CA2346182A1 - Management of path selection in a communications network - Google Patents

Abstract

A connection manager (60) is provided for selecting paths from a plurality of paths (64, 65) available from service providers (61, 62) in a communications network to route broadband traffic in the network. The connection manager (60) includes a connection model (66) indicating functional features supported by each path in the network and locations of terminations for respective paths; a cost model (68) associated with the connection model that exposes the cost of using the functional features for each path (64); and a processing means (69).
The processing means of the connection manager is operative, in response to a client (63) requirement for a connection with desired features between specified locations in the network, first to identify, from the connection model (66) in light of the desired features, suitable candidate paths for routing communications traffic between the specified locations and, secondly to determine from the candidate paths and on the basis of cost exposed by the cost model (69), an optimal selection of paths connecting said locations.

Description

WO OO/Z27$8 1 PCT/AU99/00873 .
MANAGEMENT OF PATH SELECTION IN
A COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
5 This invention relates to the management of connections in a large scale heterogeneous communications network, such as those operated by telecommunications utility companies and utilised by different carriers and service providers. In particular the invention relates to a method and apparatus for selecting paths in a broadband network that may be provided to customers requiring a io communications service.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
The term "communications network" as used in the specification, is meant to encompass networks suitable for voice telephony and for data communications.
15 Such communications networks may be suitable for switching and transporting voice, data, sound and/or image traffic, otherwise referred to as broadband or "multimedia" communications.
Existing communications networks are characterised by a number of transmission mediums using a variety of network technologies, protocols, software 2o applications and equipment sourced from different vendors. Whilst much of the equipment includes management functions, such as monitoring, test and alarm features; the centralising, handling and controlling of network management functions in a complex multi-vendor environment is a significant problem.
A further problem in a heterogeneous network - which might include 25 customer access technologies (ADSL, HFC), core network technologies (ATM, frame relay) and transmission technologies (SONET/SDH, WD1V1) - is that the management of end-to-end connections is typically conducted according to a lowest common denominator philosophy. The services provided by the network are limited to those able to be supported by the least capable equipment in the network.
3o This philosophy is very ineffective in utilising the full capability of the diverse communications paths available in a network to meet particular service requirements of customers.

WO 00/22788 . PCT/AU99/00873 Glo s AAD: ATM access device ADSL: advanced digital subscriber line ATM: asynchronous transfer mode 5 CMIP: common management information protocol CORBA: common object request broker architecture EMS: element management system HFC: hybrid fibre-optic co-axial NMS: network management system to NTU: network terminal unit OSS: operational support system VPC: virtual path connection SDH: synchronous digital hierarchy SNMP: simple network management protocol 15 SONET: synchronous optical network TCP/1P: transmission control protocol / Internet protocol TL/l : Bellcore interface protocol for network management VCI: virtual circuit identifier VPI: virtual path identifier 20 WDM: wave division multiplexing OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a connection manager for selecting paths from a plurality of paths available in a communications network to 25 route broadband traffic between predetermined locations in the network which ameliorates or overcomes at least some of the problems associated with the prior art.
It is another object of the invention to provide a path selection method for use in a communications network contributing to cost effective use of path features 3o for routing broadband traffic between predetermined locations in the network.
Further objects will be evident from the following description.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
In a form, the invention resides in a connection manager for selecting paths from a plurality of paths available from service providers in a communications network to route broadband traffic in the network, wherein the connection manager 5 includes:
(a) a connection model indicating functional features supported by each path in the network and locations of terminations for respective paths;
(b) a cost model associated with the connection model that exposes to clients the cost of using the functional features for each path; and 1o (c) processing means, operated in response to a client requirement for a connection with desired features between two locations in the network, to -(i) identify, from the connection model in light of the desired features, candidate paths for routing communications traffic between the two locations and 15 (ii) determine, from the candidate paths and on the basis of cost exposed by the cost model, an optimal selection of paths connecting said locations.
Preferably the functional features indicated by the connection model include one or more of the following:
20 (i) communications protocol;
(ii) transmission rate;
(iii) availability of the path; andlor (iv) average error rate.
Preferably the cost exposed by the cost model reflects the resources required 25 to implement a path having a particular set of features.
The path cost may be determined in accordance with the service provider's business rules or technical requirements, including one or more of (i) number of network elements involved in the path;
(ii) reduction in network capacity experienced in implementing the path;
30 and/or (iii) funds required to implement the path.
In one arrangement the cost model represents path cost as a data structure which is interpreted by the processing means.

Received 18 September 2000 Suitably the data structure comprises a graph of cost nodes wherein each node specifies the cost of particular features or sets of features for respective paths.
The cost nodes in the graph may be either internal for representing links between internal terminations in the connection model or external for the terminations at said predetermined locations.
In another arrangement the cost model represents path cost as code which is executed by the processing means.
Suitably the processing means for executing the code is an implementation of a Turing machine.
to If required the cost model further exposes to clients the delay in implementing functional features supported by the path.
Where the cost model indicates implementation delay, the client requirement for a connection may include a desired minimum delay.
Suitably, individual terminations at the same location that have common attributes are represented as termination groups.
In another form the invention resides in a connection manager for selecting paths from a plurality of paths available from seance promders m a communications network to route broadband traffic in the network, wherein the connection manager includes:
(a) a cost model provided by each service provider that exposes to clients the cost of using functional features supported by each path; and (b) processing means, operated in response to a client requirement for a connection with desired features involving a plurality of terminations in the network, to -(i) identify, in light of the desired features, candidate paths for routing communications traffic amongst said plurality of terminations and (ii) determine, from the candidate paths and on the basis of cost exposed by the cost model, a least cost selection of paths connecting said terminations.
3o The cost model suitably also exposes to clients delay in the respective service provider making a path available.
The available paths may include paths pre-existing in the network and/or paths which can be created by the respective service provider.
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Received 18 September 2000 If required, the cost model suitably exposes usage cost depending on functional features required of each path by making cost offers to the client, which cost offers are valid for a predetermined time.
Most suitably the cost model is transferred to the connection manager from 5 each service provider.
The service providers may include network managers for management of network elements.
The connection manager may be installed in an environment wherein its client is a superior connection manager and a superior cost model is constructed from an aggregate of cost models transferred by subordinate connection managers.
In a further form, the invention resides in a selection method for selecting paths from a plurality of paths available from service providers in a communications network, to route broadband traffic in the network, said method including the steps of:
(a) creating a connection model that indicates functional features supported by each path in the network and locations of terminations for respective paths;
(b) creating a cost model associated with the connection model that exposes to clients the cost of using the functional features for each path; and (c) processing a client requirement for a connection with desired features 2o between two locations in the network by -(i) identifying, from the connection model in light of the desired features, candidate paths for routing communications traffic between the two locations and (ii) determining, from the candidate paths and on the basis of the cost exposed by the cost model, an optimal selection of paths connecting said locations.
Suitably the step of creating the connection. model reflects attributes of network elements deployed by the service provider.
In a yet further form the invention resides in a method of managing selection of a path from a plurality of paths available fiom service providers in a communications network to route broadband traffic in the network, said method including the steps of:
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Received 18 September 2000 (a) providing a cost model whereby each service provider exposes to clients the cost of using functional features supported 'by each path in the network;
and (b) processing a client requirement for a connection with desired features involving a plurality of terminations by -(i) identifying, in light of desired features, candidate paths for routing communications traffic amongst said plurality of terminations, and (ii) determining, from the candidate paths and on the basis of cost exposed by the cost model, a least cost selection of paths connecting 1o said terminations.
The method of managing selection may be undertaken in an environment wherein the client is a superior connection manager and a superior cost model is constructed from an aggregate of cost models transferred by subordinate connection managers.
BRIEF DETAILS OF THE DRAWINGS
To assist in understanding the invention preferred embodiments will now be described with reference to the following figures in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a heterogeneous communications network including a hierarchy of connection managers;
2o FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating the structure of a connection manager of a first embodiment;
FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating interaction of a connection manager of a further embodiment with service providers;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a world view from the perspective of the abstract connection model of the first embodiment;
FIG. 4 is an illustration of the physical architecture of an example network;
FIG. 5 is a top level view of a connection model for the network of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram of an access device;
FIG. 6B is a cost graph for the access device of FIG. 6A;
3o FIG. 7A is a schematic diagram of a multiplexer;
FIG. 7B is a cost graph for the multiplexer of FIG. 7A;
FIG. 8A is a schematic diagram of an edge switch;
FIG. 8B is a cost graph of the edge switch of FIG. 8A;
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F

FIG. 9 is a cost graph of a core switch supporting local switching;
FIG. 10 is an alternative cost graph of the core switch of FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is shows a proposed (cost-free) link between two cost graphs;
FIG. 12 is shows a link between the cost graphs of FIG. 11;
5 FIG. 13A shows a proposed link between two further cost graphs;
FIG. 13B shows an aggregated cost graph of the two further cost graphs;
FIG. 14 shows a aggregated cost graph for the core domain of the network of FIG. 4;
FIG. 15 shows a cost graph used for modeling the network of FIG. 4;
to FIG. 16 shows the cost graph of FIG. 15 re-shaped to illustrate a preferred path selection method;
FIG. 17 illustrates the principles of the path selection method; and FIG. 18 illustrates the path selection method applied to the re-shaped cost graph of FIG. 16.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The embodiment of the invention is described in the environment of a heterogeneous communications network 10 as illustrated in FIG. 1. The connection manager of the embodiment participates in the service activation and service 2o assurance processes of large communications networks. The connection manager is suited to use in relation to broadband communications products which have significant complexity at the "Network Layer" (as defined by the ITU-T layered management model) - such as ATM, SDH, IP and bundled broadband products.
The connection manager supports configuration and security activities at the 25 Network Layer and can cooperate with other systems performing these functions for subsets of the communications network. The connection manager of the embodiment resides in a network management layer 30 between the service layer and the network element layer 40.
The service layer 20 typically includes service order systems 21 which 3o institute the creation of new connections and facilitates the query, modification and deletion of existing connections and pre-sales systems 23 which support pre-sales activities including inquiries regarding available connection characteristics, connection cost and time frame. Examples of service layer systems include service order, customer network management (CNM) or wholesale gateway.
The network element layer 40 typically includes the hardware for providing network services such as switching or transmission, for example ADSLII~C
5 customer access technologies 41, ATM core network broadband technologies 42, and transport technologies 43 such as SONET/SDH or WDM. The network element hardware may be conceptually considered to reside in different "domains"
and is typically also proprietary in nature. Accordingly, the network element hardware generally uses proprietary or compatible network element managers 1o which act as proxies for many of the network elements.
Examples of network element managers are EMS systems 44 and 45 for the ADSL/HFC hardware, the NMS 46 for the ATM core hardware and the vendor specific NMS 47, 48 for the transport domain. Although the network element managers manage many network elements, they expose each network element as an 15 individual entity. Thus in other embodiments, the connection manager may interface directly to the network elements.
The network management layer 30 of the embodiment illustrates the flexibility of the connection manager. A first connection manager 31 is interfaced to the EMS systems 44 and 45 for managing the customer access domain 40A. The 2o functional flexibility of the connection manager arises from its ability to manage the functionally different requirements of the switch matrix EMS 44 and the AAD
EMS
45. A second connection manager 32 manages the core domain 40C and a third connection manager 33 is interfaced to the vendor NMS systems 47 and 48 in the transport domain 40T. The transport domain illustrates the ability of the connection 25 manager to handle disparate vendor equipment. The connection managers include interfaces which communicate using the CMIP, SNMP, TL/1 or proprietary protocols as required. These interfaces may be adapted to suit particular vendors' equipment, current or future.
A fourth superior connection manager 34 is interfaced with the three domain 3o connection managers 31, 32 and 33 for the purpose of cross-domain connection management. The superior or cross-domain manager 34 level accepts end-to-end connection instructions for the entire network, it determines which paths through the underlying networks are available and issues connection instructions to the domain connection managers as appropriate. The connection task is thus delegated to the appropriate domain connection managers.
Although shown as four separate managers, the network management layer 30 may be viewed as undertaking the overall connection management function for the network, with the cross-domain connection and domain connection being managed at different levels. Thus the network wide connection requirement is simplified step by step so that each level of connection management can be optimised to manage the portions of the network under its control. However, the separate connection managers illustrate the distributed nature of a network wide 1o connection manager 35 which may be geographically distributed across a large number of sites and network operations centres.
Network Models The connection manager provides flexible network modeling tools for representing a service provider or network owner's view of broadband connections.
The key concepts for these representations are:
(i) "paths" which represent the network owner's view of a connection having the ability to transmit data over a communications network, such as ATM
PVC;
(ii) "terminations" where the path is manifest outside of a network, such as an 2o ATM VPI, VCI and cable, or a customer NTU; and (iii) "features" which are the external selectable characteristics of the path visible at its terminations, such as quality of service, bit rate or path diversity.
Conceptually a path can negotiate many network elements and protocols, such as end-to-end SDH connections implemented using SDH switches and WDM
transmission.
Connection Manager Structure The structure of a generic connection manager 35 of one embodiment is described in relation to FIG. 2A, as it might be deployed in relation to a particular network. A connection model 36 is used to expose to clients the network and its 3o services, which model may be implemented by the core software 37 for execution by a processor (not shown) or a series of distribute processors. Network adapters 38 are provided to interface with network elements, EMS or other NMS; whilst service adaptors 39 are provided to interface to existing service OSS.

The connection manager 35 supports several fundamental operations relating to the life cycle of a path. The service provider or network owner may instruct that a path be reserved, created or changed, which results in the automatic selection, allocation and configuration of appropriate network equipment to 5 implement a connection with the specified features between specified terminations.
A remove operation frees the allocated network equipment.
The connection manager allows the determination of which features are supported, in what combinations and at what localities in the network.
Terminations and paths may be searched and listed, and the termination which best supports a to given set of features in a locality suggested to a client by the connection manager.
The connection manager 3 5 of the embodiment preferably uses a COR.BA
IIOP architecture to interface to both the service layer and the network layer. The service layer interface and the network model can be adapted to present some standard data models, such as ETSI 600-653 or ATM Forum M4, or adapted to 15 existing service layer interfaces. All connection manager objects can be annotated with the names and identifiers required by external systems, for example customer circuit identifiers.
The connection manager is a high-availability system supporting on-line changes to configuration with back-out, on-line database backup, replicated 2o databases and redundant hardware. Depending on configuration, the connection manager will support 10,000 transactions per hour on one mid-range server machine (for example Hewlett Packard J-class). This typically corresponds to a network with 50 million installed paths with a typical operational latency is 0.3 seconds.
One connection manager installation can be distributed, as indicated above, 25 over a number of server machines. A distributed installation on up to 10 machines would be typical, as transaction processing scales approximately linearly over this range. Such installation can suitably support HP UX or Solaris on SUN Solaris, Microsoft's NT on Intel or PA-RISC operating systems. Oracles database and OrbixTM ORB are also used in the preferred embodiment.
3o FIG. 3 shows a view of the world from the perspective of a connection model, considered in the abstract. A connection model is a framework for describing communications systems involving connections. In particular, the abstract connection model 50 of the embodiment is a distributed, object oriented WO 00/227$8 PCT/AU99/00$73 way of representing the state and operations required to manage the network layer 30 of a broadband communications network. The service layer 20 is effectively the driver for the connection model in that providing function to the service layer is the role of the connection model.
5 In order to address requests from the service layer the connection model delegates to either the network element layer 40 - in the form of either network elements 53 or network element managers 54 or other providers at the network management layer - for example workflow managers 51, network managers 52, other connection managers 55 or network service providers {NSP) 56. The choices io involved in performing delegation include: (a) to which subordinates are functions delegated? (b) how are super-functions mapped to subordinates? (c) what is the sequencing of subordinate operations? and (d) what actions occur when a subordinate operation fails?
The abstract connection model 50 is suitably instantiated for operational use, 15 with the instantiation depending on:
(i) the particular networking technology employed by the network owner;
(ii) the network owner's engineering rules; and (iii) the network owner's service level requirements.
2o It is the model's instantiation 36 that gives meaning to the components of the model, such as path, feature and termination. When a connection model is instantiated, each of the abstract concepts that it presents will have a precise meaning. Furthermore, a model instantiation will have objects instantiated against it which objects will conform to both the abstract connection model and the 25 instantiated model.
The development of a connection manager application normally includes the following three stages:
~ Network analysis and design - the focus of this stage is to define the architecture of the network to be managed and to analyse the characteristics of 3o each component of the network.
~ Connection manager installation - the focus of this stage is to use the mechanisms supported by the core software to specify how the network should be managed. The installation is the outcome of this stage.

~ Run time - once a connection management system is installed, paths can be created through the network to provide communications services.
Basic Concepts The basic concepts for connection management used by the connection model are the path-termination-feature concepts, as introduced briefly above.
A
feature is a characteristic of a path that is required by a client or customer, and is manifest to the client of the path. Typical features include data transfer protocol, bandwidth, reliability and error rate; for example: ATM protocol, 64kb/s data rate and unavailability for less than 1 minute/year. Characteristics of paths such as 1o routing via a particular network element, or implementation using a particular technology are not features, because the client cannot detect those characteristics.
Features may apply to particular terminations of a path or installed on connections, which often requires feature values. The feature Maximum Bit Rate has a value specifying what the maximum bit rate is, for example Maximum Bit Rate = 256 kb/s. A feature with values applied to a connection is referred to as an installed feature.
A path is provided by a network and is fully characterised by the installed features of the path (the path features), a set of terminations exposed to the client and a set of installed features for each termination (the termination features). A path may be permanent, that is the ability to transmit exists at all times after the path is established by a connection manager, until it is torn down by the connection manager. A path may be switched, in which case there are two phases, 'configuration' and 'signalling'. The signalling phase initiates and finalises the ability to transfer data. Signalling emanates from network equipment connected to the path. The configuration phase is performed by a connection manager and establishes the bounds of data transfer that can be requested by signalling.
For example, configuration may allow data transfer anywhere within a national network, with speed up to 20Mb/s. This would prevent signalling requesting an international transfer, or a 100Mb/s transfer.
3o A path typically has two terminations, but may have one or many.
Examples of paths are ATM PVCs and SVCs, SDH connections, or customer access networks (ie. local loop). The term path as used herein includes the ITU-T
concepts of connection and trail, as well as further concepts such as Switched Virtual Connection.
A network represents the ability to manage paths and is used to create new paths and list existing paths. Paths are always totally contained within exactly one 5 network. A network may be conceptualised as a factory of paths, and a collection of the paths that it has created. In is also a collection of the terminations at which the paths will or could be manifest. Example networks include an ATM switch, a Main Distribution Frame, a SONET ring, a ATM domain manager, a regional SDH
network manager. The term 'network' includes the ITU-T concepts of network, to sub-network and network element.
A network is typically implemented by calling on the services of other networks, termed sub-networks. For example, an ATM network may use the services of a DSL and Core ATM network. The term 'sub-network' may imply a client-server relationship between the network and the sub-network. Generally, 15 there is nothing inherent in a network that makes it a sub-network. All sub-networks are fully fledged networks in their own right. Therefore all the properties and functions of networks are also properties and functions of sub-networks A termination is where a path is, or may be, manifest to the client of a network. A termination can also include a grouping of terminations. A
termination 2o grouping may or may not be capable of establishing paths. Example terminations may be an physical port, an ATM VPI on a physical port, or a cable pair at a customer's premises. The term 'termination', includes the ITU-T concepts of trail termination point, connection termination point and access group. A
termination can participate in a finite number of paths, typically one, but potentially more.
25 A path in a network will have one or more (usually two) terminations.
Single termination paths may represent loop-back and multiple terminations may represent multiple drop (for example CSMA) or a closed user group (for example a voice private network). Paths may share terminations, this may express a multi-serving capability (such as the set of customers using a billing server).
3o Connection Manager The connection manager 35, as depicted in FIG 2A, presents an architecture for assembling a working network management system. The core software 37 provides, in one embodiment, connection model abstractions that can be configured to reflect the characteristics of the particular network equipment deployed by the network owner. The operative connection model 36, once configured, will substantially reflect the business and engineering policies of the network owner, in other words the knowledge that a human operator would apply if they were 5 performing the connection manager functions manually. The core software 37 assumes that the interface to the network supports the connection model 36, preferably expressed in CORBA.
The network adaptors 38 are developed, typically using stack products, such as those provided by Vertel or Hewlett-Packard, in order to provide simple to interfaces into complex protocols such as CMIS or TL/1. The service adaptors 39 provide an interface between the network's service management layer OSS.
Existing operation support systems generally have a proprietary interface, although there are some emerging standards including the US Federal Communications Commission's "Gateway". Printed paper or a character terminal are common 15 interfaces. The deployed connection manager 35 preferably has an adaptor to automate the interface between the service management layer 20 and the core software 37.
Distributed Object Model As the connection manager is a network layer manager, it is only concerned 2o with modeling network-level concepts. The first network level concept is "connection". The connection model 36 of the embodiment is a distributed object model, preferably expressed in CORBA interface definition language (>I?L). In accordance with the concepts introduced earlier, there are three types of objects in the model, namely:
25 (i) path objects that represent connections;
(ii) termination objects that represent where the connections are physically manifest; and (iii) network objects which are the fabric that can create connections.
Network Objects 3o The network object is a container of path objects and termination objects.
Network objects form a hierarchy, where some network objects are superior to others. Network objects will typically form a strict containment hierarchy, though the connection manager allows any non-cyclic structure. Network objects can represent: individual network element instances, groups of network elements organised by some owner determined criteria, such as geographic domains or functional domains; sub-networks that are managed by some other NMS, such as a vendor NMS; cross-domain networks that aggregate several domain network 5 objects, such as those identified 40A, 40C and 40T in FIG. 1.
Network objects support the following operations: listing the capabilities of the network object; listing the characteristics of the paths that the network objects can create; creating paths having specified terminations and features;
previewing path creation; searching for paths, terminations and sub-networks having specified to characteristics. Network objects may be configured as follows: assigning identity, description, meaning; defining the relationships between the network objects (for example, a containment tree structure); defining the connections between subordinate network objects; and the characteristics of the paths they can create.
Path Obiects 15 Path objects represent the connections formed by network objects. They correspond to some real-world connection concept. This could be for example:
(i) a physical connection, such as a bearer distribution frame;
(ii) a switched connection, such as an ATM virtual circuit; or (iii) some abstract relationship, such as the relationship between a 2o customer and their Internet service provider (ISP).
A path object is always contained within one network object. When network objects form a hierarchy, a network object may implement that path by delegating portions of the implementation to sub-paths in its subordinate networks. Paths are characterised by terminations and features. Terminations describe where the path is 25 manifest, features describe externally visible characteristics. A path generally has two terminations.
A feature has a name and optionally a value. Features are applied to either the path itself, or terminations on the path. This permits termination-specific features to be modelled - as required for asymmetrical paths.
30 Paths support life-cycle type operations. This allows for several levels of completeness of the path's implementation. The typical levels of implementation of paths are:

(a) design - the path consumes no resources, other than those minimally needed to record its characteristics;
(b) reserve - the path is fully implemented, except the last step which would enable service;
5 (c) installed - the path is implemented into the equipment to enable service; and {d) deleted - the path no longer exists, but the memory of it is kept for audit purposes.
Paths have a cost, which represents the amount of resource required to implement to the path. The cost allows a client to rationally choose between several candidate paths, each of which is capable of supporting their needs. Path objects support the following operations: deletion; changing the features, terminations or implementation completeness; preview operations for the above; and listing the path attributes.
15 Termination Objects Termination objects represent where path objects are (or may be) manifest.
They correspond to some real-world concept for example: a physical termination, such as a cable; one channel multiplexed over some bearer such as an ATM
virtual circuit or SDH container; a grouping of multiplexed channels, such as an ATM
2o virtual path. A termination object within one network object. A network may express an effectively infinite number of terminations, for example an ATM
network may model each VPI/VCI as a termination. Even coarser grained modelling than the ATM example will have large numbers of terminations.
Termination objects support the following operations: describe the 25 termination; find the lowest cost free termination capable of supporting a particular set of features.
Conceits of Cost When the core software is implementing a path, or changing an existing path, it may have several alternate methods. Each alternate will require a certain 3o amount of the network owner's or service provider's equipment resource. For example, bandwidth on a optical fibre, dedicated use of a port card, or share of switch capacity. The core suitably implements a path using the alternative that requires the least resource. To allow the connection manager to determine least WO 00/x2788 PCT/AU99/00873 resource, the core software uses the concept of "cost". Each candidate path has a cost and each candidate termination has a cost. The connection manager suitably makes the simple choice of 'least cost'. The power comes from the meaning assigned to, and the method of calculating the cost.
5 Network objects close to the service layer typically have a huge number of candidate paths. One approach that such an object could use, is to execute the preview-path-creation operation on for each of the candidate paths, then choose the one that has the lowest overall cost. This direct approach is practically infeasible when, as is typical, there are mufti-millions of candidate paths. To bypass this to practical difficulty, the connection manager implements the concept of cost modelling. A cost model is a way for a network's client to efficiently predict the cost of paths. This allows the client to check the millions of options, without doing millions of requests.
Cost Model 15 A cost model preferably predicts the cost of paths based on termination groups, rather than individual terminations. It supports feature-dependent costs.
Cost models may be arbitrarily complex and precise. For example, a highly precise model would specify the cost for paths between each termination group pair. A
coarse model would specify a single cost for all paths. Intermediate models that 2o exhibit a arbitrary mixture of termination dependent cost and fixed cost may also be supported.
A cost offer is a named cost model that applies for a specified period of time.
A cost offer is the mechanism by which a network exposes the cost model for its paths. As a cost offer includes a validity time, clients can restrict the number of 25 enquiries for cost model that they make. The present embodiment of the connection manager supports validity times from the order of seconds upwards - shorter times need higher computing resource.
FIG 2B is a representation of a connection manager 60 of a further embodiment showing the interaction with service providers 61, 62 in response to a 3o requirement issued by a client 63 for a connection in a communications network.
Each service provider has a plurality of paths 64, 65 available in the communications network. The connection manager 60 includes a connection model 66, 67 which indicates functional features supported by each path, along with locations of terminations for the paths in respective sub-networks. The connection manager 60 further includes a cost model 68 that is associated with the connection model and exposes the cost of using the functional features to the client 63.
In a preferred arrangement the cost model is transferred 71, 72 from a service provider 5 into the connection manager 60. The connection manager processing means 69, operates in response to the client requirement to first identify from the connection model 66, 67 candidate paths relevant to the specified locations and, secondly to determine on the basis of cost exposed by the cost model 68 an optimal selection from the candidate paths, which suitably meet a 'least cost' criterion.
Further 1o details about a preferred cost model, explained with reference to a network fragment, follow.
There are two options available for determining costs for a network object, namely:
(i) fixed cost - where a configured cost is returned; and 15 (ii) mapped cost - where a value for cost is returned that is derived from the costs of its subordinate networks.
The mapped cost option converts the units of cost and features in each subordinate network into the units of cost and features for the present network.
The mapped cost offer is a particularly powerful mechanism, as it allows a 2o network to express a very precise and up-to-date cost model (that is, one that reflects details of its subordinate networks) for zero operator cost. In general, mapped cost is a very effective way to transferring rational decision making capability from subordinate networks to superior networks. This is necessary because the subordinate networks, close to the equipment, understand the 25 equipment-related intricacies, while the superior networks, close to the service layer, have a sufficiently broad view to perform network-wide optimum resource allocation.
The cost model 68 of the embodiment, which uses a data structure in the form of a traversable graph of cost nodes, includes three major aspects. Each aspect 3o is designed to solve cost-related problems in the different stages of the management application development. The aspects of a preferred modelling process are:

~ Cost graph creation - a cost graph notation is defined. This notation can be used during the design stage to assist system integrators and network engineers to analyse the cost model at different network levels.
~ Cost model specification - during specification stage, the core software can 5 be used to translate the cost graph representation of the network cost model to the format that can be loaded into a connection manager system.
~ Route selection algorithm - based on the internal representation of the cost model, the route selection algorithm and the cost-based routing algorithm are used for path creation.
to Here the term route means a set of sub-paths that together implement a path between terminations at two selected locations in the network.
Cost Graph A cost graph is a graphical representation of a cast model. In some cases, a cost model can be represented by a single cost graph; in some other cases, a number of 15 disconnected cost graphs are needed to represent a single cost model. In order to understand the cost model and how it may be used to assist the selection of a path route, an example network is used. The physical architecture of the example network is illustrated in FIG.4.
The physical network contains a number of access devices, such as 2o multiplexers, marked as Al to A4; a number of edge switches marked as E1 to and two core switches, C1 and C2. These physical components form two logic groups: an access domain, which provides the customer access front end to the network, and a core domain, which provides the communication back bone of the network. Each access device has a number of customer termination points, such as 25 A to H, and is linked to an edge switch. An access device cannot switch, that is, no path can be created between two terminations connected to the same access device without going out to an edge switch. In the above example network, all possible paths contain one of the following sub-paths: A;-E~-Ak, A;-E~-Ek-Ai", A; E~-Ck-EI-Am, A;-E~-Ck-Cl-Em-A". (i, j, k, l, m, n = 1 to 4). Using the connection model 3o discussed earlier, the network can be modelled as a cross-domain network containing two domain sub-networks, an access domain sub-network and a core domain sub-network. Each sub-network contains a number of items of equipment as WO 00/22788 PCTlAU99/00873 its sub-networks. A view of the connection model for the network is illustrated in FIG. 5, and it will be appreciated that this network could itself be a sub-network of the larger network illustrated in FIG. 1.
The cost model of each network can be represented wing a cost graph or a 5 set of cost graphs. A cost graph contains the following three basic elements, as follows:
"Cost node" - the basic element in a cost graph. Each cost node has a name and the following information associated with the cost node:
~ a set of features this cost node supports, derived from the connection model;
to ~ the cost of using these features; and ~ the delay in implementing these features.
"Termination" - a special node in the cost graph indicating the potential starting and ending point of a path. It could be a single termination, although 15 typically it is a termination group.
"Edge" - a line between a termination point and a cost node or between two cost nodes.
An important aspect of constructing a cost graph is to identify a set of cost nodes for the network. Potentially, any network resource or abstract of such 2o resource can be a cost node. Example network resources include network equipment, connections, sub-networks, and even the network itself. Manually building a cost graph to represent a cost model of an entire network is a complex task. Therefore the connection manager allows the cost model of a network to be an aggregation of the cost models of the sub-networks. Hence, the cost model of a 25 network can be composed from a set of cost models of sub-networks or even a cost model of a group of network equipment, with negligible configuration ei~ort.
In the example network shown in FIG. 4, a simple cost model can be constructed for each piece of network equipment, such as access devices and switches.
FIG. 6 shows the multiplexer Al and its corresponding cost graph. On the 3o customer side of A1, there two termination points, A and B. Both A and B
can be grouped as a termination group. The access device does not support local switching, so there are is no direct connection between A and B. On the network 21 _ side, A1 has a termination a connected to an edge switch in the core domain.
Multiplexer A1 can be modeled as a single cost node with two terminations, TGl (termination group 1 containing terminations A and B) and a. Turning to consider a mulitplexer with reference to FIG. 7. In general, an m-to-n multiplexer has one 5 customer side containing m terminations and one core side containing n terminations. The terminations on each side can be grouped into one group.
Such a multiplexer can be represented as a single cost node with two termination groups as shown in FIG. 7B.
The cost model for an edge switch and a core switch is similar to the one for to an access device, except that both the edge switch and the core switch support local switching. That is a path can be created from one termination point to itself (it may in fact go through different virtual channels or virtual paths). In the case of an edge switch E 1 as shown in FIG. 8A, paths m-E 1-m, n-E 1-n, m-E 1-n, m-E 1-q and n-q can be created. To represent this, double edges to the same termination should be 15 used. The cost graph of the edge switch E1 can be represented as shown in FIG. 8B.
Because the physical capabilities of a core switch are similar to that of the edge switch E1, the cost model of a core switch should be similar to the cost model of the edge switch E1. For example, core switch CI is capable of performing local switching. To represent this, duplicated terminations should be used as shown in 2o FIG. 9. However, a business rule may specify that based on the network architecture given in Figure 1, the local switching capability supported by core switches does not add any value to the path creation, and hence should be ignored during cost modelling. For example, because edge switch El supports local switching, a path A1-El-A2 can be created. This basically eliminates the requirement of having a 25 path Al-E1-C1-E1-Al. To enforce this business rule, the cost model of core switch C1 should really be modelled shown in FIG. 10. This is an example of how, in the cost model, a business rule can override physical capability in the network.
Cost Model A.g~regation Generally a physical network contains a number of sub-networks and for 3o mapped cost models, the connection manager performs the aggregation. In some embodiments, the cost model may be partially mapped as required. If each sub-network's cost model contains only a single cost graph and a link between a termination of a cost graph to another termination of another cost graph is specified by a system integrator, then connection manager does the aggregation by replacing the terminations and associated edges with a single edge. For example, if a link is specified between the termination q of cost graph E1 and the termination r of cost 5 graph C1, as shown in FIG. I1. The terminations involved in the link q and r become internal terminations (sometimes also referred to as intermediate terminations) of the current network. These terminations will be required by the creation of sub-paths during routing.
If the connections between different sub-networks bear significant cost, then to a cost can be specified for the links. In the above example, if the connection between E1 and CI bears a cost, a new cost node CN L1 is introduced when aggregating these two cost models, as shown in FIG. 12. If a link involves duplicated terminations (e.g. in the case of support local switching), then the other cost graph (the one without duplicated terminations) should be duplicated and each 15 linked to one of the duplicated terminations. For example, a link between termination a of cost graph for A1 (see Figure 6B) and termination m in cost graph for E1 (see Figure 8B) will lead to the aggregated cost graph illustrated by FIG. 13.
Applying these aggregation techniques to all cost models in the core domain, the domain cost model shown in FIG. 14 can be obtained. Whilst FIG. 15 2o illustrates the cost model for the network obtained, after accounting for duplicated terminations, for the cross domain corresponding to the physical network shown in FIG. 4.
Cost Based Route Selection The method for route selection involves creating an aggregate cost graph of 25 the relevant sub-networks, as described above, and keeping a record of which sub-network is responsible for each cost node. The second part of the method involves finding the lowest-cost of path through the cost nodes between terminations available at the desired locations. A system for allowing exclusion of certain types of sub-networks may, in some cases, be used to "filter" the cost model prior to 3o using the route selection method of the embodiment.
A routing method which may be used to select a route with the lowest cost will now be described. During the selection process, the feature set associated with each cost node provides another level of filtering. If the required features are not supported by a sub-network, then any paths involving that sub-network are not selected. In the following discussion, in order to describe the routing method clearly, a cost graph is re-shaped according to the starting location (or termination group) specified in a path creation request. For example, to create a cross domain 5 path from termination point E to H as indicated in Figure 4, the cross domain cost graph in FIG. 15 can be re-shaped as a tree structure with the starting termination group as the root, and the ending termination group and other terminations as the leaves. The re-shaped cost graph is shown in FIG. 16. Such shaped cost graph shows all the possible routes starting with the given termination. If multiple routes to from the starting termination to the ending termination exist, then the ending termination will appear more than once.
The diagram in FIG. 17 illustrates one form of the path selection method.
Starting from C1, which is the cost node directly linked to the starting termination A, a first wave is generated. The wave contains all the cost nodes that support the 15 required feature and are directly connected to C 1. Three cost nodes involved in the frontage of the first wave are C2, C3 and C4. From the starting termination A
to each frontage cost node forms a candidate route. By adding the current sub-total cost of each candidate route, a lowest-cost candidate route (from A to C2) is selected. Progress will only be made with the currently selected route by pushing 2o the wave one step further to form a second wave. The frontage cost nodes of the second wave include two groups:
~ all frontage cost nodes of the unselected routes in the last wave, e.g. C3 and C4; and ~ all cost nodes directly connected to the selected cost node in last wave, 25 e.g. CS and C6.
Here it is assumed that both C3 and C4 support the required feature.
The above process can be repeated until the paths from A to B with the lowest cost are selected. In the example the selected route is A-C1-C2-C6-C10-H.
The cost of the selected route is 7, which cost is lower than the current sub-total of 3o any other single candidate route. Applying the method for route selection from E to H in FIG. 16, a route from E-CN_A3-CN E2- CN E3-CN A4-H will be selected as follows with reference to FIG. 18. Apart from the feature parameter, that may affect the route selection, another parameter "delay" may also affect the selection of a route. The routing algorithm can also be optionally arranged to reject paths having delays greater than a required maximum delay.
Once a route is selected using the cost model, it provides a reference of how 5 the required connection can be created in the physical network. If the selected route only involves one sub-network the connection can be created over the sub-network.
If the route involves more than one sub-network, then a number of paths need to be created over the relevant sub-networks. In order to make the necessary connections, the current network must find the intermediate terminations at the boundary of each to sub-network. These terminations are those used to form links, as discussed above in relation to FIG. 11.
It will be appreciated that implementations of the cost model, other than a selection method that uses static data in nodes on a traversible graph as described above in relation to the preferred embodiment, are possible. In general terms, the 15 selection method of the embodiment is one implementation of a cost model wherein a delegate offers a data structure that is capable of representing complex or subtle cost predictions when interpreted by a method pre-agreed by the delegate and delegator. Though such data structures are complex, they are not general purpose, in the sense of being Turing machines. This means that there will always be some 2o cost predicates that cannot be conveniently represented in the model.
An alternate approach is to pass a piece of data that is the program for a Turing machine. The delegator and delegate must still agree of the semantic of the data (that is, the implementation of the Turing machine). However there will no longer be intrinsic limitations of the ability to represent any cost model.
For 25 example, it is unlikely that a data structure approach could model a cost prediction that involves the calculation of B-spline interpolation (unless the data structure designer foresaw that need). The Turing machine approach does not suffer such a limitation. A practical implementation of the Turing machine approach is to agree on an implementation that is well understood in the industry. One such example is 3o to use a JavaTM Virtual Machine implementation, and the cost model is then transferred as a sequence of Java byte codes.
The cost model allows the connection manager to expose or publish a comprehensive estimate of what a path between two locations will cost, without the client having to make a vast number of queries about the cost of each possible choice. It is the service provider's or network owner's choice as to how comprehensive a cost model is provided. They may publish a detailed cost model without exposing the underlying structure of the network.
5 By automating the routing and configuration of connections across complex networks, the connection manager substantially reduces the need for manual management at the network and element levels. Connections can be provisioned in real time and the connection manager will scale to process increasing volumes of new connections as broadband communications networks grow.
10 The object oriented approach to modeling aspects of the network in the connection manager, wherein the abstract connection model is differentiated from the connection model instantiations result in a high degree of reuse of clients and servers. This approach also allows for, but does not enforce, very flexible client and server implementations, which can match a rapidly changing business scenario.
15 Throughout the specification the aim has been to describe the preferred embodiments of the invention without limiting the invention to any one embodiment or specific collection of features.

Claims (28)

1. A connection manager for selecting paths, from a plurality of paths available from service providers in a communications network, to route broadband traffic in the network, wherein the connection manager includes:
(a) a connection model indicating functional features supported by each path in the network and locations of terminations for respective paths;
(b) a cost model associated with the connection model that exposes to clients the cost of using the functional features for each path; and (c) processing means, operated in response to a client requirement for a connection with desired features between two locations in the network, to -(i) identify, from the connection model in light of the desired features, suitable candidate paths for routing communications traffic between the two locations and (ii) determine, from the candidate paths and on the basis of cost exposed by the cost model, an optimal selection of paths connecting said locations.

2. The connection manager as claimed in claim 1 wherein the functional features indicated by the connection model include one or more of the following:
(i) communications protocol;
(ii) transmission rate;
(iii) availability of the path; and (iv) average error rate.

3. The connection manager as claimed in either claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the cost exposed by the cost model reflects the resources required to implement a path having a particular set of features.

4. The connection manager as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the path cost is determined in accordance with one or more of:
(i) number of network elements involved in the path;

(ii) reduction in network capacity experienced in implementing the path; and (iii) funds required to implement the path.

5. The connection manager as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the cost model represents path cost as a data structure which is interpreted by the processing means.

6. The connection manager as claimed in claim 5 wherein the data structure comprises a graph of cost nodes and each node specifies the cost of particular features or sets of features for respective paths.

7. The connection manager as claimed in claim 6 wherein the cost nodes in the graph may be either internal for representing links between internal terminations in the connection model or external for the terminations at said predetermined locations.

8. The connection manager as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the cost model represents path cost as code which is executed by the processing means.

9. The connection manager as claimed in claim 8 wherein the processing means for executing the code is an implementation of a Turing machine.

10. The connection manager as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9 wherein the cost model further exposes to clients the delay in implementing functional features supported by the path.

11. The connection manager as claimed in claim 10 wherein the client requirement for a connection includes a desired minimum delay which is utilised as a further basis for determining the optimal selection of paths.

12. The connection manager as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein individual terminations at the same location that have common attributes are represented as termination groups.

13. A connection manager for selecting paths from a plurality of paths available from service providers in a communications network to route broadband traffic in the network, wherein the connection manager includes:
(a) a cost model provided by each service provider that exposes to clients the cost of using functional features supported by each path; and (b) processing means, operated in response to a client requirement for a connection with desired features involving a plurality of terminations in the network, to -(i) identify, in light of the desired features, candidate paths for routing communications traffic amongst said plurality of terminations and (ii) determine, from the candidate paths and on the basis of cost exposed by the cost model, a least cost selection of paths connecting said terminations.

14. The connection manager as claimed in claim 13 wherein the cost model also exposes to clients delay in the service provider making a path available.

15. The connection manager as claimed in either claim 13 or claim 14 wherein available paths include paths pre-existing in the network.

16. The connection manager as claimed in either claim 13 or 14 wherein available paths include paths that can be created by a service provider.

17. The connection manager as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 16 wherein the cost model exposes usage cost depending on the functional features required of each path by making cost offers to the client, which cost offers are valid for a predetermined time.

18. The connection manager as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 16 wherein the cost exposed by the cost model reflects the resources required to implement a path having the desired set of features.

19. The connection manager as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 18 wherein the path cost is determined in accordance with one or more of:
(i) number of network elements involved in the path;
(ii) reduction in network capacity experienced in implementing the path;
and (iii) funds required to implement the path.

20. The connection manager as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 19 wherein the cost model represents path cost as a data structure which is interpreted by the processing means.

21. The connection manager as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 20 wherein the cost model represents path cost as code which is executed by the processing means.

22. The connection manager as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 21 wherein a cost model is transferred to the connection manager from each service provider.

23. The connection manager as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 22 wherein the client is a superior connection manager and a superior cost model is constructed from an aggregate of cost models transferred by subordinate connection managers.

24. A selection method for selecting paths, from a plurality of paths available from service providers in a communications network, to route broadband traffic in the network, including the steps of:
(a) creating a connection model that indicates functional features supported by each path in the network and locations of terminations for respective paths;
(b) creating a cost model associated with the connection model that exposes to clients the cost of using the functional features for each path; and (c) processing a client requirement for a connection with desired features between two locations in the network by -(i) identifying, from the connection model in light of the desired features, suitable candidate paths for routing communications traffic between the two locations and (ii) determining, from the candidate paths and on the basis of the cost exposed by each service provider, an optimal selection of paths connecting said locations.

25. The selection method of claim 24 wherein the step of creating the connection model reflects attributes of network elements deployed by each service provider.

26. A method of managing selection of paths from a plurality of paths available from service providers in a communications network to route broadband traffic in the network, said method including the steps of:
(a) creating a cost model whereby each service provider exposes to clients the cost of using functional features supported by respective paths;
(b) processing a client requirement for a connection with desired features involving a plurality of terminations by -(i) identifying, in light of the desired features, candidate paths for routing communications traffic amongst said plurality of terminations and (ii) determining, from the candidate paths and on the basis of cost exposed by the cost model, a least cost selection of paths connecting said terminations.

27. The method of managing selection as claimed in claim 26 wherein the cost model is transferred to the connection manager from the service provider.

28. The method of managing route selection as claimed in either claim 26 or claim 27, wherein the client is a superior connection manager and a superior cost model is constructed from an aggregate of cost models transferred from subordinate connection managers.