CA2377493A1 - Optical coupling - Google Patents
Optical coupling Download PDFInfo
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- CA2377493A1 CA2377493A1 CA002377493A CA2377493A CA2377493A1 CA 2377493 A1 CA2377493 A1 CA 2377493A1 CA 002377493 A CA002377493 A CA 002377493A CA 2377493 A CA2377493 A CA 2377493A CA 2377493 A1 CA2377493 A1 CA 2377493A1
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- Prior art keywords
- light
- coupling
- optical waveguide
- waveguide
- grating
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29304—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating
- G02B6/29316—Light guides comprising a diffractive element, e.g. grating in or on the light guide such that diffracted light is confined in the light guide
- G02B6/29317—Light guides of the optical fibre type
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
- G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
- G02B6/0208—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response
- G02B6/02085—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the grating profile, e.g. chirped, apodised, tilted, helical
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29304—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating
- G02B6/29316—Light guides comprising a diffractive element, e.g. grating in or on the light guide such that diffracted light is confined in the light guide
- G02B6/29323—Coupling to or out of the diffractive element through the lateral surface of the light guide
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29331—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by evanescent wave coupling
- G02B6/29335—Evanescent coupling to a resonator cavity, i.e. between a waveguide mode and a resonant mode of the cavity
- G02B6/29337—Cavities of the linear kind, e.g. formed by reflectors at ends of a light guide
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
- G02B6/4215—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms the intermediate optical elements being wavelength selective optical elements, e.g. variable wavelength optical modules or wavelength lockers
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
- Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
Abstract
A method and a device for coupling light to or from an optical waveguide, wherein a local resonance to a specific wavelength is provided in a portion of the waveguide intended for coupling the specific wavelength component of the light. Light coupling to or from the waveguide takes place at the portion with local resonance.
Description
OPTICAL COUPLING
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method and a device for coupling light to or from an optical wave-guide.
Background of the Invention Light guiding in optical waveguides, and light guiding in optical fibres in particular, is a well-known technology for transporting energy and information in the form of light. For example, as in the case of opti-cal fibres, one-dimensional optical waveguides are based on light guiding in a medium of cylindrical symmetry. The light guiding takes place in a core, which is surrounded by a medium having a lower refractive index, the so-call-ed cladding, light guiding according to a simple model being obtained by means of repeated total internal reflections between the core and the cladding. However, the light can only propagate in certain predetermined directions, so-called modes, which are defined by certain phase conditions which must be met in connection with the propagation of the light. According to the standard model, these modes consist of eigensolutions to Maxwell's equations applying existing cylindrical boundary conditions.
If the cross-sectional dimension of the core is sufficiently small, the light can only propagate in a single such mode. An optical waveguide with this char-acteristic is called an optical monomode waveguide.
Monomode waveguides have certain important advantages over a waveguide permitting several modes (multimode waveguide). For example, the information transfer capa-city of an optical monomode fibre, often called an opti-cal single-mode fibre, is much greater than that of a multimode fibre when light is guided through a long fibre. Another important advantage of a monomode wave-guide such as a single-mode fibre is its lack of ambi-guity. Apart from the polarisation state of the light, the characteristics of the light will be well-defined along the entire waveguide. In particular, the intensity distribution of the light will be well-defined along the entire waveguide. This is extremely important in order to provide predictable operation of waveguide-based com-ponents. A detailed description of the characteristics of the single-mode fibre is provided in, for example, L.B.
Jeunhomme "Single-mode fiber optics: Principles and applications", Marcel Dekker, New York (1990).
Generally, several separate channels are utilised in order to increase the transfer capacity of an optical waveguide, each channel consisting of a specific light wavelength. This technology is usually called wavelength-multiplexed transfer or WDM (Wavelength Division Multi-plexing). A summary of the WDM technology is provided in G. E. Keiser, "A review of WDM technology and applica-tions", Opt. Fiber Technol, 5, pp. 3-39, (1999). In con-nection with WDM it is thus desirable to be able to add and subtract single channels, i.e. single light wavelengths, to and from the waveguide.
A well-known technology for wavelength-selective alteration of the propagation direction of light utilises optical phase gratings. An optical phase grating is a structure of essentially periodically varying refractive index in an optically transparent medium. A review of the technology is provided in, for example, M. C. Hutley "Diffraction gratings", Academic Press, London (1982).
When light is incident upon an optical phase grating a small part of the incident light is reflected by each grating element (period). When a plurality of grating elements are arranged in succession (i.e. arranged in a phase grating) the total amount of reflected light will be the sum of all of these separate reflections. The part of the incident light that is reflected by each grating element depends on the depth (amplitude) of the refrac-tive index modulation of the phase grating, i.e. on the refractive index difference of the grating elements. The greater the modulation the greater the part of the inci-dent light that is reflected by each phase element. If the propagation direction of the light which is incident upon a phase grating is essentially perpendicular to the grating, i.e. to the normal of the grating elements, the grating is said to be operating in the Bragg domain and is called a Bragg grating. As a result of the perpendi-cular incidence the light will be reflected essentially parallel to the direction of incidence (i.e. in the oppo-site propagation direction). The light which is reflect-ed by each grating element will thus overlap the light reflected by all the other grating elements, thus giving rise to interference. In a monomode waveguide, all reflections within a certain angle cone will couple to the only mode (propagation direction) permitted by the waveguid.e. In the case of the wavelength where these reflections are in phase, constructive interference arises, and despite the fact that each grating element only provides a low intensity reflection, substantial reflection will be obtained for this wavelength from the grating as a whole. This wavelength, at which a substan-tial reflection is obtained from the grating as a whole, is called the Bragg wavelength ~bragg and is given (in con-nection with perpendicular incidence) by ~bragg = 2nA
where n is the average value of the refractive index and A is the period of the phase grating. The reflectance for the Bragg wavelength is given by Rbragg = t1T1112If~
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method and a device for coupling light to or from an optical wave-guide.
Background of the Invention Light guiding in optical waveguides, and light guiding in optical fibres in particular, is a well-known technology for transporting energy and information in the form of light. For example, as in the case of opti-cal fibres, one-dimensional optical waveguides are based on light guiding in a medium of cylindrical symmetry. The light guiding takes place in a core, which is surrounded by a medium having a lower refractive index, the so-call-ed cladding, light guiding according to a simple model being obtained by means of repeated total internal reflections between the core and the cladding. However, the light can only propagate in certain predetermined directions, so-called modes, which are defined by certain phase conditions which must be met in connection with the propagation of the light. According to the standard model, these modes consist of eigensolutions to Maxwell's equations applying existing cylindrical boundary conditions.
If the cross-sectional dimension of the core is sufficiently small, the light can only propagate in a single such mode. An optical waveguide with this char-acteristic is called an optical monomode waveguide.
Monomode waveguides have certain important advantages over a waveguide permitting several modes (multimode waveguide). For example, the information transfer capa-city of an optical monomode fibre, often called an opti-cal single-mode fibre, is much greater than that of a multimode fibre when light is guided through a long fibre. Another important advantage of a monomode wave-guide such as a single-mode fibre is its lack of ambi-guity. Apart from the polarisation state of the light, the characteristics of the light will be well-defined along the entire waveguide. In particular, the intensity distribution of the light will be well-defined along the entire waveguide. This is extremely important in order to provide predictable operation of waveguide-based com-ponents. A detailed description of the characteristics of the single-mode fibre is provided in, for example, L.B.
Jeunhomme "Single-mode fiber optics: Principles and applications", Marcel Dekker, New York (1990).
Generally, several separate channels are utilised in order to increase the transfer capacity of an optical waveguide, each channel consisting of a specific light wavelength. This technology is usually called wavelength-multiplexed transfer or WDM (Wavelength Division Multi-plexing). A summary of the WDM technology is provided in G. E. Keiser, "A review of WDM technology and applica-tions", Opt. Fiber Technol, 5, pp. 3-39, (1999). In con-nection with WDM it is thus desirable to be able to add and subtract single channels, i.e. single light wavelengths, to and from the waveguide.
A well-known technology for wavelength-selective alteration of the propagation direction of light utilises optical phase gratings. An optical phase grating is a structure of essentially periodically varying refractive index in an optically transparent medium. A review of the technology is provided in, for example, M. C. Hutley "Diffraction gratings", Academic Press, London (1982).
When light is incident upon an optical phase grating a small part of the incident light is reflected by each grating element (period). When a plurality of grating elements are arranged in succession (i.e. arranged in a phase grating) the total amount of reflected light will be the sum of all of these separate reflections. The part of the incident light that is reflected by each grating element depends on the depth (amplitude) of the refrac-tive index modulation of the phase grating, i.e. on the refractive index difference of the grating elements. The greater the modulation the greater the part of the inci-dent light that is reflected by each phase element. If the propagation direction of the light which is incident upon a phase grating is essentially perpendicular to the grating, i.e. to the normal of the grating elements, the grating is said to be operating in the Bragg domain and is called a Bragg grating. As a result of the perpendi-cular incidence the light will be reflected essentially parallel to the direction of incidence (i.e. in the oppo-site propagation direction). The light which is reflect-ed by each grating element will thus overlap the light reflected by all the other grating elements, thus giving rise to interference. In a monomode waveguide, all reflections within a certain angle cone will couple to the only mode (propagation direction) permitted by the waveguid.e. In the case of the wavelength where these reflections are in phase, constructive interference arises, and despite the fact that each grating element only provides a low intensity reflection, substantial reflection will be obtained for this wavelength from the grating as a whole. This wavelength, at which a substan-tial reflection is obtained from the grating as a whole, is called the Bragg wavelength ~bragg and is given (in con-nection with perpendicular incidence) by ~bragg = 2nA
where n is the average value of the refractive index and A is the period of the phase grating. The reflectance for the Bragg wavelength is given by Rbragg = t1T1112If~
where L is the length of the Bragg grating in the propa-gation direction of the light and K is defined as 4~dn x-where ~n is the amplitude of the refractive index modu-lation. Since the refractive index modulation On typical-ly is small (10-5 - 10-3) , the above expression of the reflectance can be expanded into a power series, whereby it can be seen that the reflectance is approximately proportional to the square of Vin.
If the angle of incidence of the light upon the phase grating is not perpendicular, i.e. if the grating planes are inclined, the light will not be reflected in the direction of incidence. The light reflected by each grating element will then only partially overlap the light reflected by the other grating elements and the interference effect will thus be less pronounced than in the Bragg domain.
A method for providing a phase grating in an optical waveguide is known from, for example, US-4,725,110 (Glenn et al). According to this method a waveguide is illumi-nated by ultraviolet light through an interferometer, resulting in periodic exposure of the waveguide, which gives rise to a periodic alteration of the refractive index in the waveguide. This refractive index alteration remains in the waveguide subsequent to the exposure. By controlling the angle between the interfering, ultra-violet light rays the period can be chosen so that the desired Bragg wavelength is obtained. The angles of inci-dence of the interfering, ultraviolet light rays are usually chosen to be symmetrically arranged relative to the axis of propagation of the waveguide in order to provide grating elements whose planes are oriented essen-tially at right angles to the propagation axis of the waveguide, the grating thus operating in the Bragg domain. This technology has been found to be most effec-tive for waveguides in which the waveguiding structure is composed of germanium silicate, i.e. where the waveguid-ing structure is composed of quartz to which a certain 5 amount of germanium has been added.
US-5,042,897 (Meltz et al.) describes a device for coupling light from a waveguide with the aid of tilted (inclined) gratings, i.e. phase gratings having grating elements (refractive index variations) whose planes intersect the propagation axis of the waveguide under an angle which is different from 90 degrees. These tilted gratings are provided by means of an interferometer as mentioned above by angling the same in relation to the propagation axis of the waveguide. The angle at which the light will be coupled from the waveguide is determined by the angle of_inclination of the grating elements in relation to the propagation axis of the waveguide (the transverse phase matching condition) as well as by the wavelength (the longitudinal phase matching condition).
See, for example, R. Kashyap. "Fiber Bragg Gratings", Academic Press, London (1999). The tilted grating elements function as small, almost completely transparent, mirrors. The diameter of the mirrors (grating elements) is essentially equal to the diameter of the waveguiding structure. In a single-mode fibre, for example, the waveguiding structure is composed of the core of the fibre, which usually has a diameter of about 10 micrometers. Since this diameter is not much greater than the wavelength of the light, the mirrors (grating elements) will cause diffraction of the reflected light.
Consequently, the reflected light will spread out in a cone around the angle defined by the angle of inclination of the grating elements. The transverse phase matching condition gives that this angle is about twice as large as the angle of inclination. Since the grating elements reflect light which is partially overlapping, a certain wavelength will only give rise to constructive interference if the light from each consecutive grating element is in phase with the light from the preceding grating element. This occurs at a certain predetermined angle, which is given by the longitudinal phase matching condition ~lnd CO$(~~ _ ~ COSBg where Neff and n~laa are the refractive indices of the waveguiding structure (core) and the substrate (cladding) respectively, the substrate being assumed, in the above expression, to have an infinite extension, cpL being the output-coupling angle in the cladding, and 9g being the angle of inclination.
A further development of the above device having tilted gratings is described in US-5,061,032 (Meltz et al.). In this device the period of the tilted grating is not constant; rather, it varies along the propagation axis of the waveguide. For example, the period of the grating can increase or decrease linearly (or according to some other mathematical function) along the waveguide.
A grating whose period is altered monotonically in this manner is called a "chirped" grating (chirp = frequency sweep). By utilising customised chirp functions it is possible to cause the output-coupling of a certain wave-length to provide a focal line extending transversely of the waveguide.
The above methods for coupling light from a wave-guide with the aid of tilted gratings require the output-coupling angle to be large enough to prevent the occur-rence of a total internal reflection between the substrate (cladding) and the surrounding material (outer cover). In the typical case of an optical fibre the output-coupling angle cpL must be greater than about 44°, which requires an angle of inclination 9g of at least about 22°. For a certain modulation (amplitude) of the grating, its efficiency will decrease as the angle of inclination increases. A further drawback is that the output-coupling will be extremely polarisation-dependent.
One approach aimed at avoiding these drawbacks is described in US-5,832,156 (Strasser et al). According to that document, a prism having the same refractive index as the cladding of a fibre can be utilised, the prism being brought into optical contact with the fibre with the aid of a contacting liquid. This technology permits angles of inclination of less than 15° and thereby avoids the above drawbacks to some extent. The prism is also used for spatial separation of output-coupled wavelengths with the aid of the dispersion of the prism. However, this output-coupling has some remaining drawbacks.
Firstly, the resolution of wavelengths is limited by the fact that the chirp function only serves its intended purpose for a certain wavelength. Secondly, the limited length of the chirped grating causes significant diffraction in connection with small angles of inclination. Thirdly, the coupling efficiency will be different for different wavelengths.
Accordingly, there is a need for improved devices and methods for coupling light to or from an optical waveguide, which essentially obviate the above-mentioned problems.
Summary of the Invention The main object of the present invention is to improve the possibilities of coupling light to or from optical waveguides. This object is achieved by the use of a device and a method for light coupling of the kind stated in the appended claims.
A specific object of the present invention is to provide a device for wavelength-selective light coupling to or from an optical waveguide, which has a spectral resolution that is substantially higher than that enabled by the prior art.
If the angle of incidence of the light upon the phase grating is not perpendicular, i.e. if the grating planes are inclined, the light will not be reflected in the direction of incidence. The light reflected by each grating element will then only partially overlap the light reflected by the other grating elements and the interference effect will thus be less pronounced than in the Bragg domain.
A method for providing a phase grating in an optical waveguide is known from, for example, US-4,725,110 (Glenn et al). According to this method a waveguide is illumi-nated by ultraviolet light through an interferometer, resulting in periodic exposure of the waveguide, which gives rise to a periodic alteration of the refractive index in the waveguide. This refractive index alteration remains in the waveguide subsequent to the exposure. By controlling the angle between the interfering, ultra-violet light rays the period can be chosen so that the desired Bragg wavelength is obtained. The angles of inci-dence of the interfering, ultraviolet light rays are usually chosen to be symmetrically arranged relative to the axis of propagation of the waveguide in order to provide grating elements whose planes are oriented essen-tially at right angles to the propagation axis of the waveguide, the grating thus operating in the Bragg domain. This technology has been found to be most effec-tive for waveguides in which the waveguiding structure is composed of germanium silicate, i.e. where the waveguid-ing structure is composed of quartz to which a certain 5 amount of germanium has been added.
US-5,042,897 (Meltz et al.) describes a device for coupling light from a waveguide with the aid of tilted (inclined) gratings, i.e. phase gratings having grating elements (refractive index variations) whose planes intersect the propagation axis of the waveguide under an angle which is different from 90 degrees. These tilted gratings are provided by means of an interferometer as mentioned above by angling the same in relation to the propagation axis of the waveguide. The angle at which the light will be coupled from the waveguide is determined by the angle of_inclination of the grating elements in relation to the propagation axis of the waveguide (the transverse phase matching condition) as well as by the wavelength (the longitudinal phase matching condition).
See, for example, R. Kashyap. "Fiber Bragg Gratings", Academic Press, London (1999). The tilted grating elements function as small, almost completely transparent, mirrors. The diameter of the mirrors (grating elements) is essentially equal to the diameter of the waveguiding structure. In a single-mode fibre, for example, the waveguiding structure is composed of the core of the fibre, which usually has a diameter of about 10 micrometers. Since this diameter is not much greater than the wavelength of the light, the mirrors (grating elements) will cause diffraction of the reflected light.
Consequently, the reflected light will spread out in a cone around the angle defined by the angle of inclination of the grating elements. The transverse phase matching condition gives that this angle is about twice as large as the angle of inclination. Since the grating elements reflect light which is partially overlapping, a certain wavelength will only give rise to constructive interference if the light from each consecutive grating element is in phase with the light from the preceding grating element. This occurs at a certain predetermined angle, which is given by the longitudinal phase matching condition ~lnd CO$(~~ _ ~ COSBg where Neff and n~laa are the refractive indices of the waveguiding structure (core) and the substrate (cladding) respectively, the substrate being assumed, in the above expression, to have an infinite extension, cpL being the output-coupling angle in the cladding, and 9g being the angle of inclination.
A further development of the above device having tilted gratings is described in US-5,061,032 (Meltz et al.). In this device the period of the tilted grating is not constant; rather, it varies along the propagation axis of the waveguide. For example, the period of the grating can increase or decrease linearly (or according to some other mathematical function) along the waveguide.
A grating whose period is altered monotonically in this manner is called a "chirped" grating (chirp = frequency sweep). By utilising customised chirp functions it is possible to cause the output-coupling of a certain wave-length to provide a focal line extending transversely of the waveguide.
The above methods for coupling light from a wave-guide with the aid of tilted gratings require the output-coupling angle to be large enough to prevent the occur-rence of a total internal reflection between the substrate (cladding) and the surrounding material (outer cover). In the typical case of an optical fibre the output-coupling angle cpL must be greater than about 44°, which requires an angle of inclination 9g of at least about 22°. For a certain modulation (amplitude) of the grating, its efficiency will decrease as the angle of inclination increases. A further drawback is that the output-coupling will be extremely polarisation-dependent.
One approach aimed at avoiding these drawbacks is described in US-5,832,156 (Strasser et al). According to that document, a prism having the same refractive index as the cladding of a fibre can be utilised, the prism being brought into optical contact with the fibre with the aid of a contacting liquid. This technology permits angles of inclination of less than 15° and thereby avoids the above drawbacks to some extent. The prism is also used for spatial separation of output-coupled wavelengths with the aid of the dispersion of the prism. However, this output-coupling has some remaining drawbacks.
Firstly, the resolution of wavelengths is limited by the fact that the chirp function only serves its intended purpose for a certain wavelength. Secondly, the limited length of the chirped grating causes significant diffraction in connection with small angles of inclination. Thirdly, the coupling efficiency will be different for different wavelengths.
Accordingly, there is a need for improved devices and methods for coupling light to or from an optical waveguide, which essentially obviate the above-mentioned problems.
Summary of the Invention The main object of the present invention is to improve the possibilities of coupling light to or from optical waveguides. This object is achieved by the use of a device and a method for light coupling of the kind stated in the appended claims.
A specific object of the present invention is to provide a device for wavelength-selective light coupling to or from an optical waveguide, which has a spectral resolution that is substantially higher than that enabled by the prior art.
Another object of the invention is to provide a device for light coupling to or from an optical wave-guide, enabling, in relation to the prior art, weaker and more precise coupling mechanisms while maintaining coupling efficiency, so that, for example, a signal hav-ing a plurality of wavelength components which propagate in an optical waveguide can be analysed without affecting the signal as a whole to any significant extent.
A further object of the invention is to provide a device for light coupling to or from an optical wave-guide which is easy to produce and which is mechanically sturdy.
The invention is based on the insight that a reso-nance in an optical waveguide provides improved possi-bilities of coupling light in connection with the wave-guide. Since a specific wavelength component is resonant in a specific portion of the waveguide not only does one obtain more efficient coupling of the resonant wavelength component, but it is also separated spatially from the other wavelength components by means of a concentration (local power density increase) in the resonant portion.
An alternative way of describing this is that the coup-ling strength of a certain wavelength component, when this wavelength component is coupled to or from the waveguide, increases significantly at the portion of the waveguide which is resonant to this wavelength component.
Wavelength components of light propagating in a waveguide can be separated spatially by the provision of a number of resonant portions in the waveguide, each portion being resonant to a specific wavelength component of the light.
The resonance increases the coupling strength of a speci-fic wavelength component in the corresponding resonance portion. Wavelength selectivity is thus achieved by the spatial separation of said resonance portions, as well as by the increased coupling efficiency of the respective wavelength components at the corresponding resonance por-tion. Coupling of specific wavelength components to or from the waveguide can thereby take place very advanta-geously at said resonant portions.
According to one aspect, the present invention enables output-coupling of a specific wavelength compo-vent from an optical waveguide, in which a plurality of wavelength components are propagating, without any signi-ficant impact on the wavelength components which are not being coupled. The wavelength-specific, local resonances in the waveguide will result in a local power density increase of the associated wavelength components, thereby permitting the utilisation of a coupling which is so weak that the impact on wavelength components having the ori-ginal power density is negligible in most applications.
According to another aspect, the invention enables coupling of light to or from an optical waveguide, where different wavelength components are coupled to or from the waveguide at spatially separate portions. This has a number of very significant advantages such as the possi-bility of detecting different waveguide components in the output-coupled light with the aid of a detector matrix extending along the waveguide, and input-coupling of dif-ferent wavelength components with the aid of a matrix of light sources, for example lasers having different emis-sion wavelengths, extending along the waveguide. The in-vention also enables very smooth coupling of the respec-tive waveguide components to an associated connecting waveguide at the corresponding resonant portion.
It is thus a major advantage of the invention that different waveguide components can be coupled to or from an optical waveguide, such as an optical fibre, at diffe-rent positions along the waveguide.
A device according to the invention thus comprises at least one optical waveguide and means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide and is provided with means for providing a portion in the optical wave-guide which is locally resonant to a specific waveguide component. Moreover, said means for light coupling of said wavelength component to or from the waveguiding structure are adapted to couple light at the resonance portion corresponding to said wavelength component.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment of 5 the invention, the waveguiding structure is a fibre core in an optical fibre, preferably an optical single-mode fibre, in which the local resonance portions are provided by a phase grating which is arranged in the fibre core.
An essential feature is that the modulation depth, or 10 index amplitude, of the grating is sufficiently large to produce resonance, and thereby a local power density increase. The phase grating is preferably a Bragg grating with a monotonically increasing or decreasing period; a so-called chirped Bragg grating. The Bragg wavelength is thus different in different parts of the grating, and, consequently, different wavelength components correspond with the Bragg wavelength at different portions of the grating. This means that the wavelength which corresponds with the local Bragg wavelength will exhibit resonance, and thus increased power density, locally by virtue of the fact that the light is at least partially reflected back and forth by the grating in this portion. A
plurality of spatially separate portions, in which light propagating in the fibre core exhibits resonance to a certain wavelength component forming part of the light, are thereby obtained along the extent of the chirped grating. The deeper the index modulation of the chirped grating, the more the respective wavelength component is concentrated to the corresponding resonant portion.
Other objects and advantages of the present inven-tion will be evident from the detailed description below of a number of preferred embodiments of the invention.
Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will now be described in more detail by way of a number of preferred embodiments, with refe-rence to the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 shows output-coupling from an optical fibre with the aid of a tilted phase grating according to the prior art;
Fig. 2 shows output-coupling from an optical fibre with the aid of a chirped, tilted phase grating accord-ing to the prior art, for obtaining a focal line of the output-coupled light;
Fig. 3 shows output-coupling from an optical fibre with the aid of a chirped, tilted phase grating, in which a prism is used for enabling smaller angles of inclina-tion according to the prior art;
Fig. 4 is an outline diagram showing how resonance portions are created for three arbitrarily chosen wave-length components at different portions of an optical waveguide with the aid of a chirped Bragg grating;
Fig. 5 is an outline diagram showing wavelength selective output-coupling of light from a waveguide according to a first preferred embodiment of the pre-sent invention;
Fig. 6 is an outline diagram showing wavelength selective output-coupling of light from a waveguide according to a second preferred embodiment of the pre-sent invention;
Fig. 7 is an outline diagram showing wavelength selective output-coupling of light from a waveguide according to a third preferred embodiment of the pre-sent invention;
Fig. 8 is an outline diagram showing wavelength selective output-coupling of light from a waveguide according to a preferred embodiment in which a secondary waveguide is utilised as an intermediary step in connec-tion with the output-coupling; and Fig. 9 is an outline diagram showing input-coupling of light into a waveguide according to the present inven-tion, in which the grating structure of the waveguide forms part of a light-generating means, for example a laser.
A further object of the invention is to provide a device for light coupling to or from an optical wave-guide which is easy to produce and which is mechanically sturdy.
The invention is based on the insight that a reso-nance in an optical waveguide provides improved possi-bilities of coupling light in connection with the wave-guide. Since a specific wavelength component is resonant in a specific portion of the waveguide not only does one obtain more efficient coupling of the resonant wavelength component, but it is also separated spatially from the other wavelength components by means of a concentration (local power density increase) in the resonant portion.
An alternative way of describing this is that the coup-ling strength of a certain wavelength component, when this wavelength component is coupled to or from the waveguide, increases significantly at the portion of the waveguide which is resonant to this wavelength component.
Wavelength components of light propagating in a waveguide can be separated spatially by the provision of a number of resonant portions in the waveguide, each portion being resonant to a specific wavelength component of the light.
The resonance increases the coupling strength of a speci-fic wavelength component in the corresponding resonance portion. Wavelength selectivity is thus achieved by the spatial separation of said resonance portions, as well as by the increased coupling efficiency of the respective wavelength components at the corresponding resonance por-tion. Coupling of specific wavelength components to or from the waveguide can thereby take place very advanta-geously at said resonant portions.
According to one aspect, the present invention enables output-coupling of a specific wavelength compo-vent from an optical waveguide, in which a plurality of wavelength components are propagating, without any signi-ficant impact on the wavelength components which are not being coupled. The wavelength-specific, local resonances in the waveguide will result in a local power density increase of the associated wavelength components, thereby permitting the utilisation of a coupling which is so weak that the impact on wavelength components having the ori-ginal power density is negligible in most applications.
According to another aspect, the invention enables coupling of light to or from an optical waveguide, where different wavelength components are coupled to or from the waveguide at spatially separate portions. This has a number of very significant advantages such as the possi-bility of detecting different waveguide components in the output-coupled light with the aid of a detector matrix extending along the waveguide, and input-coupling of dif-ferent wavelength components with the aid of a matrix of light sources, for example lasers having different emis-sion wavelengths, extending along the waveguide. The in-vention also enables very smooth coupling of the respec-tive waveguide components to an associated connecting waveguide at the corresponding resonant portion.
It is thus a major advantage of the invention that different waveguide components can be coupled to or from an optical waveguide, such as an optical fibre, at diffe-rent positions along the waveguide.
A device according to the invention thus comprises at least one optical waveguide and means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide and is provided with means for providing a portion in the optical wave-guide which is locally resonant to a specific waveguide component. Moreover, said means for light coupling of said wavelength component to or from the waveguiding structure are adapted to couple light at the resonance portion corresponding to said wavelength component.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment of 5 the invention, the waveguiding structure is a fibre core in an optical fibre, preferably an optical single-mode fibre, in which the local resonance portions are provided by a phase grating which is arranged in the fibre core.
An essential feature is that the modulation depth, or 10 index amplitude, of the grating is sufficiently large to produce resonance, and thereby a local power density increase. The phase grating is preferably a Bragg grating with a monotonically increasing or decreasing period; a so-called chirped Bragg grating. The Bragg wavelength is thus different in different parts of the grating, and, consequently, different wavelength components correspond with the Bragg wavelength at different portions of the grating. This means that the wavelength which corresponds with the local Bragg wavelength will exhibit resonance, and thus increased power density, locally by virtue of the fact that the light is at least partially reflected back and forth by the grating in this portion. A
plurality of spatially separate portions, in which light propagating in the fibre core exhibits resonance to a certain wavelength component forming part of the light, are thereby obtained along the extent of the chirped grating. The deeper the index modulation of the chirped grating, the more the respective wavelength component is concentrated to the corresponding resonant portion.
Other objects and advantages of the present inven-tion will be evident from the detailed description below of a number of preferred embodiments of the invention.
Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will now be described in more detail by way of a number of preferred embodiments, with refe-rence to the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 shows output-coupling from an optical fibre with the aid of a tilted phase grating according to the prior art;
Fig. 2 shows output-coupling from an optical fibre with the aid of a chirped, tilted phase grating accord-ing to the prior art, for obtaining a focal line of the output-coupled light;
Fig. 3 shows output-coupling from an optical fibre with the aid of a chirped, tilted phase grating, in which a prism is used for enabling smaller angles of inclina-tion according to the prior art;
Fig. 4 is an outline diagram showing how resonance portions are created for three arbitrarily chosen wave-length components at different portions of an optical waveguide with the aid of a chirped Bragg grating;
Fig. 5 is an outline diagram showing wavelength selective output-coupling of light from a waveguide according to a first preferred embodiment of the pre-sent invention;
Fig. 6 is an outline diagram showing wavelength selective output-coupling of light from a waveguide according to a second preferred embodiment of the pre-sent invention;
Fig. 7 is an outline diagram showing wavelength selective output-coupling of light from a waveguide according to a third preferred embodiment of the pre-sent invention;
Fig. 8 is an outline diagram showing wavelength selective output-coupling of light from a waveguide according to a preferred embodiment in which a secondary waveguide is utilised as an intermediary step in connec-tion with the output-coupling; and Fig. 9 is an outline diagram showing input-coupling of light into a waveguide according to the present inven-tion, in which the grating structure of the waveguide forms part of a light-generating means, for example a laser.
In the drawings, like or corresponding parts are designated by the same reference numerals.
Description of Preferred Embodiments By way of introduction, the principle behind a first preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described using the prior art, shown in Figs 1-3, as a starting-point and with reference to Figs 4 and 5.
According to this embodiment, an optical waveguide, for example an optical single-mode fibre 1, is provided with a chirped Bragg grating 2. The grating 2 has been manufactured according to the prior art. By virtue of the fact that the grating is formed with a monotonically increasing or decreasing period, i.e. it is chirped, dif-ferent Bragg wavelengths are obtained at different por-tions along the grating. More specifically, the Bragg wavelength increases or decreases monotonically, in accordance with the period of the grating, as a function of the longitudinal position along the grating. For illustration purposes the light propagating in the waveguide has arbitrarily been assumed to be composed of three wavelength components ~1, ~2 and a3, which are indicated by reference numerals 11, 12, and 13 in the Figures. By virtue of the fact that the grating 1 is chirped different wavelength components 11, 12, 13 will correspond with the Bragg wavelength of the grating at different portions 21, 22, 23 along the grating. At these portions a strong reflection is obtained for the respec-tive wavelength components and, consequently, wavelength component 11, for example, will be reflected by the chirped grating in the area designated by reference nume-ral 21. However, the reflection is equally efficient in the case of light incident from the opposite direction and, consequently, the reflected light will be reflected again by the grating in said area 21. A resonance effect occurs which causes the power density to increase locally for the wavelength component which corresponds with the local Bragg wavelength in said area 21. Similarly, reso-nances are obtained for the other wavelength components 12, 13 at the resonance portions 22, 23 of the grating corresponding thereto. According to the invention, the purpose of providing these resonance portions with increased power density is that light can be coupled from the waveguide in a wavelength-selective manner by means of output-coupling means which are arranged adjacent to (or operatively connected to) the waveguide at the respective portions. A major advantage of an optical coupling according to the invention is that the coupling factor can be made so weak that wavelengths which are not resonant (do not have increased power density) are essentially unaffected. Another major advantage is that different wavelengths can be output-coupled at different positions along the grating because of the fact that the resonance portions for the respective wavelength components are located at different positions along said grating. Correspondingly, input-coupling of light can be provided in a wavelength-selective manner, whereby only wavelengths to which the grating is locally resonant are coupled to the waveguide. Fig. 5 shows a first preferred embodiment of the invention according to which said means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide is composed of a phase grating 3 having grating elements whose planes intersect the propagation axis of the wave-guiding structure under an angle which is different from 90 degrees, i.e. a tilted grating. This tilted grating is formed in such a way that the output-coupling is negli-Bible at the positions and wavelengths where the chirp-ed grating is not resonant. However, in the areas with resonance (with increased power density) 21, 22, 23 efficient coupling is obtained. Since each wavelength component circulates in the respective portion, light will be output-coupled in two directions Slab, 32ab, 33ab. Output-coupling using titled gratings is polarisa-tion-dependent and, consequently, in this case, output-coupling mainly takes place for one of the two polarisa-tion directions of the light. Two tilted gratings can advantageously be arranged in the waveguiding structure, one grating being turned 90 degrees about the propagation axis of the waveguiding structure, output-coupled light being obtained in four lobes located opposite each other in pairs (not shown). Each opposite pair of lobes thus contains light with the same polarisation.
Fig. 6 shows a second preferred embodiment of the invention. In this case, the coupling means comprises a Bragg grating 4 having an index modulation which decreases transversally across the grating. The amplitude (modulation depth) is thus lower at one edge 41 of the grating (radially) than at the opposite edge 42. This means that when light is reflected against the grating it will have a direction of propagation which is somewhat different from the direction of incidence. In this appli-cation, this type of grating is referred to as a trans-versally asymmetrical phase grating. If the transversal modulation depth variation is sufficiently large it will be possible to couple light to and from the waveguide with the aid of the transversally asymmetrical phase grating. Preferably, the chirped Bragg grating 2, i.e.
the means for providing local resonances (locally increased power densities) and the transversally asym-metrical phase grating 4 are the same grating, as illu-strated in the Figure. The above-mentioned tilted grating can also be a transversally asymmetrical phase grating, a less pronounced tilt being required for obtaining light coupling to or from the optical fibre. This reduces the polarisation-dependence of the coupling, which is an advantage in some applications.
Fig. 7 shows a third preferred embodiment of the present invention. In the same way as in the previous embodiment, the local, wavelength-specific resonances 21, 22, 23 are created by a chirped phase grating 2 arranged in a waveguide 1. The optical waveguide is preferably an optical fibre, most preferably an optical single-mode fibre. In this embodiment, said means for coupling light to or from the optical fibre is composed of means 61, 62, 63 for evanescent coupling of light to or from said 5 fibre. The waveguiding structure 5 (the core) is arranged in the fibre in such a way that the surrounding cladding 6, on a chosen side of the core, is sufficiently thin to enable evanescent coupling to or from the fibre core 6a.
By arranging the coupling means 61, 62, 63 in optical 10 contact with the cladding 6a it is thus possible to output-couple light from the fibre by picking up the eva-nescent field extending outside said cladding. Corre-spondingly, it is also possible to input-couple light to the fibre through the evanescent field extending from 15 said coupling means into the fibre core. The use of sepa-rate means 61, 62, 63 for evanescent coupling which are arranged at their respective resonance portions enables wavelength-separated coupling of light to or from the fibre core, each coupling means 61, 62, 63 coupling a certain wavelength component only. For example, wave-length component 11 is coupled to or from the waveguide by the coupling means 61 at the resonance portion 21, etc.
In a preferred variant of the above-mentioned embo-diment, said means 61, 62, 63 for evanescent coupling comprise a fibre etalon of the Fabry-Perot type. Accord-ingly, light coupling is obtained only for the wave-lengths which exhibit resonance in both the etalon and the associated resonance portion of the chirped grating.
In this way, extremely high wavelength-selectivity can be obtained by using the present invention when coupling light to or from an optical waveguide.
A fourth embodiment of the invention is shown in Fig. 8. According to this embodiment, a secondary wave-guiding structure 5a is used as an intermediary step when coupling light to or from an optical waveguide 1 such as an optical fibre. Preferably, the secondary waveguiding structure 5a is provided with the same type of grating 2a as the grating 2 which is arranged in the main waveguide 5. If these gratings are two chirped gratings, substan-tially increased coupling strength between the secondary waveguiding structure 5a and the main waveguide 5 is obtained for certain specific phase conditions. Suitable means 61, 62, 63 for output- or input-coupling of light are suitably arranged adjacent to (or operatively connected to) said secondary waveguiding structure. In the Figure these are shown as means for evanescent coupling, but they can, of course, comprise an arbitrary, suitable means, the above embodiments being examples thereof. An important advantage of coupling light to or from a waveguide 1 with the aid of the secondary waveguiding structure 5a as described above is that the coupling has no significant impact on light which is propagating in the main waveguide, except for those wavelength components which are being coupled. The evanescent coupling can be made sufficiently weak to ensure that coupling of unintended wavelength components is essentially negligible. Another advantage of this embodiment is that the requirement of deep index modula-tion of said phase grating is not as strict, which, in some cases, is an advantage from a manufacturing point of view. In addition, it may be advantageous to provide the above-mentioned gratings (chirped gratings) with diffe-rent modulation depths, while the gratings are the same in other respects. In that way, the operation of the optical coupling can be customised even more precisely for a certain application.
A preferred embodiment for input-coupling of light into an optical waveguide according to the present inven-tion is illustrated in Fig. 9. In this case, too, said means for creating local, wavelength-specific resonance portions are represented by a chirped phase grating 2. In the Figure, said means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide are represented by a tilted grating 3.
Description of Preferred Embodiments By way of introduction, the principle behind a first preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described using the prior art, shown in Figs 1-3, as a starting-point and with reference to Figs 4 and 5.
According to this embodiment, an optical waveguide, for example an optical single-mode fibre 1, is provided with a chirped Bragg grating 2. The grating 2 has been manufactured according to the prior art. By virtue of the fact that the grating is formed with a monotonically increasing or decreasing period, i.e. it is chirped, dif-ferent Bragg wavelengths are obtained at different por-tions along the grating. More specifically, the Bragg wavelength increases or decreases monotonically, in accordance with the period of the grating, as a function of the longitudinal position along the grating. For illustration purposes the light propagating in the waveguide has arbitrarily been assumed to be composed of three wavelength components ~1, ~2 and a3, which are indicated by reference numerals 11, 12, and 13 in the Figures. By virtue of the fact that the grating 1 is chirped different wavelength components 11, 12, 13 will correspond with the Bragg wavelength of the grating at different portions 21, 22, 23 along the grating. At these portions a strong reflection is obtained for the respec-tive wavelength components and, consequently, wavelength component 11, for example, will be reflected by the chirped grating in the area designated by reference nume-ral 21. However, the reflection is equally efficient in the case of light incident from the opposite direction and, consequently, the reflected light will be reflected again by the grating in said area 21. A resonance effect occurs which causes the power density to increase locally for the wavelength component which corresponds with the local Bragg wavelength in said area 21. Similarly, reso-nances are obtained for the other wavelength components 12, 13 at the resonance portions 22, 23 of the grating corresponding thereto. According to the invention, the purpose of providing these resonance portions with increased power density is that light can be coupled from the waveguide in a wavelength-selective manner by means of output-coupling means which are arranged adjacent to (or operatively connected to) the waveguide at the respective portions. A major advantage of an optical coupling according to the invention is that the coupling factor can be made so weak that wavelengths which are not resonant (do not have increased power density) are essentially unaffected. Another major advantage is that different wavelengths can be output-coupled at different positions along the grating because of the fact that the resonance portions for the respective wavelength components are located at different positions along said grating. Correspondingly, input-coupling of light can be provided in a wavelength-selective manner, whereby only wavelengths to which the grating is locally resonant are coupled to the waveguide. Fig. 5 shows a first preferred embodiment of the invention according to which said means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide is composed of a phase grating 3 having grating elements whose planes intersect the propagation axis of the wave-guiding structure under an angle which is different from 90 degrees, i.e. a tilted grating. This tilted grating is formed in such a way that the output-coupling is negli-Bible at the positions and wavelengths where the chirp-ed grating is not resonant. However, in the areas with resonance (with increased power density) 21, 22, 23 efficient coupling is obtained. Since each wavelength component circulates in the respective portion, light will be output-coupled in two directions Slab, 32ab, 33ab. Output-coupling using titled gratings is polarisa-tion-dependent and, consequently, in this case, output-coupling mainly takes place for one of the two polarisa-tion directions of the light. Two tilted gratings can advantageously be arranged in the waveguiding structure, one grating being turned 90 degrees about the propagation axis of the waveguiding structure, output-coupled light being obtained in four lobes located opposite each other in pairs (not shown). Each opposite pair of lobes thus contains light with the same polarisation.
Fig. 6 shows a second preferred embodiment of the invention. In this case, the coupling means comprises a Bragg grating 4 having an index modulation which decreases transversally across the grating. The amplitude (modulation depth) is thus lower at one edge 41 of the grating (radially) than at the opposite edge 42. This means that when light is reflected against the grating it will have a direction of propagation which is somewhat different from the direction of incidence. In this appli-cation, this type of grating is referred to as a trans-versally asymmetrical phase grating. If the transversal modulation depth variation is sufficiently large it will be possible to couple light to and from the waveguide with the aid of the transversally asymmetrical phase grating. Preferably, the chirped Bragg grating 2, i.e.
the means for providing local resonances (locally increased power densities) and the transversally asym-metrical phase grating 4 are the same grating, as illu-strated in the Figure. The above-mentioned tilted grating can also be a transversally asymmetrical phase grating, a less pronounced tilt being required for obtaining light coupling to or from the optical fibre. This reduces the polarisation-dependence of the coupling, which is an advantage in some applications.
Fig. 7 shows a third preferred embodiment of the present invention. In the same way as in the previous embodiment, the local, wavelength-specific resonances 21, 22, 23 are created by a chirped phase grating 2 arranged in a waveguide 1. The optical waveguide is preferably an optical fibre, most preferably an optical single-mode fibre. In this embodiment, said means for coupling light to or from the optical fibre is composed of means 61, 62, 63 for evanescent coupling of light to or from said 5 fibre. The waveguiding structure 5 (the core) is arranged in the fibre in such a way that the surrounding cladding 6, on a chosen side of the core, is sufficiently thin to enable evanescent coupling to or from the fibre core 6a.
By arranging the coupling means 61, 62, 63 in optical 10 contact with the cladding 6a it is thus possible to output-couple light from the fibre by picking up the eva-nescent field extending outside said cladding. Corre-spondingly, it is also possible to input-couple light to the fibre through the evanescent field extending from 15 said coupling means into the fibre core. The use of sepa-rate means 61, 62, 63 for evanescent coupling which are arranged at their respective resonance portions enables wavelength-separated coupling of light to or from the fibre core, each coupling means 61, 62, 63 coupling a certain wavelength component only. For example, wave-length component 11 is coupled to or from the waveguide by the coupling means 61 at the resonance portion 21, etc.
In a preferred variant of the above-mentioned embo-diment, said means 61, 62, 63 for evanescent coupling comprise a fibre etalon of the Fabry-Perot type. Accord-ingly, light coupling is obtained only for the wave-lengths which exhibit resonance in both the etalon and the associated resonance portion of the chirped grating.
In this way, extremely high wavelength-selectivity can be obtained by using the present invention when coupling light to or from an optical waveguide.
A fourth embodiment of the invention is shown in Fig. 8. According to this embodiment, a secondary wave-guiding structure 5a is used as an intermediary step when coupling light to or from an optical waveguide 1 such as an optical fibre. Preferably, the secondary waveguiding structure 5a is provided with the same type of grating 2a as the grating 2 which is arranged in the main waveguide 5. If these gratings are two chirped gratings, substan-tially increased coupling strength between the secondary waveguiding structure 5a and the main waveguide 5 is obtained for certain specific phase conditions. Suitable means 61, 62, 63 for output- or input-coupling of light are suitably arranged adjacent to (or operatively connected to) said secondary waveguiding structure. In the Figure these are shown as means for evanescent coupling, but they can, of course, comprise an arbitrary, suitable means, the above embodiments being examples thereof. An important advantage of coupling light to or from a waveguide 1 with the aid of the secondary waveguiding structure 5a as described above is that the coupling has no significant impact on light which is propagating in the main waveguide, except for those wavelength components which are being coupled. The evanescent coupling can be made sufficiently weak to ensure that coupling of unintended wavelength components is essentially negligible. Another advantage of this embodiment is that the requirement of deep index modula-tion of said phase grating is not as strict, which, in some cases, is an advantage from a manufacturing point of view. In addition, it may be advantageous to provide the above-mentioned gratings (chirped gratings) with diffe-rent modulation depths, while the gratings are the same in other respects. In that way, the operation of the optical coupling can be customised even more precisely for a certain application.
A preferred embodiment for input-coupling of light into an optical waveguide according to the present inven-tion is illustrated in Fig. 9. In this case, too, said means for creating local, wavelength-specific resonance portions are represented by a chirped phase grating 2. In the Figure, said means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide are represented by a tilted grating 3.
The Figure shows three separate light sources 71, 72, 73, lasers for example, which emit three different wavelength components 11, 12, 13 of light. The emitted light is coupled into the waveguide 1 at the resonance portion 21, 22, 23 corresponding to the respective wavelength compo-nents. Suitably, some type of focusing optics 81, 82, 83 are used for this input-coupling. It is particularly pre-ferred that the respective resonant portions 21, 22, 23 in the waveguide perform the function of one of the cavi-ty mirrors in a laser. In that case, the above-mentioned light sources 71, 72, 73 comprise a light-generating medium and one of the mirrors of the laser cavity, feed-back, and thus laser action, being provided with the aid of the resonance in the waveguide, which resonance serves as a feedback cavity mirror in the laser. A major advan-tage of this embodiment is that the emission wavelength of the laser will be locked to the wavelength to which the corresponding portion of the waveguide is resonant, since sufficient feedback will occur only at this wave-length. Naturally, a separate, external laser can be used, the emitted wavelength of the laser being coupled into the waveguide at a portion which is resonant to this wavelength.
An alternative way of providing output-coupling of light is to bend said waveguide, whereby a controlled leakage of light from the waveguiding structure is obtained. The waveguide component which is coupled from the waveguide at a certain position along the waveguide can then be controlled by varying the bending. An optical fibre can, for example, be wound onto a cylinder body, said control being effected by expanding or contracting the cylinder body. In principle, input-coupling of light by bending the optical fibre is also possible, although this is somewhat more difficult from a technical point of view.
It should be noted that the wavelength components stated above can, but need not, in themselves comprise several discrete wavelengths. For example, it is conceiv-able to use an optical coupling in which signals in one incoming optical fibre is to be separated into three out-going optical fibres, signals which are to be coupled to the first outgoing fibre forming part of the first wave-length component, etc.
An alternative way of providing output-coupling of light is to bend said waveguide, whereby a controlled leakage of light from the waveguiding structure is obtained. The waveguide component which is coupled from the waveguide at a certain position along the waveguide can then be controlled by varying the bending. An optical fibre can, for example, be wound onto a cylinder body, said control being effected by expanding or contracting the cylinder body. In principle, input-coupling of light by bending the optical fibre is also possible, although this is somewhat more difficult from a technical point of view.
It should be noted that the wavelength components stated above can, but need not, in themselves comprise several discrete wavelengths. For example, it is conceiv-able to use an optical coupling in which signals in one incoming optical fibre is to be separated into three out-going optical fibres, signals which are to be coupled to the first outgoing fibre forming part of the first wave-length component, etc.
Claims (24)
1. A method of coupling light to or from an optical waveguide (1), comprising the steps of - establishing, in a portion of said waveguide intended for coupling a specific wavelength component (11, 12, 13) of the light, a local resonance (21, 22, 23) to said wavelength component, and - coupling said wavelength component to or from the optical waveguide at said portion with local reso-nance.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of spatially separate portions with local resonance to different wavelength components are established in the optical waveguide.
3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein there is established local resonance to a specific wavelength component, selected from a plurality of wavelength components forming part of the light, in the portion intended for coupling said specific wavelength component.
4. A method according to any one of the claims 1 to 3, wherein there are established local resonances to a continuum of wavelength components, which resonances are distributed in wavelength-specific portions along the waveguide.
5. A method according to claim 4, wherein said local resonances are established by providing a chirped grating (2) in said waveguide.
6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the coupling of light to or from the optical waveguide is effected by means of a phase grating (3) having grating elements whose planes intersect the propagation axis of the waveguiding structure at an angle which is different from 90 degrees.
7. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the coupling of light to or from the optical waveguide is effected by means of a transversally asymmetrical phase grating (4).
8. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the coupling of light to or from the optical waveguide is effected by means of a bending of the opti-cal waveguide.
9. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the coupling of light to or from the optical waveguide is effected by means of evanescent light coup-ling.
10. A method according to claim 9, wherein said coupling of light to or from the optical waveguide is effected by arranging a fibre etalon of the Fabry-Perot type adjacent to the optical waveguide, thereby enabling light coupling to or from the optical waveguide only of those wavelength components which meet the resonance conditions of said fibre etalon.
11. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a secondary waveguiding structure (5a) is utilised as an intermediary step when coupling light to or from said optical waveguide.
12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the coupling between the secondary waveguiding structure and said optical waveguide is an evanescent coupling.
13. A device for light coupling, which device comprises at least one optical waveguide (1) having a waveguiding structure which is adapted to guide light along a prede-termined propagation axis, means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide, characterised in that it comprises means for providing a portion in the optical waveguide with local resonance (21, 22, 23) to a specific wavelength component (11, 12, 13) of said light, said portion being associated with a resonance to a specific wavelength component, and that said means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide are adapted to couple said wavelength component to or from the optical waveguide at the resonance portion associated with said wavelength component.
14. A device according to claim 13, wherein said means for providing a portion with local resonance comprises a phase grating (2) arranged in the waveguiding structure.
15. A device according to claim 14, wherein said phase grating is a chirped grating, resonances being provided for a continuum of wavelength components in wavelength-specific portions along the chirped grating.
16. A device according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein said means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide comprises a phase grating (3) having grating elements whose planes intersect the propagation axis of the waveguiding structure at an angle which is different from 90 degrees.
17. A device according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein said means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide comprise a transversally asymmetrical phase grating (4).
18. A device according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein said means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide comprise means (61, 62, 63) for eva-nescent coupling of light to or from the optical wave-guide.
19. A device according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein said means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide comprise a bending of the optical waveguide.
20. A device according to claim 18, wherein said means for coupling light to or from the optical waveguide com-prise a fibre etalon of the Fabry-Perot type arranged adjacent to the optical waveguide for providing evane-scent light coupling between the fibre etalon and the optical waveguide, thereby enabling light coupling to or from the optical waveguide only of those wavelength com-ponents which meet the resonance conditions of the fibre etalon.
21. A device according to any one of claims 13 to 20, further comprising a secondary waveguiding structure (5a) to which light is coupled, said secondary waveguiding structure constituting an intermediary step when coupling light to or from said waveguide.
22. A device according to claim 21, wherein both the secondary waveguiding structure (5a) and the main optical waveguide (1) comprise a chirped grating (2, 2a).
23. A device according to any one of claims 13 to 22, wherein the optical waveguide is an optical fibre.
24. A device according to claim 23, wherein the optical fibre is a single-mode fibre.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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|---|---|---|---|
| SE9902552-0 | 1999-07-02 | ||
| SE9902552A SE514512C2 (en) | 1999-07-02 | 1999-07-02 | Method and apparatus for coupling light |
| PCT/SE2000/001373 WO2001002885A1 (en) | 1999-07-02 | 2000-06-28 | Optical coupling |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2377493A1 true CA2377493A1 (en) | 2001-01-11 |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CA002377493A Abandoned CA2377493A1 (en) | 1999-07-02 | 2000-06-28 | Optical coupling |
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| EP (1) | EP1192493A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2003504659A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU6038900A (en) |
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| SE (1) | SE514512C2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2001002885A1 (en) |
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| ATE310252T1 (en) | 2001-08-16 | 2005-12-15 | Avanex Corp | USE OF AN OTIC FIBER WITH INCLINED BRAGG GRIDS TO IMPROVE THE FLATNESS OF THE GAIN CURVE OF AN OPTICAL AMPLIFIER |
| EP1306987A1 (en) | 2001-10-23 | 2003-05-02 | Pro Forma Alfa | Spectrometer |
| US8467637B2 (en) | 2007-05-01 | 2013-06-18 | Nec Corporation | Waveguide path coupling-type photodiode |
| EP2618130A1 (en) * | 2012-01-17 | 2013-07-24 | F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG | Device for use in the detection of binding affinities |
| JP7141708B2 (en) * | 2017-02-14 | 2022-09-26 | 国立大学法人大阪大学 | Optical coupler and optical coupling method |
| EP3586177B1 (en) | 2017-02-21 | 2021-06-30 | Fisens Gmbh | Apparatus for optical applications, spectrometer system and method for producing an apparatus for optical applications |
| JP7157600B2 (en) * | 2018-09-05 | 2022-10-20 | 株式会社日立エルジーデータストレージ | Light guide plate, light guide plate manufacturing method, and image display device using the same |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5237576A (en) * | 1992-05-05 | 1993-08-17 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Article comprising an optical fiber laser |
| US5903690A (en) * | 1996-07-05 | 1999-05-11 | D-Star Technologies, Inc. | Method for changing the refraction index in germanium silicate glass |
-
1999
- 1999-07-02 SE SE9902552A patent/SE514512C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2000
- 2000-06-28 CA CA002377493A patent/CA2377493A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-06-28 JP JP2001508629A patent/JP2003504659A/en active Pending
- 2000-06-28 WO PCT/SE2000/001373 patent/WO2001002885A1/en active Search and Examination
- 2000-06-28 AU AU60389/00A patent/AU6038900A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-06-28 EP EP00946665A patent/EP1192493A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE514512C2 (en) | 2001-03-05 |
| JP2003504659A (en) | 2003-02-04 |
| EP1192493A1 (en) | 2002-04-03 |
| SE9902552L (en) | 2001-01-03 |
| SE9902552D0 (en) | 1999-07-02 |
| AU6038900A (en) | 2001-01-22 |
| WO2001002885A1 (en) | 2001-01-11 |
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