CA2375067A1

CA2375067A1 - A wind power plant and a method for control

Info

Publication number: CA2375067A1
Application number: CA002375067A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Mats Leijon; Gunnar Kylander
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: ABB AB
Priority date: 1999-05-28
Filing date: 1999-05-28
Publication date: 2000-12-07
Also published as: TR200103401T2; AU759174B2; AR024116A1; MXPA01011953A; PL351025A1; JP2003501000A; WO2000073652A1; NO20015786D0; BR9917307A; EE200100629A; NO20015786L; AU4939099A; CN1352731A; EP1190176A1; TW522202B

Abstract

A wind power plant comprising at least one wind power station (29), which includes a wind turbine and an electric generator (1) driven by this wind turbine, and an electric alternating voltage connection (30) connecting the wind power station with a transmission or distribution network (31). On the network side of the plant a frequency converter (34) is connected in the electrical alternating voltage connection (30), which frequency converter is arranged to fix the frequency of the connection between the wind power stati on and the converter to be essentially below the network frequency and to conve rt this low frequency of the connection into correspondence with the higher frequency of the network. Furthermore, the invention comprises a correspondi ng method for control.

Description

A WIND POWER PLANT AND A METHOD FOR
1o CONTROL
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a wind power plant comprising at least one wind power station, which includes a wind turbine, an elec-tric generator driven by this wind turbine, and an electric alter nating voltage connection connecting the wind power station with a transmission network or distribution network. The inven tion also relates to a method for control in such a wind power plant. .
The invention is preferably intended to be used in such cases where the connection between the generator and the transmis-sion or distribution network includes a cable intended to be submerged into water. Consequently, expressed in other words, it primarily relates to such applications where one or several wind turbines with associated generators are intended to be placed in seas or lakes, wherein the cable connection extends to the transmission or distribution network placed on land. Even though the advantages of the invention in the following primarily will be dealt with in connection with location of the wind turbines in seas or lakes, the invention can, however, also imply advan-tages in cases where the wind turbines and the generators are located on land and the connection, which in that case not nec-essarily has to consist of a cable but instead can be realized in the form of aerial lines or cables, connects several such wind turbines/generators with the transmission or distribution net-work.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND PRIOR ART
When locating wind power at sea it is required, in order to get economy in the project. that large groups of vrind power stations are being located within a limited area. Sea based wind power requires relatively large wind power stations '3MW and above) and a suitable total system power of 50-100 MW is expected. So far the planning of such wind parks has presupposed that the electrical power transmission is effected by traditional alternat-ing current transmission in three-phase alternating voltage sea cable systems. In that case, the generator is almost always a three-phase asynchronous generator. It is true that there are examples where synchronous generators have been used di-rectly connected to the network, but this has as a rule resulted in that a complicated mechanical spring suspension has had to be installed betvreen the generator and the engine house in or-der to dampen power variations caused by the varying character of the wind load. This depends on the fact that the rotor dynam-ics of a synchronous generator mechanically behaves like a spring against a stiff alternating voltage network, whereas an asynchronous generator behaves like a damper. A conventional asynchronous generator of 3 MW could presumably be made for about 3-6 kV and be connected in series with a transformer which steps up the voltage to, let us say 24 kV, in a first step. In a wind power cark with 30-40 wind power stations there would then be provided a central transformer which further steps up the voltage to 30 kV. The advantage with such a system is that it is cheap and does not require any complicated sub-systems.
The disadvantaee partly lies in the difficulties to technically transmit power aver long distances in a high-voltage alternating voltage cable. This depends on the fact that the cable produces capacitive reacti=-~e power, which increases with the length. The current through the conductor and in the cable shield then in-creases so much that the cable cannot be realized for long dis-tances. The other disadvantage lies in that the varying wind load causes voltage variations on the transmission line, which could affect the power consumers that are connected nearby. This ap-plies in particular if the network is "weak", i.e. has a low short-circuiting power. Due to the abovementioned technical problems with long cable transmission distances, one might be forced to connect the wind park to a "weak" network. According to certain guiding principles. the voltage variation may not be more than 4%. Different countries have different regulations and as a rule the regulations are mitigated in case of a lower voltage level on the transmission fine. Voltage variations could also have to be treated differently depending on time intervals. Rapid voltage variations causes "flicker", i.e. light variations in glow lamps, which is regulated in rules.
A solution, lying at the side of the present invention, concerning the abovementioned problems with long cable distances is to transmit the power with high-voltage direct voltage. The cable can then be drawn right up to a strong network. Another advan-tage is that DC-transmissions have lower losses than AC-trans-missions. From a technical point of view the cable distance can then be of unlimited length. A HVDC-link consists of a rectifier station, a transmission line (cable or aerial line), an inverter station and filers for removing overtones generated during the conversion. In an older variant of HVDC-links thyristors are used for rectification and inversion. Thyristors can be switched on but not switched orf. the commutation takes place at the zero-crossing of the voltage, which is determined by the alternating voltage, and the converters are therefore called line commu-tating. A disacvantage with this technique is that the converters consume reaciive power and cause current overtones, which are sent out in the r;etwork. In a more modern direct voltage solu-tion, IGBT:s are used instead of thyristors in the converters. An IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) can be switched on as well as switcre~ off and furthermore has a high switch fre-quency. This implies that the converters can be produced ac-cording to a completely different principle. so called self-com-mutating converters. To sum up, the advantages with self-com-mutating converters are that they can deliver as well as con-s sume reactive power, which makes possible an active compen-sation of the voltage level on the network side if the network is weak. Consequently, this makes this type of converter superior to the older technique in the way that it can be connected to a network being situated closer to the wind power. The high switch frequency also leads to a reduction of the problem with over-tones as compared with the older generation of HVDC. A disad-vantage is, however, that the losses in the converter station are higher as well as the price. A self-commutating converter is characterized in that the voltage is built up by a rapid pulse pattern, which is generated by the converter. The voltage differ-ence between the pulse pattern and the sinusoidal network volt-age will lie above the inductances on the network side. There are two types of self-commutating inverters: a voltage stiff, VSI
(Voltage Source Inverter) and a current stiff, CSI (Current Source Inverterj. with somewhat different characteristics. VSI, which has at least one capacitor on the DC-side, has the best power regulation.
There have been built some experimental wind power stations using technique resembling the HVDC-concept, but for a com-pletely different reason, namely for achieving a variable rota-tional speed of individual wind power stations. The generator of the wind power station is then disconnected from the network via a DC-link on fow voltage, typically the 400 V or 660 V level.
A variable rotational speed on the turbine gives energy gains at the same time as it as a rule results in that the variations of the rotational speed can be used for eliminating the rapid power pulsations, which cause "flicker". However, it is of course not possible to eliminate the slow power changes, which are inher-ent in the nature of the wind load. The moment of inertia of the turbine could ~e said to function as an intermediate storage for kinetic energy. In such a system a synchronous generator is not to any disadvantage, but rather to an advantage, since the asynchronous generator requires a more exc~nsive and more complicated rectifier. If it is desired to have a Direct driven gen-5 erator and consequently eliminate the need of a gear unit between the turbine and the generator, the c~nerator must be synchronous since it will be provided with so many poles. In other words, a direct driven generator requires a DC-intermedi-ate link. In the concept it is also possible to actively regulate the moment by changing the trigger angle, if a controlled rectifier is used. In most concepts having a variable rotational speed, an external active rotational speed control is furthermore provided by so called pitch control, which implies that the blade angle is changed on the turbine. A disadvantage with a variable rota-tional speed according to the related concepts is the price of the required power electronics and furthermore that the mainte-nance of such power electronics out at sea will be difficult and costly.
PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION
The purpose c= the present invention is to achieve, with devia-tion from the abovementioned direct voltage connections, an al-ternating voltaa~ connection between a particularly sea based wind park and a particularly land located transmission or distri-bution network. with the possibility of considerably longer trans-mission distances and lower losses than what is offered by a conventional alternating voltage connection, and at the same time create the possibility for operation with a variable rotational speed without any power electronics at all out at sea. This is very valuable. snce all maintenance taking place at sea is ex-pensive and difrivult to perform. A further purpose with the in-vention is to a~neve the same good regulation possibilities con-cerning reactive ~ower as offered by a modern HVDC-system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The purpose of the invention is primarily achieved in that a fre-quency converter is connected to the electrical alternating volt-s age connection on the network side of the plant, which fre-quency converter is arranged to fix the frequency of the connec-tion between the wind power station and the converter to be es-sentially below the network frequency and to convert this low frequency of the connection into correspondence with the higher frequency of the network. The expression "on the network side of the plant" consequently means that the frequency converter is located relatively close to the transmission or distribution net-work, whereas the principle part of the connection extends be-tween the frequency converter and the wind power station itself, for instance in the form of a submarine cable. Consequently, this implies that the transmission in the connection essentially will take place at a low frequency, and consequently prerequisites of considerably Icnger transmission distances and lower losses are created than offered by a conventional alternating voltage con-nection with regular network frequency. Normally occurring network frequencies are in the level from 50 to 60 Hz. If the low frequency in tr,~ alternating voltage connection between the fre-quency conver~r and the wind power station for instance is 10 Hz, the capaciive current in a cable is reduced 5 times for the same voltage as in a 50 Hz network. This implies that distances being 5 times as long can be connected with for instance a submarine cable.
A further adva~tage of the inventional idea is that the frequency converter cons~auently will be located close to the transmission or distribution ..~.etwork, i.e. normally on land, which drastically reduces the cysts for maintenance and supervision and also reduces the ::ration of service interruptions in case of breakdowns.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, several wind power stations with asynchronous gene~a;ors are intercon-nected parallelly with the alternating voltage connection. The suitable frequency and voltage of the alternating voltage con-s nection depends on the size of the wind park and the distance from land, but for a 50 MW wind park a frequency of 10-20 Hz at 130 kV should be suitable.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the frequency converter comprises a direct voltage intermediate link with an AC/DC-converter and an inverter arrangement. This makes it possible to put a variable frequency as well as a variable volt-age on the low-frequency alternating voltage connection. In par-ticular it is then preferred that a DC/DC-converter is comprised in the direct voltage intermediate link. Even though, in a pre-ferred embodiment, valves in the frequency converter consist of IGBT:s connected in series, other types of valves would be pos-sible to use. Also other types of frequency converters, for in-stance direct converters, also called "cyclo converters", which lack a direct voltage link, can be used with the invention as well as also other frequency converters than static ones, i.e. also rotary frequenc,~ converters. According to embodiments, dealt with in more detail later on, at least one transformer can be ar-ranged on the generator side of the connection for step-down transformation of the voltage of the alternating voltage connec-tion between the generator and the frequency converter to a suitable generator voltage level. In that case. each of the occur-ring generators can be provided with its own transformer, in ad-dition to whic~ as a complement or an alternative thereof, a transformer being common for all generators can be provided.
Consequently. such transformers make it possible to increase the voltage it the alternating voltage connection to a higher level than coni:entional generators are capable of. A disadvan-tage of such transformers is that they imply an extra cost and also entail the ~aficiency that the total effectivity of the system is reduced. Tf,e~y also imply a risk of fire and a risk for the envi-ronment since they contain transformer oil, vrhich can leak out in case of breakdown or vandalism.
With the generator technology of today concerning wind power stations, it is possible to produce a generator ~Nhich can handle kV, but higher voltages than that would de desirable. Fur-thermore, the conventional insulation technology for stator windings is sensitive to temperature variations, humidity and salt, which a wind turbine generator is exposed to.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the inven-tion, a solid insulation is used for at least one winding in the generator, which insulation preferably is performed according to the subsequent claim 14. The winding has more specifically the character of a high-voltage cable. A generator manufactured in this way, creates the prerequisites of achieving considerably higher voltages than conventional generators. Up to 400 kV can be achieved. Furthermore, such an insulation system in the winding implies insensibility to salt, humidity and temperature variations. The high output voltage implies that transformers can be completely excluded, which implies avoidance of the already mentioned disadvantages of such transformers.
A generator having such a winding formed by a cable can be produced by threading the cable in slots performed for this purpose in the stator, whereupon the flexibility of the winding cable implies that the threading work can be easily performed.
The two semiconducting layers of the insulation system have a potential compensating function and consequently reduce the risk of surface glow. The inner semiconducting layer is to be in electrically conducting contact with the electrical conductor, or a part thereof, located inwardly of the layer, in order to obtain the same potential as this. The inner layer is intimately fastened to the solid insulation located outwordly thereof and this also applies to the fastening of the outer semiconducting layer to the solid insulation. The outer semiconducting layer tends to contain the electrical field within the solid insulation.
In order to guarantee a maintained adherence between the semiconducting layers and the solid insulation also during tem-perature variations, the semiconducting layer and the solid in-sulation have essentially the same thermal coefficient of expan-sion.
The outer semiconducting layer in the insulation system is con-nected to ground potential or otherwise a relatively low poten-tial.
In order to achieve a generator capable of very high voltage, the generator has a number of features which have already been mentioned above and which distinctly differ from conventional technology. Further features are defined in the dependent claims and are discussed in the following:
Features which have been mentioned above and other essential characteristics of the generator and consequently of the wind power plant according to an embodiment of the invention com-prise the following:
- The winding in the magnetic circuit is produced of a cable having one or several permanently insulated electrical con-ductors with a semiconducting layer at the conductor and outwardly of the solid insulation. Typical cables of this kind are cables having an insulation of cross-linked polyethylene or ethylene-cropene, which for the purpose here in question are further developed concerning stands of the electrical con-ductor and aiso the character of the insulation system.
- Cables having a circular cross section are preferred, but cables havi-~c another cross section can also be used for in stance in order to achieve a better packing density.

- Such a cable makes it possible to design a laminated core of the magnetic circuit in a new and optimal way as concerns slots and teeth.

- Advantageously, the winding is produced with a stepwise increasing insulation for the best utilization of the laminated core.
10 - Advantageously, the winding is produced as a concentric cable winding. which makes it possible to reduce the number of coil end crossings.
- The shape of the slots is adapted to the cross section of the winding cable so that the slots are in the form of a number of cylindrical openings extending axially and/or radially outwardly or' each other and having constrictions running be-tween the layers of the stator winding.
- The shape cf the slots is adapted to the cable cross section in question and to the stepwise changing thickness of the in-sulation of the winding. The stepwise insulation makes it pos-sible for the magnetic core to have an essentially constant tooth width independent of the radial extension.
- The abovementioned further development concerning the stands implies that the winding conductor consisting of a number of layers brought together, i.e. insulated strands, does not necessarily have to be correctly transposed, non insulated andior insulated from each other.
- The abovementioned further development concerning the outer semiconducting layer implies that the outer semicon-ducting layer is cut off at suitable points along the length of the cable ar.a each cut-off partial length is directly connected to ground potential.

The use of a cable of the type described abo~re makes it possi-ble that the hole length of the outer semiconducting layer of the cable, as well as other parts of the plant, can oe kept at ground potential. An important advantage is that the electrical field is close to zero in the coil end region out~rrardly of the outer semiconducting layer. With ground potential on the outer semiconducting layer the electric field does not have to be con-trolled. This implies that there will occur no field concentrations neither in the core. nor in the coil end regions or in the transition section between them.
The mixture of insulated and/or non-insulated strands packed to-gether, or transposed strands, results in low eddy current losses. The cable can have an outer diameter in the order of 10-40 mm and a conductor area in the order of 10-200 mm2.
Furthermore, the invention comprises a method for controlling the operation of a wind power plant according to the subsequent claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
With reference to the subsequent drawings, a closer description of embodiments of the invention given as examples will follow below. In the drawings:
Fig 1 is a schematic axial end view of a sector of the stator in an electric generator in the wind power plant according to the in vention.
Fig 2 is an end view, partly cut, of a cable used in the stator winding accoraing to Fig 1, Fig 3 is a sche-vatic view, partly in section, of an embodiment of a wind power g=~erator according to the invention, Fig 4 is a schematic view showing the embodiment of the wind power plant according to the invention, Fig 5 is likewise a schematic view illustrating an alternative em-bodiment of the plant, Fig 6 is a view similar to Fig 5 of a variant. and Fig 7 is a view illustrating a possible embodiment of the fre-quency converter comprised in the plant.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
With the aid of Figs 1-3 the design of the generator 1 preferred in an embodiment of the invention is first explained. Fig 1 shows a schematic axial view through a sector of the stator 2. The rotor of the generator is denoted as 3. The stator 2 is in a conven-tional way formed of a laminated core. Fig 1 shows a sector of the generator corresponding to a pole pitch. From a yoke sec-tion of the core. located furthest out in radial direction, a number of teeth 5 extend radially inwards towards the rotor 3 and these teeth are separated by a slot 6, in which the stator winding is arranged. Cabie~ 7 forming this stator winding are high-voltage cables which can be of essentially the same type as those used for power distribution, i.e. PEX-cables (PEX = cross-linked poly-ethylene). A difference is that the external mechanically pro-tecting PVC-layer and the metal shield normally surrounding such a power distribution cable have been eliminated so that the cable for the present invention only comprises the electrical conductor and at least one semiconducting layer on each side of an insulating layer. The cables 7 are schematically illustrated in Fig 1, wherein only the electrically conducting central part of each cable section or coil side is shown. It appears that each slot 6 has a var<ring cross section with alternating broad parts 8 and narrow pares 9. The broad parts 8 are essentially circular and surround the cable, waist sections between the broad parts forming the narrow parts 9. The waist sections serve to radially fix the position of each cable. The cross section of the slot 6 be-comes narrower radially inwards. This depends on that the volt-s age in the cable sections are lower the closer they are situated to the radially innermost part of the stator 1 . Thinner cables can therefore be used inwards, whereas thicker cables are required further out. In the illustrated example, cables vrith three different dimensions and arranged in three correspondingly dimensioned sections 10, 1 1, 12 of the slot 6 are used. A winding 13 for aux-iliary power is arranged furthest out in the slot 6.
Fig 2 shows a stepwise cut end view of a high-voltage cable for use in the generator. The high-voltage cable 7 comprises one or several electrical conductors 14, each of which comprises a number of strands 15, which together give a circular cross sec-tion. The conductors can for instance be of copper. These con-ductors 14 are arranged in the middle of the high-voltage cable 7 and in the shown embodiment each of the conductors is sur-rounded by a partial insulation 16. It is however possible to omit the partial insulation 16 on one of the conductors 14. In the shown embodiment the conductors 14 are surrounded by a first semi-conducting layer 17. Around this first semiconducting layer 17 there is an insulation layer 18, e.g. of PEX-insulation, which in its turn is surrounded by a second semiconducting layer 19.
Consequently. the concept "high-voltage cable'' does not, in this application, have to comprise any metal shield or any external protective layer of the type normally surrounding a power distri-bution cable.
In Fig 3 a wine :sower station is shown with a magnetic circuit of the type descrai3~d with reference to Figs 1 and 2. The generator 1 is driven by a ~.~rind turbine 20 via a shaft 21. Even though the generator 1 can be direct driven by the turbine 20, i.e. that the rotor of the gen rator is coupled fixed in rotation to the shaft of the turbine 20 t~ere can be a gearing 22 between the turbine 20 and the generator 1. This can for instance be constituted by a single-step planetary gearing, the purpose of ~;ihich is to change up the rotational speed of the generator in relation to the rota-tional speed of the turbine. The stator 2 of the generator carries the stator windings 23. which are built up of the cable 7 de-scribed above. The cable 7 can be unsheathed and pass on into a sheathed cable 24 via a cable joint 25.
In Fig 4, which in a schematic form broadly illustrates the wind power plant, two wind power stations 29 connected in parallel are illustrated. each having a generator. The generator has a field winding 26 and one (or several) auxiliary power windings 27. In the shown embodiment the generators are Y-connected and the neutral point is grounded via a respective impedance 28.
In Fig 4 the two wind power stations, embracing generator 1 as well as (not shown) wind turbine, are generally denoted as 29.
An electric alternating voltage connection 30 connects the two wind power stations 29 to a transmission or distribution network 31. This is here of three-phase type. The normal frequency of such a network is 50 or 60 Hz. The connection 30 comprises, along a section denoted as 32, a cable 33 intended to be sub-merged into water. However, instead of a cable submerged into water, one or several aerial lines/cables could also come into question. The section 32 can in practice be very large.
On the netwo~i; side of the plant a frequency converter 34 is connected to the electrical alternating voltage connection 30, which frequency converter is arranged to fix the frequency of the connection bei~~reen the wind power station 29 and the converter 34 to be substantially below the frequency of the network 31 and to convert this iow frequency of the connection into correspon-dence with the higher frequency of the network 31.

As appears from the previous description, t!~e generator 1 is of asynchronous type in the example.
The frequency converter 34 is suitably located on land in a suit-s able station nearby the network 31. The wind power stations 29 are located out at sea or a lake on suitable foundations. On one of these foundations, or on a foundation par<icularly set ups for this purpose, the outgoing cables from the generators 1 are in-terconnected, e.g. via bus-bars, in a point denoted as 35.
In Fig 4 it is illustrated how a circuit breaker 36 is provided be-tween the frequency converter 34 and the network 31 and sets of disconnectors on each side thereof.
In the embodiment according to Fig 4 the generators 1 are direct coupled to the frequency converter 34. This is a consequence of the fact that the generators 1 are supposed to be of the design described above with reference to Figs 1 and 2, i.e. capable of generating a very high voltage.
In the variant according to Fig 5, it is illustrated how a trans-former 31, common for the generators 1 , is arranged between the parallel connection point 35 for the generators 1 and the frequency converter 34, which transformer is intended to achieve a high voltage in the part of the connection situated between the transformer and the frequency converter 34 and a comparatively lower voltage between said transformer 38 and the generators '' . This common transformer 38 is located on the wind power side of the connection 30, i.e. close to the wind power station 29. so that the main part of the connection 30 will be present between the transformer 38 and the frequency con-verter 34. Suitably the transformer 38 can be placed on one of the foundations for the wind power stations 29 or possibly on its own foundation on a strategic place.

The variant in Fig 6 illustrates an alternative corresponding to the one in Fig 5 with the exception that a particular transformer 39 is here arranged for each of the generators 1. Consequently, the wind power stations are parallelly interconnected in the point 35 only after these transformers. In such an embodiment, it would be possible to omit the transformer 38. which has been more closely described with reference to Fig 5. Further, it is also possible to keep the transformer 38 so that the voltage from a single wind power station will be stepped up in two steps, i.e. at first via the transformer 39 and then by means of the common transformer 38.
In Fig 7 a possible embodiment of the frequency converter 34 is illustrated. It here includes a direct voltage intermediate link having a AC/DC-converter 40 and an inverter 41. In the direct voltage intermediate link a DC/DC-converter 42 is advantage-ously included. The inverter 41 is a voltage stiff self-commutated inverter. Over the DC-link of the inverter a capacitor is parallel connected. Netvrork inductances 44 are connected in series in each phase on the alternating voltage side of the inverter 41.
The inverter 41 suitably comprises an IGBT 45.
The AC/DC-converter can be built up like the inverter 41 and has on its AC-side network inductances 46 in series in each phase. The converter 40 can comprise an IGBT 47. On the DC-side there is a capacitor 48 connected in parallel with the IGBT.
The plant has means (not shown) for measuring the active power from the grind power plant and means for measuring the present wind speed. These measuring means are connected to a control unit cor,-rprised in the frequency converter 34, which control unit controls the frequency regulation depending on the prevailing measuring values. In that connection, the control unit can be arranged ;o control the frequency of the connection 30 in correspondence tvith an ideal characteristic over the rotational speed of the wind turbine as a function of wind speed. Such a frequency control can be denoted as "slow". It is based on that the rotational speed of the wind power stations preferably should rise linearly with the wind speed up to the maximum ro-tational speed. With knowledge about the wind speed, a com-paratively slow frequency control can consequently take place in the connection 30 so that the most favourable conditions ensue.
The control unit is furthermore suitably arranged to control the frequency of the connection 30 by comparison of measured transmitted active power with an ideal characteristic over the rotational speed as a function of power. Such a frequency con-trol can here popularly be denoted as "fast". It is conducted with the aim of rapid power variations and this can e.g. be achieved with PI-regulation and regeneration of the transmitted power through the DC-link, as described with reference to Fig 7.
As far as the voltage regulation in the connection 30 is con-cerned, this is suitable carried out in the most simple way so that the control unit is made to control the frequency converter 34 to maintain a constant ratio voltage/frequency of the connec-tion over the major part of the frequency range.
The invention is of course not only limited to the described em-bodiments. Several detail modifications are consequently possi-ble and realized by men skilled in the technical field as soon as the basic inventional idea has been presented. Such detail modifications and equivalent embodiments are included within the scope of the subsequent claims.

Claims

1. A wind power plant comprising at least one wind power sta-tion (29), which includes a wind turbine (20) and an electric generator (1) driven by this wind turbine, and an electric alter-nating voltage connection (30) connecting the wind power sta-tion with a transmission or distribution network (31), character-ized in that a frequency converter (34) is connected in the alter-nating voltage connection (30) on the network side of the plant, which frequency converter is arranged to fix the frequency of the connection (30) between the wind power station and the con-verter to be substantially below the network frequency and to convert this low frequency of the connection into correspondence with the higher frequency of network.

2. A plant according to claim 1, characterized in that the fre-quency converter (34) is arranged to vary the frequency and the voltage of the connection.

3. A plant according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the frequency converter (34) is arranged to fix the frequency of the connection (30) to 20 Hz or lower, preferably within the interval 2-20 Hz.

4. A plant according to claim 2, characterized in that the fre-quency converter (34) is arranged to fix the voltage of the con-nection (30) to a value within the interval 10-400 kV.

5. A plant according to any of the preceding claims, character-ized in that the frequency converter (34) comprises a direct voltage intermediate link having an AC/DC-converter (40) and an inverter (41).

6. A plant according to claim 5, characterized in that a DC/DC-converter (42) is comprised in the direct voltage intermediate link.

7. A plant according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the inverter (41) is a voltage stiff self-commutated inverter and that at least one capacitor (43) is connected parallelly over the DC-link of the inverter.

8. A plant according to claim 7, characterized in that network inductances (44) are connected in series in each phase on the alternating voltage side of the inverter (41).

9. A plant according to any of the preceding claims, character-ized in that valves in the frequency converter (34) consist of IGBT:s connected in series.

10. A plant according to any of the preceding claims, charac-terized in that a number of generators, associated with a corre-sponding number of wind turbines, are parallelly interconnected on the generator side of the connection (30).

11. A plant according to any of the preceding claims, charac-terized in that the generator or generators is/are of asynchro-nous type.

12. A plant according to any of the preceding claims, charac-terized in that the wind turbine (20) is connected to the gen-erator (1) via a gearing (22), preferably a single step planetary gearing.

13. A plant according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the generator (1) comprises at least one winding (7), character-ized in that the winding is provided with a solid insulation (18).

14. A plant according to claim 13, characterized in that the winding comprises an insulation system comprising at least two semiconducting layers (17, 19), each of which constitutes es-sentially equipotential surfaces, and that the solid insulation (18) is located between these semiconducting layers.

15. A plant according to claim 14, characterized in that at least one of the semiconducting layers (17, 19) has essentially the same thermal coefficient of expansion as the solid insulation (18).

16. A plant according to any of claims 13-15. characterized in that the winding is formed of a high-voltage cable (7).

17. A plant according to any of claims 14-16, characterized in that the innermost (17) of the semiconducting layers has essen-tially the same potential as an electric conductor (14) located inwardly of this layer.

18. A plant according to claim 17, characterized in that the in-ner one (17) of the semiconducting layers is in electrically con-ducting contact with the conductor (14) or a part thereof.

19. A plant according to any of claims 14-18, characterized in that the outer one (19) of the semiconducting layers is con-nected to a potential being fixed in advance.

20. A plant according to claim 19, characterized in that the fixed potential is ground potential or otherwise a relatively low potential.

21. A plant according to any of the preceding claims, charac-terized in that at least one transformer (38, 39), for step-down transformation of the voltage of the connection between the generator (1) and the frequency converter (34) to a suitable generator voltage level, is arranged on the generator side of the connection (30).

22. A plant according to claim 21, characterized in that the transformer (22) is common for all the occurring generators.

23. A plant according to claim 21, characterized in that a spe-cific transformer (39) is arranged for each of the generators.

24. A plant according to claims 21-23, characterized in that each of the occurring generators has its own transformer (39) with the primary side connected to the respective generator (1) and the secondary side connected parallelly to the primary side of a further transformer (38), the secondary side of which is connected to the frequency converter (34).

25. A plant according to any of claims 23 or 24, characterized in that the transformer (38) being common for several genera-tors is arranged on the generator side of the connection (30).

26. A plant according to any preceding claims, characterized in that the connection (30) comprises a cable (33) intended to be submerged into water, or one or several aerial lines or cables.

27. A plant according to any preceding claims, characterized in that it has means for measuring the active power from the wind power plant and means for measuring the present wind speed, and that these measuring means are connected to a control unit comprised in the frequency converter (34), which control unit controls the frequency regulation depending on the prevailing measuring values.

28. A plant according to claim 27, characterized in that the control unit is arranged to control the frequency of the connec-tion (30) in correspondence with an ideal characteristic over ro-tational speed as a function of wind speed.

29. A plant according to claim 27 or 28, characterized in that the control unit (31) is arranged to control the frequency of the connection by comparison of the measured transmitted active power with an ideal characteristic over the rotational speed as a function of power.

30. A plant according to any of claims 217-29, characterized in that the control unit is arranged to control the frequency con-verter to maintain a constant ratio voltage/frequency of the con-nection over the major part of the frequency range.

31. A method for controlling the operation of a wind power plant comprising at least one wind power station, which includes a wind turbine and electric generator driven by this wind turbine, and a electric connection connecting the generator with a transmission or distribution network, characterized in that a frequency converter is connected in the electrical connection on the network side of the plant, by means of which frequency con-verter the frequency of the connection between the wind power station and the converter is fixed to a value being substantially below the network frequency, and that this low frequency of the connection is converted by means of the frequency converter into correspondence with the higher frequency of the network.

32. A method according to claim 31, characterized in that the frequency of the connection is regulated to a value obtained by comparison of measured wind speed with an ideal characteristic over rotational speed as a function of wind speed.

33. A method according to claim 31 or 32, characterized in that the frequency of the connection by means of the frequency con-verter is regulated based on a comparison of measured active power with an ideal characteristic over rotational speed as a function of power.

34. A method according to any of claims 31-33, characterized in that the voltage in the connection is regulated by means of the frequency converter in such a way that a constant ratio volt-age/frequency is maintained over the major part of the fre-quency range.