CA2473105A1 - Safe and automatic method for removal of coke from a coke vessel - Google Patents
Safe and automatic method for removal of coke from a coke vessel Download PDFInfo
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- CA2473105A1 CA2473105A1 CA002473105A CA2473105A CA2473105A1 CA 2473105 A1 CA2473105 A1 CA 2473105A1 CA 002473105 A CA002473105 A CA 002473105A CA 2473105 A CA2473105 A CA 2473105A CA 2473105 A1 CA2473105 A1 CA 2473105A1
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- vessel
- coke
- closure
- aperture
- coker
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B55/00—Coking mineral oils, bitumen, tar, and the like or mixtures thereof with solid carbonaceous material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B1/00—Retorts
- C10B1/02—Stationary retorts
- C10B1/04—Vertical retorts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B25/00—Doors or closures for coke ovens
- C10B25/02—Doors; Door frames
- C10B25/08—Closing and opening the doors
- C10B25/10—Closing and opening the doors for ovens with vertical chambers
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Coke Industry (AREA)
Abstract
A closed system that eliminates worker exposure during coker vessel decoking operations and thereby significantly reduces risks to workers also increase coking capacity by reducing the coking cycle time. The closed system preferably comprises a coker vessel (45) with a side entry feed line (50) attached to the vessel (45) above the vessel bottom (75); a closure housing (60) with laterally moveable closure member therein sealed to the vessel bottom (75) either directly without, or indirectly with an adapting spool member (85) and; a coke chute (65) sealed to the bottom of the closure housing (60). The system can be remotely and repetitively operated through numerous coking/decoking cycles without removal of any system element.
Description
6 The present invention relates to the field of hydrocarbon processing and, in 7 particular, to heavy hydrocarbon processing in coke vessels.
11 Many oil refineries recover valuable products from the heavy residual 12 hydrocarbons (commonly referred to as resid or residuum), which remain 13 following initial refining, by a thermal cracking process known as delayed 14 coking. Generally, the delayed coking process involves heating the heavy hydrocarbon feed from a fractionation unit, then pumping the heated heavy 16 feed into a large steel vessel commonly known as a coke drum. The 17 unvaporized portion of the heated heavy feed settles out in the coke vessel 18 where the combined effect of retention time and temperature causes the 19 formation of coke. Vapors from the top of the coke vessel, which typically consist of steam, gas, naphtha and gas oils, are returned to the base of the 21 fractionation unit for further processing into desired light hydrocarbon 22 products. The operating conditions of delayed coking can be quite severe.
23 Normal operating pressures in coke vessels typically range from 25 to about 24 50 pounds per square inch and the heavy feed input temperature may vary between 900°F and 950°F. The coke drums operate in pairs, with one drum 26 feeding residuum and the other drum undergoing the "decoking" sequential 27 steps. The drums typically operate on a cycle, switching every 12-30 hours.
29 Coke vessels are typically large, cylindrical vessels commonly 19 to 30 feet in diameter and two to three times as tall having a top head and a funnel shaped 31 bottom portion fitted with a bottom head and are usually present in pairs so 32 that they can be operated alternately. Coke settles out and accumulates in 33 the vessel until it is filled to a safe margin, at which time the heated feed is 1 switched to the empty "sister" coke vessel. Thus, while one coke vessel is 2 being filled with heated residual oil, the other vessel is being cooled and 3 purged of hundreds to thousands of tons of coke formed in the vessel during 4 the previous recovery cycle. The full vessel is isolated, steamed to remove hydrocarbon vapors, cooled by filling with water, drained, opened, and the 6 coke is removed.
8 Coke removal, also known as decoking, begins with a quench step in which 9 steam and then water are introduced into the coke filled vessel to complete the recovery of volatile, light hydrocarbons and to cool the mass of coke. The 11 vessel is then vented to atmospheric pressure. Decoking is accomplished at 12 most plants using a hydraulic system consisting of a drill stem and drill bit that 13 direct high pressure water jets into the coke bed. To cut coke in this manner 14 the top and bottom heads of the vessel must be removed. A rotating combination drill bit, referred to as the cutting tool, is about 18 inches in 16 diameter with four (4) nozzels and is mounted on the lower end of a long 17 hollow drill rod about 6 inches in diameter. The drill bit is lowered into the 18 vessel, on the drill stem, through a flanged opening at the top of the vessel. A
19 "bore hole" is drilled through the coke using the four nozzles angled approximately 60 degrees down from horizontal. This creates a hole from 21 about 3 to 6 feet in diameter for the coke to fall through. There is normally a 22 naturally occurring small hole in the coke bed for the initial pass because the 23 resid flows in from the bottom and out toward the edges of the vessel.
When the initial bore hole is complete, the drill bit is then mechanically 26 switched to two (2) horizontal nozzles in preparation for cutting the "blow"
27 hole, which extends to the full drum diameter. The nozzles shoot jets of water 28 horizontally outwards, rotating slowly with the drill rod, and those jets cut the 29 coke into pieces, which fall out the open bottom of the vessel, into a chute that directs the coke to a receiving area. At some plants the hydraulic drill is 31 raised slowly up from the bottom the entire vertical height of the coke mass, at 32 others the drill is lowered from the top through the mass and at still other 33 plants the coke mass is first cut from the bottom cone of the vessel and the 34 remainder is cut from the top of the vessel. In any case, the cut coke falls out 1 the opening at the bottom of the vessel into the coke chute system. The drill 2 rod is then withdrawn out the flanged opening at the top of the vessel.
Finally, 3 the top and bottom of the vessel are closed by replacing the head units, 4 flanges or other closure devices employed on the vessel unit. The vessel is then clean and ready for the next filling cycle with the heavy hydrocarbon 6 feed.
8 The process of removing and replacing the removable top head and bottom 9 units of the vessel cover is called heading and unheeding or deheading. It is dangerous work, with several risks associated with the procedures. There 11 have been fatalities and many serious injuries. There is significant safety risk 12 from exposure to steam, hot water, fires and repetitive stress associated with 13 the manual unbolting work. Accordingly, the industry has devoted substantial 14 time and investment in developing semi-automatic or fully automatic unheeding systems, with attention focused on bottom unheeding where the 16 greatest safety hazard is present.
18 There are two typical and commonly used methods to move the bottom head 19 out of the way of the falling coke. The first is to completely remove the head from the vessel, perhaps carrying it away from the vessel on a cart. This 21 process may be automated as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,375. The other 22 way of "removing" the bottom head is to swing it out of the way, as on a hinge 23 or pivot, while the head is still coupled to the vessel as in U.S. Patent No.
24 6,264,829. Several U.S. patents disclose various methods and apparatus for detaching and laterally moving a drum head or swinging away a drum head 26 including: U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,829 (discloses a swing away hydraulically 27 operated drumhead adapted for low headroom situations); U.S. Pat. No.
28 6,254,733 (depicting in the drawings a hydraulically removable drumhead);
29 U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,237 and 5,876,568 (disclosing an apparatus for semi-automatically clamping and unclamping a drum bottom head); U.S. Pat. No.
31 5,947,674 (a drum head device removed by vertically oriented hydraulic 32 cylinders adapted for lowering the head unit and moving it laterally aside);
33 U.S. Pat. No. 5,785,843 (claims a process involving a swing away 34 hydraulically operated drumhead adapted for low headroom situations); U.S.
1 Pat. No. 5,581,864 (a remotely operated carriage mounted drumhead removal 2 system); U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,094 (car mounted drumhead removal system 3 that is horizontally movable); U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,825 (a device and method 4 for deheading a drum comprising, in part, a cradle that holds the drum head for removal); U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,019 (a remotely operated cart removal 6 system); U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,524 (a pivotally attached unheading device 7 associated with clamps); U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,109 (a platform device lowers 8 the drumhead and moves it laterally away). These systems all use a manual 9 or semi-automatic bolting system that must be uncoupled with every decoking cycle.
12 The above described bottom head removal systems all require that the heated 13 feed enter the coke vessel from the bottom through the center of the bottom 14 head. Although in past years there have been some side entries used, except for possibly one or two cases, side entry use has been discontinued in coker 16 vessels built and put into operation in the last 20 to 30 or more years.
Thus, 17 in the usual coker operation, to remove the vessel bottom head for decoking 18 the feed line must first be disconnected before the bottom head can be 19 removed. Lastly a coke chute must be manually or hydraulically moved into place and, typically, safety bolts are manually inserted to secure the chute to 21 the drum, allowing the chute to receive the falling coke. The chute directs the 22 coke, as it is drilled out of the vessel, to a receiving area where it is later 23 removed. These methods still require the feed line to be opened up and the 24 head removed before the bottom chute can be brought up and attached to the bottom flange of the vessel.
27 Considering that there is exposure to personnel and/or equipment when 28 opening the feed line, and considering there is exposure to personnel and/or 29 equipment when opening the bottom head before the chute comes up and is attached, and considering there may still be personnel exposure to steam/hot 31 water between the chute and bottom head after the chute is up, improvements 32 in coke vessel bottom unheading system to allow safe removal of coke from 33 the vessel is highly desirable. The object of the present invention is to 34 address this need.
4 According to the present invention, a process and apparatus are provided for repetitively producing and removing coke from a delayed coker vessel without 6 unheeding the vessel bottom, wherein the coker vessel has a bottom portion 7 having an aperture through which coke is released, comprising: (a) sealing an 8 aperture closure housing to the bottom portion of the coker vessel; (b) moving 9 a closure member within the closure housing to close the aperture; (c) feeding a heavy hydrocarbon feed into the coker vessel through a feed line attached 11 to the coker vessel at a position above the bottom of the coker vessel; (d) 12 coking the heavy hydrocarbon in the coker vessel; (e) moving the closure 13 member within the closure housing to open the aperture to allow coke 14 removal from the coker vessel; (f) releasing coke through the aperture into a coke chute, and; repeating steps c through f, successively. In a preferred 16 embodiment of the invention the closure member is power actuated, such as 17 hydraulically, by remote means, thus obviating any need for personnel to be 18 physically present in the vessel bottom area during decoking operations.
The delayed coker vessel of the present invention comprises a vessel having 21 a top opening and on the lower portion a side aperture and a bottom aperture;
22 a feed pipe fitted to said side aperture; a bottom aperture closure housing 23 sealed to the bottom aperture; a closure member moveable within said 24 closure housing; a coke chute sealed to the bottom portion of the closure housing for directing material from the vessel to a receiving area. The 26 combination of the closure housing and moveable closure member therein is 27 herein termed a closure unit or valve. In one embodiment of the invention the 28 bottom portion of the coker vessel is designed and fabricated to be directly 29 sealed to the closure unit, whereas in another embodiment, particularly useful for retrofitting existing coker vessels, a bottom transition piece, herein termed 31 a spool, is interposed between the vessel bottom and the closure unit and 32 pressure-tightly sealed to both. In either of these two embodiments, a 33 preferred feature is that the closure housing is pressure-tightly sealed to either 34 (a) the coker vessel or (b) the spool piece. Preferably the pressure-tight seals 1 will withstand pressures within the range of about 100 psi to 200 psi, 2 preferably within the range of about 125 psi to about 175 psi and most 3 preferably between about 130 psi to about 160 psi and thereby preclude 4 substantial leakage of the coker vessel contents including during operation thereof at temperature ranges between about 900°F and 1000°F. In 6 embodiment (b) the spool preferably has a side aperture and flanged conduit 7 to which the hydrocarbon feed line is attached and sealed.
11 Many oil refineries recover valuable products from the heavy residual 12 hydrocarbons (commonly referred to as resid or residuum), which remain 13 following initial refining, by a thermal cracking process known as delayed 14 coking. Generally, the delayed coking process involves heating the heavy hydrocarbon feed from a fractionation unit, then pumping the heated heavy 16 feed into a large steel vessel commonly known as a coke drum. The 17 unvaporized portion of the heated heavy feed settles out in the coke vessel 18 where the combined effect of retention time and temperature causes the 19 formation of coke. Vapors from the top of the coke vessel, which typically consist of steam, gas, naphtha and gas oils, are returned to the base of the 21 fractionation unit for further processing into desired light hydrocarbon 22 products. The operating conditions of delayed coking can be quite severe.
23 Normal operating pressures in coke vessels typically range from 25 to about 24 50 pounds per square inch and the heavy feed input temperature may vary between 900°F and 950°F. The coke drums operate in pairs, with one drum 26 feeding residuum and the other drum undergoing the "decoking" sequential 27 steps. The drums typically operate on a cycle, switching every 12-30 hours.
29 Coke vessels are typically large, cylindrical vessels commonly 19 to 30 feet in diameter and two to three times as tall having a top head and a funnel shaped 31 bottom portion fitted with a bottom head and are usually present in pairs so 32 that they can be operated alternately. Coke settles out and accumulates in 33 the vessel until it is filled to a safe margin, at which time the heated feed is 1 switched to the empty "sister" coke vessel. Thus, while one coke vessel is 2 being filled with heated residual oil, the other vessel is being cooled and 3 purged of hundreds to thousands of tons of coke formed in the vessel during 4 the previous recovery cycle. The full vessel is isolated, steamed to remove hydrocarbon vapors, cooled by filling with water, drained, opened, and the 6 coke is removed.
8 Coke removal, also known as decoking, begins with a quench step in which 9 steam and then water are introduced into the coke filled vessel to complete the recovery of volatile, light hydrocarbons and to cool the mass of coke. The 11 vessel is then vented to atmospheric pressure. Decoking is accomplished at 12 most plants using a hydraulic system consisting of a drill stem and drill bit that 13 direct high pressure water jets into the coke bed. To cut coke in this manner 14 the top and bottom heads of the vessel must be removed. A rotating combination drill bit, referred to as the cutting tool, is about 18 inches in 16 diameter with four (4) nozzels and is mounted on the lower end of a long 17 hollow drill rod about 6 inches in diameter. The drill bit is lowered into the 18 vessel, on the drill stem, through a flanged opening at the top of the vessel. A
19 "bore hole" is drilled through the coke using the four nozzles angled approximately 60 degrees down from horizontal. This creates a hole from 21 about 3 to 6 feet in diameter for the coke to fall through. There is normally a 22 naturally occurring small hole in the coke bed for the initial pass because the 23 resid flows in from the bottom and out toward the edges of the vessel.
When the initial bore hole is complete, the drill bit is then mechanically 26 switched to two (2) horizontal nozzles in preparation for cutting the "blow"
27 hole, which extends to the full drum diameter. The nozzles shoot jets of water 28 horizontally outwards, rotating slowly with the drill rod, and those jets cut the 29 coke into pieces, which fall out the open bottom of the vessel, into a chute that directs the coke to a receiving area. At some plants the hydraulic drill is 31 raised slowly up from the bottom the entire vertical height of the coke mass, at 32 others the drill is lowered from the top through the mass and at still other 33 plants the coke mass is first cut from the bottom cone of the vessel and the 34 remainder is cut from the top of the vessel. In any case, the cut coke falls out 1 the opening at the bottom of the vessel into the coke chute system. The drill 2 rod is then withdrawn out the flanged opening at the top of the vessel.
Finally, 3 the top and bottom of the vessel are closed by replacing the head units, 4 flanges or other closure devices employed on the vessel unit. The vessel is then clean and ready for the next filling cycle with the heavy hydrocarbon 6 feed.
8 The process of removing and replacing the removable top head and bottom 9 units of the vessel cover is called heading and unheeding or deheading. It is dangerous work, with several risks associated with the procedures. There 11 have been fatalities and many serious injuries. There is significant safety risk 12 from exposure to steam, hot water, fires and repetitive stress associated with 13 the manual unbolting work. Accordingly, the industry has devoted substantial 14 time and investment in developing semi-automatic or fully automatic unheeding systems, with attention focused on bottom unheeding where the 16 greatest safety hazard is present.
18 There are two typical and commonly used methods to move the bottom head 19 out of the way of the falling coke. The first is to completely remove the head from the vessel, perhaps carrying it away from the vessel on a cart. This 21 process may be automated as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,375. The other 22 way of "removing" the bottom head is to swing it out of the way, as on a hinge 23 or pivot, while the head is still coupled to the vessel as in U.S. Patent No.
24 6,264,829. Several U.S. patents disclose various methods and apparatus for detaching and laterally moving a drum head or swinging away a drum head 26 including: U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,829 (discloses a swing away hydraulically 27 operated drumhead adapted for low headroom situations); U.S. Pat. No.
28 6,254,733 (depicting in the drawings a hydraulically removable drumhead);
29 U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,237 and 5,876,568 (disclosing an apparatus for semi-automatically clamping and unclamping a drum bottom head); U.S. Pat. No.
31 5,947,674 (a drum head device removed by vertically oriented hydraulic 32 cylinders adapted for lowering the head unit and moving it laterally aside);
33 U.S. Pat. No. 5,785,843 (claims a process involving a swing away 34 hydraulically operated drumhead adapted for low headroom situations); U.S.
1 Pat. No. 5,581,864 (a remotely operated carriage mounted drumhead removal 2 system); U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,094 (car mounted drumhead removal system 3 that is horizontally movable); U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,825 (a device and method 4 for deheading a drum comprising, in part, a cradle that holds the drum head for removal); U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,019 (a remotely operated cart removal 6 system); U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,524 (a pivotally attached unheading device 7 associated with clamps); U.S. Pat. No. 4,726,109 (a platform device lowers 8 the drumhead and moves it laterally away). These systems all use a manual 9 or semi-automatic bolting system that must be uncoupled with every decoking cycle.
12 The above described bottom head removal systems all require that the heated 13 feed enter the coke vessel from the bottom through the center of the bottom 14 head. Although in past years there have been some side entries used, except for possibly one or two cases, side entry use has been discontinued in coker 16 vessels built and put into operation in the last 20 to 30 or more years.
Thus, 17 in the usual coker operation, to remove the vessel bottom head for decoking 18 the feed line must first be disconnected before the bottom head can be 19 removed. Lastly a coke chute must be manually or hydraulically moved into place and, typically, safety bolts are manually inserted to secure the chute to 21 the drum, allowing the chute to receive the falling coke. The chute directs the 22 coke, as it is drilled out of the vessel, to a receiving area where it is later 23 removed. These methods still require the feed line to be opened up and the 24 head removed before the bottom chute can be brought up and attached to the bottom flange of the vessel.
27 Considering that there is exposure to personnel and/or equipment when 28 opening the feed line, and considering there is exposure to personnel and/or 29 equipment when opening the bottom head before the chute comes up and is attached, and considering there may still be personnel exposure to steam/hot 31 water between the chute and bottom head after the chute is up, improvements 32 in coke vessel bottom unheading system to allow safe removal of coke from 33 the vessel is highly desirable. The object of the present invention is to 34 address this need.
4 According to the present invention, a process and apparatus are provided for repetitively producing and removing coke from a delayed coker vessel without 6 unheeding the vessel bottom, wherein the coker vessel has a bottom portion 7 having an aperture through which coke is released, comprising: (a) sealing an 8 aperture closure housing to the bottom portion of the coker vessel; (b) moving 9 a closure member within the closure housing to close the aperture; (c) feeding a heavy hydrocarbon feed into the coker vessel through a feed line attached 11 to the coker vessel at a position above the bottom of the coker vessel; (d) 12 coking the heavy hydrocarbon in the coker vessel; (e) moving the closure 13 member within the closure housing to open the aperture to allow coke 14 removal from the coker vessel; (f) releasing coke through the aperture into a coke chute, and; repeating steps c through f, successively. In a preferred 16 embodiment of the invention the closure member is power actuated, such as 17 hydraulically, by remote means, thus obviating any need for personnel to be 18 physically present in the vessel bottom area during decoking operations.
The delayed coker vessel of the present invention comprises a vessel having 21 a top opening and on the lower portion a side aperture and a bottom aperture;
22 a feed pipe fitted to said side aperture; a bottom aperture closure housing 23 sealed to the bottom aperture; a closure member moveable within said 24 closure housing; a coke chute sealed to the bottom portion of the closure housing for directing material from the vessel to a receiving area. The 26 combination of the closure housing and moveable closure member therein is 27 herein termed a closure unit or valve. In one embodiment of the invention the 28 bottom portion of the coker vessel is designed and fabricated to be directly 29 sealed to the closure unit, whereas in another embodiment, particularly useful for retrofitting existing coker vessels, a bottom transition piece, herein termed 31 a spool, is interposed between the vessel bottom and the closure unit and 32 pressure-tightly sealed to both. In either of these two embodiments, a 33 preferred feature is that the closure housing is pressure-tightly sealed to either 34 (a) the coker vessel or (b) the spool piece. Preferably the pressure-tight seals 1 will withstand pressures within the range of about 100 psi to 200 psi, 2 preferably within the range of about 125 psi to about 175 psi and most 3 preferably between about 130 psi to about 160 psi and thereby preclude 4 substantial leakage of the coker vessel contents including during operation thereof at temperature ranges between about 900°F and 1000°F. In 6 embodiment (b) the spool preferably has a side aperture and flanged conduit 7 to which the hydrocarbon feed line is attached and sealed.
9 The present invention substantially reduces or eliminates the dangerous and time consuming procedure of heading and unheeding delayed coker vessels, 11 thus rendering the decoking procedure safer for personnel to perForm by 12 insulating them from exposure to tons of hot, falling coke, high pressure 13 steam, scalding water, mobile heavy equipment and other extreme hazards.
14 Among other factors, the present invention is based on our conception and finding that coke is safely and efficiently removed from a delayed coker vessel 16 by the closed system process described herein, sometimes visualized by us 17 as a "closed-pipe" system, which includes side entry for the feed to the vessel 18 and a pressure-tight seal between a closure housing for a vessel bottom 19 aperture. The vessel bottom aperture, which opens and closes, preferably includes automatic and remote operation of a closure unit, such as a valve, 21 located at the bottom of the coker vessel rather than unbolting and removing 22 or swinging away a "head" as in the prior art. One aspect of enabling the 23 process of the present invention is introducing the heated hydrocarbon feed to 24 the coker vessel at a location above and lateral to the coker vessel bottom and the closure unit, in combination with the above mentioned pressure-tight 26 seals.
28 A preferred embodiment of the present invention is additionally based on our 29 finding that coke removal in the present process is advantageously carried out using a coke chute bolted and pressure-tightly sealed to the bottom of the 31 closure housing. The chute, which preferably remains attached without 32 removal throughout repetitive coking/decoking cycles, assists in directing coke 33 removed from the coker vessel to a coke receiving area.
1 According to a preferred embodiment, the invention further relates to a 2 method and apparatus for automatically opening and closing a vessel bottom 3 aperture by means of a closure unit or valve, in lieu of the removable or 4 partially removable head devices described in the prior art, and without the associated safety and efficiency drawbacks discussed above. In a preferred 6 embodiment, which takes the place of the prior art removable closure flanges, 7 spool pieces bolted to stationary vessel flanges, hinged flanges, carts, 8 carriages and the like, powered devices, which may be controlled 9 automatically, move closure a closure member within a closure housing between open and closed positions. These powered devices may comprise 11 any powered actuators, including motors, solenoids, or the like, but preferably 12 comprise linear actuators such as hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders with 13 reciprocating piston rods. Such actuators may be mounted on the vessel the 14 closure housing or other stationary location to reversibly and repetitively move the closure member from an open to closed position. Preferably the method 16 of the invention does not typically require direct human intervention in 17 proximity to the vessel bottom to actuate the powered devices, which is 18 preferably accomplished by remote instrumentation means such as an 19 electronic relay system or computer controlled system. The entire process is, thus, done safely and without significant or dangerous physical effort.
22 Although secondary to the significant safety improvements, the present 23 invention also speeds up the procedure so that the coking/decoking cycle time 24 can be substantially reduced, without compromise in safety or human effort.
The invention also renders the addition of this new closure device onto the 26 hundreds of existing coker vessels to a relatively simple, quick, and 27 inexpensive procedure, as compared to the difficult, expensive, and time 28 consuming requirement of the existing methods and devices of the prior art 29 described above.
33 Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the delayed coking process of the present 34 invention. Figure 2 is a side view of a typical coke vessel bottom known in the 1 prior art depicting the typical bottom entry feed, removable vessel bottom 2 head in one of the known arrangements and detachable coke chute 3 arrangement in one of the known arrangements. Figure 3 is a side view 4 depiction of a preferred embodiment of the present invention illustrating a coker vessel designed and fabricated to be directly attached and sealed to the 6 closure housing and the side entry hydrocarbon feed line. Figure 4 is a side 7 view depiction of another embodiment of the invention, particularly useful for 8 retrofitting existing coker vessels, showing a spool or flange interposed 9 between the coker vessel bottom and the closure housing. Figures 3 and 4 additionally depict a coke chute affixed and sealed to the closure housing 11 bottom. Figures 5 and 6 depict top and side views of the coke vessel closure 12 unit with cut-a-way portions showing the movable closure member within the 13 closure housing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
17 The invention relates to an improved method of repetitively coking heavy 18 hydrocarbons in a coker vessel and repetitively decoking the vessel in a rapid, 19 safe and efficient manner by simply opening and closing a closure member, such as a valve, within a closure unit, rather than removing or swinging away 21 a bottom head unit, as in the prior art. As generally depicted in Figure 1, 22 delayed coking is accomplished by charging hot, resid oil feed through a feed 23 line 10 to the fractionator 15 above the bottom vapor zone 20. Lighter 24 hydrocarbon materials such as naphtha, gases, diesel and gas oils are taken from upper portions of the fractionator vessel 15 by appropriately placed 26 conduits 25, 30, 35 and routed to other facilities for further refining.
28 Fresh feed and recycled feed from the bottom of the fractionator 15 are 29 pumped through a coker heater 40 where the combined feed is heated to a temperature ranging between about 900°F to1000°F, preferably to between 31 905°F to 950°F and most preferably to between 910°F
and 935°F, partially 32 vaporized and alternatively charged to one of a pair of coker vessels 45, 45a 33 via a feed line 50, 50a laterally attached to the coker vessel 45, 45a. Hot 34 vapors from the top of the coker vessels 45, 45a are recycled to the bottom of 1 the fractionator 15 via a feed line 55. In this manner, the hot vapors from the 2 coke vessel are quenched by the cooler feed liquid, thus preventing any 3 significant amount of coke formation in the fractionator 15 and simultaneously 4 condensing a portion of the heavy ends which are recycled to the coker vessels 45, 45a. The unvaporized portion of the coker heater effluent settles 6 out (cokes) in the active coker vessel 45, 45a where the combined effect of 7 temperature and retention time results in coke formation. Coke formation in 8 the coker vessel 45, 45a is continued, typically between about 12 to about 9 hours, until the active vessel 45, 45a is full to within a safe margin from the vessel top.
12 Once the active coke vessel 45, 45a is full, the heated heavy hydrocarbon 13 feed is redirected to the empty coker vessel 45, 45a where the above 14 described process is repeated. Coke is then removed from the full vessel by first quenching the hot coke with steam and water, then opening a closure unit 16 60 sealed to the vessel bottom, hydraulically drilling the coke from the top 17 portion of the vessel and directing drilled coke from the vessel through the 18 open closure unit into a coke chute 65 sealed to the bottom of the closure unit 19 60 to a coke receiving area 62. Opening of the closure unit is safely accomplished by a remotely located control unit 70.
22 Key features of the coking method and coker vessel of this invention include 23 the side entry feed line 50a and 50b (see Figures 3 &4), the closure unit 60, 24 with a moveable closure member therein, pressure-tightly sealed to the vessel bottom 45, 45a and a coke chute 65 pressure-tightly sealed to the bottom of 26 the closure unit 60. The side entry feed line 50b can be attached to the 27 vessel side from about 6 inches to about 5 feet above the vessel bottom, 28 preferably from 1 foot to about four 4 feet from the vessel bottom and most 29 preferably from 1.5 feet to 2.5 feet from the vessel bottom.
31 Referring to Figures 3 and 4, said pressure-tight seals are accomplished in 32 one preferred embodiment (Figure 3) preferably by means of a gasket 90 33 interposed between facing flanged surfaces of the coke vessel bottom 75, the 34 closure unit 75a and the coke chute 75b and the closure unit 75c. In another 1 preferred embodiment (Figure 4), a spool piece 80 is used to adapt coke 2 vessel bottom apertures and closure unit 60 apertures of different diameters.
3 In this embodiment said pressure-tight seals are preferably accomplished 4 between facing flanged surfaces of the coke vessel bottom 75, the spool piece 85, the closure housing 75a, the spool piece 85a and the coke chute 6 75b and the closure unit 75c. To form the pressure tight seals between said 7 flanged surfaces preferably the mating surfaces of the respective flanges are 8 machined to a desired finish, then pressure-tightly joined together with a 9 plurality of suitable fasteners, such as bolts, clamps or similar means and with a carefully selected gasket 90 interposed between said mating surfaces.
11 Similarly, to form the pressure tight seals between the flanged surfaces of the 12 closure housing bottom 75c and the coke chute 75b preferably the mating 13 surfaces of the respective flanges are machined to a desired finish, then 14 pressure-tightly joined together with a plurality of suitable fasteners, such as bolts, clamps or similar means and with a carefully selected gasket 90 16 interposed between said mating surfaces. The method for sealing the coke 17 chute 65 to the closure unit bottom may be different from the method for 18 sealing the vessel or spool to the closure unit top because operating 19 conditions are not a critical factor for seal integrity.
21 According to a more detailed embodiment, preferably, said flanged surfaces 22 are first machined to an RMS (root mean squared) finish ranging from 50 to 23 400, preferably 100 to 300 and most preferably between about 120 to 130.
24 An annular gasket comprised of a metal core, such as stainless steal, and a flexible material suitable for use as a gasket in combination with metal under 26 temperatures ranging from -50°F to 1000°F and pressures ranging from 100 27 psi to 200 psi is fitted to one of the flanged surfaces of each of the coke 28 vessel bottom 75, the spool piece 85, 85a and the closure housing 75a. With 29 the gasket interposed between each, the coke vessel bottom 45, and the closure housing 60 (and in another embodiment the spool piece 80) are 31 pressure-tightly joined together by a plurality of suitable fasteners, such as 32 bolts, clamps or similar means. The fastening means, such as bolts, clamps 33 or similar means are tightened or torqued such that the pressure placed on 1 the gaskets 90 ranges between 10,000 PSI to 30,000 PSI, preferably between 2 15,000 and 25,000 PSI and most preferably 20,000 PSI. Preferably, said 3 torque pressure is applied evenly around the gasket circumference.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the metal gasket is 6 annular and stainless steel ranging in thickness from about .020 " to .140', 7 preferably about .024" to about .035" and most preferably from about .028"
to 8 about .032", and is concentrically corrugated. Said corrugations range in 9 height above the metal surface of the gasket from a minimum of about 0.001 inches to a maximum of about 0.050 inches, preferably from a minimum of 11 about 0.005 inches to a maximum of about 0.030 inches and most preferably 12 from a minimum of about 0.010 inches to a maximum of about 0.020 inches.
13 Once corrugated, the width of the gasket is such that the outside and inside 14 diameters thereof are respectively coincident with the outside and inside diameter of the flanged surfaces of the coke vessel bottom, the spool piece, 16 the closure unit and the coke chute. Flexible graphite material, such as 17 Polycarbon flexible graphite Grade B or BP (with antioxidant inhibitor) or 18 Union Carbide flexible graphite grade GTB or GTK (with antioxidant inhibitor), 19 is bonded to the upper and lower surfaces of the gasket metal core such that the gasket is sandwiched between the layers of graphite material. Thickness 21 of the graphite material can range from about 0.005 inches to about 0.030 22 inches, preferably between 0.010 inches to about 0.025 inches and most 23 preferably is about 0.015 inches thick. Preferably the graphite covering will 24 have the same nominal inside and outside diameter dimensions of the metal gasket. Upon bonding to the gasket metal core surfaces, the corrugations 26 thereof should be covered by the graphite material. Sealing the flanged 27 surfaces of the coker vessel, the spool piece, the closure unit and, optionally, 28 the coke chute in the manner described above results in a pressure-tight seal 29 that tolerates the differential expansion that occurs between the flanges during the repetitive coking/decoking cycles of the present invention.
32 Figures 3 and 4 depict preferred embodiments of the coker vessel. Figure 3 33 depicts the lower portion of a coker vessel 45 which can be 15 to 30 feet in 34 diameter and 80 to 100 feet tall, which is typically cone or funnel shaped on 1 the lower end and which is attached to a lower flange 75 that is typically 60 to 2 72 inches in diameter. A closure unit 60 is pressure-tightly attached or sealed 3 to the lower flange 75. The closure unit 60 has a flanged lower portion 75c, 4 which is pressure-tightly attached or sealed to a coke chute 65. The closure unit 60 and coke chute 65 remain sealed in place during repetitive coking and 6 decoking cycles, but can be detached and laterally moved away from the 7 vessel 45 for maintenance via a gantry system, trolley system, rail mounted 8 cart or carriage or other similar system. The number of coking cycle 9 repetitions that can be carried out prior to breakdown of the system for major maintenance can vary from 10 to 150 cycles, preferably 20 to 100 cycles and, 11 most preferably, from 30 to 75 cycles per pair of vessels.
13 Figure 4 depicts another embodiment of the invention that is particularly 14 suitable for retrofitting existing coker vessels. As in the first embodiment the coke vessel 45 is typically cone or funnel shaped on the lower end which is 16 attached to a lower flange unit 75 that is typically 48 to 72 inches in diameter, 17 preferably 60 to 72 inches in diameter. Interposed between the lower flange 18 75 and the closure housing 60 is a spool piece 80 having a flanged top 85 and 19 bottom 85a and a laterally attached flanged conduit 50b for attachment to the heavy hydrocarbon feed line 50a. The spool piece 80, in one embodiment, 21 can be of equal diameter on the top and bottom or, in another embodiment, 22 conical in shape to adapt the coker vessel opening diameter to the closure 23 unit opening diameter, for example a vessel opening of about 72 inches and a 24 closure unit opening of about 60 inches in diameter.
26 Figures 5 and 6 respectively depict plan and side cut-away views of the 27 closure unit of a preferred embodiment of this invention. The closure unit 28 of this invention is a slide, gate, knife, ball, wedge plug or similar type valve 29 comprising a closure housing 115 defining an interior void wherein a closure member 120 is mounted to an actuator or actuators 125, such as hydraulic 31 pistons 130 such that said closure member can be laterally moved to an open 32 or closed position. The closure housing further comprises a first end section 33 135, a second end section 140 and a middle section 145 which middle section 34 defines an aperture 150 that can range in size from 48 to 72 inches in 1 diameter. When moved laterally within the closure housing 115 the closure 2 member 120 opens and closes said aperture 150.
4 To begin the coking cycle described above the closure member 120 is moved laterally to close the vessel bottom by operating the actuators 125, such as 6 hydraulic cylinders 130 that are, preferably, automatically and remotely 7 operable. When the closure member is moved into the fully closed position 8 the closure housing 115 is purged with nitrogen and/or steam via inlet valves 9 155 mounted in the closure housing body 115. Coking then begins by the process described above. During the coking phase of the coking cycle block 11 pressure steam is injected into the closure housing body at a rate sufficient to 12 maintain pressure at a level to effectively eliminate hydrocarbon leaks at the 13 closure member/closure housing seat 160. Blocking steam pressure and flow 14 rate are continuously monitored during the coking phase by use of pressure and flow rate measuring devices 165 installed in the closure housing 115 and 16 connected to a remotely located control unit 70.
In a coking vessel used for delayed coking of heavy petroleum hydrocarbon 21 feed stocks, after about 24 hours of operation sufficient coke is accumulated 22 in the vessel such that removal of the coke is required before coking 23 operations can continue in the vessel. At this point the heated heavy 24 hydrocarbon feed is redirected to an adjoining empty coke vessel. The full 1 coke vessel which is equipped with a lower spool transition piece, a closure 26 unit and attached coke chute operated in accordance with a preferred 27 embodiment of this invention, is shut down, quenched, depressurized and the 28 closure member within the closure housing unit is hydraulically moved 29 laterally to open the coke vessel bottom. Hydraulic movement of the closure member is actuated by workers from a safe, remotely located control system.
31 Important characteristics of the coker vessel used in preferred embodiments 32 of the present invention that can be repetitively cycled through the coking and 33 decoking process without removing the closure unit and coke chute, include:
34 A coker lower flange equal to 72 inches in diameter; a flanged spool transition 1 piece wherein the top flange of the spool piece is 72 inches in diameter and 2 the bottom flange is 60 inches in diameter; a hydrocarbon feed inlet line 3 installed laterally on the spool piece; a closure housing with a 60 inch 4 diameter opening therein; a closure member laterally moveable by hydraulic means within the closure housing; a coke chute 60 inches in diameter 6 attached to the bottom opening of the closure housing; and a 60 inch stroke 7 closure member hydraulic actuator powered by a 3000 psi pump.
9 Referring again to the coking process steps, upon redirection of the hydrocarbon feed from the full coker vessel to the empty coker vessel, 4000 11 pounds per hour of steam at 150 psi is injected into the full vessel via the 12 laterally installed inlet line. The steam strips uncoked hydrocarbon from the 13 vessel which is routed to the fractionator. After a period of time, usually about 14 two hours, the vessel is isolated from the fractionator and depressurized through a relief system. Stripping steam is thereafter continued for an 16 additional hour and thereafter quench water is added to the vessel at a slow 17 rate to cool the coke bed to approximately 200°F. Upon cooling the vessel to 18 the desired temperature the water is drained from the vessel via the inlet line 19 or by, partially or fully, opening the closure member in the closure housing to drain water from the vessel into the coke receiving area.
22 Once the coke bed is cooled and the water drained, the vessel is prepared for 23 drilling coke from the vessel with the hydraulic drill system. The closure 24 member within the closure housing is opened hydraulically by remote actuation thereby allowing the drilled coke to fall into the coke chute which is 26 attached to the bottom of the closure housing. As the coke is drilled it falls out 27 of the vessel into the coke chute and is directed into the coke pit. Upon 28 completion of the drilling process the hydraulic drill stem is removed from the 29 top of the vessel, the vessel top head is replaced and the inlet line and coke vessel are visually inspected for plugging. Once the inspection is complete 31 and the removal of coke and absence of plugging is verified, the closure 32 member within the closure housing is hydraulically closed. Then steam is 33 injected into the vessel to purge air and pressure the vessel to test the 34 integrity of the top head seals, inlet line seals, closure housing/vessel/spool 1 seals, and the closure member seals within the closure housing. Finally, the 2 vessel is preheated to about 400°F to 600°F skin temperature.
When the 3 desired temperature is reached the resid hydrocarbon feed is switched into 4 this vessel and the adjoining vessel is prepared for decoking in accordance with the above process.
7 Thus, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a 8 delayed coking method and coke vessel have been provided which allow the 9 automatic, safe, quick, and effective opening and closure of coke vessels, or the like. While the invention has been herein shown and described in what is 11 presently conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiment 12 thereof, many other modifications may be made within the scope of the 13 invention, which scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation of the 14 appended claims so as to encompass all equivalent structures and methods.
For example, the structures of the invention may be reduced in size by a 16 factor of two, thus making it about 36 inches in nominal size, inverted, and 17 applied in like form but smaller, to provide the highly desired automation of the 18 flanged closure on the top of the vessel.
14 Among other factors, the present invention is based on our conception and finding that coke is safely and efficiently removed from a delayed coker vessel 16 by the closed system process described herein, sometimes visualized by us 17 as a "closed-pipe" system, which includes side entry for the feed to the vessel 18 and a pressure-tight seal between a closure housing for a vessel bottom 19 aperture. The vessel bottom aperture, which opens and closes, preferably includes automatic and remote operation of a closure unit, such as a valve, 21 located at the bottom of the coker vessel rather than unbolting and removing 22 or swinging away a "head" as in the prior art. One aspect of enabling the 23 process of the present invention is introducing the heated hydrocarbon feed to 24 the coker vessel at a location above and lateral to the coker vessel bottom and the closure unit, in combination with the above mentioned pressure-tight 26 seals.
28 A preferred embodiment of the present invention is additionally based on our 29 finding that coke removal in the present process is advantageously carried out using a coke chute bolted and pressure-tightly sealed to the bottom of the 31 closure housing. The chute, which preferably remains attached without 32 removal throughout repetitive coking/decoking cycles, assists in directing coke 33 removed from the coker vessel to a coke receiving area.
1 According to a preferred embodiment, the invention further relates to a 2 method and apparatus for automatically opening and closing a vessel bottom 3 aperture by means of a closure unit or valve, in lieu of the removable or 4 partially removable head devices described in the prior art, and without the associated safety and efficiency drawbacks discussed above. In a preferred 6 embodiment, which takes the place of the prior art removable closure flanges, 7 spool pieces bolted to stationary vessel flanges, hinged flanges, carts, 8 carriages and the like, powered devices, which may be controlled 9 automatically, move closure a closure member within a closure housing between open and closed positions. These powered devices may comprise 11 any powered actuators, including motors, solenoids, or the like, but preferably 12 comprise linear actuators such as hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders with 13 reciprocating piston rods. Such actuators may be mounted on the vessel the 14 closure housing or other stationary location to reversibly and repetitively move the closure member from an open to closed position. Preferably the method 16 of the invention does not typically require direct human intervention in 17 proximity to the vessel bottom to actuate the powered devices, which is 18 preferably accomplished by remote instrumentation means such as an 19 electronic relay system or computer controlled system. The entire process is, thus, done safely and without significant or dangerous physical effort.
22 Although secondary to the significant safety improvements, the present 23 invention also speeds up the procedure so that the coking/decoking cycle time 24 can be substantially reduced, without compromise in safety or human effort.
The invention also renders the addition of this new closure device onto the 26 hundreds of existing coker vessels to a relatively simple, quick, and 27 inexpensive procedure, as compared to the difficult, expensive, and time 28 consuming requirement of the existing methods and devices of the prior art 29 described above.
33 Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the delayed coking process of the present 34 invention. Figure 2 is a side view of a typical coke vessel bottom known in the 1 prior art depicting the typical bottom entry feed, removable vessel bottom 2 head in one of the known arrangements and detachable coke chute 3 arrangement in one of the known arrangements. Figure 3 is a side view 4 depiction of a preferred embodiment of the present invention illustrating a coker vessel designed and fabricated to be directly attached and sealed to the 6 closure housing and the side entry hydrocarbon feed line. Figure 4 is a side 7 view depiction of another embodiment of the invention, particularly useful for 8 retrofitting existing coker vessels, showing a spool or flange interposed 9 between the coker vessel bottom and the closure housing. Figures 3 and 4 additionally depict a coke chute affixed and sealed to the closure housing 11 bottom. Figures 5 and 6 depict top and side views of the coke vessel closure 12 unit with cut-a-way portions showing the movable closure member within the 13 closure housing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
17 The invention relates to an improved method of repetitively coking heavy 18 hydrocarbons in a coker vessel and repetitively decoking the vessel in a rapid, 19 safe and efficient manner by simply opening and closing a closure member, such as a valve, within a closure unit, rather than removing or swinging away 21 a bottom head unit, as in the prior art. As generally depicted in Figure 1, 22 delayed coking is accomplished by charging hot, resid oil feed through a feed 23 line 10 to the fractionator 15 above the bottom vapor zone 20. Lighter 24 hydrocarbon materials such as naphtha, gases, diesel and gas oils are taken from upper portions of the fractionator vessel 15 by appropriately placed 26 conduits 25, 30, 35 and routed to other facilities for further refining.
28 Fresh feed and recycled feed from the bottom of the fractionator 15 are 29 pumped through a coker heater 40 where the combined feed is heated to a temperature ranging between about 900°F to1000°F, preferably to between 31 905°F to 950°F and most preferably to between 910°F
and 935°F, partially 32 vaporized and alternatively charged to one of a pair of coker vessels 45, 45a 33 via a feed line 50, 50a laterally attached to the coker vessel 45, 45a. Hot 34 vapors from the top of the coker vessels 45, 45a are recycled to the bottom of 1 the fractionator 15 via a feed line 55. In this manner, the hot vapors from the 2 coke vessel are quenched by the cooler feed liquid, thus preventing any 3 significant amount of coke formation in the fractionator 15 and simultaneously 4 condensing a portion of the heavy ends which are recycled to the coker vessels 45, 45a. The unvaporized portion of the coker heater effluent settles 6 out (cokes) in the active coker vessel 45, 45a where the combined effect of 7 temperature and retention time results in coke formation. Coke formation in 8 the coker vessel 45, 45a is continued, typically between about 12 to about 9 hours, until the active vessel 45, 45a is full to within a safe margin from the vessel top.
12 Once the active coke vessel 45, 45a is full, the heated heavy hydrocarbon 13 feed is redirected to the empty coker vessel 45, 45a where the above 14 described process is repeated. Coke is then removed from the full vessel by first quenching the hot coke with steam and water, then opening a closure unit 16 60 sealed to the vessel bottom, hydraulically drilling the coke from the top 17 portion of the vessel and directing drilled coke from the vessel through the 18 open closure unit into a coke chute 65 sealed to the bottom of the closure unit 19 60 to a coke receiving area 62. Opening of the closure unit is safely accomplished by a remotely located control unit 70.
22 Key features of the coking method and coker vessel of this invention include 23 the side entry feed line 50a and 50b (see Figures 3 &4), the closure unit 60, 24 with a moveable closure member therein, pressure-tightly sealed to the vessel bottom 45, 45a and a coke chute 65 pressure-tightly sealed to the bottom of 26 the closure unit 60. The side entry feed line 50b can be attached to the 27 vessel side from about 6 inches to about 5 feet above the vessel bottom, 28 preferably from 1 foot to about four 4 feet from the vessel bottom and most 29 preferably from 1.5 feet to 2.5 feet from the vessel bottom.
31 Referring to Figures 3 and 4, said pressure-tight seals are accomplished in 32 one preferred embodiment (Figure 3) preferably by means of a gasket 90 33 interposed between facing flanged surfaces of the coke vessel bottom 75, the 34 closure unit 75a and the coke chute 75b and the closure unit 75c. In another 1 preferred embodiment (Figure 4), a spool piece 80 is used to adapt coke 2 vessel bottom apertures and closure unit 60 apertures of different diameters.
3 In this embodiment said pressure-tight seals are preferably accomplished 4 between facing flanged surfaces of the coke vessel bottom 75, the spool piece 85, the closure housing 75a, the spool piece 85a and the coke chute 6 75b and the closure unit 75c. To form the pressure tight seals between said 7 flanged surfaces preferably the mating surfaces of the respective flanges are 8 machined to a desired finish, then pressure-tightly joined together with a 9 plurality of suitable fasteners, such as bolts, clamps or similar means and with a carefully selected gasket 90 interposed between said mating surfaces.
11 Similarly, to form the pressure tight seals between the flanged surfaces of the 12 closure housing bottom 75c and the coke chute 75b preferably the mating 13 surfaces of the respective flanges are machined to a desired finish, then 14 pressure-tightly joined together with a plurality of suitable fasteners, such as bolts, clamps or similar means and with a carefully selected gasket 90 16 interposed between said mating surfaces. The method for sealing the coke 17 chute 65 to the closure unit bottom may be different from the method for 18 sealing the vessel or spool to the closure unit top because operating 19 conditions are not a critical factor for seal integrity.
21 According to a more detailed embodiment, preferably, said flanged surfaces 22 are first machined to an RMS (root mean squared) finish ranging from 50 to 23 400, preferably 100 to 300 and most preferably between about 120 to 130.
24 An annular gasket comprised of a metal core, such as stainless steal, and a flexible material suitable for use as a gasket in combination with metal under 26 temperatures ranging from -50°F to 1000°F and pressures ranging from 100 27 psi to 200 psi is fitted to one of the flanged surfaces of each of the coke 28 vessel bottom 75, the spool piece 85, 85a and the closure housing 75a. With 29 the gasket interposed between each, the coke vessel bottom 45, and the closure housing 60 (and in another embodiment the spool piece 80) are 31 pressure-tightly joined together by a plurality of suitable fasteners, such as 32 bolts, clamps or similar means. The fastening means, such as bolts, clamps 33 or similar means are tightened or torqued such that the pressure placed on 1 the gaskets 90 ranges between 10,000 PSI to 30,000 PSI, preferably between 2 15,000 and 25,000 PSI and most preferably 20,000 PSI. Preferably, said 3 torque pressure is applied evenly around the gasket circumference.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the metal gasket is 6 annular and stainless steel ranging in thickness from about .020 " to .140', 7 preferably about .024" to about .035" and most preferably from about .028"
to 8 about .032", and is concentrically corrugated. Said corrugations range in 9 height above the metal surface of the gasket from a minimum of about 0.001 inches to a maximum of about 0.050 inches, preferably from a minimum of 11 about 0.005 inches to a maximum of about 0.030 inches and most preferably 12 from a minimum of about 0.010 inches to a maximum of about 0.020 inches.
13 Once corrugated, the width of the gasket is such that the outside and inside 14 diameters thereof are respectively coincident with the outside and inside diameter of the flanged surfaces of the coke vessel bottom, the spool piece, 16 the closure unit and the coke chute. Flexible graphite material, such as 17 Polycarbon flexible graphite Grade B or BP (with antioxidant inhibitor) or 18 Union Carbide flexible graphite grade GTB or GTK (with antioxidant inhibitor), 19 is bonded to the upper and lower surfaces of the gasket metal core such that the gasket is sandwiched between the layers of graphite material. Thickness 21 of the graphite material can range from about 0.005 inches to about 0.030 22 inches, preferably between 0.010 inches to about 0.025 inches and most 23 preferably is about 0.015 inches thick. Preferably the graphite covering will 24 have the same nominal inside and outside diameter dimensions of the metal gasket. Upon bonding to the gasket metal core surfaces, the corrugations 26 thereof should be covered by the graphite material. Sealing the flanged 27 surfaces of the coker vessel, the spool piece, the closure unit and, optionally, 28 the coke chute in the manner described above results in a pressure-tight seal 29 that tolerates the differential expansion that occurs between the flanges during the repetitive coking/decoking cycles of the present invention.
32 Figures 3 and 4 depict preferred embodiments of the coker vessel. Figure 3 33 depicts the lower portion of a coker vessel 45 which can be 15 to 30 feet in 34 diameter and 80 to 100 feet tall, which is typically cone or funnel shaped on 1 the lower end and which is attached to a lower flange 75 that is typically 60 to 2 72 inches in diameter. A closure unit 60 is pressure-tightly attached or sealed 3 to the lower flange 75. The closure unit 60 has a flanged lower portion 75c, 4 which is pressure-tightly attached or sealed to a coke chute 65. The closure unit 60 and coke chute 65 remain sealed in place during repetitive coking and 6 decoking cycles, but can be detached and laterally moved away from the 7 vessel 45 for maintenance via a gantry system, trolley system, rail mounted 8 cart or carriage or other similar system. The number of coking cycle 9 repetitions that can be carried out prior to breakdown of the system for major maintenance can vary from 10 to 150 cycles, preferably 20 to 100 cycles and, 11 most preferably, from 30 to 75 cycles per pair of vessels.
13 Figure 4 depicts another embodiment of the invention that is particularly 14 suitable for retrofitting existing coker vessels. As in the first embodiment the coke vessel 45 is typically cone or funnel shaped on the lower end which is 16 attached to a lower flange unit 75 that is typically 48 to 72 inches in diameter, 17 preferably 60 to 72 inches in diameter. Interposed between the lower flange 18 75 and the closure housing 60 is a spool piece 80 having a flanged top 85 and 19 bottom 85a and a laterally attached flanged conduit 50b for attachment to the heavy hydrocarbon feed line 50a. The spool piece 80, in one embodiment, 21 can be of equal diameter on the top and bottom or, in another embodiment, 22 conical in shape to adapt the coker vessel opening diameter to the closure 23 unit opening diameter, for example a vessel opening of about 72 inches and a 24 closure unit opening of about 60 inches in diameter.
26 Figures 5 and 6 respectively depict plan and side cut-away views of the 27 closure unit of a preferred embodiment of this invention. The closure unit 28 of this invention is a slide, gate, knife, ball, wedge plug or similar type valve 29 comprising a closure housing 115 defining an interior void wherein a closure member 120 is mounted to an actuator or actuators 125, such as hydraulic 31 pistons 130 such that said closure member can be laterally moved to an open 32 or closed position. The closure housing further comprises a first end section 33 135, a second end section 140 and a middle section 145 which middle section 34 defines an aperture 150 that can range in size from 48 to 72 inches in 1 diameter. When moved laterally within the closure housing 115 the closure 2 member 120 opens and closes said aperture 150.
4 To begin the coking cycle described above the closure member 120 is moved laterally to close the vessel bottom by operating the actuators 125, such as 6 hydraulic cylinders 130 that are, preferably, automatically and remotely 7 operable. When the closure member is moved into the fully closed position 8 the closure housing 115 is purged with nitrogen and/or steam via inlet valves 9 155 mounted in the closure housing body 115. Coking then begins by the process described above. During the coking phase of the coking cycle block 11 pressure steam is injected into the closure housing body at a rate sufficient to 12 maintain pressure at a level to effectively eliminate hydrocarbon leaks at the 13 closure member/closure housing seat 160. Blocking steam pressure and flow 14 rate are continuously monitored during the coking phase by use of pressure and flow rate measuring devices 165 installed in the closure housing 115 and 16 connected to a remotely located control unit 70.
In a coking vessel used for delayed coking of heavy petroleum hydrocarbon 21 feed stocks, after about 24 hours of operation sufficient coke is accumulated 22 in the vessel such that removal of the coke is required before coking 23 operations can continue in the vessel. At this point the heated heavy 24 hydrocarbon feed is redirected to an adjoining empty coke vessel. The full 1 coke vessel which is equipped with a lower spool transition piece, a closure 26 unit and attached coke chute operated in accordance with a preferred 27 embodiment of this invention, is shut down, quenched, depressurized and the 28 closure member within the closure housing unit is hydraulically moved 29 laterally to open the coke vessel bottom. Hydraulic movement of the closure member is actuated by workers from a safe, remotely located control system.
31 Important characteristics of the coker vessel used in preferred embodiments 32 of the present invention that can be repetitively cycled through the coking and 33 decoking process without removing the closure unit and coke chute, include:
34 A coker lower flange equal to 72 inches in diameter; a flanged spool transition 1 piece wherein the top flange of the spool piece is 72 inches in diameter and 2 the bottom flange is 60 inches in diameter; a hydrocarbon feed inlet line 3 installed laterally on the spool piece; a closure housing with a 60 inch 4 diameter opening therein; a closure member laterally moveable by hydraulic means within the closure housing; a coke chute 60 inches in diameter 6 attached to the bottom opening of the closure housing; and a 60 inch stroke 7 closure member hydraulic actuator powered by a 3000 psi pump.
9 Referring again to the coking process steps, upon redirection of the hydrocarbon feed from the full coker vessel to the empty coker vessel, 4000 11 pounds per hour of steam at 150 psi is injected into the full vessel via the 12 laterally installed inlet line. The steam strips uncoked hydrocarbon from the 13 vessel which is routed to the fractionator. After a period of time, usually about 14 two hours, the vessel is isolated from the fractionator and depressurized through a relief system. Stripping steam is thereafter continued for an 16 additional hour and thereafter quench water is added to the vessel at a slow 17 rate to cool the coke bed to approximately 200°F. Upon cooling the vessel to 18 the desired temperature the water is drained from the vessel via the inlet line 19 or by, partially or fully, opening the closure member in the closure housing to drain water from the vessel into the coke receiving area.
22 Once the coke bed is cooled and the water drained, the vessel is prepared for 23 drilling coke from the vessel with the hydraulic drill system. The closure 24 member within the closure housing is opened hydraulically by remote actuation thereby allowing the drilled coke to fall into the coke chute which is 26 attached to the bottom of the closure housing. As the coke is drilled it falls out 27 of the vessel into the coke chute and is directed into the coke pit. Upon 28 completion of the drilling process the hydraulic drill stem is removed from the 29 top of the vessel, the vessel top head is replaced and the inlet line and coke vessel are visually inspected for plugging. Once the inspection is complete 31 and the removal of coke and absence of plugging is verified, the closure 32 member within the closure housing is hydraulically closed. Then steam is 33 injected into the vessel to purge air and pressure the vessel to test the 34 integrity of the top head seals, inlet line seals, closure housing/vessel/spool 1 seals, and the closure member seals within the closure housing. Finally, the 2 vessel is preheated to about 400°F to 600°F skin temperature.
When the 3 desired temperature is reached the resid hydrocarbon feed is switched into 4 this vessel and the adjoining vessel is prepared for decoking in accordance with the above process.
7 Thus, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a 8 delayed coking method and coke vessel have been provided which allow the 9 automatic, safe, quick, and effective opening and closure of coke vessels, or the like. While the invention has been herein shown and described in what is 11 presently conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiment 12 thereof, many other modifications may be made within the scope of the 13 invention, which scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation of the 14 appended claims so as to encompass all equivalent structures and methods.
For example, the structures of the invention may be reduced in size by a 16 factor of two, thus making it about 36 inches in nominal size, inverted, and 17 applied in like form but smaller, to provide the highly desired automation of the 18 flanged closure on the top of the vessel.
Claims (23)
1. ~A process for repetitively producing and removing coke from a delayed coker vessel, wherein the coker vessel has a bottom portion defining an aperture through which coke is released, comprising:
(a) Sealing an aperture closure housing to the bottom portion of the coker vessel;
(b) moving a closure member within the closure housing to close the aperture;
(c) feeding a heavy hydrocarbon feed into the coker vessel through a feed line attached to the coker vessel at a position above the bottom of the coker vessel;
(d) coking the heavy hydrocarbon in the coker vessel;
(e) moving the closure member within the closure housing to open the aperture to allow coke removal from the coker vessel; and (f) releasing coke through the aperture, and;
(g) repeating steps b through f successively.
(a) Sealing an aperture closure housing to the bottom portion of the coker vessel;
(b) moving a closure member within the closure housing to close the aperture;
(c) feeding a heavy hydrocarbon feed into the coker vessel through a feed line attached to the coker vessel at a position above the bottom of the coker vessel;
(d) coking the heavy hydrocarbon in the coker vessel;
(e) moving the closure member within the closure housing to open the aperture to allow coke removal from the coker vessel; and (f) releasing coke through the aperture, and;
(g) repeating steps b through f successively.
2. ~The process in of Claim 1 wherein step (c) further comprises attaching the feed line to the coker vessel at a side entry position.
3. ~The process in of Claim 1 wherein step (a) further comprises sealing a transition spool piece to the coker vessel bottom and attaching the feed line to the spool piece at a side entry position.
4. ~The process of Claim 1 wherein step (a) further comprises forming a seal between the aperture closure housing and the bottom portion of the vessel wherein the seal withstands pressures within the vessel from atmospheric to 500 psi.
5. The process of Claim 4 wherein step (a) further comprises forming a seal between the aperture closure housing and the bottom portion of the vessel wherein the seal withstands vessel temperatures through repetitive coking/decoking cycles ranging from -50°F to 1000°F.
6. The process of Claim 1 wherein step (a) further comprises sealing a coke chute to a bottom portion of the aperture closure housing.
7. The process of Claim 1 wherein step (a) further comprises placing a gasket between the bottom portion of the vessel and closure unit and pressure-tightly joining the vessel bottom, the gasket and the closure unit.
8. The process of Claim 2 wherein step (a) further comprises placing a gasket between the bottom of the closure unit and the coke chute and pressure-tightly joining the closure unit, the gasket and the coke chute.
9. The process of Claim 7 or 8 wherein the gasket comprises an annular corrugated metal bonded to a graphite material.
10. A process in accordance with Claim 6 wherein the process further comprises using the chute to assist in directing coke removed from the coker vessel into a coke receiving area.
11. A process in accordance with Claim 1 wherein steps (b) and (e) further comprise moving the closure member by a powered actuator or a plurality of powered actuators.
12. The process of Claim 11 wherein said powered actuators are remotely actuated.
13. A process in accordance with Claim 1 wherein the coking step (d) is carried out at a temperature between 900°F and 1100°F, the opening step (e) is done at a temperature between -50°F and 110°F, and the valve is selected to withstand repeated operation at temperature cycling between step (d) and step (e).
14. A process in accordance with Claim 1 wherein the closure member of steps (b) and (e) is a valve.
15. A process in accordance with Claim 14 wherein the valve is selected from a gate valve, a ball valve, a slide valve, a knife valve or a wedge plug valve.
16. A process in accordance with Claim 1 wherein the aperture opens to a diameter between 30 and 90 inches.
17. A process in accordance with Claim 1 wherein the closure housing and closure member are mounted to a weight bearing structure selected from the group consisting of a gantry system and a trolley system.
18. The process of Claim 17 wherein the closure unit is laterally removable from the coker vessel by means of said weight bearing structure.
19. A coker vessel comprising:
(a) a vessel having a flanged side aperture and a flanged bottom aperture;
(b) a flanged feed pipe fitted to said flanged side aperture;
(c) an aperture closure unit fitted and sealed to said bottom aperture;
(d) a closure member moveable within said closure unit;
(e) A coke chute sealed to the bottom portion of the closure unit for directing coke from the vessel to a receiving area.
(a) a vessel having a flanged side aperture and a flanged bottom aperture;
(b) a flanged feed pipe fitted to said flanged side aperture;
(c) an aperture closure unit fitted and sealed to said bottom aperture;
(d) a closure member moveable within said closure unit;
(e) A coke chute sealed to the bottom portion of the closure unit for directing coke from the vessel to a receiving area.
20. The coker vessel of Claim 19 wherein the closure member comprises a valve.
21. The coker vessel of Claim 20 wherein the valve is a gate valve, a ball valve, a slide valve, a knife valve or a wedge plug valve.
22. The coker vessel of Claim 20 wherein the valve further comprises a power actuated valve.
23. The coker vessel of Claim 20 wherein the bottom aperture is from 30 to 90 inches.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/043,527 US20030127314A1 (en) | 2002-01-10 | 2002-01-10 | Safe and automatic method for removal of coke from a coke vessel |
| US10/043,527 | 2002-01-10 | ||
| PCT/US2003/005987 WO2003104353A1 (en) | 2002-01-10 | 2002-12-18 | Safe and automatic method for removal of coke from a coke vessel |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2473105A1 true CA2473105A1 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
Family
ID=21927605
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002473105A Abandoned CA2473105A1 (en) | 2002-01-10 | 2002-12-18 | Safe and automatic method for removal of coke from a coke vessel |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20030127314A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1470203A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003217775A1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR0210446A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2473105A1 (en) |
| MX (1) | MXPA04006672A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2003104353A1 (en) |
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-
2002
- 2002-01-10 US US10/043,527 patent/US20030127314A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-12-18 CA CA002473105A patent/CA2473105A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-12-18 AU AU2003217775A patent/AU2003217775A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-12-18 EP EP20030713738 patent/EP1470203A1/en active Pending
- 2002-12-18 BR BRPI0210446-6A patent/BR0210446A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-12-18 MX MXPA04006672A patent/MXPA04006672A/en unknown
- 2002-12-18 WO PCT/US2003/005987 patent/WO2003104353A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1470203A1 (en) | 2004-10-27 |
| US20030127314A1 (en) | 2003-07-10 |
| AU2003217775A1 (en) | 2003-12-22 |
| MXPA04006672A (en) | 2004-11-10 |
| WO2003104353A1 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
| BR0210446A (en) | 2006-06-20 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |