CA2347254A1

CA2347254A1 - Immersed pour tube having an erosion-resistant sleeve and method of manufacturing the same

Info

Publication number: CA2347254A1
Application number: CA002347254A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Eric Hanse; Paul M. Benson
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Vesuvius Crucible Co
Priority date: 1998-10-14
Filing date: 1998-10-14
Publication date: 2000-04-20
Also published as: DE69820913T2; ZA996440B; ES2210838T3; EP1144145A1; WO2000021702A1; DE69820913D1; TW418136B; AU1084099A; ATE257052T1; EP1144145B1

Abstract

An article and processes are described for manufacturing a metallurgical pour tube for use in the continuous casting of steel. The article has an erosion-resistant sleeve within a body of the pour tube. An accommodation region allowing for thermal expansion of the sleeve is disposed between the sleeve and the body. The region comprises a gap or a compressible material. As the pour tube is brought to casting temperatures, the region permits the sleeve to expand without fracturing the body of the pour tube. The article may be formed by several processes. A first process describes placing a pre-formed sleeve coated with a spacer material in a body mix and firing the article to form an accommodation region. A second process comprises injecting an erosion-resistant refractory mix into a cavity within the body and firing the article.
A third process secures a sleeve within an accommodation region formed by mechanically securing a third component to the body of the pour tube. A fourth process describes using a guide means to segregate a body mix, an erosion-resistant material, and a spacer material, whereby firing produces an erosion-resistant sleeve and an accommodation region within a pour tube body.

Description

c MANUFACIVRING THE
SAME
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to metallurgical pour tubes having at least one end of the tube, typically the downstream end, immersed in a pool oz molten metal. Pour tubes conduct molten metal from one metallurgical vessel into a mold or another vessel. Examples of such tubes include sub-entry nozzles (SENs) and sub-entry shrouds (SESs), which find particular utility in the continuous casting of molten steel.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
in the continuous casting of steel, a stream of molten steel is typically transferred via a pour tube from a first metallurgical vessel into a second metallurgical vessel or mold. The downstream end of the pour tube is immersed in a pool of molten steel, and has sub-surface outlets below the surface level of the molten steel. Such outlets permit the steel to pass from the first vessel to the second vessel or mold without contacting air or slag. This reduces oxidation and limits contamination by slag.
Pour tubes are typically preheated before use, but although preheated, the tubes are relatively cold compared to the molten steel. The molten steel passing through or around the tube subjects the tube to thermal shock, which can cause the tube to fracture.
Consequently, pour tubes typically comprise thermal ,30 shock-resistant refractories.
During casting, an immersed pour tube extends through a layer of slag floating on the molten steel.
Slag may comprise glasses, fluxes, mold powders or SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 00!21702 PCT/US98I21646 various impurities. Slag is corrosive, and the pour tube may erode more quickly where it comes in contact with the slag, that is, at the slag-line, than the remainder of the pour tube. The tube may fracture where such erosion occurs. A fractured tube permits slag to mix with the ' molten steel and also exposes the steel to oxidation.
Additionally, a pour tube immersed in a mold often has sub-surface outlets designed to affect flow patterns and crystallization of the molten steel. Loss of the downstream end having the sub-surface outlets may thereby compromise steel quality and, in some cases, may permit breakout in the frozen steel strand issuing from the mold.
Attempts to prevent erosion of an immersed pour tube involve the use of collars fitted around the pour tube at the slag-line. Such collars, or slag-line sleeves, protect the tube from contact with corrosive slag. The sleeve may move relative to the outside surface of the tube, and permit the sleeve to rise and fall with changes in the.molten steel level. A slag-line sleeve may be connected to a mechanism capable of raising or lowering the sleeve in response to melt level. The sleeve~may even form a type of crucible surrounding the pour tube.
The crucible has at least one opening communicating with a sub-surface outlet in the pour tube.
Sleeves may also be fixedly attached to the outside of the pour tube. In practice, sleeves have been mortared, threaded, or copressed onto the pour tube. A
mortared construction involves cementing an erosion resistant sleeve onto the exterior of a pour tube.
Alternatively, a threaded, erosion-resistant sleeve may be screwed onto the outer surface of the tube.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) ~i a Copressing involves pressing together two refractory mixes or one refractory mix and a pre-fired component, and then firing into a single piece.
Slag-line sleeves often comprise erosion-resistant refractories, such as zirconia, zirconia-graphite, silicon nitride, boron nitride, and zirconium diboride.
Additional sleeve compositions include magnesia, magnesia-graphite, magnesia-alumina spinels and dense alumina. Unfortunately, such erosion-resistant refractories often have poor thermal shock-resistance.
This property is especially detrimental with pour tubes having fixedly attached sleeves. Attempts to improve thermal shock-resistance by modifying the composition of the sleeve, for example, by adding graphite, frequently compromises erosion-resistance.
Encapsulating the sleeve within the body of the pour tube may minimize thermal shock to the sleeve. The encapsulated sleeve lies between an inner and outer ring of thermal shock-resistant material. These rings are believed to absorb the extreme thermal gradients, which diffuse to the sleeve only gradually. Reduced thermal gradients may permit the use of extremely erosion-resistant materials, such as high-density, sintered zirconia. The encapsulated sleeve should continue to protect the pour tube from the slag after the outer ring of thermal shock-resistant material has eroded away. A
limitation of this design, however, is the high thermal expansion of erosion-resistant materials. The encapsulated sleeve will expand more than the body of the pour tube and could cause the pour tube to fracture from the inside out.

SUBSTIME SHEET (RULE 26) rJ

wo oonmoz Pcrnrs98m6a6 An attempt to overcome this deficiency is a pour tube having an inner and an outer slag-line sleeve. The inner sleeve, made from a highly erosion-resistant material, is completely encapsulated between the pour tube and the outer sleeve. The outer sleeve is made of a material intermediate between the erosion-resistance and thermal expansion of the body and the inner sleeve. The ' outer sleeve is expected to decrease thermal stresses within the pour tube.
A need persists for an integral slag-line sleeve in an immersed, metallurgical pour tube that possesses outstanding erosion resistance but resists fracture itself or fracturing the pour tube when exposed to large thermal gradients or high temperatures.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention describes a pour tube and a method of manufacturing a pour tube both having an erosion-resistant sleeve. An object of the invention is to produce a pour tube having an erosion-resistant, slag-line sleeve, wherein both the body of the pour tube and the sleeve resist cracking due to thermal shock or thermal expansion. A further object of the invention is to include an internal slag-line sleeve within such a tube.
In a broad aspect, the article describes a pour tube having a body defining an interior cavity. A sleeve is located within the cavity. The cavity is larger than the sleeve so that an accommodation region is defined between the sleeve and the body. The region is sufficiently large to permit thermal expansion of the sleeve without , fracturing the body of the pour tube.

SU6STITUTE SHEET (RUL.E 26) One aspect of the article describes the accommodation region as a gap, or, alternatively, as containing a compressible material. Another aspect describes the erosion-resistant sleeve as comprising zirconia or magnesia. A further aspect describes the sleeve as copressed with the body of the pour tube.
Still another aspect of the invention describes the interior cavity as formed by the interface of the body with a third component.
One method for making the article of the invention includes coating a sleeve with a spacer material and pressing the coated sleeve within the body of the pour tube to form a pressed piece. The pressed piece can be fired thereby removing at least some of the spacer material and creating an accommodation region. Vents may be provided for the elimination of spacer~material. The spacer material is described as comprising a transient or compressible material.
Another method of producing the article of the invention comprises co-filling a mold with erosion-resistant and thermal shock-resistant particulate refractories. The erosion-resistant refractory is segregated to the slag-line by a guide means and a spacer material is placed adjacent to the erosion-resistant refractory. The filled mold is pressed and fired to create a pour tube having a slag-line sleeve separated from the body by an accommodation region.
An alternative method of producing the article of the invention describes co-pressing a sleeve of a '30 transient material inside the pour tube at the slag-line.
The transient material may then be eliminated to form an interior cavity. A refractory composition is inserted SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) :., _ wo ooni~oz pcnus9sn»as into the cavity and subsequently densified. One aspect of this method describes the refractory composition as an injectable material comprising, for example, a particulate refractory and wax. Alternatively, the refractory composition is described as densifying at temperatures greater than about 1300°C. In either embodiment, an accommodation region is produced after firing.
Still another method of producing the article of the invention describes mechanically securing an erosion-resistant, sleeve at the slag-line of a pour tube and covering the sleeve with a third component. The third component is described as a refractory piece designed to fit over the sleeve and create an accommodation region when positioned around the sleeve. Alternatively, the third component may be a compressible material, such as a refractory fiber. An aspect of this method uses a fourth component to secure the third component in place.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a prior art pour tube 1 having a body 2 with a slag-line sleeve 3 fixedly attached on the exterior of the body.
FIG. 2 shows a prior art pour tube 1 having a slag-line sleeve 3 completely encapsulated in the body 2 of the pour tube.
FIG. 3 shows a prior art pour tube 1 having two slag-line sleeves, a first sleeve 3 comprising a highly erosion-resistant material and a second sleeve 4 comprised of a less erosion-resistant material, arranged so that the first sleeve 3 is sandwiched between the body 2 of the pour tube 1 and the second sleeve 4.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) -SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) :., _ wo aon»oz Pc~rius9snm6 FIG. 4 shows a pour tube 1 of the current invention having a body 2 with a slag-line sleeve 4 disposed within an interior cavity 3. An accommodation region 5, shown as a gap 6, exists in the region between the sleeve 4 and the body 2.
FIG. 5 shows a pour tube 1 of the current invention having an accommodation region 5 and vents 7 for the elimination of transient material.
FIG. 6 shows a pour tube 1 of the current invention where the slag-line sleeve 3 is covered by a third component 8 which is secured to the pour tube 1 by a fourth component 9.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
An article of the present invention is shown in FIG. 4 and comprises a pour tube 1 having a body 2 with an interior cavity 3. A sleeve 4 is enclosed within the interior cavity 3. An accommodation region 5 exists in the interior cavity 3 between the sleeve 4 and the body 2. In this embodiment,~the accommodation region 5 is shown as a gap 6.
In operation, the pour tube is subjected to extreme thermal gradients. The body of the pour tube insulates the annular sleeve from the resulting thermal shock and allows the sleeve's temperature to change only slowly, thereby reducing the likelihood that the sleeve will fracture'. The accommodation region permits the sleeve to expand without fracturing the body.
The body comprises a material possessing good thermal shock-resistance, and includes, for example, alumina-graphite and fused silica refractories. Most commonly, the tube will be an alumina-graphite composition, ranging from about 45 to about 80 weight SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) v percent alumina with the balance comprising graphite.
Preferably, the composition is about 62-67 wt.% alumina, about 20-25 wt.% graphite, with the balance comprising silica, zirconia, silicon, and other oxides. A suitable refractory for the body portion will generally have a ' coefficient of thermal expansion below about 6 x 10-6/°C, and preferably about 4 x 10-6/°C .
The sleeve is within the interior cavity of the pour tube, preferably at the slag-line. The shape of the sleeve will depend on several variables, such as the shape of the pour tube, the depth of immersion, and the depth of the slag. A sleeve will most commonly be cylindrical; however, it is anticipated that other shapes may be used, such as flat plates or asymmetric shapes.
Reference to a sleeve will assume various shapes and should not be construed as limiting the sleeve to a cylindrical tube.
The sleeve must resist erosion caused by slag.
Slag may comprise glasses, fluxes, oxides, mold powders, insulating powders or various impurities that float on the surface of molten steel during casting. The sleeve may comprise various erosion-resistant compositions including, for example, zirconia, titanates, nitrides, magnesia, dense alumina, and spinels of magnesia, alumina and graphite. Such compositions may be sintered or carbon-bonded,. For example, carbon-bonded zirconia will comprise about 80-99.5 wt.% zirconia and about 0.5-20 wt.% carbon. A typical carbon-bonded composition contains 88 wt.% zirconia and 6 wt.% graphite. In contrast, sintered zirconia may be nearly pure zirconia , with little or no graphite.

SUBSTIME SHEET (RULE 26) J

Erosion-resistant compositions used as slag-line sleeves typically have thermal expansion coefficients greater than 6 x 10-6/°C. The difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the body and the sleeve causes the sleeve to expand with temperature more than the body. In practice, the sleeve often expands more than twice as much as the body. In prior art pour tubes, as shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, thermal shock or thermal expansion may fracture the pour tube or the sleeve.
The present invention has an accommodation region between the sleeve and the body. This region permits expansion of the sleeve without fracturing the body or the sleeve. The region is defined as large enough that stresses caused by thermal expansion will not fracture the body or the sleeve. The region may be made large enough to accommodate the entire expansion of the sleeve.
Obviously, the size of the region depends on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the thermal expansions and geometries of the body and the sleeve, and the casting temperature of the steel.
The accommodation region may be a gap. The gap should be large enough to permit the sleeve to expand without placing unacceptable stress on the body of the pour tube. Conveniently, the gap is made large enough to accommodate thermal expansion of the sleeve at the temperature of casting. The accommodation region may also be a compressible material, instead of or in conjunction with a gap. As the sleeve expands, the compressible material compacts thereby minimizing stresses transmitted to the body. The compressible material should have a refractory composition, and most commonly will be a refractory fiber, for example, a SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) ceramic fiber, such as silica or alumina. The compressible material may also advantageously secure the slag-line sleeve within the interior cavity.
The article of the present invention may be made by several methods. These methods may make use of a spacer ' material comprising a transient or compressible material.
A transient material is any composition that can be eliminated from around a sleeve after pressing.
Elimination of the transient material creates a gap between the body of the pour tube and the sleeve where the transient material had been. Transient materials may be eliminated by, for example, melting, volatilizing, combusting, degrading, or shrinking. Heat from the firing or actual use of the article may be used to effect these transitions. Transient materials may comprise metals, ceramics and organic compounds. Metals will typically be low melting point metals or alloys, such as lead. A ceramic may leave a gap between the sleeve and the body by, for example; shrinking as a result of sintering or degradation. Preferably, the transient material will be an organic material, such as wax, which can both melt and volatilize at elevated temperatures.
In a preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5, the body 2 of the pour tube 1 will have one or more vents 7, which permit elimination of the transient material or its degradation products.
A compressible material may be used in conjunction with or independent of the transient material. The compressible material may expand to occupy the gap created by elimination of the transient material. Use of a compressible material may reduce or eliminate the need for vents. The compressible material should be a SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) refractory fiber, such as a ceramic fiber, or an expanded refractory material.
The amount of spacer material required depends upon the disparity in thermal expansion and processing shrinkage between the body of the pour tube and the sleeve. A larger disparity suggests the use of a greater amount of spacer material. The spacer material should be present at least in sufficient amount to prevent fracture of the body by thermal expansion of the sleeve.
Preferably, the amount of spacer material will fully compensate for the disparity. In other words, at casting temperatures, the sleeve will expand to completely fill the region between the body and the sleeve.
One method of making the article of the present invention involves placing a pre-shaped sleeve inside a thermal shock-resistant, particulate, refractory body and subsequently pressing the sleeve within the body.
Particulate means any type of material whether powdered, granular, fibrous, chunkeel; or any shape or combination of shapes, and of whatever size, which is amenable to being pressed into a form. The sleeve comprises an erosion-resistant refractory and may be pre-fired. The sleeve is coated with a spacer material before pressing within the body. The sleeve and body are pressed to form a piece, so that the refractory body is compacted around the sleeve. Preferably, the piece is isopressed, and most preferably the piece is isopressed on the inside and outside of the piece. The piece is then fired, and an interior cavity forms that is slightly larger than the ,30 sleeve so that a region is created between the body and the sleeve. The region may include a gap when the spacer SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 00/21702 PGT/US98I2~646 material used to coat the sleeve comprises a transient material.
The article of the present invention may also be made by co-filling a mold with an erosion-resistant particulate refractory and a thermal shock-resistant particulate refractory. A guide means directs the erosion-resistant refractory to its proper place in the mold, that is, where the slag-line sleeve will be. The guide means is often a funnel, tube or annular form, but may be anything capable of directing a particulate into a mold. Often, a plurality of guide means are used. A
spacer material is then introduced adjacent to the erosion-resistant ref ractory. Conveniently, the guide means may comprise the spacer material, such as, for example, wax slips. The filled mold is then pressed to form a piece and the piece is fired to produce the article. Pressing is most commonly done by isopressing.
The firing temperature should be sufficiently high to densify the erosion-resistant refractory. Such a temperature is typically above 1300°C.
An alternative method for producing the article involves first creating an annular cavity within the thermal shock-resistant body of the pour tube. This may be done by forming an annular piece comprising a spacer material, typically an incompressible transient material such as wax or a low melting point metal. The annular piece is copressed with the thermal shock-resistant body.
The spacer material is then substantially eliminated from the cavity, for example, by melting. The spacer material may also sublime, volatilize or otherwise be removed from .
the cavity. A refractory material having good erosion-resistance may then be inserted into the cavity. A

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) wo oom ~oz Pcnus9sn ~ 6a6 representative composition includes zirconia or zirconia-graphite. Insertion is preferably accomplished using an injectable refractory. Injectable refractories comprise a particulate refractory with a transient flow agent, such as wax. Firing the resulting pour tube at elevated temperatures removes the transient flow agent and causes the refractory to shrink as carbon-bonding or sintering takes place. A suitable temperature for this process will be greater than about 1300°C. A gap is thereby formed between the injected erosion-resistant sleeve and the body of the pour tube. Care must be taken to achieve at least a minimum densification of the refractory for good erosion-resistance. It should be appreciated that injecting a refractory into a cavity of the pour tube may be used in other applications besides slag-line sleeves, for example, porous gas inserts.
Still another method of making the present , invention, as illustrated by the article of FIG. 6, comprises securing a sleeve 4 onto a body 2 and encasing the sleeve 4 between the body 2 and a third component 8.
The sleeve may be fixedly secured to the body with mortar or may simply engage the body until the third component secures the sleeve in place. The third component may be a refractory piece designed to fit around the sleeve and the body while leaving a gap between the two.
Alternatively, the third component may be a compressible material, such as refractory fiber. Both embodiments enable the sleeve to expand without creating destructive stresses in the body. Frequently, a fourth component 9 '30 may be used to lock the third component 8 and the sleeve 4 in place. A fourth component is especially useful where the third component is a refractory fiber or would SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) y otherwise be difficult to mortar in place. Both the third and fourth components often comprise a plurality of pieces so as fit around the body.
Example 1 An erosion-resistant composition consisting essentially of zirconia is fired to form a cylindrical sleeve. The sleeve is then coated with wax to a thickness approximating the size of the sleeve at the casting temperature of steel. The coated sleeve is placed in a pour tube mold so that the sleeve encircles the flow passage and will be at the slag-line when the resultant pour tube is in operation. The sleeve is surrounded by a particulate alumina-graphite. The filled mold is pressed at 5000 psi, with pressure being applied on the inside and outside of the mold. The resultant piece is fired at greater than 800°C for greater than 2 hours. During firing the wax is eliminated and a gap is created between the sleeve and the body.
Example 2 Wax is formed into a cylindrical shape and placed in a pour tube mold around the flow passage and at the slag-line. The shape is surrounded by alumina-graphite. The filled mold is pressed at 5000 psi. A vent is created between the wax and the exterior surface of the pressed piece. The wax is melted out of the piece through the vent, thereby creating an interior cavity. A material comprising 80 wt.% zirconia and 20 wt.% wax is injected through the vent into the interior cavity. The piece is then fired at greater than 1300°C for greater than 5 hours. During firing the wax is eliminated, the zirconia .
densifies to form an erosion-resistant material, and a gap is created between the zirconia and the body.

SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) f: .

WO 00/Z~702 PCTNS98/21646 Example 3 A pour tube mold is co-filled with a particulate zirconia and an alumina-graphite refractory mix. The zirconia is directed into a pour tube mold at the slag-line using concentric funnels. An annular wax sleeve is placed inside of the zirconia around the flow passage.
The zirconia, alumina-graphite and wax sleeve are copressed at 5000 psi and fired at greater than 1300°C for greater than 5 hours. During firing the wax is eliminated, the zirconia densifies to form an erosion-resistant material, and a gap is created between the zirconia and the body.
Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the following claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) v

Claims

I claim:

1. An immersed pour tube for molten metal comprising:
(a) a body comprising a refractory material, the body having a flow passage for the molten metal and an interior cavity surrounding at least part of the flow passage;
(b) a sleeve within the interior cavity comprising an erosion-resistant refractory material, the sleeve spaced from the body at least in part by an accommodation region.

2. A pour tube as described in claim 1, wherein the sleeve comprises over about 80 weight percent zirconia.

3. A pour tube as described in claim 1, wherein the body and the sleeve are copressed.

4. A pour tube as described in claim 1, wherein the body comprises a first component and a third component joined at an interface, the interface defining the interior cavity.

5. A pour tube as described in claim 1, wherein the body has an exterior surface and at least one vent communicating between the exterior surface and the interior cavity.

6. A pour tube as described in claim 1, wherein the accommodation region comprises a gap.

7. A pour tube as described in claim 1, wherein the accommodation region comprises a compressible material.

8. A pour tube as described in claim 7, wherein the compressible material comprises a refractory fiber.

9. A process for making an immersed pour tube having a body and an erosion-resistant sleeve comprising:

(a) forming an annular preform comprising an erosion-resistant refractory material;
(b) coating the preform with a spacer material to at least a thickness sufficient to create an accomodation region;
(c) placing the preform in a particulate refractory body mix;
(d) copressing the preform and the body mix to form an article;
(e) firing the article sufficiently to produce a pour tube.

10. The process of claim 9, wherein the spacer material comprises a transient material.

11. The process of claim 10, providing at least one vent for the escape of the transient material during firing.

12. The process of claim 10, wherein the transient material comprises wax.

13. A process of claim 9, wherein the spacer material comprises a compressible material.

14. The process of claim 13, wherein the compressible material comprises a refractory fiber.

15. The process of claim 13, wherein the spacer material further comprises a transient material.

16. A process for making an immersed pour tube having a body and an erosion-resistant sleeve comprising:
(a) forming an annular preform comprising a transient material;
(b) placing the preform in a particulate refractory body mix;
(c) copressing the preform and the body mix to form an article;

(d) removing the transient material, whereby an interior cavity is created in the article;
(e) injecting into the cavity an erosion-resistant refractory material;
(d) firing the article sufficiently to densify the erosion-resistant refractory material and produce an accommodation region.

17. The process of claim 16, wherein the transient material is removed by heating the article.

18. The process of claim 16, wherein the annular preform further comprises a compressible material.

19. The process of claim 16, wherein the article is fired at a temperature greater than about 1300°C.

20. The process of claim 16, wherein the erosion-resistant refractory material comprises zirconia and wax.

21. A process for making an immersed pour tube having a body and an erosion-resistant sleeve comprising:
(a) placing the sleeve adjacent to an exterior surface of the body;
(b) covering the sleeve with a third component, which forms an accommodation region between the third component and the sleeve; and (c) attaching the third component to the body.

22. The process of claim 21, wherein the sleeve is mortared to the surface of the body.

23. The process of claim 21, wherein the third component is mortared to the body.

24. The process of claim 21, wherein the third component is a refractory fiber.

25. The process of claim 21, wherein the third component is secured to the body using a fourth component.

26. The process of claim 25, wherein the fourth component is mortared to the body.

27. A process for making an immersed pour tube having a body and an erosion-resistant sleeve comprising:
(a) placing a particulate erosion-resistant refractory material within a pour tube mold at a location where the sleeve will be;
(b) inserting a spacer material adjacent to the erosion-resistant material;
(c) filling the remainder of the mold with a body mix;
(d) pressing the filled mold to form a piece; and (e) firing the piece at a temperature sufficient to densify the erosion-resistant material and form an accommodation region.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein guide means are used to place the erosion-resistant material.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the guide means comprise a spacer material.

30. The process of claim 27, wherein the spacer material comprises a transient material.

31. The process of claim 30, wherein the transient material comprises wax.

32. A process of claim 27, wherein the spacer material comprises a compressible material.

33. The process of claim 32, wherein the compressible material comprises a refractory fiber.

34. The process of claim 32, wherein the spacer material further comprises a transient material.