CA2344084C - Conjugated polycarbazole derivatives in organic light emitting diodes - Google Patents
Conjugated polycarbazole derivatives in organic light emitting diodes Download PDFInfo
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- CA2344084C CA2344084C CA2344084A CA2344084A CA2344084C CA 2344084 C CA2344084 C CA 2344084C CA 2344084 A CA2344084 A CA 2344084A CA 2344084 A CA2344084 A CA 2344084A CA 2344084 C CA2344084 C CA 2344084C
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- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbazole Natural products C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 10
- 229920001088 polycarbazole Polymers 0.000 title description 9
- -1 poly(ethyleneoxy) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000003236 benzoyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoxaline Chemical compound N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- OGGKVJMNFFSDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-n-[4-[4-(n-(3-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]phenyl]-n-phenylaniline Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=C(C)C=CC=2)=C1 OGGKVJMNFFSDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XZCJVWCMJYNSQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl pbd Chemical compound C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1C1=NN=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)O1 XZCJVWCMJYNSQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthene Chemical compound C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RDOWQLZANAYVLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthridine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=NC2=C1 RDOWQLZANAYVLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000446 sulfanediyl group Chemical group *S* 0.000 claims description 4
- FNQJDLTXOVEEFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SN=NC2=C1 FNQJDLTXOVEEFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OWQPOVKKUWUEKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-benzotriazine Chemical class N1=NN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 OWQPOVKKUWUEKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=NC2=C1 HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005964 Acibenzolar-S-methyl Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WCZVZNOTHYJIEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cinnoline Chemical compound N1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 WCZVZNOTHYJIEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- LFSXCDWNBUNEEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalazine Chemical compound C1=NN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 LFSXCDWNBUNEEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinazoline Chemical compound N1=CN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VEPOHXYIFQMVHW-XOZOLZJESA-N 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (2S,3S)-3,4-dimethyl-2-phenylmorpholine Chemical compound OC(C(O)C(O)=O)C(O)=O.C[C@H]1[C@@H](OCCN1C)c1ccccc1 VEPOHXYIFQMVHW-XOZOLZJESA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FDRNXKXKFNHNCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-anilinophenyl)-n-phenylaniline Chemical compound C=1C=C(C=2C=CC(NC=3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=2)C=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 FDRNXKXKFNHNCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=N1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XBDYBAVJXHJMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydroanthracene Natural products C1=CC=C2C=C(CCCC3)C3=CC2=C1 XBDYBAVJXHJMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CWRYPZZKDGJXCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N acenaphthene Chemical compound C1=CC(CC2)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CWRYPZZKDGJXCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006615 aromatic heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005264 aryl amine group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001769 aryl amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims description 2
- TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 claims description 2
- RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=C[CH]C=CC3=CC2=C1 RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims description 2
- ZLTPDFXIESTBQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isothiazole Chemical compound C=1C=NSC=1 ZLTPDFXIESTBQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CTAPFRYPJLPFDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoxazole Chemical compound C=1C=NOC=1 CTAPFRYPJLPFDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FGGAOQTXQHKQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diphenylnaphthalen-1-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C2=CC=CC=C2C=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 FGGAOQTXQHKQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004957 naphthylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-biphenylenemethane Natural products C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004866 oxadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- SLIUAWYAILUBJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentacene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C=C3C=C21 SLIUAWYAILUBJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 claims description 2
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003217 pyrazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical compound C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubrene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C1=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C11)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C21 IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004655 tetrazenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003918 triazines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODHXBMXNKOYIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UTGQNNCQYDRXCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine Chemical compound C=1C=C(NC=2C=CC=CC=2)C=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 UTGQNNCQYDRXCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 53
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- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001194 electroluminescence spectrum Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004803 parallel plate viscometry Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 4
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid Substances CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pd(PPh3)4 Substances [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium azide Chemical compound [Na+].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CBCKQZAAMUWICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-phenylenediamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(N)C=C1 CBCKQZAAMUWICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940044174 4-phenylenediamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bipyridyl Chemical compound N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100030361 Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74-OR23-1A / CBS 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC 987) pph-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- JQGGAELIYHNDQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nic 12 Natural products CC(C=CC(=O)C)c1ccc2C3C4OC4C5(O)CC=CC(=O)C5(C)C3CCc2c1 JQGGAELIYHNDQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000702619 Porcine parvovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021626 Tin(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010047531 Visual acuity reduced Diseases 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000547 conjugated polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YNHIGQDRGKUECZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloropalladium;triphenylphosphanium Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl.C1=CC=CC=C1[PH+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1[PH+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 YNHIGQDRGKUECZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZHXTWWCDMUWMDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydroxyboron Chemical compound O[B]O ZHXTWWCDMUWMDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- DCZNSJVFOQPSRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diphenyl-4-[4-(n-phenylanilino)phenyl]aniline Chemical class C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 DCZNSJVFOQPSRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/151—Copolymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
- H10K50/15—Hole transporting layers
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
Abstract
1. An Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) includes as active material a conjugated poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) derivative described by the formula:
(see above formula) wherein n is an integer of about 3 to about 100, and R represents a substituant that is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or poly(ethyleneoxy), cyano, aryl, amide or benzoyl. Such OLEDs have improved light emitting properties, especially in the blue and red regions of the spectrum.
(see above formula) wherein n is an integer of about 3 to about 100, and R represents a substituant that is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or poly(ethyleneoxy), cyano, aryl, amide or benzoyl. Such OLEDs have improved light emitting properties, especially in the blue and red regions of the spectrum.
Description
Conjugated Polycarbazole Derivatives in Organic Light Emitting Diodes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the invention The present invention relates to the field of optics, and more particularly Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs).
Description of the related art Organic materials show promise for electronic and opto-electronic applications.
Low-cost of synthesis, processing and room temperature fabrication are among the economical advantages. OLEDs are of particular promise for displays as they can be tuned to any color, organic diodes are very efficient and the visual properties of the diodes are excellent. Liquid crystal displays are currently overwhelmingly dominating the laptop computer market, but the technology has limitations such as low efficiency, poor vision angle, and speed and temperature range limitations.
It has long been felt that a technically viable emissive display technology could compete with LCDs, and OLEDs are today considered in the best position to do just that. OLEDs are also of great interest for other markets, such as lighting.
Intense research is going on at the chemistry laboratory level to find materials with high luminous quantum efficiency, good color purity and stability for the application to OLED displays. While some materials meet or exceed some of the requirements for commercial displays, none meets them all. Tang and VanSlyke, from Eastman Kodak, discovered small molecules that yield very efficient and stable green diodes [US patent 4356429, Oct. 26,1982; C.W.Tang and S.A.VanSlyke, Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987)]. Figure 1 shows a typical OLED diode as described by Tang and VanSlyke: it is composed of TPD (a triphenyl diamine derivative), a hole transport layer, and A1Q3 (a chelated Aluminum hydroxyquinoline), an electron transport and emitter layer.
When a sufficiently high positive voltage is applied between the anode and cathode, holes are injected in the hole transport layer from an anode, electrons are injected in the electron transport layer from a cathode. Holes and electrons recombine at the interface between the two organic materials and create an exciton that will release energy as light or heat. Light is emitted through the anode, which can be Indium Tin Oxide, a transparent degenerate semiconductor with a relatively high work function that favors hole injection. The cathode is usually a low work function metal like Ca, Mg or Al. TPD and A1Q3 are now commercially available.
However, blue and red emitters in the same class of materials usually have shorter lifetimes and lower luminous efficiencies.
The glass transition temperature of small molecules is usually quite low (as low as 60 C for TPD), so displays made of small molecules have difficulty meeting some of the temperature requirements. On the contrary, polymers usually have high glass transition temperatures. It is also desirable to find a family of materials that will emit in the three primary colors to permit the creation of full-color displays:
this is easier with polymers than small molecules. Finally, small molecules have to be evaporated to form thin films, whereas polymers can be easily soluble and can be spun-on or reel-coated. This means that polymers are potentially lower cost to process and easier to coat on large surface for large display applications.
Conjugated polymers are considered a very important class of electroactive and photoactive materials because they possess a highly delocalized pi-electron system, and transport charges efficiently [Heeger, McDiarmid and Shirakawa, 2000 Nobel Prize, http:/ /www.nobelprizes.com/]. Scientists from Cambridge University, UK, discovered that PPVs (poly(p-phenyenevinylene)s) can be a very efficient green emitter [US patent 5247190, priority date April 20,1989; J.H.Burroughes et al, Nature, v347,539 (1990)].
Figure 2 shows a typical diode as described by Burroughes et al. A 70nm PPV is sandwiched between an ITO conductive transparent layer and an aluminum cathode. The thin PPV layer transports electrons, holes and is also the green emitter.
When a sufficiently high positive voltage is applied between the anode and cathode, holes injected from the anode and electrons injected from the cathode recombine radiatively to produce green light. Many other compounds have been studied since and incorporated in diodes producing all colors [see for review R.H.
Friend et al, Nature, v397, 121 (1999)]. Green, however, is still the only color with sufficient lifetime, so there is still the need for a family of polymers that will emit in all colors of the spectrum, and optimize their use in OLEDs.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the invention The present invention relates to the field of optics, and more particularly Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs).
Description of the related art Organic materials show promise for electronic and opto-electronic applications.
Low-cost of synthesis, processing and room temperature fabrication are among the economical advantages. OLEDs are of particular promise for displays as they can be tuned to any color, organic diodes are very efficient and the visual properties of the diodes are excellent. Liquid crystal displays are currently overwhelmingly dominating the laptop computer market, but the technology has limitations such as low efficiency, poor vision angle, and speed and temperature range limitations.
It has long been felt that a technically viable emissive display technology could compete with LCDs, and OLEDs are today considered in the best position to do just that. OLEDs are also of great interest for other markets, such as lighting.
Intense research is going on at the chemistry laboratory level to find materials with high luminous quantum efficiency, good color purity and stability for the application to OLED displays. While some materials meet or exceed some of the requirements for commercial displays, none meets them all. Tang and VanSlyke, from Eastman Kodak, discovered small molecules that yield very efficient and stable green diodes [US patent 4356429, Oct. 26,1982; C.W.Tang and S.A.VanSlyke, Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987)]. Figure 1 shows a typical OLED diode as described by Tang and VanSlyke: it is composed of TPD (a triphenyl diamine derivative), a hole transport layer, and A1Q3 (a chelated Aluminum hydroxyquinoline), an electron transport and emitter layer.
When a sufficiently high positive voltage is applied between the anode and cathode, holes are injected in the hole transport layer from an anode, electrons are injected in the electron transport layer from a cathode. Holes and electrons recombine at the interface between the two organic materials and create an exciton that will release energy as light or heat. Light is emitted through the anode, which can be Indium Tin Oxide, a transparent degenerate semiconductor with a relatively high work function that favors hole injection. The cathode is usually a low work function metal like Ca, Mg or Al. TPD and A1Q3 are now commercially available.
However, blue and red emitters in the same class of materials usually have shorter lifetimes and lower luminous efficiencies.
The glass transition temperature of small molecules is usually quite low (as low as 60 C for TPD), so displays made of small molecules have difficulty meeting some of the temperature requirements. On the contrary, polymers usually have high glass transition temperatures. It is also desirable to find a family of materials that will emit in the three primary colors to permit the creation of full-color displays:
this is easier with polymers than small molecules. Finally, small molecules have to be evaporated to form thin films, whereas polymers can be easily soluble and can be spun-on or reel-coated. This means that polymers are potentially lower cost to process and easier to coat on large surface for large display applications.
Conjugated polymers are considered a very important class of electroactive and photoactive materials because they possess a highly delocalized pi-electron system, and transport charges efficiently [Heeger, McDiarmid and Shirakawa, 2000 Nobel Prize, http:/ /www.nobelprizes.com/]. Scientists from Cambridge University, UK, discovered that PPVs (poly(p-phenyenevinylene)s) can be a very efficient green emitter [US patent 5247190, priority date April 20,1989; J.H.Burroughes et al, Nature, v347,539 (1990)].
Figure 2 shows a typical diode as described by Burroughes et al. A 70nm PPV is sandwiched between an ITO conductive transparent layer and an aluminum cathode. The thin PPV layer transports electrons, holes and is also the green emitter.
When a sufficiently high positive voltage is applied between the anode and cathode, holes injected from the anode and electrons injected from the cathode recombine radiatively to produce green light. Many other compounds have been studied since and incorporated in diodes producing all colors [see for review R.H.
Friend et al, Nature, v397, 121 (1999)]. Green, however, is still the only color with sufficient lifetime, so there is still the need for a family of polymers that will emit in all colors of the spectrum, and optimize their use in OLEDs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention there is provided an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) comprising as its active material a conjugated poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) derivative described by the formula:
N n wherein n is an integer of about 3 to about 100, and R represents a substituant that is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms,. or poly(ethyleneoxy), cyano, aryl, amide or benzoyl.
Polycarbazoles are a well-known class of polymers. Two of the present inventors have discovered how to synthesise highly conjugated poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) and have filed a patent application entitled "Conjugated Polycarbazole Derivatives and Process for the Synthesis thereof" on their method of synthesis. In the present invention the conjugated polycarbazole derivatives are used as the active material in OLEDs either alone or mixed with another material.
Carbazole monomers can also be alternated with other monomers to form copolymers according to the general formula:
Y Y n Where Z is any type of comonomer, x is an integer between 1 and 100, y is an integer between 0 and 100, and n is an integer of about 3 to about 100.
The conjugated polycarbazole.derivatives comprise repeating or alternating units of the above formula. For example, the comonomers can be selected from ethylene, acetylene, C6- C,2 mononuclear/polynuclear aromatic, C2 C10 mononuclear/polynuclear heterocyclic groups and tertiary arylamines.
Examples of mononuclear / polynuclear aromatic groups are: fluorene, anthracene, phenylene, naphthylene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, perylene, rubrene, chrysene, tetracene and pentacene.
Examples of mononuclear / polynuclear heterocyclic internal groups include 5-member heterocycles such as furan, thiophene, pyrrole, oxazole, isooxazole, oxadiazoles, thiazole, isothiazole, imidazole, thiadiazole, and pyrazoles; 6-member heterocycles such as pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazines, and tetrazenes; benzo-fused ring systems such as benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, phthalazine, benzothiadiazole, and benzotriazines; polynuclear fused condensed ring systems such as phenazine, phenanthridine, acridine, and diphenylene oxide. Examples of tertiary arylamine groups include triphenylamine, N,N'-diphenylbenzidine, N,N'-diphenyl-l,4-phenylenediamine, and diphenylnaphthylamine. Olefinic, arylamino, aromatic and heterocyclic aromatic groups containing up to 30 carbons are useful for the present purpose.They may be substituted optionally with one or more substituents.
Examples of substituents include C, -C2() hydrocarbyl radicals, C, -C20 (thio)alkoxy radicals, C, -C20 (thio)aryloxy radicals, cyano, fluoro, chloro, C, -C20 alkoxycarbonyl, C, -C20 aryoxylcarbonyl, poly(alkyleneoxy) and alkyl(aryl)sulfonyl radicals. Such substituents may be selected to improve the solubility or processing characteristics of the polymer. In such cases, the substituent is preferably selected from alkyl, alkoxy, poly(alkyleneoxy), and cyano.
OLEDs can consist of many different layers with different roles. They are sandwiched between two electrodes, metallic or semiconductive, to provide injection of electrodes and holes. There is a layer between those two electrodes where recombination of those charges takes place and produces the emission of light. That layer is referred to as the emitter. There might be layers on either or both sides, performing the specific task of transporting one of the charges, electrons or holes. The emitter layer itself might play the role of transport layer for one or both charges. There might be a layer or several layers between the emitter and either or both of the transport layers, or between the emitter and the electrodes, to confine excitons and improve the quantum efficiency of the device.
There might be a layer or several layers between the organic layers and either or both of the electrodes to promote injection into the device.
According to the present invention there is provided an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) comprising as its active material a conjugated poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) derivative described by the formula:
N n wherein n is an integer of about 3 to about 100, and R represents a substituant that is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms,. or poly(ethyleneoxy), cyano, aryl, amide or benzoyl.
Polycarbazoles are a well-known class of polymers. Two of the present inventors have discovered how to synthesise highly conjugated poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) and have filed a patent application entitled "Conjugated Polycarbazole Derivatives and Process for the Synthesis thereof" on their method of synthesis. In the present invention the conjugated polycarbazole derivatives are used as the active material in OLEDs either alone or mixed with another material.
Carbazole monomers can also be alternated with other monomers to form copolymers according to the general formula:
Y Y n Where Z is any type of comonomer, x is an integer between 1 and 100, y is an integer between 0 and 100, and n is an integer of about 3 to about 100.
The conjugated polycarbazole.derivatives comprise repeating or alternating units of the above formula. For example, the comonomers can be selected from ethylene, acetylene, C6- C,2 mononuclear/polynuclear aromatic, C2 C10 mononuclear/polynuclear heterocyclic groups and tertiary arylamines.
Examples of mononuclear / polynuclear aromatic groups are: fluorene, anthracene, phenylene, naphthylene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, perylene, rubrene, chrysene, tetracene and pentacene.
Examples of mononuclear / polynuclear heterocyclic internal groups include 5-member heterocycles such as furan, thiophene, pyrrole, oxazole, isooxazole, oxadiazoles, thiazole, isothiazole, imidazole, thiadiazole, and pyrazoles; 6-member heterocycles such as pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazines, and tetrazenes; benzo-fused ring systems such as benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, phthalazine, benzothiadiazole, and benzotriazines; polynuclear fused condensed ring systems such as phenazine, phenanthridine, acridine, and diphenylene oxide. Examples of tertiary arylamine groups include triphenylamine, N,N'-diphenylbenzidine, N,N'-diphenyl-l,4-phenylenediamine, and diphenylnaphthylamine. Olefinic, arylamino, aromatic and heterocyclic aromatic groups containing up to 30 carbons are useful for the present purpose.They may be substituted optionally with one or more substituents.
Examples of substituents include C, -C2() hydrocarbyl radicals, C, -C20 (thio)alkoxy radicals, C, -C20 (thio)aryloxy radicals, cyano, fluoro, chloro, C, -C20 alkoxycarbonyl, C, -C20 aryoxylcarbonyl, poly(alkyleneoxy) and alkyl(aryl)sulfonyl radicals. Such substituents may be selected to improve the solubility or processing characteristics of the polymer. In such cases, the substituent is preferably selected from alkyl, alkoxy, poly(alkyleneoxy), and cyano.
OLEDs can consist of many different layers with different roles. They are sandwiched between two electrodes, metallic or semiconductive, to provide injection of electrodes and holes. There is a layer between those two electrodes where recombination of those charges takes place and produces the emission of light. That layer is referred to as the emitter. There might be layers on either or both sides, performing the specific task of transporting one of the charges, electrons or holes. The emitter layer itself might play the role of transport layer for one or both charges. There might be a layer or several layers between the emitter and either or both of the transport layers, or between the emitter and the electrodes, to confine excitons and improve the quantum efficiency of the device.
There might be a layer or several layers between the organic layers and either or both of the electrodes to promote injection into the device.
The polycarbazole compounds can be used in OLEDs as hole transport layers, electron transport layers, emitters or any combination of those roles. They can be used either pure or blended or doped with other hole or electron transport materials. They can also be used in multilayer arrangements to promote confinement or as an alternative to doping.
BRIEF DESCRIPTON OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will now be described in more detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-Figure 1 shows a small-molecule light-emitting diode according to prior art;
Figure 2 shows a polymer light-emitting diode according to prior art;
Figure 3 shows a first embodiment of the invention where an OLED is formed using a PEHC polycarbazole thin film as the emitter;
Figure 4 shows the photoluminescence spectrum of PEHC in the solid state (curve 1) and the electroluminescent spectrum of the diode described in Figure (curve 2);
Figure 5 shows the electroluminescent spectrum (curve 3) of another OLED with TPD alone as the hole transport layer;
Figure 6 shows a second embodiment of the invention where an OLED is formed using a POC polycarbazole thin film as the emitter;
Figure 7 shows the photoluminescence spectrum of POC in the solid state (curve 4) and the EL spectrum of the diode described in Figure 5 (curve 5);
Figure 8 shows a first embodiment of the invention where an OLED is formed using a P(OCDOF) copolymer thin film as the emitter. The diode consists of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a thin LiF
layer to promote hole injection, a blend of P(OCDOF) and TPD as the hole transport layer and emitter, Bu-PBD as the electron transport layer, a thin LiF
layer to promote electron injection and an Al cathode; and Figure 9 shows the photoluminescence spectrum of P(OCDOF) in the solid state (curve 6) and the electroluminescent spectrum of the diode described in Figure (curve 7).
BRIEF DESCRIPTON OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will now be described in more detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-Figure 1 shows a small-molecule light-emitting diode according to prior art;
Figure 2 shows a polymer light-emitting diode according to prior art;
Figure 3 shows a first embodiment of the invention where an OLED is formed using a PEHC polycarbazole thin film as the emitter;
Figure 4 shows the photoluminescence spectrum of PEHC in the solid state (curve 1) and the electroluminescent spectrum of the diode described in Figure (curve 2);
Figure 5 shows the electroluminescent spectrum (curve 3) of another OLED with TPD alone as the hole transport layer;
Figure 6 shows a second embodiment of the invention where an OLED is formed using a POC polycarbazole thin film as the emitter;
Figure 7 shows the photoluminescence spectrum of POC in the solid state (curve 4) and the EL spectrum of the diode described in Figure 5 (curve 5);
Figure 8 shows a first embodiment of the invention where an OLED is formed using a P(OCDOF) copolymer thin film as the emitter. The diode consists of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a thin LiF
layer to promote hole injection, a blend of P(OCDOF) and TPD as the hole transport layer and emitter, Bu-PBD as the electron transport layer, a thin LiF
layer to promote electron injection and an Al cathode; and Figure 9 shows the photoluminescence spectrum of P(OCDOF) in the solid state (curve 6) and the electroluminescent spectrum of the diode described in Figure (curve 7).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Conjugated poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) derivatives can be synthesized by the following route:
Scheme 1 B(OH)2 CI Pd(PPh3)4 Benzene/K2C03 aq.
+ reflux, 2h CI CI
02N / Y = 93 %
CI Br NO2 (1) P(OEt)3 reflux, 5 h Y=60%
K2CO3, R-Br CI \ N\ / CI DMF, 80oC CI' \ N\ / CI
24 h H
R Y=86% (2) (3) Scheme 2 1) NaNO2, H2SO4 - AcOH
~ ~ -2) NaN3 2 (4) A, -N2 Y=66%
SnCl2 AcOH/HCl (5:1) Y=78%
H (6) H
(5) 1) HC1(a9.), NaNO2 2) Khay.), 24 It, r. t.
K2CO3, R-Br DMF, 80 C
H 24 h (7) Global yield for steps R
4and5=38% (8) Scheme 3 PPh3, Zn, NiC12 2,2'-bipyridine DMAc, 80 C, 3 d n Y=73and78% N
R R
X= C1,Br,I
O R R O
Pd(PPh3)4 K2C03 (a9.) THF, 3 d reflux Y=75%
~ N
R n R
C) (8) + Me3Sn-~\ S SnMe OS\
PdC12(PPh3)2 THE
reflux, 3 d Y=87%
S
C n QN:o 8 The first prior art device shown in Figure 1 consists of an ITO transparent anode on a glass substrate, a TPD hole transport layer, an AIQ3 electron transport and emitter layer, and an Al cathode. When a sufficient positive voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode, holes are injected from the anode, electrons from the cathode and they recombine radiatively in the A1Q3 emissive layer, producing light which is seen through the transparent anode and hole transport layers.
The second prior device shown in Figure 2 consists of an ITO transparent anode on a glass substrate, a thin PPV polymeric layer and an Al cathode. When a sufficiently high positive voltage is applied between the anode and cathode, holes injected from the anode and electrons injected from the cathode recombine radiatively to produce green light.
In the embodiment of the invention, shown in Figure 3, the diode consists of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a first thin LiF layer to promote hole injection, a blend of PEHC (poly(N-ethylhexyl)-2,7-carbazole) and TPD (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) as the hole transport layer and emitter, PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) as the electron transport layer, a second thin LiF
layer to promote electron injection and an Al cathode.
FIRST EXAMPLE
In a first embodiment of the invention, shown in Figure 3, an OLED was fabricated consisting of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a thin LiF layer to promote hole injection, a blend of PEHC
(poly(N-ethylhexyl)-2,7-carbazole) and TPD (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) as the hole transport layer and emitter, Bu-PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) as the electron transport layer, a thin LiF layer to promote electron injection, and an Al cathode.
The blend of PEHC and TPD is solubilized in chloroform:toluene in a ratio of 9.8:0.2, and spin-coated. PBD, LiF and Al layers were thermally evaporated.
The diode produces the electroluminescence spectrum (curve 2) shown in Figure 4, compared with the photoluminescence spectrum (curve 1) of PEHC in the solid state.
Both spectra seem to show a maximum of emission at similar wavelengths, i.e.
in the blue range, with two peaks around 437 nm and 453 run. The electroluminescence is thus originating from the polymer itself. No emission of an excimer is observed (no emission peak at higher wavelength). The relative intensity of the peaks are somewhat different in PL and EL, and this may be due to a difference in morphology of both films. TPD or PBD do not seem to affect the color of emission, which remains blue.
A comparison with the electroluminescent spectrum obtained from an OLED
with TPD only as the hole transport layer (curve 3) is shown in Figure 5. The OLED used to produce the curve in Figure 5 consisted of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a thin LiF layer to promote hole injection, TPD as the hole transport layer, PBD as the electron transport layer and emitter, a thin LiF layer to promote electron injection and an Al cathode.
The comparison shows that the electroluminescence spectrum obtained in the device of Figure 3 is due to the incorporation of PEHC.
SECOND EXAMPLE
In a second embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 6, an OLED was fabricated consisting of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a first thin LiF layer to promote hole injection, a POC
(poly(N-octyl-2,7-carbazole)) for the hole transport layer, Bu-PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) as the electron transport layer, a second thin LiF layer to promote electron injection, and an Al cathode.
Figure 7 shows that the resulting diode emits blue light with emission peaks around 423 and 447 nm (shoulder), with another weak shoulder around 480 nm, for photoluminescence (curve 4) and electroluminescence (curve 5). The peaks are slightly shifted towards higher wavelengths for the electroluminescence, but no excimer is observed. This small shift and broadening of the peaks could be due to the cavity effect when an excess of electrons is injected on the molecule, or to an increased radiative decay from longer conjugated segments having a smaller gap.[See, for example, A.Donat-Bouillud et al.Chem. Mater., 12, 1931 (2000)and ref. within- P.E.Burrows, J.Appl. Phys. Lett., (1996), 79, 79911.
A comparison with the electroluminescent spectrum obtained from an OLED
with TPD only as the hole transport layer (curve 3) in Figure 5 shows that the electroluminescence spectrum obtained in the device of Figure 6 is due to the incorporation of POC.
The invention thus permits the production of efficient OLEDs that may be effective in the red and blue regions of the spectrum.
THIRD EXAMPLE
In a third embodiment of the invention, an OLED was fabricated consisting of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a thin LiF layer to promote hole injection, a blend of P(OCDOF) (poly(N-octyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-9,9'-dioctyl-2,7-fluorene)and TPD (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) as the hole transport layer and emitter, Bu-PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxidiazole) as the electron transport layer, a thin LiF layer to promote electron injection, and an Al cathode. See Figure 8. The blend of P(OCDOF) and TPD is solubilized in chloroform: toluene in a ration of 9.8:0.2, and spin-coated.
PBD, LiF and Al layers are thermally evaporated.
The diode produces the electroluminescence spectrum (curve 7) shown in Figure 9, compared with the photoluminescence spectrum (curve 6) of P(OCDOF) in the solid state.
Both spectra seem to show a maximum of emission at similar wavelengths, i.e.
in the blue range, with two peaks around 423 nm and 447 nm. The electroluminescence is thus originating from the polymer itself. No emission of an excimer is observed (no emission peak at higher wavelength). The relative intensity of the peaks are different in PL and EL, and this may be due to a difference in morphology of both films. TPD or PBD do not seem to affect the color of emission, which remains blue.
A Comparison with the electroluminescent spectrum obtained from an OLED with TPD
only as the hole transport layer (curve 3) in Figure 5 shows that the electroluminescence spectrum obtained in the device of Figure 8 is due to the incorporation of P(OCDOF).
Conjugated poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) derivatives can be synthesized by the following route:
Scheme 1 B(OH)2 CI Pd(PPh3)4 Benzene/K2C03 aq.
+ reflux, 2h CI CI
02N / Y = 93 %
CI Br NO2 (1) P(OEt)3 reflux, 5 h Y=60%
K2CO3, R-Br CI \ N\ / CI DMF, 80oC CI' \ N\ / CI
24 h H
R Y=86% (2) (3) Scheme 2 1) NaNO2, H2SO4 - AcOH
~ ~ -2) NaN3 2 (4) A, -N2 Y=66%
SnCl2 AcOH/HCl (5:1) Y=78%
H (6) H
(5) 1) HC1(a9.), NaNO2 2) Khay.), 24 It, r. t.
K2CO3, R-Br DMF, 80 C
H 24 h (7) Global yield for steps R
4and5=38% (8) Scheme 3 PPh3, Zn, NiC12 2,2'-bipyridine DMAc, 80 C, 3 d n Y=73and78% N
R R
X= C1,Br,I
O R R O
Pd(PPh3)4 K2C03 (a9.) THF, 3 d reflux Y=75%
~ N
R n R
C) (8) + Me3Sn-~\ S SnMe OS\
PdC12(PPh3)2 THE
reflux, 3 d Y=87%
S
C n QN:o 8 The first prior art device shown in Figure 1 consists of an ITO transparent anode on a glass substrate, a TPD hole transport layer, an AIQ3 electron transport and emitter layer, and an Al cathode. When a sufficient positive voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode, holes are injected from the anode, electrons from the cathode and they recombine radiatively in the A1Q3 emissive layer, producing light which is seen through the transparent anode and hole transport layers.
The second prior device shown in Figure 2 consists of an ITO transparent anode on a glass substrate, a thin PPV polymeric layer and an Al cathode. When a sufficiently high positive voltage is applied between the anode and cathode, holes injected from the anode and electrons injected from the cathode recombine radiatively to produce green light.
In the embodiment of the invention, shown in Figure 3, the diode consists of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a first thin LiF layer to promote hole injection, a blend of PEHC (poly(N-ethylhexyl)-2,7-carbazole) and TPD (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) as the hole transport layer and emitter, PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) as the electron transport layer, a second thin LiF
layer to promote electron injection and an Al cathode.
FIRST EXAMPLE
In a first embodiment of the invention, shown in Figure 3, an OLED was fabricated consisting of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a thin LiF layer to promote hole injection, a blend of PEHC
(poly(N-ethylhexyl)-2,7-carbazole) and TPD (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) as the hole transport layer and emitter, Bu-PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) as the electron transport layer, a thin LiF layer to promote electron injection, and an Al cathode.
The blend of PEHC and TPD is solubilized in chloroform:toluene in a ratio of 9.8:0.2, and spin-coated. PBD, LiF and Al layers were thermally evaporated.
The diode produces the electroluminescence spectrum (curve 2) shown in Figure 4, compared with the photoluminescence spectrum (curve 1) of PEHC in the solid state.
Both spectra seem to show a maximum of emission at similar wavelengths, i.e.
in the blue range, with two peaks around 437 nm and 453 run. The electroluminescence is thus originating from the polymer itself. No emission of an excimer is observed (no emission peak at higher wavelength). The relative intensity of the peaks are somewhat different in PL and EL, and this may be due to a difference in morphology of both films. TPD or PBD do not seem to affect the color of emission, which remains blue.
A comparison with the electroluminescent spectrum obtained from an OLED
with TPD only as the hole transport layer (curve 3) is shown in Figure 5. The OLED used to produce the curve in Figure 5 consisted of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a thin LiF layer to promote hole injection, TPD as the hole transport layer, PBD as the electron transport layer and emitter, a thin LiF layer to promote electron injection and an Al cathode.
The comparison shows that the electroluminescence spectrum obtained in the device of Figure 3 is due to the incorporation of PEHC.
SECOND EXAMPLE
In a second embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 6, an OLED was fabricated consisting of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a first thin LiF layer to promote hole injection, a POC
(poly(N-octyl-2,7-carbazole)) for the hole transport layer, Bu-PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole) as the electron transport layer, a second thin LiF layer to promote electron injection, and an Al cathode.
Figure 7 shows that the resulting diode emits blue light with emission peaks around 423 and 447 nm (shoulder), with another weak shoulder around 480 nm, for photoluminescence (curve 4) and electroluminescence (curve 5). The peaks are slightly shifted towards higher wavelengths for the electroluminescence, but no excimer is observed. This small shift and broadening of the peaks could be due to the cavity effect when an excess of electrons is injected on the molecule, or to an increased radiative decay from longer conjugated segments having a smaller gap.[See, for example, A.Donat-Bouillud et al.Chem. Mater., 12, 1931 (2000)and ref. within- P.E.Burrows, J.Appl. Phys. Lett., (1996), 79, 79911.
A comparison with the electroluminescent spectrum obtained from an OLED
with TPD only as the hole transport layer (curve 3) in Figure 5 shows that the electroluminescence spectrum obtained in the device of Figure 6 is due to the incorporation of POC.
The invention thus permits the production of efficient OLEDs that may be effective in the red and blue regions of the spectrum.
THIRD EXAMPLE
In a third embodiment of the invention, an OLED was fabricated consisting of an Indium Tin Oxide transparent conductive anode on a glass substrate, a thin LiF layer to promote hole injection, a blend of P(OCDOF) (poly(N-octyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-9,9'-dioctyl-2,7-fluorene)and TPD (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) as the hole transport layer and emitter, Bu-PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxidiazole) as the electron transport layer, a thin LiF layer to promote electron injection, and an Al cathode. See Figure 8. The blend of P(OCDOF) and TPD is solubilized in chloroform: toluene in a ration of 9.8:0.2, and spin-coated.
PBD, LiF and Al layers are thermally evaporated.
The diode produces the electroluminescence spectrum (curve 7) shown in Figure 9, compared with the photoluminescence spectrum (curve 6) of P(OCDOF) in the solid state.
Both spectra seem to show a maximum of emission at similar wavelengths, i.e.
in the blue range, with two peaks around 423 nm and 447 nm. The electroluminescence is thus originating from the polymer itself. No emission of an excimer is observed (no emission peak at higher wavelength). The relative intensity of the peaks are different in PL and EL, and this may be due to a difference in morphology of both films. TPD or PBD do not seem to affect the color of emission, which remains blue.
A Comparison with the electroluminescent spectrum obtained from an OLED with TPD
only as the hole transport layer (curve 3) in Figure 5 shows that the electroluminescence spectrum obtained in the device of Figure 8 is due to the incorporation of P(OCDOF).
Claims (21)
1. An Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) including as active material a conjugated poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) derivative described by the formula:
wherein n is an integer of about 3 to about 100, and R represents a substituant that is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or poly(ethyleneoxy), cyano, aryl, amide or benzoyl.
wherein n is an integer of about 3 to about 100, and R represents a substituant that is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or poly(ethyleneoxy), cyano, aryl, amide or benzoyl.
2. An OLED as claimed in claim 1, wherein said poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) is (poly(N-ethythexyl)-2,7-carbazole) (PEHC).
3. An OLED as claimed in claim 2, wherein said poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) is mixed with a second active material.
4. An OLED as claimed in claim 3, wherein said second active material is (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) (TPD).
5. An OLED as claimed in claim 1, wherein said poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) is POC (poly(N-octyl-2,7-carbazole) (POC).
6. An OLED as claimed in claim 1, wherein said derivatives are co-polymers formed with co-monomers selected from the group consisting of: ethylene, acetylene, C6-C22 mononuclear / polynuclear aromatic, C2-C10 mononuclear /polynuclear heterocyclic groups and tertiary arylamines.
7. An OLED as claimed in claim 6, wherein said co-monomers are mononuclear/polynuclear aromatic groups selected from the group consisting of: fluorene, anthracene, phenylene, naphthylene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, perylene, rubrene, chrysene, tetracene and pentacene.
8. An OLED as claimed in claim 6, wherein said mononuclear/polynuclear heterocyclic internal groups are selected from the group consisting of: 5-member heterocycles; 6-member heterocycles; benzo-fused ring systems such as benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, phthalazine, benzothiadiazole, and benzotriazines;
and polynuclear fused condensed ring systems.
and polynuclear fused condensed ring systems.
9. An OLED as claimed in claim 8, wherein mononuclear / polynuclear heterocyclic internal groups are selected from the group consisting of: furan, thiophene, pyrrole, oxazole, isooxazole, oxadiazoles, thiazole, isothiazole, imidazole, thiadiazole, and pyrazoles.
10. An OLED as claimed in claim 8, wherein mononuclear / polynuclear heterocyclic internal groups are selected from the group consisting of:
pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazines, and tetrazene.
pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazines, and tetrazene.
11. An OLED as claimed in claim 8, wherein said mononuclear / polynuclear heterocyclic internal groups are selected from the group consisting of:
benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, phthalazine, benzothiadiazole, and benzotriazines.
benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, phthalazine, benzothiadiazole, and benzotriazines.
12. An OLED as claimed in claim 8, wherein said mononuclear / polynuclear heterocyclic internal groups are selected from the group consisting of:
phenazine, phenanthridine, acridine, and diphenylene oxide.
phenazine, phenanthridine, acridine, and diphenylene oxide.
13. An OLED as claimed in claim 6, wherein said co-monomers are tertiary arylamine groups selected from the group consisting of: triphenylamine, N,N'-diphenylbenzidine, N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, and diphenylnaphthylamine, olefinic, arylamino, aromatic and heterocyclic aromatic groups containing up to 30 carbons, substituted optionally with one or more substituents.
14. An OLED as claimed in claim 13, wherein said substituents are selected from the group consisting of: C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals, C1-C20 (thio)alkoxy radicals, C1-C20 (thio)aryloxy radicals, cyano, fluoro, chloro, C1-C20 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C2O aryoxylcarbonyl, poly(alkyleneoxy) and alkyl(aryl)sulfonyl radicals.
15. An OLED as claimed in claim 14, wherein said substituent is selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, alkoxy, poly(alkyleneoxy), and cyano.
16. An Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) comprising:
a hole transport layer;
an electron transport layer; and wherein at least one of said hole transport layer and said electron transport layer comprises either alone or in combination as active material a conjugated poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) derivative described by the formula:
wherein n is an integer of about 3 to about 100, and R represents a substituant that is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or poly(ethyleneoxy), cyano, aryl, amide or benzoyl.
a hole transport layer;
an electron transport layer; and wherein at least one of said hole transport layer and said electron transport layer comprises either alone or in combination as active material a conjugated poly(N-alkyl-2,7-carbazole) derivative described by the formula:
wherein n is an integer of about 3 to about 100, and R represents a substituant that is a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or poly(ethyleneoxy), cyano, aryl, amide or benzoyl.
17. An OLED as claimed in claim 16, further comprising a carrier promotion layer adjacent at least one of said electron transport layer and said hole transport layer.
18. An OLED as claimed in claim 17, wherein said carrier promotion layer is LiF.
19. An OLED as claimed in claim 18, wherein said hole transport layer is a blend of PEHC (poly(N-ethylhexyl)-2,7-carbazole) and TPD (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) and said electron transport layer is Bu-PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole).
20. An OLED as claimed in claim 19, wherein said hole transport layer is POC
(poly(N-octyl-2,7-carbazole)) and said electron transport layer is Bu-PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole).
(poly(N-octyl-2,7-carbazole)) and said electron transport layer is Bu-PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole).
21. An OLED as claimed in claim 19, wherein said hole transport layer is a blend of P(OCDOF) (poly(N-octyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-9,9'-dioctyl-2,7-fluorene) and TPD (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine) ans said electron transport layer is Bu-PBD (2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole).
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