CA2311421C - Insect repellent - Google Patents
Insect repellent Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2311421C CA2311421C CA 2311421 CA2311421A CA2311421C CA 2311421 C CA2311421 C CA 2311421C CA 2311421 CA2311421 CA 2311421 CA 2311421 A CA2311421 A CA 2311421A CA 2311421 C CA2311421 C CA 2311421C
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- lemon
- juice
- bites
- insect
- oil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
- A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
- A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
- A01N65/36—Rutaceae [Rue family], e.g. lime, orange, lemon, corktree or pricklyash
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/13—Coniferophyta (gymnosperms)
- A61K36/15—Pinaceae (Pine family), e.g. pine or cedar
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
- A61K36/75—Rutaceae (Rue family)
- A61K36/752—Citrus, e.g. lime, orange or lemon
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/34—Alcohols
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/92—Oils, fats or waxes; Derivatives thereof, e.g. hydrogenation products thereof
- A61K8/922—Oils, fats or waxes; Derivatives thereof, e.g. hydrogenation products thereof of vegetable origin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/96—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution
- A61K8/97—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing materials, or derivatives thereof of undetermined constitution from algae, fungi, lichens or plants; from derivatives thereof
- A61K8/9783—Angiosperms [Magnoliophyta]
- A61K8/9789—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
- A61Q17/02—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings containing insect repellants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
- A61Q17/04—Topical preparations for affording protection against sunlight or other radiation; Topical sun tanning preparations
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S424/00—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
- Y10S424/10—Insect repellent
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Natural Medicines & Medicinal Plants (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Alternative & Traditional Medicine (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
Plant extracts (oils and juices) are used in compositions for repelling insects for avoiding their annoyance, bites and reactions. The compositions are safe for use on the skin of people of all age groups as well as on their clothes. It is a three in one product that repels insects, protects the skin against the adverse effects of ultraviolet light and works as an after-bite treatment as well. The active ingredients in the solutions are natural plant products with their own natural scents.
Description
INSECT REPELLENT
The present invention relates to processes and compositions for repelling insects and for treating insect bites.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:
w Biting insects pose a significant problem not only because of the annoyance from their bites and stings, but also because of the potential health risks due to transmission of diseases from these bites. In light of this, there is significant demand for effective insect repellents. Ideally, an insect repellent should be safe to use on all age groups and most importantly, non-toxic.
The majority of the insect repellents currently available contain a chemical n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) as the repelling agent or active ingredient, although several state public health departments have issued warnings about the possible hazards of overzealous application of products containing DEET. Also, the United States Military now recommends use of repellents with less than 33% DEET. In addition, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that repellents used on children contain no more than 10% DEET.
Insect repellents containing DEFT are also not recommended for use over cuts, wounds or irritated skin, nor next to the eyes or mouth. They are also not recommended for infants and toddlers as well as on acetate, rayon, spandex, dynel and other synthetic clothes, furniture, plastic, watch crystals, leather and painted and washable surfaces including automobiles. It is therefore quite clear that a safer alternative is needed.
One alternative is citronella oil, which is known to have insect repelling properties. Currently, citronella oil is used as an insect repellent primarily in candles and adhesive patches. As an example, Canadian Patent Application 2,147,595 teaches an adhesive patch comprising 99.9% citronella oil for repelling insects and 0.1 %
lemongrass oil or spearmint oil to impart fragrance, thereby making the mixture non-offensive to humans. It is of note that some creams and lotions containing citronella oil are also commercially available in the markets.
Additionally, US Patens 5,364,626 teaches a composition containing lemon oil for use in repelling animals such as dogs or cats. However, this patent does not envision the use of lemon oil as an insect repellent.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:
SUBST1TLJTE SHEEN' (RULE 2fi) it is one object of the invention, therefore, to provide a method for repelling insects and a method for treating insect bites. It is a further object of the invention to provide compositions for repelling insects and treating insect bites that are safe and non-toxic. Additionally, some of these compositions may also provide protection against the adverse effects of ultraviolet light on the skin.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of repelling insects comprising:
providing a mixture comprising:
the active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof; and a solvent; and repelling insects by applying the mixture to areas desired for protection.
Preferably, the mixture includes an anti-oxidizing agent for stabilizing the active ingredient. The anti-oxidizing agent may be ascorbic acid and the ascorbic acid may be provided by for example, lime juice or lemon juice. The ascorbic acid will stabilize the active ingredients in the natural oils by acting as an anti-oxidant while the citric acid will in tum stabilize the ascorbic acid. The end result is that the longevity of the repellent properties of the mixture is significantly increased.
The solvent may be an alcohol, such as isopropyl alcohol. Aside from solubilizing the active ingredients of the above oils, the alcohol will also act as a preservative and disinfectant within the mixture.
The mixture may consist essentially of:
5-80% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
5-60% lemon juice or lime juice; and 25-80% isopropyl alcohol;
4-25% water, less than 1 % anti-oxidizing agent when the mixture does not contain lemon juice or time juice.
The main reason for the wide range of concentrations in the active ingredient in the above mixtures is to provide flexibility for varying the compositions according to their intended use. For example, a mixture designed for extended protection from insects would contain a greater proportion of active ingredient than a mixture SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) designed for shorter periods of protection. Also, a mixture for repelling insects designed to be applied on solid structures such as wood or clothing would contain a much higher concentration of active ingredient.
The wide range of possible concentrations of the remaining components . of the above-described mixture provides flexibility when preparing mixtures to meet the needs of all types of consumers. In some mixtures, the active ingredients may be dissolved in alcohol only while others may be completely water-base (no alcohol), therefore requiring a small amount of suitable oil emulsifier (less than 1 %).
Also, some mixtures may not contain any organic acids, due to the sensitivity of the skin of some individuals to acidic compounds. In such mixtures, a suitable anti-oxidizing agent (less than 1%), for example Vitamin E, BHA (Butylated Hydroxyanisole) or BHT
(Butylated Hydroxytoluene) will be added in place of ascorbic and citric acid to maintain stability of the active ingredients. A mixture of this type will repel insects but may not provide an after bite treatment.
Preferably, the mixture may consist essentially of:
25~o active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
55% isopropyl alcohol;
10% lemon juice or lime juice; and 10% water.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of repelling insects comprising:
providing a mixture comprising:
the active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarvvood oil; and mixtures thereof;
an oil emulsifier; and water, and repelling insects by applying the mixture to areas desired for protection.
Of note is that the above-described mixture does not contain any alcohol.
Rather, it contains a suitable oil emulsifier to emulsify the active ingredients of the natural oils in water. This mixture is designed for consumers who would prefer not to use alcohol-based solutions.
The mixture may include an anti-oxidizing agent for stabilizing the active SUHST1TUTE SHEET {RULE 26) ingredients The anti-oxidizing agent may be a mixture of ascorbic acid and citric acid provided by for example lemon juice, lime juice or a chemical anti-oxidizing agent , for example BHA or BHT.
Preferably, the mixture consists essentially of:
5-60% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
39-95% water;
less than 1 % oil emulsifier; and less than 1 % anti-oxidizing agent.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of treating pain, swelling and feelings to itch caused by an insect bite comprising:
providing a solution comprising:
the active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
locating the insect bite; and applying said solution topologically and rubbing over the afflicted region, thereby reducing ,the pain, swelling and feelings to itch.
Specifically, the active ingredients neutralize or make inactive the active compounds within the insect bite. F~camples of non-toxic organic acids include for example ascorbic acid, citric acid and acetic acid, although this list is by no means exhaustive or complete. Once this mixture is applied to the skin, the mixture may also lessen the severity of any subsequent insect bites.
The solution may include a preservative.
Preferably, the solution consists essentially of:
50-95% active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
The present invention relates to processes and compositions for repelling insects and for treating insect bites.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:
w Biting insects pose a significant problem not only because of the annoyance from their bites and stings, but also because of the potential health risks due to transmission of diseases from these bites. In light of this, there is significant demand for effective insect repellents. Ideally, an insect repellent should be safe to use on all age groups and most importantly, non-toxic.
The majority of the insect repellents currently available contain a chemical n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) as the repelling agent or active ingredient, although several state public health departments have issued warnings about the possible hazards of overzealous application of products containing DEET. Also, the United States Military now recommends use of repellents with less than 33% DEET. In addition, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that repellents used on children contain no more than 10% DEET.
Insect repellents containing DEFT are also not recommended for use over cuts, wounds or irritated skin, nor next to the eyes or mouth. They are also not recommended for infants and toddlers as well as on acetate, rayon, spandex, dynel and other synthetic clothes, furniture, plastic, watch crystals, leather and painted and washable surfaces including automobiles. It is therefore quite clear that a safer alternative is needed.
One alternative is citronella oil, which is known to have insect repelling properties. Currently, citronella oil is used as an insect repellent primarily in candles and adhesive patches. As an example, Canadian Patent Application 2,147,595 teaches an adhesive patch comprising 99.9% citronella oil for repelling insects and 0.1 %
lemongrass oil or spearmint oil to impart fragrance, thereby making the mixture non-offensive to humans. It is of note that some creams and lotions containing citronella oil are also commercially available in the markets.
Additionally, US Patens 5,364,626 teaches a composition containing lemon oil for use in repelling animals such as dogs or cats. However, this patent does not envision the use of lemon oil as an insect repellent.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:
SUBST1TLJTE SHEEN' (RULE 2fi) it is one object of the invention, therefore, to provide a method for repelling insects and a method for treating insect bites. It is a further object of the invention to provide compositions for repelling insects and treating insect bites that are safe and non-toxic. Additionally, some of these compositions may also provide protection against the adverse effects of ultraviolet light on the skin.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of repelling insects comprising:
providing a mixture comprising:
the active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof; and a solvent; and repelling insects by applying the mixture to areas desired for protection.
Preferably, the mixture includes an anti-oxidizing agent for stabilizing the active ingredient. The anti-oxidizing agent may be ascorbic acid and the ascorbic acid may be provided by for example, lime juice or lemon juice. The ascorbic acid will stabilize the active ingredients in the natural oils by acting as an anti-oxidant while the citric acid will in tum stabilize the ascorbic acid. The end result is that the longevity of the repellent properties of the mixture is significantly increased.
The solvent may be an alcohol, such as isopropyl alcohol. Aside from solubilizing the active ingredients of the above oils, the alcohol will also act as a preservative and disinfectant within the mixture.
The mixture may consist essentially of:
5-80% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
5-60% lemon juice or lime juice; and 25-80% isopropyl alcohol;
4-25% water, less than 1 % anti-oxidizing agent when the mixture does not contain lemon juice or time juice.
The main reason for the wide range of concentrations in the active ingredient in the above mixtures is to provide flexibility for varying the compositions according to their intended use. For example, a mixture designed for extended protection from insects would contain a greater proportion of active ingredient than a mixture SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) designed for shorter periods of protection. Also, a mixture for repelling insects designed to be applied on solid structures such as wood or clothing would contain a much higher concentration of active ingredient.
The wide range of possible concentrations of the remaining components . of the above-described mixture provides flexibility when preparing mixtures to meet the needs of all types of consumers. In some mixtures, the active ingredients may be dissolved in alcohol only while others may be completely water-base (no alcohol), therefore requiring a small amount of suitable oil emulsifier (less than 1 %).
Also, some mixtures may not contain any organic acids, due to the sensitivity of the skin of some individuals to acidic compounds. In such mixtures, a suitable anti-oxidizing agent (less than 1%), for example Vitamin E, BHA (Butylated Hydroxyanisole) or BHT
(Butylated Hydroxytoluene) will be added in place of ascorbic and citric acid to maintain stability of the active ingredients. A mixture of this type will repel insects but may not provide an after bite treatment.
Preferably, the mixture may consist essentially of:
25~o active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
55% isopropyl alcohol;
10% lemon juice or lime juice; and 10% water.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of repelling insects comprising:
providing a mixture comprising:
the active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarvvood oil; and mixtures thereof;
an oil emulsifier; and water, and repelling insects by applying the mixture to areas desired for protection.
Of note is that the above-described mixture does not contain any alcohol.
Rather, it contains a suitable oil emulsifier to emulsify the active ingredients of the natural oils in water. This mixture is designed for consumers who would prefer not to use alcohol-based solutions.
The mixture may include an anti-oxidizing agent for stabilizing the active SUHST1TUTE SHEET {RULE 26) ingredients The anti-oxidizing agent may be a mixture of ascorbic acid and citric acid provided by for example lemon juice, lime juice or a chemical anti-oxidizing agent , for example BHA or BHT.
Preferably, the mixture consists essentially of:
5-60% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
39-95% water;
less than 1 % oil emulsifier; and less than 1 % anti-oxidizing agent.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of treating pain, swelling and feelings to itch caused by an insect bite comprising:
providing a solution comprising:
the active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
locating the insect bite; and applying said solution topologically and rubbing over the afflicted region, thereby reducing ,the pain, swelling and feelings to itch.
Specifically, the active ingredients neutralize or make inactive the active compounds within the insect bite. F~camples of non-toxic organic acids include for example ascorbic acid, citric acid and acetic acid, although this list is by no means exhaustive or complete. Once this mixture is applied to the skin, the mixture may also lessen the severity of any subsequent insect bites.
The solution may include a preservative.
Preferably, the solution consists essentially of:
50-95% active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
4-50~o water, and less than 1 °~ preservative.
Preferably, the mixture includes a scenting agent and/or an insect repelling agent. The insect repelling agent may be, for example, lemon oil, cedarwood oil or mixtures thereof. Aside from making the mixture more aesthetically pleasing, these scents will also act to prevent further bites as they contain active ingredients that wilt act to repel insects.
SU85TiTUTE SH~~T (RULE Z6y The solution may include a solvent for the scenting agent. The solvent may be an alcohol, such as isopropyl alcohol. Besides solubilizing the scenting and insect repelling agents, the alcohol will also act as a preservative and disinfectant within the mixture.
The mixture may consist essentially of:
25-95% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
1.5-25% insect repelling agent, selected from the group consisting of:
lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
2-45% isopropyl alcohol;
0.5-5% water, and less than 1 % oil emulsifier when the mixture is water base (no alcohol).
The composition of the mixture may be varied according to preference of the customers , their age group and the intended use. For example, a mixture designed for quick relief of swelling and pain would contain a greater proportion of active ingredient than a mixture designed for slow relief. Furthermore, a mixture including lemon juice and/or lime juice concentrated 2-3 times has been tested and in fact provides faster relief. Additionally, varying the relative concentrations of the natural oils and the source and amount of ascorbic acid and citric acid will alter the scent of the mixture.
Preferably, the mixture may consist essentially of:
95% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice;
lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
1.5% isopropyl alcohol;
2% insect repelling agent, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
19~o water, and less than 1 % preservative.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a composition comprising:
the active ingredient selected fram the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
a source of ascorbic acid; and a solvent.
SUBST1TLJTE SHE~'f (RULE 26y -Sa-According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of repelling insects comprising: providing a mixture consisting essentially of:
10-65% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil;
and mixtures thereof; 25-80% isopropyl alcohol; 5-60% lemon juice or lime juice 4-25%
water; and less than 1 % anti-oxidizing agent when the mixture does not contain lemon juice or lime juice; and repelling insects by applying the mixture to areas desired for protection.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of treating pain and sweil~g caused by an insect bite comprising: providing a solution consisting essentially of: 15 - 85% active ingredient selected from the group consisting of:
lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids; 5-25% insect repelling agent selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
5-45%
isopropyl alcohol; and 5-25% water; locating the insect bite; and applying said solution topologically over the afflicted region, thereby reducing the pain, swelling and feelings to itch.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of repelling insects comprising: providing a mixture comprising: the active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof; an oil emulsifier; and water; and repelling insects by applying the mixture to areas desired for protection.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a solution for treating insect bites or repelling insects consisting essentially of: 15 -85% after-bite agent selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids; 5-25% insect repelling agent selected from the group consisting of:
lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof; 5-45% isopropyl alcohol; and 5-25% water.
According to a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided a solution for treating insect bites or repelling insects consisting essentially of: 10-65%
insect repelling agent, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof; 25-80% isopropyl alcohol; 5-60% lemon juice or lime juice; and 5-25%
water.
Preferably, the mixture includes a scenting agent and/or an insect repelling agent. The insect repelling agent may be, for example, lemon oil, cedarwood oil or mixtures thereof. Aside from making the mixture more aesthetically pleasing, these scents will also act to prevent further bites as they contain active ingredients that wilt act to repel insects.
SU85TiTUTE SH~~T (RULE Z6y The solution may include a solvent for the scenting agent. The solvent may be an alcohol, such as isopropyl alcohol. Besides solubilizing the scenting and insect repelling agents, the alcohol will also act as a preservative and disinfectant within the mixture.
The mixture may consist essentially of:
25-95% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
1.5-25% insect repelling agent, selected from the group consisting of:
lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
2-45% isopropyl alcohol;
0.5-5% water, and less than 1 % oil emulsifier when the mixture is water base (no alcohol).
The composition of the mixture may be varied according to preference of the customers , their age group and the intended use. For example, a mixture designed for quick relief of swelling and pain would contain a greater proportion of active ingredient than a mixture designed for slow relief. Furthermore, a mixture including lemon juice and/or lime juice concentrated 2-3 times has been tested and in fact provides faster relief. Additionally, varying the relative concentrations of the natural oils and the source and amount of ascorbic acid and citric acid will alter the scent of the mixture.
Preferably, the mixture may consist essentially of:
95% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice;
lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
1.5% isopropyl alcohol;
2% insect repelling agent, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
19~o water, and less than 1 % preservative.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a composition comprising:
the active ingredient selected fram the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
a source of ascorbic acid; and a solvent.
SUBST1TLJTE SHE~'f (RULE 26y -Sa-According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of repelling insects comprising: providing a mixture consisting essentially of:
10-65% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil;
and mixtures thereof; 25-80% isopropyl alcohol; 5-60% lemon juice or lime juice 4-25%
water; and less than 1 % anti-oxidizing agent when the mixture does not contain lemon juice or lime juice; and repelling insects by applying the mixture to areas desired for protection.
According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of treating pain and sweil~g caused by an insect bite comprising: providing a solution consisting essentially of: 15 - 85% active ingredient selected from the group consisting of:
lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids; 5-25% insect repelling agent selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
5-45%
isopropyl alcohol; and 5-25% water; locating the insect bite; and applying said solution topologically over the afflicted region, thereby reducing the pain, swelling and feelings to itch.
According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of repelling insects comprising: providing a mixture comprising: the active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof; an oil emulsifier; and water; and repelling insects by applying the mixture to areas desired for protection.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a solution for treating insect bites or repelling insects consisting essentially of: 15 -85% after-bite agent selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids; 5-25% insect repelling agent selected from the group consisting of:
lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof; 5-45% isopropyl alcohol; and 5-25% water.
According to a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided a solution for treating insect bites or repelling insects consisting essentially of: 10-65%
insect repelling agent, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof; 25-80% isopropyl alcohol; 5-60% lemon juice or lime juice; and 5-25%
water.
Preferably, the source of ascorbic acid is lemon juice or lime juice.
The solvent may be an alcohol, such as isopropyl alcohol. Besides solubilizing the active ingredients of the natural oils, the alcohol will also act as a preservative and disinfectant within the composition.
The composition may consist essentially of:
5-60% active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
5-60% lemon juice or lime juice;
25-80~o isopropyl alcohol;
4-25% water, less than 1 % oil emulsifier when the composition is a water base (no alcohol); and less than 1 % anti-oxidizing agent when the composition does not contain lemon juice or lime juice.
Preferably, the composition may consist essentially of:-25% active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
55% isopropyl alcohol;
10% lemon juice or lime juice; and 10% water.
The above-described composition has several useful properties. For example, the natural oils contain active ingredients that will act to repel insects. The natural juices provide ascorbic acid and citric acid which will stabilize the active ingredients of the natural oils as described above. Furthermore, the ascorbic acid and citric acid act as an effective after bite treatment. This is based on our hypothesis that lime juice and lemon juice react with the active compounds within the saliva injected by the insects and inactivate these compounds. Although the exact reactions are not completely known at this time, the application of lime juice or lemon juice does work, as it stops the pain, swelling and feelings to itch. Natural sources of ascorbic acid and citric acid are used rather than the individual components because fruit juices contain both forms of ascorbic acid: L-ascorbic acid and dehydro-L-ascorbic acid. These two forms of ascorbic acid act as a redox coupte, meaning that they act in concert as an anti-oxidant.
One of the roles of anti-oxidants within the cell is to hydroxylate potential oxidants such SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE Z6) as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. This prevents the oxidants from damaging the cell membrane by peroxidizing the lipids. Considering that one of the effects of exposure to ultraviolet rays is the generation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, the presence of both forms of ascorbic acid in the above-described composition will lessen the damage caused by ultraviolet rays. Given that insect repellents are generally used outdoors, the anti-ultraviolet activity of the above-described composition is a significant benefit.
An obvious advantage of the present invention is that the mixtures herein described contain natural components that are known to be non-toxic. Lemon oil and cedarwood oil have long been used as scenting agents and have not caused any adverse reactions in the trials described below, even when applied to -sensitive areas of the skin, such as around the eyes. Furthermore, the natural juices contain ascorbic acid and citric acid. Aside from providing the benefits described above, these organic acids are also readily biodegraded: citric acid is a common intermediate compound in the Krebs Cycle; ascorbic acid is more commonly known as Vitamin C and has been ascribed several activities aside from being an anti-oxidant, such as involvement in wound healing and enhanced immune response. Thus, there are likely to be additional health benefits aside from repelling insects and treating insect bites derived from using this composition.
Plant extracts (oils and juices) are used in compositions for repelling insects for avoiding their annoyance, bites and reactions. The compositions are safe for use on the skin of people of all age groups as well as on their clothes. It is a three in one product that repels insects, protects the skin against the adverse effects of ultraviolet light and works as an after-bite treatment as well.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES:
Table 1 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 3 and lemon juice as an after bite treatment solution at the Mosquito Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada on June 26, 1996.
Table 2 -Results of a study on the effectiveness of insect repellents prepared according to Formula Examples 1 and 2 and lemon juice as an after-bite treatment solution at the Mosquito Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada on June 26, 1996.
Table 3 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 1 and lemon juice as an after bite treatment SUBSTITUTE SHE~T (RULE 26) _g-solution at New Delhi, India on August 5, 1994.
Table 4 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 2 and lemon juice as an after-bite treatment solution at Panipat, Haryana, India on August 12, 1994.
Table 5 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 3 and lemon juice as an after-bite treatment solution at Hissar, Haryana, India on August 19, 1994.
Table 6 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 1 and lemon juice as an after bite treatment solution in backyard and vegetable garden areas in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada on July 14, 1995.
Table 7 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of insect repellents prepared according to Formula Examples 1, 2 and 3 and lemon juice as an after bite treatment solution in bush areas of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada on June 16, 1996.
Table 8 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 4 and lemon juice as an after-bite treatment solution at the Mosquito Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada on July 14, 1997.
Table 9 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 5 and lemon juice as an after bite treatment solution at the Mosquito Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada on July 14, 1997.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION:
The present invention is described in detail based on examples; however, the invention is not limited to the examples.
Formula Example 1:
25 parts lemon oil 25 parts isopropyl alcohol 40 parts lemon juice parts water Formula Example 2:
25 parts cedarwood oil 25 parts isopropyl alcohol 40 parts lemon juice SUBSTITUTE SI-i~~T (RULE 26~
-g_ _-parts water Formula Example 3:
10 parts cedarwood oil and 15 parts lemon oil, such that a total of 25 parts natural oil added 25 parts isopropyl alcohol 40 parts lemon juice 10 parts water Formula Example 4:
25 parts lemon oil 55 parts isopropyl alcohol 10 parts lemon juice 10 parts water Formula Example 5:
25 parts cedarwood oil 55 parts isopropyl alcohol 10 parts lemon juice 10 parts water Varying the relative amounts of lemon oil and cedarwood oil alters the scent of the mixture, but does not alter the effectiveness of the mixture as an insect repellent, as described below.
In all five examples, the compositions are prepared as follows: the total volume of natural oils are added to the isopropyl alcohol and the solution is mixed by shaking for fifteen seconds. Next, the lemon juice and the water are added and the composition is mixed by shaking for an additional fifteen seconds.
The functions of the ingredients are as follows. The natural oils (lemon oil, cedarwood oil and mixtures thereof) provide the active ingredient for repelling the insects.
The isopropyl alcohol acts as a solvent of the active ingredients of the natural oils and also acts as a preservative and disinfectant within the mixture. Clearly, alcohols other than isopropyl alcohol may be used for this purpose. The lemon juice provides ascorbic acid and citric acid, which act to stabilize the active ingredients of the natural oils. These SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE Z6) organic acids will also act to neutralize the active compounds injected during an insect bite, thereby reducing pain, swelling and feelings to itch. Furthermore, lemon juice contains both forms of ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C. As a consequence, this mixture will also provide the benefits associated with Vitamin C, including anti-oxidant activity. This in tum means that the mixture will reduce some of the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays by scavenging the superoxide and hydroxyl radicals generated by exposure to ultraviolet light. Although lemon juice is used in the example, any natural juice containing high levels of ascorbic acid and citric acid, such as lime juice, may be used. The water acts as a solvent, diluant and filler. Ideally, any water source may be used, such as distilled water, de-ionized water or mineral water.
Several laboratory and field experiments involving individuals from a variety of age groups were performed. These experiments were carried out at various times of day and at several different locations, such as backyard areas, garden areas and bush areas, in order to determine the effectiveness of the compositions of the Formula Examples as insect repellents under the greatest possible variety of conditions.
The results of a sampling of the experiments are shown in Tables 1-9, and six of these experiments are discussed below.
Trial Example 1:
The results of Trial Example 1 are summarized in Table 1. The source of insects were mosquitoes bred in a Plexiglas box to a high density under laboratory conditions. Initially, the untreated left hand of Subject #1 was placed in the Plexiglas box containing the mosquitoes as a control and to check the biting nature of the mosquitoes.
During a ten second exposure, six mosquitoes landed on the untreated left hand and four mosquito bites were incurred. At this point, Subject #1 removed his left hand from the Plexiglas box and lemon juice was applied to the areas with mosquito bites. To maintain the integrity of the experiment, lemon juice was used rather than the above-described compositions. However, the lemon juice does not lose any effectiveness at treating insect bites when part of the compositions of the Formula Examples. Following application, the pain and swelling from the insect bites on the left hand ceased. Next, the composition according to Formula Example 3 was applied to the right hand of Subject #1 and this hand was placed in the Plexiglas box containing the mosquitoes. During a two minute exposure, no insect bites occurred and no mosquitoes landed on the treated right hand.
An interval of one hour and thirty minutes passed before the right hand of the subject SUBSTTTUTE SHEET (RULE 26) was placed in the Plexiglas box again. Despite the time. elapsed since application, no further treatments during this interval, no mosquito bites occurred during a further two minute exposure.
Trial Example 2:
The results of Trial Example 2 are summarized in Table 2. The untreated left hand of Subject #2 was placed in a Plexiglas box containing mosquitoes grown under laboratory conditions as described above. During a ten second exposure, seven mosquitoes landed on the untreated hand and four mosquito bites occurred.
Lemon juice was applied to the mosquito bites and the pain and swelling ceased immediately. To maintain the integrity of the experiment, lemon juice was used rather than the above-described compositions. However, the lemon juice does not lose any effectiveness at treating insect bites when part of the compositions of the Formula Examples.
The composition of Formula Example 1 was applied to the right hand of Subject #2 while the composition of Formula Example 2 was applied to the left hand of Subject #1.
When the left hand of Subject #1 was placed in the Plexiglas box for a period of two minutes, no further bites occurred. An interval of ninety minutes passed, and the left hand of Subject #1 was again placed in the Plexiglas box for an additional two minutes. As before, no insect bites occurred. The same process was repeated using the right hand of Subject #2. In this instance, no mosquito bites were incurred, either during the initial two minute exposure or during the second two minute exposure following a ninety minute interval.
The results of the above experiments clearly indicate that the compositions of the Formula Examples act as effective insect repellents in a controlled setting.
Specifically, no bites occurred on the treated hands during a two minute exposure while multiple bites occurred on an untreated hand during only a ten second exposure. Also of note is that no mosquitoes even landed on the treated hands during these relatively lengthy exposures. Furthermore, the compositions were just as effective at repelling __ insects during a second exposure ninety minutes after application. While the density of mosquitoes in the Plexiglas box was, in all likelihood, greater than any to be encountered during normal situations, this alone does not guarantee that the invention will be effective in open areas. As a consequence, multiple trials were performed at various times of day in open areas, as described below.
Trial Example 3:
The results of Trial Experiment 3 are summarized in Table 3. A test group SUBSTTTUTE SHEET (RULE 26) of four people from various age groups were placed in an open area during the mid-aftemoon without any treatment as a control and to check the biting nature of the mosquitoes. Within one minute, the test group incurred an average of three mosquito bites. Lemon juice was applied to the insect bites, which caused the pain and swelling to cease. To maintain the integrity of the experiment, lemon juice was used rather than the above-described compositions. However, the lemon juice does not lose any effectiveness at treating insect bites when part of the compositions of the Formula Examples. The composition according to Formula Example 1 was then applied to the exposed areas of all of the members of the test group, specifically the hands and face. No adverse reactions to the composition, such as burning -or irritation of the skin, were reported by any of the members of the test group. Following application, the test group remained in the open area for a period of thirty minutes. During this time, no mosquito bites were incurred by any of the members of the test group. A fifteen minute interval passed before the test group returned to the open area for a second thirty minute interval.
Even without further treatment, no mosquito bites were incurred during this period. Despite the fact that nearly one hour and fifteen minutes had passed since application of the composition of Formula Example 1, no mosquito bites were incurred.
Trial Example 4:
The results of Trial Example 4 are summarized in Table 4. A test group of three people from various age groups were placed in an open area during the early evening. Within one minute, the test group incurred an average of four mosquito bites.
Lemon juice was applied to the insect bites, which caused the pain and swelling to cease. To maintain the integrity of the experiment, lemon juice was used rather than the above-described compositions. However, the lemon juice does not lose any effectiveness at treating insect bites when part of the compositions of the Formula Examples. The composition according to Formula Example 2 was then applied to the exposed areas of all of the members of the test group, specifically the hands and face. No adverse reactions to the composition, such as burning or irritation of the skin, were reported by any of the members of the test group. Following application, the test group remained in the open area for a period of thirty minutes. During this time, no mosquito bites were incurred by any members of the test group. A fifteen minute interval passed before the test group returned to the open area for a second thirty minute interval. Even without further treatment, no mosquito bites were incurred during this period.
Following another SUHST1TUTE SHE~T (RULE 26) interval of fifteen minutes, the test group returned to the open area for a third interval of thirty minutes. Despite the fact that nearly two hours had passed since application of the composition of Formula Example 2, no mosquito bites were incurred.
Trial Example 5:
The results of Trial Example 5 are summarized in Table 5. A test group of three people from various age groups were placed in an open area during the morning.
Within ane minute, the test group incurred an average of three mosquito bites.
Lemon juice was applied to the insect bites, which caused the pain and swelling to cease. To maintain the integrity of the experiment, lemon juice was used rather than the above-described compositions. However, the lemon juice does not lose any effectiveness at treating insect bites when part of the compositions of the Formula Examples.
The composition according to Formula Example 3 was then applied to the exposed areas of all of the members of the test group, specifically the hands and face. No adverse reactions to the compositions, such as burning or irritation of the skin, were reported by any of the members of the test group. Following application, the test group remained in the open area for a period of thirty minutes. During this time, no mosquito bites were incurred by any members of the test group. A fifteen minute interval passed before the test group returned to the open area for a second thirty minute interval. Even without further treatment, no mosquito bites were incurred during this period.
Following another interval of thirty minutes, the test group returned to the open area for a third interval of thirty minutes. Despite the fact that nearly two hours and fifteen minutes had passed since application of the composition of Formula Example 3, no mosquito bites were incurred.
Trial Example 8:
The formulations as given in Formula Examples 4 and 5 were tested under laboratory conditions. The experimental design was exactly the same as described above in Trial Example 1 and Trial Example 2. The results of these tests are given in Table 8 and Table 9.
The results of these experiments indicate that the compositions of all five Formula Examples constitute effective insect repellents in outdoor conditions irrespective of the time of day. Of note is that the compositions retain their repellent properties for at least one to two hours after application. More importantly, the compositions have not caused any adverse reactions in any of the subjects tested irrespective of age.
SUBST~TLJTE SHEET (RULE 26) Since various modifications can be made in my invention as herein above described, and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without departing from such spirit and scope, it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense.
SU8ST1TUTE SH~~T (RULE 26) TABLE 1. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT THE
MOSQUITO LABORATORY IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, CANADA ON JUNE 26, 1996.
TREATMENTS TIME NUMBER OF BITES
Control using untreated 11:00 a.m. 4 bites and 6 mosquitoes left hand sat of second person and placing on hand in ten seconds it in the cage Sprayed and rubbed the 11:01 a.m. Pain and swelling stopped areas around the mosquito bites of the left hand with Lemon juice Sprayed the right hand 11:15 a.m. No bite up to two minutes with insect and repellent prepared according no mosquito sat on the to hand Formula Example 3 with a mixture of Lemon oil and Cedarwood oil and placing the hand in the mosquito cage The right hand previously 12:45 p.m. No bites up to two minutes sprayed at 11:15 a.m. with the and no mosquito sat on insect the repellent with no further hand treatment and placing it again in the mosquito cage SUBSTITUTE SHE~'i' (RULE 26~
TABLE 2. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSECT
AND LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT THE
MOSQUITO LABORATORY IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, CANADA ON JUNE 26, 1996.
TREATMENTS TIME NUMBER OF BITES
Control using untreated 10:00 a.m.4 bites and 7 mosquitoes left hand sat and placing it in the cage on hand in 10 seconds Sprayed and rubbed the areas10:01 a.m.Pain and swelling stopped around the mosquito bites of the left hand with Lemon juice Sprayed the right hand with10:15 a.m.No bite up to two minutes an and insect repellent prepared no mosquito sat on the hand according to Formula Example with Lemon oil and placing the hand in the mosquito cage Sprayed the left hand with 10:30 a.m.No bite up to two minutes the and insect repellent prepared no mosquito sat on the hand according to Formula Example with Cedarwood oil and placing the hand in the mosquito cage The right hand, previously 11:45 a.m.No bite up to two minutes and sprayed with insect repellent no mosquito sat on the hand prepared according to Formula Example 1 at 10:15 a.m.
with no further treatment and placing the hand again in the mosquito cage The right hand, previously 12:00 NoonNo bite up to two minutes and sprayed with insect repellent no mosquito sat on the hand prepared according to Formula Example 2 at 10:30 a.m.
with no further treatment and placing the hand again in the mosquito cage SUBSTTfUTE SH~~T (RULE 26) TABLE 3. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT NEW DELHI, INDIA ON AUGUST 5, 1994.
TREATMENT NUMBER TIME AVERAGE NUMBER OF
OF BITES
PEOPLE
Control with no treatment4 2:15 p.m.3 bites in one minute on exposed hand and face Treated bites with 4 2:16 p.m.Pain and swelling Lemon stopped juice Sprayed the hands and 4 2:30 p.m.No bites face with the insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 1 with Lemon oil, starting at 2:30 p.m. and staying outside in the open area for 30 minutes No further treatment 4 3:45 p.m.No bites and sitting again in the same area starting at 3:15 p.m. for 30 minutes Experiment terminated SUBSTITUTE SHE~T (RULE Zb) -18- v TABLE 4. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT PANIPAT, HARYANA, INDIA ON AUGUST 12, 1994.
TREATMENT NUMBER TIME AVERAGE NUMBER
OF OF BITES
PEOPLE
Control with no treatment3 5:15 4 bites in one on p.m. minute exposed hand and face Treated the bites with 3 5:16 Pain and swelling Lemon p.m.
juice stopped Sprayed the hands and 3 5:30 No bites face p.m.
with the insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 2 with Cedarwood oil, starting at 5:30 p. m.
and staying outside in the open area for 30 minutes No further treatment 3 6:45 No bites and p.m.
sitting again in the same area starting at 6:15 p.m.
for 30 minutes No further treatment 3 7:30 No bites and p.m.
sitting again in the same area starting at 7:00 p.m.
for 30 minutes Experiment terminated SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2fi) TABLE 5. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT HISSAR, HARYANA, INDIA ON AUGUST 19, 1994.
TREATMENT NUMBER TIME AVERAGE
OF NUMBER OF
PEOPLE BITES
Control with no treatment 3 8:15 a.m. 3 bites in one on exposed hand and face. minute Treated the bites with Lemon3 8:16 a.m. Pain and swelling juice stopped Sprayed the hands and face 3 8:30 a.m. No bites with the insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example with a mixture of Lemon oil and Cedarwood oil, starting at 8:30 a.m.
and staying outside in the open area for 30 minutes No further treatment and 3 9:45 a.m. No bites sitting again in the same area starting at 9:15 a.m. for 30 minutes Experiment terminated SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) TABLE 6. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION IN BACKYARD
AND VEGETABLE GARDEN AREAS IN REGINA, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
ON JULY 14, 1995.
TREATMENT NUMBER TIME NUMBER OF
OF BITES
PEOPLE
Control with no treatment 1 5:30 p.m. 3 bites in one on exposed hands and face. minute Treated the mosquito bites 1 5:31 p.m. Pain and swelling with Lemon juice stopped Sprayed the hands and face 1 5:45 p.m. No bites with the insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example with Lemon oil, starting at 5:45 p.m. and staying outside in the backyard and garden area.
Continued staying in the 1 6:45 p.m. No bites backyard and garden area upto 6:45 p.m.
with no further treatment Coming back at 7:15 p.m. 1 7:45 p.m. No bites and staying in the backyard with no further treatment for 30 minutes.
Experiment terminated SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) TABLE 7. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSECT
REPELLENTS PREPARED ACCORDING TO FORMULA EXAMPLES 1, 2 AND 3 AND LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION IN BUSH
AREAS OF REGINA, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA ON JUNE 16, 1996.
TREATMENT PERSON TIME NUMBER OF
No. BITES
Control with no treatment on A 2:00 4 bites in hand and p.m. 1 minute face.
Treated the bites with Lemon A 2:01 Pain and swelling juice p.m.
sto ed Sprayed the hands and face . A 2:15 No bites with the p.m.
insect repellent #1 and walked in the bush area No further treatment and stayedA 3:35 No bites outside in p.m.
the bush area Control with no treatment on B 2:30 3 bites in hand and p.m. 9 minute face.
Treated the bites with Lemon B 2:31 Pain and swelling juice p.m.
sto ed Sprayed the hands and face B 2:40 No bite with the p.m.
~
insect repellent #2 and walked into the bush area No further treatment and stayedB 3:45 No bite outside in p.m.
the bush area No further treatment and stayedB 4:50 No bite outside in p.m.
the bush area Control with no treatment on C 2:45 4 bites in hand and p.m. 1 minute face.
Treated the bites with Lemon C 2:46 Pain and swelling juice p.m.
sto ed Sprayed the hands and face C 2:50 No bite with the p.m.
insect repellent #3 and walked in the bush area No further treatment and stayedC 3:55 No bite outside in p.m.
the bush area No further treatment and stayedC 5:00 No bite outside in p.m.
the bush area Insect repellents #1, 2 and 3 were prepared according to Formula Examples 1, 2 and 3 with Lemon oil, Cedarvvood oil and a mixture of Lemon oil and Cedarwood oil respectively.
SU85T1TUTE SH~~'3' (RULE 26~
TABLE 8. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT THE
MOSQUITO LABORATORY IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, CANADA ON JULY 14, 1997.
TREATMENTS TIME NUMBER OF BITES
Control using untreated 9:30 a.m. 4 bites and 6 mosquitoes left sat hand and placing it in on hand in ten seconds the cage Sprayed and rubbed areas9:31 a.m. Pain and swelling stopped around the mosquito bites of the left hand with Lemon juice Sprayed the right hand 9:45 a.m. No bite up to two minutes with and insect repellent prepared no mosquito sat on the hand according to Formula Example 4 with Lemon oil and placing the hand in the mosquito cage The right hand previously11:00 a.m. No bites up to two minutes and sprayed at 9:45 a.m. no mosquito sat on the with the hand insect repellent, with no further treatment and placing it again in the mosquito cage SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) TABLE 9. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT THE
MOSQUITO LABORATORY IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, CANADA ON JULY 14, 1997.
TREATMENTS TIME NUMBER OF BITES
Control using untreated left 9:50 a.m.4 bites and 6 mosquitoes bend and piecing it in the cage sat on hand in ten seconds Sprayed and rubbed the areas 9:51 a.m.Pain and swelling around the mosquito bites of the left stopped hand with lemon juice Sprayed the right hand with insect10:00 No bite upto two minutes a.m.
repellent prepared according and no mosquito s~t to Fomnula on Example 5 with Cedarw~od oil the hand and placing the hand in the mosquito cage The right hand previously sprayed11:30 No bites up to two et a.m.
10:00 a.m. with the insect repellent, minutes and no mosquito with no further treatment and placing sat on the hand it again in the mosquito cage suBSTnvrE S~~E~r cRUt.~ ~sf
The solvent may be an alcohol, such as isopropyl alcohol. Besides solubilizing the active ingredients of the natural oils, the alcohol will also act as a preservative and disinfectant within the composition.
The composition may consist essentially of:
5-60% active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
5-60% lemon juice or lime juice;
25-80~o isopropyl alcohol;
4-25% water, less than 1 % oil emulsifier when the composition is a water base (no alcohol); and less than 1 % anti-oxidizing agent when the composition does not contain lemon juice or lime juice.
Preferably, the composition may consist essentially of:-25% active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil;
cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
55% isopropyl alcohol;
10% lemon juice or lime juice; and 10% water.
The above-described composition has several useful properties. For example, the natural oils contain active ingredients that will act to repel insects. The natural juices provide ascorbic acid and citric acid which will stabilize the active ingredients of the natural oils as described above. Furthermore, the ascorbic acid and citric acid act as an effective after bite treatment. This is based on our hypothesis that lime juice and lemon juice react with the active compounds within the saliva injected by the insects and inactivate these compounds. Although the exact reactions are not completely known at this time, the application of lime juice or lemon juice does work, as it stops the pain, swelling and feelings to itch. Natural sources of ascorbic acid and citric acid are used rather than the individual components because fruit juices contain both forms of ascorbic acid: L-ascorbic acid and dehydro-L-ascorbic acid. These two forms of ascorbic acid act as a redox coupte, meaning that they act in concert as an anti-oxidant.
One of the roles of anti-oxidants within the cell is to hydroxylate potential oxidants such SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE Z6) as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. This prevents the oxidants from damaging the cell membrane by peroxidizing the lipids. Considering that one of the effects of exposure to ultraviolet rays is the generation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, the presence of both forms of ascorbic acid in the above-described composition will lessen the damage caused by ultraviolet rays. Given that insect repellents are generally used outdoors, the anti-ultraviolet activity of the above-described composition is a significant benefit.
An obvious advantage of the present invention is that the mixtures herein described contain natural components that are known to be non-toxic. Lemon oil and cedarwood oil have long been used as scenting agents and have not caused any adverse reactions in the trials described below, even when applied to -sensitive areas of the skin, such as around the eyes. Furthermore, the natural juices contain ascorbic acid and citric acid. Aside from providing the benefits described above, these organic acids are also readily biodegraded: citric acid is a common intermediate compound in the Krebs Cycle; ascorbic acid is more commonly known as Vitamin C and has been ascribed several activities aside from being an anti-oxidant, such as involvement in wound healing and enhanced immune response. Thus, there are likely to be additional health benefits aside from repelling insects and treating insect bites derived from using this composition.
Plant extracts (oils and juices) are used in compositions for repelling insects for avoiding their annoyance, bites and reactions. The compositions are safe for use on the skin of people of all age groups as well as on their clothes. It is a three in one product that repels insects, protects the skin against the adverse effects of ultraviolet light and works as an after-bite treatment as well.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES:
Table 1 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 3 and lemon juice as an after bite treatment solution at the Mosquito Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada on June 26, 1996.
Table 2 -Results of a study on the effectiveness of insect repellents prepared according to Formula Examples 1 and 2 and lemon juice as an after-bite treatment solution at the Mosquito Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada on June 26, 1996.
Table 3 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 1 and lemon juice as an after bite treatment SUBSTITUTE SHE~T (RULE 26) _g-solution at New Delhi, India on August 5, 1994.
Table 4 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 2 and lemon juice as an after-bite treatment solution at Panipat, Haryana, India on August 12, 1994.
Table 5 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 3 and lemon juice as an after-bite treatment solution at Hissar, Haryana, India on August 19, 1994.
Table 6 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 1 and lemon juice as an after bite treatment solution in backyard and vegetable garden areas in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada on July 14, 1995.
Table 7 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of insect repellents prepared according to Formula Examples 1, 2 and 3 and lemon juice as an after bite treatment solution in bush areas of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada on June 16, 1996.
Table 8 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 4 and lemon juice as an after-bite treatment solution at the Mosquito Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada on July 14, 1997.
Table 9 - Results of a study on the effectiveness of an insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 5 and lemon juice as an after bite treatment solution at the Mosquito Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada on July 14, 1997.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION:
The present invention is described in detail based on examples; however, the invention is not limited to the examples.
Formula Example 1:
25 parts lemon oil 25 parts isopropyl alcohol 40 parts lemon juice parts water Formula Example 2:
25 parts cedarwood oil 25 parts isopropyl alcohol 40 parts lemon juice SUBSTITUTE SI-i~~T (RULE 26~
-g_ _-parts water Formula Example 3:
10 parts cedarwood oil and 15 parts lemon oil, such that a total of 25 parts natural oil added 25 parts isopropyl alcohol 40 parts lemon juice 10 parts water Formula Example 4:
25 parts lemon oil 55 parts isopropyl alcohol 10 parts lemon juice 10 parts water Formula Example 5:
25 parts cedarwood oil 55 parts isopropyl alcohol 10 parts lemon juice 10 parts water Varying the relative amounts of lemon oil and cedarwood oil alters the scent of the mixture, but does not alter the effectiveness of the mixture as an insect repellent, as described below.
In all five examples, the compositions are prepared as follows: the total volume of natural oils are added to the isopropyl alcohol and the solution is mixed by shaking for fifteen seconds. Next, the lemon juice and the water are added and the composition is mixed by shaking for an additional fifteen seconds.
The functions of the ingredients are as follows. The natural oils (lemon oil, cedarwood oil and mixtures thereof) provide the active ingredient for repelling the insects.
The isopropyl alcohol acts as a solvent of the active ingredients of the natural oils and also acts as a preservative and disinfectant within the mixture. Clearly, alcohols other than isopropyl alcohol may be used for this purpose. The lemon juice provides ascorbic acid and citric acid, which act to stabilize the active ingredients of the natural oils. These SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE Z6) organic acids will also act to neutralize the active compounds injected during an insect bite, thereby reducing pain, swelling and feelings to itch. Furthermore, lemon juice contains both forms of ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C. As a consequence, this mixture will also provide the benefits associated with Vitamin C, including anti-oxidant activity. This in tum means that the mixture will reduce some of the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays by scavenging the superoxide and hydroxyl radicals generated by exposure to ultraviolet light. Although lemon juice is used in the example, any natural juice containing high levels of ascorbic acid and citric acid, such as lime juice, may be used. The water acts as a solvent, diluant and filler. Ideally, any water source may be used, such as distilled water, de-ionized water or mineral water.
Several laboratory and field experiments involving individuals from a variety of age groups were performed. These experiments were carried out at various times of day and at several different locations, such as backyard areas, garden areas and bush areas, in order to determine the effectiveness of the compositions of the Formula Examples as insect repellents under the greatest possible variety of conditions.
The results of a sampling of the experiments are shown in Tables 1-9, and six of these experiments are discussed below.
Trial Example 1:
The results of Trial Example 1 are summarized in Table 1. The source of insects were mosquitoes bred in a Plexiglas box to a high density under laboratory conditions. Initially, the untreated left hand of Subject #1 was placed in the Plexiglas box containing the mosquitoes as a control and to check the biting nature of the mosquitoes.
During a ten second exposure, six mosquitoes landed on the untreated left hand and four mosquito bites were incurred. At this point, Subject #1 removed his left hand from the Plexiglas box and lemon juice was applied to the areas with mosquito bites. To maintain the integrity of the experiment, lemon juice was used rather than the above-described compositions. However, the lemon juice does not lose any effectiveness at treating insect bites when part of the compositions of the Formula Examples. Following application, the pain and swelling from the insect bites on the left hand ceased. Next, the composition according to Formula Example 3 was applied to the right hand of Subject #1 and this hand was placed in the Plexiglas box containing the mosquitoes. During a two minute exposure, no insect bites occurred and no mosquitoes landed on the treated right hand.
An interval of one hour and thirty minutes passed before the right hand of the subject SUBSTTTUTE SHEET (RULE 26) was placed in the Plexiglas box again. Despite the time. elapsed since application, no further treatments during this interval, no mosquito bites occurred during a further two minute exposure.
Trial Example 2:
The results of Trial Example 2 are summarized in Table 2. The untreated left hand of Subject #2 was placed in a Plexiglas box containing mosquitoes grown under laboratory conditions as described above. During a ten second exposure, seven mosquitoes landed on the untreated hand and four mosquito bites occurred.
Lemon juice was applied to the mosquito bites and the pain and swelling ceased immediately. To maintain the integrity of the experiment, lemon juice was used rather than the above-described compositions. However, the lemon juice does not lose any effectiveness at treating insect bites when part of the compositions of the Formula Examples.
The composition of Formula Example 1 was applied to the right hand of Subject #2 while the composition of Formula Example 2 was applied to the left hand of Subject #1.
When the left hand of Subject #1 was placed in the Plexiglas box for a period of two minutes, no further bites occurred. An interval of ninety minutes passed, and the left hand of Subject #1 was again placed in the Plexiglas box for an additional two minutes. As before, no insect bites occurred. The same process was repeated using the right hand of Subject #2. In this instance, no mosquito bites were incurred, either during the initial two minute exposure or during the second two minute exposure following a ninety minute interval.
The results of the above experiments clearly indicate that the compositions of the Formula Examples act as effective insect repellents in a controlled setting.
Specifically, no bites occurred on the treated hands during a two minute exposure while multiple bites occurred on an untreated hand during only a ten second exposure. Also of note is that no mosquitoes even landed on the treated hands during these relatively lengthy exposures. Furthermore, the compositions were just as effective at repelling __ insects during a second exposure ninety minutes after application. While the density of mosquitoes in the Plexiglas box was, in all likelihood, greater than any to be encountered during normal situations, this alone does not guarantee that the invention will be effective in open areas. As a consequence, multiple trials were performed at various times of day in open areas, as described below.
Trial Example 3:
The results of Trial Experiment 3 are summarized in Table 3. A test group SUBSTTTUTE SHEET (RULE 26) of four people from various age groups were placed in an open area during the mid-aftemoon without any treatment as a control and to check the biting nature of the mosquitoes. Within one minute, the test group incurred an average of three mosquito bites. Lemon juice was applied to the insect bites, which caused the pain and swelling to cease. To maintain the integrity of the experiment, lemon juice was used rather than the above-described compositions. However, the lemon juice does not lose any effectiveness at treating insect bites when part of the compositions of the Formula Examples. The composition according to Formula Example 1 was then applied to the exposed areas of all of the members of the test group, specifically the hands and face. No adverse reactions to the composition, such as burning -or irritation of the skin, were reported by any of the members of the test group. Following application, the test group remained in the open area for a period of thirty minutes. During this time, no mosquito bites were incurred by any of the members of the test group. A fifteen minute interval passed before the test group returned to the open area for a second thirty minute interval.
Even without further treatment, no mosquito bites were incurred during this period. Despite the fact that nearly one hour and fifteen minutes had passed since application of the composition of Formula Example 1, no mosquito bites were incurred.
Trial Example 4:
The results of Trial Example 4 are summarized in Table 4. A test group of three people from various age groups were placed in an open area during the early evening. Within one minute, the test group incurred an average of four mosquito bites.
Lemon juice was applied to the insect bites, which caused the pain and swelling to cease. To maintain the integrity of the experiment, lemon juice was used rather than the above-described compositions. However, the lemon juice does not lose any effectiveness at treating insect bites when part of the compositions of the Formula Examples. The composition according to Formula Example 2 was then applied to the exposed areas of all of the members of the test group, specifically the hands and face. No adverse reactions to the composition, such as burning or irritation of the skin, were reported by any of the members of the test group. Following application, the test group remained in the open area for a period of thirty minutes. During this time, no mosquito bites were incurred by any members of the test group. A fifteen minute interval passed before the test group returned to the open area for a second thirty minute interval. Even without further treatment, no mosquito bites were incurred during this period.
Following another SUHST1TUTE SHE~T (RULE 26) interval of fifteen minutes, the test group returned to the open area for a third interval of thirty minutes. Despite the fact that nearly two hours had passed since application of the composition of Formula Example 2, no mosquito bites were incurred.
Trial Example 5:
The results of Trial Example 5 are summarized in Table 5. A test group of three people from various age groups were placed in an open area during the morning.
Within ane minute, the test group incurred an average of three mosquito bites.
Lemon juice was applied to the insect bites, which caused the pain and swelling to cease. To maintain the integrity of the experiment, lemon juice was used rather than the above-described compositions. However, the lemon juice does not lose any effectiveness at treating insect bites when part of the compositions of the Formula Examples.
The composition according to Formula Example 3 was then applied to the exposed areas of all of the members of the test group, specifically the hands and face. No adverse reactions to the compositions, such as burning or irritation of the skin, were reported by any of the members of the test group. Following application, the test group remained in the open area for a period of thirty minutes. During this time, no mosquito bites were incurred by any members of the test group. A fifteen minute interval passed before the test group returned to the open area for a second thirty minute interval. Even without further treatment, no mosquito bites were incurred during this period.
Following another interval of thirty minutes, the test group returned to the open area for a third interval of thirty minutes. Despite the fact that nearly two hours and fifteen minutes had passed since application of the composition of Formula Example 3, no mosquito bites were incurred.
Trial Example 8:
The formulations as given in Formula Examples 4 and 5 were tested under laboratory conditions. The experimental design was exactly the same as described above in Trial Example 1 and Trial Example 2. The results of these tests are given in Table 8 and Table 9.
The results of these experiments indicate that the compositions of all five Formula Examples constitute effective insect repellents in outdoor conditions irrespective of the time of day. Of note is that the compositions retain their repellent properties for at least one to two hours after application. More importantly, the compositions have not caused any adverse reactions in any of the subjects tested irrespective of age.
SUBST~TLJTE SHEET (RULE 26) Since various modifications can be made in my invention as herein above described, and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without departing from such spirit and scope, it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense.
SU8ST1TUTE SH~~T (RULE 26) TABLE 1. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT THE
MOSQUITO LABORATORY IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, CANADA ON JUNE 26, 1996.
TREATMENTS TIME NUMBER OF BITES
Control using untreated 11:00 a.m. 4 bites and 6 mosquitoes left hand sat of second person and placing on hand in ten seconds it in the cage Sprayed and rubbed the 11:01 a.m. Pain and swelling stopped areas around the mosquito bites of the left hand with Lemon juice Sprayed the right hand 11:15 a.m. No bite up to two minutes with insect and repellent prepared according no mosquito sat on the to hand Formula Example 3 with a mixture of Lemon oil and Cedarwood oil and placing the hand in the mosquito cage The right hand previously 12:45 p.m. No bites up to two minutes sprayed at 11:15 a.m. with the and no mosquito sat on insect the repellent with no further hand treatment and placing it again in the mosquito cage SUBSTITUTE SHE~'i' (RULE 26~
TABLE 2. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSECT
AND LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT THE
MOSQUITO LABORATORY IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, CANADA ON JUNE 26, 1996.
TREATMENTS TIME NUMBER OF BITES
Control using untreated 10:00 a.m.4 bites and 7 mosquitoes left hand sat and placing it in the cage on hand in 10 seconds Sprayed and rubbed the areas10:01 a.m.Pain and swelling stopped around the mosquito bites of the left hand with Lemon juice Sprayed the right hand with10:15 a.m.No bite up to two minutes an and insect repellent prepared no mosquito sat on the hand according to Formula Example with Lemon oil and placing the hand in the mosquito cage Sprayed the left hand with 10:30 a.m.No bite up to two minutes the and insect repellent prepared no mosquito sat on the hand according to Formula Example with Cedarwood oil and placing the hand in the mosquito cage The right hand, previously 11:45 a.m.No bite up to two minutes and sprayed with insect repellent no mosquito sat on the hand prepared according to Formula Example 1 at 10:15 a.m.
with no further treatment and placing the hand again in the mosquito cage The right hand, previously 12:00 NoonNo bite up to two minutes and sprayed with insect repellent no mosquito sat on the hand prepared according to Formula Example 2 at 10:30 a.m.
with no further treatment and placing the hand again in the mosquito cage SUBSTTfUTE SH~~T (RULE 26) TABLE 3. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT NEW DELHI, INDIA ON AUGUST 5, 1994.
TREATMENT NUMBER TIME AVERAGE NUMBER OF
OF BITES
PEOPLE
Control with no treatment4 2:15 p.m.3 bites in one minute on exposed hand and face Treated bites with 4 2:16 p.m.Pain and swelling Lemon stopped juice Sprayed the hands and 4 2:30 p.m.No bites face with the insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 1 with Lemon oil, starting at 2:30 p.m. and staying outside in the open area for 30 minutes No further treatment 4 3:45 p.m.No bites and sitting again in the same area starting at 3:15 p.m. for 30 minutes Experiment terminated SUBSTITUTE SHE~T (RULE Zb) -18- v TABLE 4. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT PANIPAT, HARYANA, INDIA ON AUGUST 12, 1994.
TREATMENT NUMBER TIME AVERAGE NUMBER
OF OF BITES
PEOPLE
Control with no treatment3 5:15 4 bites in one on p.m. minute exposed hand and face Treated the bites with 3 5:16 Pain and swelling Lemon p.m.
juice stopped Sprayed the hands and 3 5:30 No bites face p.m.
with the insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example 2 with Cedarwood oil, starting at 5:30 p. m.
and staying outside in the open area for 30 minutes No further treatment 3 6:45 No bites and p.m.
sitting again in the same area starting at 6:15 p.m.
for 30 minutes No further treatment 3 7:30 No bites and p.m.
sitting again in the same area starting at 7:00 p.m.
for 30 minutes Experiment terminated SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2fi) TABLE 5. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT HISSAR, HARYANA, INDIA ON AUGUST 19, 1994.
TREATMENT NUMBER TIME AVERAGE
OF NUMBER OF
PEOPLE BITES
Control with no treatment 3 8:15 a.m. 3 bites in one on exposed hand and face. minute Treated the bites with Lemon3 8:16 a.m. Pain and swelling juice stopped Sprayed the hands and face 3 8:30 a.m. No bites with the insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example with a mixture of Lemon oil and Cedarwood oil, starting at 8:30 a.m.
and staying outside in the open area for 30 minutes No further treatment and 3 9:45 a.m. No bites sitting again in the same area starting at 9:15 a.m. for 30 minutes Experiment terminated SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) TABLE 6. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION IN BACKYARD
AND VEGETABLE GARDEN AREAS IN REGINA, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
ON JULY 14, 1995.
TREATMENT NUMBER TIME NUMBER OF
OF BITES
PEOPLE
Control with no treatment 1 5:30 p.m. 3 bites in one on exposed hands and face. minute Treated the mosquito bites 1 5:31 p.m. Pain and swelling with Lemon juice stopped Sprayed the hands and face 1 5:45 p.m. No bites with the insect repellent prepared according to Formula Example with Lemon oil, starting at 5:45 p.m. and staying outside in the backyard and garden area.
Continued staying in the 1 6:45 p.m. No bites backyard and garden area upto 6:45 p.m.
with no further treatment Coming back at 7:15 p.m. 1 7:45 p.m. No bites and staying in the backyard with no further treatment for 30 minutes.
Experiment terminated SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) TABLE 7. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSECT
REPELLENTS PREPARED ACCORDING TO FORMULA EXAMPLES 1, 2 AND 3 AND LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION IN BUSH
AREAS OF REGINA, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA ON JUNE 16, 1996.
TREATMENT PERSON TIME NUMBER OF
No. BITES
Control with no treatment on A 2:00 4 bites in hand and p.m. 1 minute face.
Treated the bites with Lemon A 2:01 Pain and swelling juice p.m.
sto ed Sprayed the hands and face . A 2:15 No bites with the p.m.
insect repellent #1 and walked in the bush area No further treatment and stayedA 3:35 No bites outside in p.m.
the bush area Control with no treatment on B 2:30 3 bites in hand and p.m. 9 minute face.
Treated the bites with Lemon B 2:31 Pain and swelling juice p.m.
sto ed Sprayed the hands and face B 2:40 No bite with the p.m.
~
insect repellent #2 and walked into the bush area No further treatment and stayedB 3:45 No bite outside in p.m.
the bush area No further treatment and stayedB 4:50 No bite outside in p.m.
the bush area Control with no treatment on C 2:45 4 bites in hand and p.m. 1 minute face.
Treated the bites with Lemon C 2:46 Pain and swelling juice p.m.
sto ed Sprayed the hands and face C 2:50 No bite with the p.m.
insect repellent #3 and walked in the bush area No further treatment and stayedC 3:55 No bite outside in p.m.
the bush area No further treatment and stayedC 5:00 No bite outside in p.m.
the bush area Insect repellents #1, 2 and 3 were prepared according to Formula Examples 1, 2 and 3 with Lemon oil, Cedarvvood oil and a mixture of Lemon oil and Cedarwood oil respectively.
SU85T1TUTE SH~~'3' (RULE 26~
TABLE 8. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT THE
MOSQUITO LABORATORY IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, CANADA ON JULY 14, 1997.
TREATMENTS TIME NUMBER OF BITES
Control using untreated 9:30 a.m. 4 bites and 6 mosquitoes left sat hand and placing it in on hand in ten seconds the cage Sprayed and rubbed areas9:31 a.m. Pain and swelling stopped around the mosquito bites of the left hand with Lemon juice Sprayed the right hand 9:45 a.m. No bite up to two minutes with and insect repellent prepared no mosquito sat on the hand according to Formula Example 4 with Lemon oil and placing the hand in the mosquito cage The right hand previously11:00 a.m. No bites up to two minutes and sprayed at 9:45 a.m. no mosquito sat on the with the hand insect repellent, with no further treatment and placing it again in the mosquito cage SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) TABLE 9. RESULTS OF A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INSECT
LEMON JUICE AS AN AFTER-BITE TREATMENT SOLUTION AT THE
MOSQUITO LABORATORY IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, CANADA ON JULY 14, 1997.
TREATMENTS TIME NUMBER OF BITES
Control using untreated left 9:50 a.m.4 bites and 6 mosquitoes bend and piecing it in the cage sat on hand in ten seconds Sprayed and rubbed the areas 9:51 a.m.Pain and swelling around the mosquito bites of the left stopped hand with lemon juice Sprayed the right hand with insect10:00 No bite upto two minutes a.m.
repellent prepared according and no mosquito s~t to Fomnula on Example 5 with Cedarw~od oil the hand and placing the hand in the mosquito cage The right hand previously sprayed11:30 No bites up to two et a.m.
10:00 a.m. with the insect repellent, minutes and no mosquito with no further treatment and placing sat on the hand it again in the mosquito cage suBSTnvrE S~~E~r cRUt.~ ~sf
Claims (5)
1. A method of repelling insects comprising:
providing a mixture consisting essentially of:
10-65% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
25-80% isopropyl alcohol;
5-60% lemon juice or lime juice 4-25% water; and less than 1% anti-oxidizing agent when the mixture does not contain lemon juice or lime juice; and repelling insects by applying the mixture to areas desired for protection.
providing a mixture consisting essentially of:
10-65% active ingredient, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
25-80% isopropyl alcohol;
5-60% lemon juice or lime juice 4-25% water; and less than 1% anti-oxidizing agent when the mixture does not contain lemon juice or lime juice; and repelling insects by applying the mixture to areas desired for protection.
2. A method of treating pain and swelling caused by an insect bite comprising:
providing a solution consisting essentially of:
15 - 85% active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
5-25% insect repelling agent selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
5-45% isopropyl alcohol; and 5-25% water;
locating the insect bite; and applying said solution topologically over the afflicted region, thereby reducing the pain, swelling and feelings to itch
providing a solution consisting essentially of:
15 - 85% active ingredient selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
5-25% insect repelling agent selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
5-45% isopropyl alcohol; and 5-25% water;
locating the insect bite; and applying said solution topologically over the afflicted region, thereby reducing the pain, swelling and feelings to itch
3. A solution for treating insect bites or repelling insects consisting essentially of:
15 - 85% after-bite agent selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
5-25% insect repelling agent selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
5-45% isopropyl alcohol; and 5-25% water.
15 - 85% after-bite agent selected from the group consisting of: lemon juice; lime juice; and non-toxic organic acids;
5-25% insect repelling agent selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
5-45% isopropyl alcohol; and 5-25% water.
4. A solution for treating insect bites or repelling insects consisting essentially of:
10-65% insect repelling agent, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
25-80% isopropyl alcohol;
5-60% lemon juice or lime juice; and 5-25% water.
10-65% insect repelling agent, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
25-80% isopropyl alcohol;
5-60% lemon juice or lime juice; and 5-25% water.
5. A solution for treating insect bites or repelling insects consisting essentially of:
10-65% insect repelling agent, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
25-80% isopropyl alcohol;
5-60% lemon juice or lime juice;
4-25% water; and less than 1% anti-oxidizing agent when the mixture does not contain lemon juice or lime juice.
10-65% insect repelling agent, selected from the group consisting of: lemon oil; cedarwood oil; and mixtures thereof;
25-80% isopropyl alcohol;
5-60% lemon juice or lime juice;
4-25% water; and less than 1% anti-oxidizing agent when the mixture does not contain lemon juice or lime juice.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/757,324 | 1996-11-27 | ||
| US08/757,324 US5776478A (en) | 1996-11-27 | 1996-11-27 | Insect repellent |
| PCT/CA1997/000940 WO1998023160A1 (en) | 1996-11-27 | 1997-11-27 | Insect repellent |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2311421A1 CA2311421A1 (en) | 1998-06-04 |
| CA2311421C true CA2311421C (en) | 2004-06-15 |
Family
ID=25047371
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2311421 Expired - Lifetime CA2311421C (en) | 1996-11-27 | 1997-11-27 | Insect repellent |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5776478A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU5185898A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2311421C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1998023160A1 (en) |
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| FR2801788B1 (en) * | 1999-12-01 | 2002-03-01 | Daniel Jouvance Rech S Et Crea | COSMETIC COMPOSITION WITH REDOX POTENTIAL STABILIZED BY THE REDOX COUPLE ASCORBIC ACID / DEHYDRO-ASCORBIC ACID |
| US6749861B2 (en) * | 2001-06-29 | 2004-06-15 | Lenco Laboratories, Llc | Fragrance-containing insect repellant compositions |
| FI115950B (en) * | 2003-07-11 | 2005-08-31 | Faktarate Ab Oy | Insect repellents, process for making them and using them |
| US7887882B2 (en) * | 2005-02-09 | 2011-02-15 | Essilor International (Compagnie Generale D'optique) | Stabilized ultra-violet absorbers |
| US20060182775A1 (en) * | 2005-02-16 | 2006-08-17 | Jacqui Everett | Insect repellent |
| US20070298063A1 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2007-12-27 | Riannon Walsh | Equine gnat repellant |
| US8557319B2 (en) * | 2008-03-28 | 2013-10-15 | Wild Flavors, Inc. | Stable natural color process, products and use thereof |
| WO2010019141A1 (en) * | 2008-08-13 | 2010-02-18 | James Messina | Broad spectrum animal repellent and method |
| WO2013070682A1 (en) | 2011-11-07 | 2013-05-16 | Wild Flavors, Inc. | Genipin-rich material and its use |
| WO2014127094A1 (en) * | 2013-02-15 | 2014-08-21 | Crawford Norvel C | Pest repellant device for vehicles |
| US20160374350A1 (en) * | 2015-06-29 | 2016-12-29 | Anthony C. Watson | Method of treating bed bug infestation and preventing transmission thereof |
| US10314314B2 (en) * | 2017-03-22 | 2019-06-11 | Shelia McClanahan | Bedding insecticide composition |
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| FR2573651B1 (en) * | 1984-11-23 | 1987-03-06 | Allorant Solange | FORMULA FOR THE REGENERATION OF HUMAN OR ANIMAL DERMIS |
| US4853413A (en) * | 1987-04-03 | 1989-08-01 | International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. | Repelling animals with compositions comprising citronellyl nitrile, citronellol and, optionally methyl terpenyl ether, lemon oil, caryophyllene, isopulegol, isopulegyl acetate and quinine or one or more of its salts |
| EP0522164B1 (en) * | 1990-11-29 | 1996-03-27 | Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. | Animal repellent material |
| AT400395B (en) * | 1991-09-05 | 1995-12-27 | Haerpfer Horn Herta Mag | AGENT FOR CARE OF THE FUR, THE SKIN AND IF NECESSARY OF THE HORSES OF HORSES |
| FR2695316B1 (en) * | 1992-09-08 | 1994-12-30 | Omar Meghelli | Preparation for skin care. |
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| JP3556981B2 (en) * | 1994-10-27 | 2004-08-25 | フマキラー株式会社 | Ant repellent |
| US5543149A (en) * | 1995-03-01 | 1996-08-06 | Rubin; Stan M. | Treatment for insect bites |
| DE19605089A1 (en) * | 1996-02-12 | 1996-06-27 | Remo Fuchs | Oil compsn. for e.g. skin care or nutritional supplement |
| US5688509A (en) * | 1996-02-20 | 1997-11-18 | Tenneco Packaging | Controlled-release insect repellent device |
-
1996
- 1996-11-27 US US08/757,324 patent/US5776478A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-11-27 CA CA 2311421 patent/CA2311421C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-11-27 WO PCT/CA1997/000940 patent/WO1998023160A1/en active Application Filing
- 1997-11-27 AU AU51858/98A patent/AU5185898A/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2311421A1 (en) | 1998-06-04 |
| AU5185898A (en) | 1998-06-22 |
| US5776478A (en) | 1998-07-07 |
| WO1998023160A1 (en) | 1998-06-04 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20171127 |