grainy material 20 is displaced to the left half of the heat-transfer bush 19 (fig. 1 ). For the device in fig. 2 a more high flow of the heat carrier is routed to the left half of the heat exchanger 22 with simultaneous reduction of a flow through its right half.
In the device in figs.l and 3 the system for heat transfer and use is simplified Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device as distinguished from one shown in fig. 4. At switching of the heater with the help of regulator gear (54 in fig.4) the flow of a heat carrier is routed to the heat exchanger in the primary circuit from the side, where the heater is switched-off.
That creates conditions for a more fast heat rejection from the cooled part of the s reactor.
Said cycle is repeated many times during all operating time of the device.
The released heat is taken up by the heat carrier and is transferred to the heat exchanger in the secondary circuit (59 in fig. 4), where it can be used, for example, to warm water in the heating system.
~o The gas accumulating during a continuous operation contains helium and tritium. This gas can be collected in a sampler 42 by opening of the valves 47 and 48 at closed valves 45 and 46 (fig. 4), and then it is transferred into other vessels and separated from deuterium.
Examples of measurement of excess heat in a model device ~s For measurement of excess heat in the device using palladium deuteride as a working substance a special technique was developed for comparison of heat effects at sorption - desorption of hydrogen isotopes in palladium using the standard scanning calorimeter "SETARAM" DSK-111.
Since dimensions of working channels of the calorimeter are small (length =
20 140 mm, diameter = 8 mm) and it is technically difficult to place an exact copy of the proposed device, experiments were conducted with a model ampoule. The heaters were placed in end parts of this ampoule with possibility of their alternate actuation. Such a design allows to create a directionally variable temperature gradient in the working substance and to achieve simultaneously desorption of Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device deuterium in the heated end of ampoule and sorption in its cooled end, where the heater is switched-off. A role of the primary heat exchanger executes a measuring block of the calorimeter. Thus, on such model the physicochemical processes occurring in the claimed device are reproduced in essence.
s Measurement methods. A sealed steel ampoule with the studied substance was placed into the measurement channel of the calorimeter. An identical ampoule with the finely powdered palladium was placed symmetrically in a reference channel (see fig. 5). The composition of the studied substances and the experimental conditions are shown in table 1.
~o In fig. 5 the schematic diagram of calorimetric measurements is shown: 1 -reference ampoule; 2 - measured ampoule with the working substance; 3 -heaters; 4 - calorimetric detector (thermocouples batteries); 5 - calorimetric signal measurement amplifier; 6 - power supply for the heaters. Arrows designate a heat flow from heaters on the left side of the ampoules in the "on" condition.
~s Finely powdered palladium was prepared making use of PdCl2 solution reduction by sodium formiate: Na(HCOO)2H20. The precipitate was filtered off on an ashless filter, washed by alcohol and then ignited. The readings on a scanning electronic microscope JSM-35 showed that Pd particles sizes vary in the range of 100-800 nm whereas over 70% of them have the size of 300-500 nm and are 2o isometrically shaped.
Palladium deuteride ~i-PdDX was obtained by charging 5 ~m-thick palladium foil (99.9% pure) with deuterium through electrolysis of heavy water containing 0.1 M LiOH at the current density of 50mA/cm2 for 70-100 hours. Heavy water (99.9% D20) had been produced by the Experimental Plant of the State Institute Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device of Applied Chemistry, St.-Petersburg. The completeness of the transformation to the ~-phase and its composition was controlled by the weight and X-ray method using a diffractometer. The obtained palladium composition corresponded to PdDo.so~o.o,. Making use of lithium hydroxide resulted in the presence of the s insignificant amount of light hydrogen isotope in proportion H/D ~ 1:300.
Palladium hydride was obtained by the similar technique but making use of doubly distilled H20.
Equal masses of palladium deuteride (or hydride) foil and finely powdered palladium were placed in the measured ampoules. The ampoules were ~o hermetically sealed by press-fitted copper ring and held at 650K for 30 minutes and then cooled. Meanwhile, desorption of hydrogen isotopes from the foil took place and cooling resulted in the sorption into finely powdered palladium deuteride with high surface. The weight method was used to control the absence of gaseous hydrogen isotope losses. The calorimeter measurements showed that ~s the sorption-desorption of hydrogen isotopes resulted in the temperature range of 400-500 K. One and the same reference ampoule with pure palladium powder was used in all experiments produced so that its thermal effect was a little lower than that of the measured ampoule.
At the ends of the ampoules, platinum wire resistive heaters were placed 2o with an approximately equal resistance of ~2.7 Ohm. Power from A.C.
generator was alternately supplied to the right and left resistive heaters. The ohmic heat released on the heaters was calculated from the readings of voltmeter and amperemeter. Prior to starting the measurements, the ampoules were centred one at a time in the channels so that the heat flows from equal electric pulses of Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device the left and right resistive heaters were equal. At constant temperature and when the heaters were switched off the calorimetric signal is constant. On measurements taken at elevated temperature, the temperatures at the center and at the ends of the channel and, therefore, of the ampoule, are different.
s The heat flow measured by the calorimeter is only a part of the supplied electric power: OW = I~V~a, where I is the current, V is the voltage and a is the calibration coefficient measured by us as a function of a distance between the ampoule heater and the calorimeter detector.
After the both ampoules have been centred, the heaters are switched on.
~o When the current is on, the calorimeter measures the difference between the signals from the measured and reference ampoules. The measurements are performed in the following way. At the initial stationary state, at constant heat flow, the resistive heaters are turned on for 300 seconds. The current and voltage are measured at the 100t" and 200'" seconds. The heat flow attains a new ~s constant value. In 300 seconds, the heaters are turned off. This brings the heat flow back to its original state in 250-400 seconds (depending on the pulse power).
Then the heaters at the opposite side of the ampoule are switched on and the procedure is repeated. After the signal has been brought into its original state, a new cycle begins. The voltage is increased by about 50%.
2o Experimental results. - Eight series of experiments have been carried out (see table 1 ). The data for Series 7 (with palladium hydride) are presented in figs.
6 and 7. It is evident that the recorded signal retains its form and increases practically linearly with the increase in pulse power. The similar linear signal dependence on the applied pulse power of the heaters has been observed in Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device Series 5-8.
A completely different type of dependence occurs when palladium deuteride is used. By way of example, consider the results of the Series 2. On power increase to 3 W, the measured signal increases. As the power is increased s further, the measured signal falls and even its sign is changed. The experimental results for all the eight series are shown in figs. 8 and 9. Anomalous dependence of the calorimetric signal value on the applied pulse was observed using the ampoule with the same sample after a lapse of two months at the temperatures of 440 and 520 K.
~o Table 1.
Ns Contents T, K Number of~ of a of seriesmeasuring c cles ampoule 1 Foil PdDo.s0.3+ owder0.3 440 9 Pd 2 Foil PdDo.60.3+ owder0.3 440 8 Pd 3 Foil PdDo.60.3+ owder0.3 520 9 Pd 4 Foil Pd + 440 8 0.3 Pd owder 0.3 Foil PdHo,s0.3+ owder0.3 440 10 Pd 6 Foil PdHo.fi0.3+ owder0.3 295 10 Pd 7 Foil PdHo,s0.3+ owder0.3 440 10 Pd 8 Foil PdHo,s0.3+ owder0.3 400 10 Pd In fig. 6 the change in the form of the signal detected using the palladium hydride under changing supplied power in cycles 1-10 is shown for series 7 (Watt):1-0.13;2-0.28;3-0.64;4-1.30;5-2.3;6-3.2;7-4.3;8-7.1,9-8.8;
- 10.2.
~s As it is visible, the signal saved the form (shape) and practically linearly increased at increase of power of an electric pulse (figs. 6 and 7). The similar linear dependence of a signal from value of the applied power of electric pulse to heaters was watched in series 4, 6-8.
Completely other character of relation took place at usage of palladium Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device deuteride. In fig. 8 the change in the form of the signal detected using the palladium deuteride under changing supplied power (~QS~P) in cycles 1-8 is shown for the series 2 (Watt): 1 - 0.37; 2 - 1.33; 3 - 2.62; 4 - 4.5; 5 - 5.5;
6 - 6.5; 7 - 8.9; 8 - 11.6.
s At increase of power of electric pulse up to 3 W, the measured signal increased, but at further increase of power it decreased and even changed the sign. The relation of a signal registered by the calorimeter from power of electric pulse, given on heaters in experience 1-8 is plotted in fig. 9. The anomalous relation of value of a signal to the applied electric pulse was captured on an ~o ampoule with that by a sample in 2 months and in experience with temperature 440 K and 520 K.
The obtained results show that during deuterium sorption-desorption by the finely powdered palladium deuteride, excess energy is released whereas in the analogous experiments with the light hydrogen isotope no anomalous effects is have been observed. The experimental conditions (hermetically sealed ampoules with the samples inside, the ampoule mass conservation after the experiments, similarity of measurements on using deuteride and palladium hydride) make it impossible to attribute the obtained difference to chemical grounds or various D
and H diffusion rate in the palladium. The source of the excessive heat release 2o can be mainly the nuclear reaction of the deuterium atoms yielding helium, which is attended with absorption of the released energy by the palladium deuteride:
D + D -> 4He+ Q. The mechanism of nuclear fusion energy absorption by a crystalline structure and the reason of radically different branching ratio for D+D
fusion in condensed media at low energies and in charge particle accelerators at Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device high energies have been widely discussed in the literature.
The maximum release of excess energy recorded by us in series 1-2 is estimated as 10 Joules taking into account the conditions of our experiments (mass of PdDo,s=0.3 gram, t=300 seconds and coefficient a = 0.1 ). That s corresponds to = 1 Watt of the excess output power per gram of palladium deuteride. The order of magnitude of this value corresponds to the earlier performed theoretical evaluations of the nuclear reaction rate in palladium deuteride.
According a theoretical estimation, using more fine crystal powder with ~o dimensions of particles 1 - 5 manometers and increased heating and cooling rates up to tens seconds will increase the power output at least up to 10-100 W per gram of palladium. Thus, in the reactor with a volume of 1 litre (103 m3) and with a weight of a finely powdered palladium ~ of 1 kg one can generate a power up to several tens kilowatt.
~s INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
The application of the offered device can be diverse.
It is possible to use these devices for heating of water for separate houses, green-houses, swimming pools, that is there, where the temperature less than 100°C is required. It is possible also to arrange the centralised heat supply of 2o villages, city districts from stations including a series of such devices.
The consumption of the electric power on heating of water thus will be essentially reduced.
Unlike electrochemical cells, the proposed device allows warming of a heat carrier up to temperatures several hundreds Celsius degrees, that provides a Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device principal possibility of generating an electrical power by the known methods, for example, using a steam power generator. Direct methods of heat conversion into electricity can be used also, that considerably expands possibilities of the device for practical applications.
s The device is accident proof during service because of the main part of deuterium is in a bound state in the form of metal deuterides, and the operating pressure of gaseous deuterium is only slightly higher than atmospheric. Since initial substances, containing deuterium and end products (helium) are not radioactive, the device is environmentally safe not only at customary service, but ~o even at the emergency destruction.
Harnessing of nuclear fusion reactions allows use a practically inexhaustible source of deuterium containing in natural water for heat and power generation.
A
power output of a nuclear reaction from deuterium containing in one litre of natural water is equivalent to energy released at a burning of several tens litres of ~s oil. The technology of separation of hydrogen isotopes is known. The production of heavy water and gaseous deuterium does not introduce a substantial contribution to the cost of generated power, which will be much lower than one received by the conventional methods.
References 20 1. International Patent Application PCT/RU 93/00174, A1, IPC: G21 B 1 /00, 4/02, International publication number WO 094/03902, 1994.
2. Patent of the Russian Federation Ns 2056656, C 1, 6 G 21 G 4/02, G 21 B 1 /00, priority 03.08.1992, published in Bulletin "Otkritiya Isobreteniya "(Discoveries Inventions) 20.03.1996, No. 8, part 2, page 267 (in Russian).
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device 3. V. A. Kirkinskii, Yu. A. Novikov, Theoretical simulation of a cold nuclear fusion, Pre-print. Novosibirsk, 48 p. (1998) (in Russian).
4. V. A. Kirkinskii, Yu. A. Novikov, Europhysics Letters, 1999, vol. 46, No 4, pp. 448 - 453.
s 5. V. A. Kirkinskii, Yu. A. Novikov, Theoretical modelling of cold fusion. -Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State University, 2002, 105 p.
6. E. Storms, Cold Fusion: An Objective Assessment, http://home.netcom.com/
~storms2/review8.html 7. V. A.Kirkinskii, V.A. Drebushchak, A.I. Khmelnikov, Europhysics Letters, 2002, v.
~ 0 58, No. 3, pp. 462-467.
8. V. A. Kirkinskii, Yu. A., Novikov, Europhysics Letters, 2004, v. 67, No. 3, pp. 362-368.
9. P. Hagelshtein, M. McKubre, D. Nagel, T. Chubb, R. Heckmann, New Physical Effects in Metal Deuteride, www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/
~s Hagelshteinnewphysica.pdf.
~s Hagelshteinnewphysica.pdf.
Claims (26)
1. POWER GENERATING DEVICE comprising a pressure-tight reactor with a working substance, capable of reversible isostructural phase transformations accompanied with deuterium content change, a system for gas pressure measuring and control, a system for heating and temperature control, a system for transfer and use of released heat, wherein said reactor with said working substance is embodied as coaxial pipes provided with seals; heaters and temperature sensors of said system for heating and temperature control are arranged at the end parts of said pipes outside of the reactor so that a directionally variable temperature gradient can be produced along said reactor;
said system for transfer and use of released power comprises a primary heat exchanger, arranged at the reactor on the side radial opposite the position of said heaters and joined to tubes with a heat carrier, and also hydraulic pump, secondary heat exchanger and heat-insulating shell.
said system for transfer and use of released power comprises a primary heat exchanger, arranged at the reactor on the side radial opposite the position of said heaters and joined to tubes with a heat carrier, and also hydraulic pump, secondary heat exchanger and heat-insulating shell.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein internal surfaces of the pipes forming said reactor made from steel alloy are lined with a coating, resistant to infiltration of hydrogen, for example, deposited silver layer or / and silver bushes, adjacent to the pipes.
3. The device of claim 1 wherein the seals of said reactor tightly join the pipes, forming the reactor, which is provided with pockets for inserting thermocouples into its working space and also with through nipples for reload of said working substance and access to gas pressure measuring and control system.
4. The device of claim 1 wherein the inner pipe of said reactor is embodied Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device with dead ends, and said seal provided with through obturator, is fastened by a thread with an external pipe of the reactor.
5. The device of claim 1 wherein on the inner pipe of said reactor a multilayer metal foil is reeled which is made, for example, from copper or silver, on which said working substance as thin film by width from 1 nm up to 100 nm is deposited or sputtered.
6. The device of claim 1 wherein a thin film of said working substance is deposited or sputtered on a porous material, for example, aluminium oxide or silica gel.
7. The device of claim 1 wherein as said working substances elementary metals or intermetallic compounds are used, deuterides of which are capable of isostructural phase transformations being accompanied by deuterium content change at the temperature above 350 K at pressure below 100 MPa, for example, palladium, vanadium, niobium, rare earth elements, intermetallic compound TiFe, TiMn1.5, LaNi5, LaCo5, prepared as fine powder with the linear size of particles in cross section from 10-12 m up to 10-9 m.
8. The device of claim 1 or 7 wherein the powdery working substance is mixed with a porous material, for example, activated carbon, a volume share of said working substance is from 10 % up to 90%.
9. The device of claims 1, 5, 6, 7, 8 wherein several layers of said working substance, for example, rare earth elements, are arranged in the reactor so that the temperatures of three-phase equilibrium of their isostructural deuterides with a gas phase at one and the same pressure correspond to the radial temperature gradient in the reactor under operation conditions.
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device
10. The device of claim 1 wherein said heaters embodied as resistive one or as inductors of a high frequency electromagnetic field, are arranged inside the inner pipe at end parts of said reactor, allowance is made for their alternative switching on and off.
11. The device of claim 1 wherein said heaters are arranged on the external pipe at end parts of the reactor, allowance is made for their alternative switching on and off.
12. The device of claim 1 wherein said heaters are divided by a screen made from a material with low heat conductivity, for example, porous ceramics.
13. The device of claim 1 wherein a single heater is provided with a system for its moving along the reactor axis.
14. The device of claim 10 wherein said primary heat exchanger embodied as two tightly sealed coaxial pipes is arranged on the external pipe of said reactor and is provided with through nipples joined to tubes with a heat carrier, for example, water.
15. The device of claim 1 or 11 wherein said primary heat exchanger is embodied as a pipe adjacent to the inner pipe of said reactor and provided with through nipples joined to tubes with the heat carrier.
16. The device of claims 1, 14, 15 wherein said primary heat exchanger is provided with a spiral insertion made from metal, for example, steel or copper.
17. The device of claims 1, 14, 15 wherein it is provided by the gear for regulating and reversal of heat carrier flow direction in said primary heat exchanger, for example, by means of a reversible hydraulic pump or a valve switched by electromagnets.
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device
18. The device of claims 1, 14, 15 wherein said primary heat exchanger is provided with a partition arranged into its middle, and each of its two sections is provided with spiral insertions and through nipples, allowance is made for independent regulating of heat carrier supply within said sections.
19. The device of claim 1 wherein a heat-transfer bush is placed between said reactor and said primary heat exchanger, which is made, for example, from steel or copper.
20. The device of claims 1 or 19 wherein adjacent surfaces of said reactor, the heat-transfer bush and the primary heat exchanger are interference fitted.
21. The device of claims 1, 19, 20 wherein said heat-transfer bush is embodied hollow one, and it is filled to 40-60 % of their cavity volume by a grainy material with high heat conductivity, for example, globules made from copper or silver.
22. The device of claims 1 or 21 wherein the hollow heat-transfer bush, made from a non-magnetic material, for example, copper or aluminium, is provided with electromagnets capable of displacing the grainy material, made from ferromagnetic metals, for example, steel globules, along the bush at their alternative switching on.
23. The device of claims 1 or 21 wherein it is provided with a system of change of angle inclination ensuring turn of said reactor and said heat-transfer bush in a vertical plane up to 180°.
24. The device of claims 21-23 wherein air in the cavity of the hollow heat-transfer bush is evacuated.
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device
Kirkinskii V.A., Khmelnikov A.I. Power generating device
25. The device of claim 1 wherein said heat-insulating shell comprises a hollow evacuated body, enveloping said reactor, heaters and primary heat exchanger, and covers arranged at the ends of the reactor, which are made from a material with low heat conductivity, for example, porous ceramics.
26. The device of claim 1 wherein said reactor has an acoustic contact with a generator of ultrasonic waves.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| RU2001123463 | 2001-08-23 | ||
| RU2001123463/06A RU2195717C1 (en) | 2001-08-23 | 2001-08-23 | Energy generating device |
| PCT/RU2002/000336 WO2003019576A1 (en) | 2001-08-23 | 2002-07-17 | Power producing device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2495041A1 true CA2495041A1 (en) | 2003-03-06 |
Family
ID=20252787
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002495041A Abandoned CA2495041A1 (en) | 2001-08-23 | 2002-07-17 | Power producing device |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1426976B8 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE453193T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2495041A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE50214125D1 (en) |
| EA (1) | EA006525B1 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2195717C1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2003019576A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9540960B2 (en) * | 2012-03-29 | 2017-01-10 | Lenr Cars Sarl | Low energy nuclear thermoelectric system |
| RU2756535C1 (en) * | 2020-12-25 | 2021-10-01 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «ТЕХНОЛОГИИ И ДИЗАЙН» (ООО «ТЕХНОЛОГИИ И ДИЗАЙН») | Method for fastening products of arbitrary shape for conducting non-contact technical operations and system for fastening products of arbitrary shape |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9310734D0 (en) * | 1993-05-25 | 1993-07-14 | Aspden Harold | Hydrogen activated heat generation apparatus |
| US5942206A (en) * | 1991-08-23 | 1999-08-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Concentration of isotopic hydrogen by temperature gradient effect in soluble metal |
| WO1994003902A1 (en) | 1992-08-03 | 1994-02-17 | Vitaly Alexeevich Kirkinsky | Method and device for producing energy and obtaining tritium, helium and free neutrons |
| RU2056656C1 (en) | 1992-08-03 | 1996-03-20 | Виталий Алексеевич Киркинский | Free neutron production process |
| IT1276176B1 (en) * | 1995-11-30 | 1997-10-27 | Sgs Thomson Microelectronics | METHOD AND EQUIPMENT TO GENERATE THERMAL ENERGY |
| IT1276998B1 (en) * | 1995-11-30 | 1997-11-04 | Sgs Thomson Microelectronics | MONOLITHICALLY INTEGRATED DEVICE |
| RU2145123C1 (en) * | 1997-12-10 | 2000-01-27 | Цветков Сергей Алексеевич | Nuclear fusion method and device |
| IT1314062B1 (en) * | 1999-10-21 | 2002-12-03 | St Microelectronics Srl | METHOD AND RELATED EQUIPMENT TO GENERATE THERMAL ENERGY |
-
2001
- 2001-08-23 RU RU2001123463/06A patent/RU2195717C1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-07-17 CA CA002495041A patent/CA2495041A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-07-17 WO PCT/RU2002/000336 patent/WO2003019576A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-07-17 EA EA200400314A patent/EA006525B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-07-17 DE DE50214125T patent/DE50214125D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-17 EP EP02751927A patent/EP1426976B8/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-17 AT AT02751927T patent/ATE453193T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE453193T1 (en) | 2010-01-15 |
| WO2003019576A1 (en) | 2003-03-06 |
| RU2195717C1 (en) | 2002-12-27 |
| DE50214125D1 (en) | 2010-02-04 |
| EP1426976A1 (en) | 2004-06-09 |
| EA200400314A1 (en) | 2004-10-28 |
| EP1426976B1 (en) | 2009-12-23 |
| EP1426976A4 (en) | 2008-06-04 |
| EP1426976B8 (en) | 2010-07-07 |
| EA006525B1 (en) | 2006-02-24 |
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