CA2305183C

CA2305183C - Postsurgical treatment with dichloroacetate

Info

Publication number: CA2305183C
Application number: CA002305183A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Gary Lopaschuk; Ruth Collins-Nakai; Koon Teo; Jason R.B. Dyck
Original assignee: University of Alberta
Current assignee: University of Alberta
Priority date: 1997-10-03
Filing date: 1998-09-30
Publication date: 2008-09-23
Anticipated expiration: 2018-09-30
Also published as: CA2305183A1; WO1999017763A1; JP2001523635A; AU9590698A

Abstract

A method is described relating to the field of cardiovascular disease and in particular the prevention and treatment of poor cardiac function following surgery. An optimum dose of dichloroacetate is described, permitting the continuous maintenance of blood therapeutic levels.

Description

POSTSURGICAL TREATMENT WITH DICHLOROACETATE
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of cardiovascular disease and more particularly, the treatment and p"revention of poor cardiac function following surgery, including, but not limited to, open heart surgery.

BACKGROUND
Poor cardiac function remains a significant problem in the post-operative period, such as the period following open heart surgery. Drugs used to treat this type of cardiac dysfunction have either forced the heart to work harder (e.g. inotropes), or decreased the work load faced by the heart (e.g. vasodilators, alpha, beta and calcium channel blockers).
Unfortunately, both classes of drugs have deleterious side-effects.
For example, one of the most common inotropes used to improve cardiac function is digitalis. However, the dosage of digitalis is critical; intoxication can be fatal. While the overall level of toxicity is not clear, it has been estimated that approximately 25% of hospitalized patients taking digitalis show some signs of toxicity. See Beller et al., "Digitalis intoxication: A prospective clinical study with serum level correlations." N.
Engl. J. Med.
284:989 (1971).
Calcium channel blockers also have side-effects. Some, for example, are reported to aggravate myocardial ischemia. This may be due to excessive hypotension or decreased coronary perfusion. See Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Pergamon Press, Eighth Edition 1990) (pgs. 774-779). While the drug verapamil is less likely to have this problem, the use of the drug is limited. Indeed, it is specifically contraindicated where there are SA or AV nodal conduction disturbances.
What is needed is a safe and effective pharmacological approach to the treatment and prevention of cardiac failure. Such a treatment should permit broad use without significant side-effects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of cardiovascular disease and more particularly, the treatment and prevention of poor cardiac function following an ischemic incident, a heart attack, or surgery. With regard to surgery, the procedure can be used before, during and following surgery, and the surgery can be general surgery (e.g., transplantation, such as liver transplantation) or cardiac surgery, such cardiac surgery including, but not limited to, open heart surgery. The present invention relates to new methods of treating poor cardiac performance, such as that resulting from ischemia in a surgical setting. In some embodiments, a patient with a myocardial infarction (e.g., due to occlusion of a coronary artery) is treated by the methods of the present invention.
Both treatment and prevention are contemplated. In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method comprising the steps of a) providing: i) a subject having symptoms of poor cardiac performance and ii) means for delivering a solution of dichloroacetate; and b) delivering said solution to said subject with said delivering means under conditions such that said subject has a blood (e.g. serum or plasma) concentration of dichloroacetate in the therapeutic range (such as a concentration of approximately 0.5 mM or greater). In another embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method comprising the steps of a) providing: i) a subject at risk of poor cardiac performance and ii) means for delivering a solution of dichloroacetate; and b) delivering said solution to said subject with said delivering means under conditions such that said subject has a blood (e.g. serum or plasma) concentration of dichloroacetate of greater than approximately 200 M, more preferably greater than 500 M, and still more preferably greater than 1 mM, for a period of time longer than I hours, and more preferably longer than 6 hours, and most preferably 24 hours or longer. In one embodiment, said delivering of step (b) is performed where the conditions comprise a first administration, comprising a bolus, and a second administration, wherein said second administration comprises continuous administration.
It is not intended that the invention be limited to subjects with any one type of symptom of poor cardiac function. Also, the age, sex, or degree of disease state is not intended to be in any way limiting to the present invention, although the invention can be used with particular success on children and infants, including but not limited to neonates.
The invention is also not limited by the cause of poor cardiac function, although the invention can be used with particular success with patients whose cardiac function is poor following surgery, such as open heart surgery. Of course, it is not intended that the present invention be limited to particular surgical procedures. Open heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass pump and aortic cross clamp is contemplated as one example of surgery putting patients at risk for poor cardiac function. This includes simple lesions such as atrial septal defect or ventricular septal defect, and complex lesions such as transposition-arterial switch, Tetralogy of Fallot, atrioventricular septal defect, repair of total veins, Fontan operation, etc. In some embodiments, the methods and compositions of the present invention find use in the treatment of myocardial infarction (e.g., during or following thrombolysis).
For example, dichloroacetate solution can be supplied during reperfusion.
While it is not intended that the present invention be limited by the particular delivery means. One means is an intravenous means, such as that achieved by introduction through an intravenous drip. Other means include (but are not limited to) delivery with a catheter. A
preferred means involves direct injection into the aorta.
The particular dosage is also not intended to be limiting. A variety of temporal protocols is contemplated. Delivery in a bolus as well as continuous delivery is contemplated. In a preferred embodiment, dichloroacetate (such as sodium dichloroacetate) is given in a bolus of at least 100 mg/kg of an approximately 100mg/mi solution (1.0cc/kg bolus) and, immediately thereafter, dichloroacetate is given as an infusion at approximately 12.5 mg/kg/hr for greater than 10 hours, and more preferably, 24 hours or more.
Higher dosages are permitted. Dichloroacetate does not have significant side-effects, although some patients experience mild drowsiness.

DEFINITIONS
The following definitions are to be used to further explain the invention and should in no way be used to limit the scope of the invention.
"Subject" as used herein refers to a vertebrate. Preferably, the vertebrate is a human.
"Catheter" as used herein refers to a device for insertion into canals, vessels, passageway or body cavities.
"Cardiac disease" as used herein refers to a state in which the heart of a subject is no longer able to function within normal parameters.
"Internally" as used herein refers to the state of being inside the body.
"Temporal protocol" or "dosage regiment" as used herein refers to the time sequence for administration of drug, i.e. the amount of drug given over time.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1 shows the results of the unique dosage regiment of the present invention, whereby patient blood levels of dichloroacetate are maintained at high (and therefore therapeutic) levels over a 24 hour period.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of cardiovascular disease and more particularly, the treatment and prevention of poor cardiac function following surgery, including, but not limited to, open heart surgery. One proposed embodiment of the invention contemplates the use of a solution of dichloroacetate (typically sodium dichloroacetate) to reduce or eliminate the morbidity and mortality associated with open-heart surgical techniques, including but not limited to problems associated with the weaning of patients from the heart/lung machine after open heart surgery. The present method of treatment is a substantial improvement over existing techniques because it presents a prevention and treatment approach without significant side-effects.
A. HEART FUNCTION
Repetitive contraction of cardiac muscle requires an efficient and ready source of ATP
production to sustain mechanical activity. There are two main mechanisms to produce this ATP in cardiac muscle: 1) glycolysis utilizing glucose as a substrate; and 2) oxidative metabolism utilizing lactate, glucose or fatty acids as substrates.
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process and produces 2ATP per mole of glucose converted to pyruvate. Fatty acid, lactate and glucose oxidation are aerobic processes, that is, requiring oxygen, and produce 129 moles of ATP, 18 moles of ATP and 36 moles of ATP per mole of substrate metabolized, respectively. Bing and colleagues identified that the adult human heart primarily utilizes glucose, lactate and fatty acids as the major sources of energy. See R.J.
Bing et al., "Metabolic studies on the human heart in vivo. Studies on carbohydrate metabolism of the human heart," Am. J. Med. 15:284 (1953). There is, however, a marked difference in energy substrate utilization between neonatal and adult hearts, with adult hearts preferring fatty acid substrates and newborn hearts more resilient on glucose and lactate as energy substrates.
The type of energy substrate used by the heart can have a profound impact on the ability of the heart to withstand an episode of hypoxia or ischemia. See G.D.
Lopaschuk et al., "Etomoxir, a carnitine palmitoyltransferase I inhibitor, protects hearts from fatty acid-induced ischemic injury independent of changes in long chain acylarnitine,"
Circ. Res.
63:1036 (1988). As a result, changes in energy substrate preference during maturation of the heart should influence the outcome of hypoxia or ischemia.

-------------Both hypoxia and ischemia in the immature heart are relevant clinicai problems, since hypoxia can occur in the form of birth asphyxia, or with cyanotic congenital heart disease, and ischemia in the setting of surgery to correct congenital heart defects.
Differences in myocardial energy substrate utilization may also affect the ability of the newborn heart to withstand ischemia.
Rapid return of myocardial oxidative metabolism is critical for post-operative recovery of ventricular function. The type of carbon substrate oxidized by the heart during reperfusion is also important for recovery. While it is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular mechanism by which the methods and compositions achieve a therapeutic result, it is believed that increasing glucose oxidation at the expense of fatty acid oxidation will enhance the recovery of previously ischemic myocardium. The beneficial effect of glucose may well result from: 1) an increase in the ratio of ATP produced per oxygen consumed; 2) an increased availability of glycolytically-produced ATP from membrane ion pumps; 3) more rapid return of oxidative metabolism in the immediate reperfusion period; or 4) a decrease in proton production due to an improved coupling between glycolysis and glucose oxidation.
Importantly, glucose is not the primary energy substrate of the heart during perfusion.
Under non-ischemic conditions, as noted previously, fatty acids are the primary energy substrate in the adult heart, with glucose oxidation providing only 30 to 40 percent of myocardial ATP production. In experimental studies, it has been demonstrated that glucose oxidation provides an even smaller portion of ATP production in hearts reperfused following a period of global ischemia. See G.D. Lopaschuk et al., "Glucose and palmitate oxidation in isolated working rat hearts reperfused after a period of transient global ischemia," Circ. Res.
66:546 (1990). One of the primary factors resulting in low glucose oxidation rates post-ischemia is the circulating level of fatty acids; serum fatty acids are potent inhibitors of myocardial glucose oxidation.
In patients suffering a myocardial infarction or undergoing heart surgery, serum fatty acids can be markedly elevated. See G.D. Lopaschuk et al., "Plasma fatty acid levels in infants and adults following myocardial ischemia," Am. Heart J. 128:61 (1994).
These high levels of fatty acids have been shown to potentiate ischemic injury in several experimental models including pig, dog, rabbit and rat hearts. See e.g. M. Saddik and G.D.
Lopaschuk "Myocardial triglyceride turnover and contribution to energy substrate utilization in isolated working rat hearts," J. Biol. Chem. 266:8162 (1991). During and following cardiopulmonary bypass, elevations in fatty acid levels could potentially put the patients at increased risk for prolonged myocardial stunning, manifested by impaired cardiac function, or prolonged inotrope.

B. REVERSING FATTY ACID INHIBITION
In both aerobic and reperfused ischemic rat hearts, high levels of fatty acids markedly inhibit glucose oxidation rates. This is believed to be the result of marked inhibition by fatty acids of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), a key enzyme complex regulating carbohydrate oxidation.
It is further believed that overcoming fatty acid inhibition of PDC will dramatically increase glucose oxidation and improve functional recovery of ischemic hearts.
One of the pharmacologic agents that is particularly effective in reversing fatty acid inhibition of PDC is dichloroacetate. Dichloroacetate (DCA) directly stimulates PDC, resulting in a marked stimulation of glucose oxidation. See J.J. McVeigh and G.D. Lopaschuk "Dichloroactetate stimulation of glucose oxidation improves recovery of ischemic rat hearts,"
Am. J. Physiol.
259:H 1070 (1990). Because infants are noted to have the highest fatty acid levels during and after cardiac surgery, and the lowest rates oxidation for ATP production, it is logical that they may benefit the most from an agent which alters substrate metabolism thus improving not only oxidation but functional recovery. Experimental studies have demonstrated that administration of DCA results in a dramatic stimulation of glucose oxidation during reperfusion of previously ischemic hearts. Again, while an understanding of a precise mechanism is not necessary to the practice of the invention, it is believed that, by selectively stimulating glucose oxidation, secondary to a stimulation of PDC, DCA
significantly improves the coupling of glycolysis and glucose oxidation during reperfusion of ischemic hearts. This has the effect of decreasing proton production (H+) due to ATP hydrolysis originating from glycolysis uncoupled from glucose oxidation. By doing so, DCA results in a dramatic improvement in cardiac efficiency during reperfusion, since less ATP is utilized to deal with intracellular ionic in the post-ischemic period.
In adult studies, the present inventors have demonstrated that DCA
administration significantly stimulates PDC in heart muscle, strongly suggesting that glucose oxidation is increased. See Thannikkuto et al., "Dichloroacetate (DCA) stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activity in hearts of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)" Can. J. Cardiol. 10(suppl. C):130C (1994). In a pilot project in I

. . I

which DCA was administered to pediatric patients. the present inventors observed a significant drop in the requirements for inotrooes in a immediate post operative period. See R.L. Collins-Nakai et al., "Dichloroacetic acid !, (DCA) after open heart surgery in infants and children," Cad. J. Cardiol. 11(suppl. E):106E (1995).
Unfortunately, due to the very short half-life of dichloroacetate (i.e.
approximately 40 minutes), the appropriate dosage regiment for optimum therapeutic effect has not been obtained. The present invention provides methods and compositions that optimize the therapeutic effect of dichloroacetate when used to provide myocardial protection and treatment, during and after cardiac surgery, andi in particular, surgery in the pediatric patient.
The present invention contemplates that the appropriate regiment for optimum therapeutic effect involves, in part, a longer temporal protocol, i.e. administration for periods longer than -1 hour, and more preferably, longer than 10 hours, and still more preferably 24 hours or more. This is in contrast to single bolus administrations of dichloroacetate which have been found to provide blood levels of the drug in the therapeutic range for less than one hour.
Dichloroacetate is commerically available (typcially as a salt). Preparation of the compound and detection of patient levels can be performed using a variety of techniques, such as those discussed in U.S. Patent No. 5,587,397 to Fox.

EXPERIMENTAL
The following example serves to illustrate certain preferred embodiments and aspects of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof.
EXAMPLE
This example describes the use of dichloroacetate administered in a bolus followed by infusion for 24 hrs in pediatric patients after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Patient Selection: All patients from new-born to six years of age who require open heart surgery are candidates for administration of dichloroaeetate. Neonates are included as they are likely to benefit most from the DCA because of developmental changes in myocardial metabolism. There are no patient contraindications to DCA, but it should be noted that the use of corticosteroids or nicotinic: acid in a patient within 24 hrs prior to surgery may change free fatty acid levels. Patients with requirements for insulin or a diagnosis of diabetes can be included, as myocardial function is enhanced in such patients as ~I

well. Although insulin requirements may change slightly because of the DCA, in the immediate post-operative period insulin requirements may change dramatically anyway and close observation would be required in such patients.
Other Drugs: All procedures and drugs normally given for infants and children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass are given as routinely administered.
Introduction of inotropes in the post-operative period is most easily documented if introduced in a stepwise manner. For purposes of the experiment, both calcium and sodium bicarbonate will be considered to be inotropes, as they both may significantly change the levels of glucose oxidation in the myocardium. Other inotropes to be considered include:
epinephrine, dobutamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, phentolamine, phenylephrine and amrinone. The use of other drugs such as vasodilators, diuretics and analgesics or others, are continued as required. Routine post-operative care and management of complications is also contemplated.
Administration of Dichloroacetate: DCA, in a bolus of 100 mg/kg of 10 mg/ml solution (1.0cc/kg bolus) is injected into the proximal aorta immediately prior to discontinuing the aortic cross-clamp. Immediately thereafter, an infusion of DCA at 12.5 mg/kg/hr is initiated and run for 24 hours or longer. Based on the pharmacokinetics of DCA, this dosage regiment is designed to continuous maintain plasma levels of DCA
in the therapeutic range of [0.2-1 mM] - in contrast to transient therapeutic levels.
Measuring Blood Levels: Blood samples are collected from the indwelling lines of patients in citrate-containing tubes. These samples are centrifuged to separate the plasma and frozen. The frozen samples are later analyzed for DCA concentration by using a high performance liquid chromatography technique (HPLC). See generally Thannikkuto et al., "Dichloroacetate (DCA) stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activity in hearts of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)" Can. J.
Cardiol. 10(suppl. .
C):130C (1994). Briefly, the analysis was performed on a IonoSpher A (250 X
4.6mm L X
ID) column accompanied by a guard column AX. Both of the columns were purchased from Chrompack Canada. The mobile phase used was 10-3 M pyromellitate buffer (pH
3.8 - 4.0) at a flow rate of 3.0 mmL/min. Detection was at 320nm UV. The sample size injected was 201iL. The results are shown in Figure 1. The unique dosage regiment of the present invention clearly results in continuously maintained patient blood levels of dichloroacetate in the therapeutic range. The patients are also observed to require fewer drugs (e.g. inotropes) following surgery (data not shown).

From the above it is clear that the present invention provides a method of treating poor cardiac performance that is both effective and safe. The method results in the need for fewer cardiac performance-enhancing drugs in the first hour after cardiac surgery, and less time on the ventilator and in the intensive care unit. Any further improvements and modifications which become apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art only after reading this disclosure, the drawings and the following claims are deemed within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Claims

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION FOR WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. Use of an effective amount of dichloroacetate for the treatment or prevention of poor cardiac performance and/or function in a subject in need thereof, wherein said dichloroacetate is formulated for delivery in a bolus followed by continuous administration for a period longer than one hour, and wherein said effective amount of dichloroacetate is sufficient to provide said subject with a blood concentration of dichloroacetate of approximately 500 µM or greater for a period of time longer than 1 hour.

2. The use according to Claim 1, wherein said effective amount comprises a first and second dosage of said dichloroacetate, wherein said first dosage is formulated for delivery in a bolus and said second dosage is formulated for continuous administration for a period longer than one hour, and wherein said second dosage is to follow delivery of said first dosage.

3. The use according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein said subject is an adult.

4. The use according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein said subject is a child.

5. The use according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein said subject is an infant.

6. The use according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein said subject is a neonate.

7. The use according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, wherein said subject has undergone cardiac surgery and said use takes place after surgery.

8. The use according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, wherein said bolus comprises at least 100 mg/kg of an approximately 100 mg/ml solution of dichloroacetate.

9. The use according to any one of Claims 1 to 8, wherein said continuous administration comprises an infusion at approximately 12.5 mg/kg/hr for greater than 10 hours.

10. The use according to Claim 9, wherein said effective amount is sufficient to provide said subject with said blood concentration of greater than 1 mM for a period of time longer than 10 hours.

11. Use of an effective amount of dichloroacetate to treat a subject at risk of poor cardiac performance and/or function, wherein said dichloroacetate is formulated for delivery in a bolus followed by continuous administration for a period longer than one hour, and wherein said effective amount of dichloroacetate is sufficient to provide said subject with a blood concentration of dichloroacetate of approximately 500 µM or greater for a period of time longer than 1 hour.

12. The use according to Claim 11, wherein said effective amount comprises a first and second dosage of said dichloroacetate, wherein said first dosage is formulated for delivery in a bolus and said second dosage is formulated for continuous administration for a period longer than one hour, and wherein said second dosage is to follow delivery of said first dosage.

13. The use according to Claim 11 or 12, wherein said subject is an adult.

14. The use according to Claim 11 or 12, wherein said subject is a child.

15. The use according to Claim 11 or 12, wherein said subject is an infant.

16. The use according to Claim 11 or 12, wherein said subject is a neonate.

17. The use according to any one of Claims 11 to 16, wherein said subject has undergone cardiac surgery and said use takes place after surgery.

18. The use according to any one of Claims 11 to 17, wherein said bolus comprises at least 100 mg/kg of an approximately 100 mg/ml solution of dichloroacetate.

19. The use according to any one of Claims 11 to 18, wherein said continuous administration comprises an infusion at approximately 12.5 mg/kg/hr for greater than 10 hours.

20. The use according to Claim 19, wherein said effective amount is sufficient to provide said subject with said blood concentration of greater than 1 mM for a period of time longer than 10 hours.

21. Use of dichloroacetate in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of poor cardiac performance and/or function in a subject in need thereof, wherein said medicament comprises one or more solutions of said dichloroacetate formulated for delivery in a bolus followed by continuous administration for a period of longer than one hour, and wherein said medicament is sufficient to provide said subject with a blood concentration of dichloroacetate of approximately 500 µM or greater for a period of time longer than 1 hour.

22. The use according to Claim 21, wherein said medicament comprises a first and second solution of dichloroacetate, wherein said first solution is formulated for delivery in a bolus and said second solution is formulated for continuous administration for a period longer than one hour, and wherein said second solution is for delivery following delivery of said first solution.

23. Use of dichloroacetate in the preparation of a medicament to treat a subject at risk of poor cardiac performance and/or function, wherein said medicament comprises one or more solutions of said dichloroacetate formulated for delivery in a bolus followed by continuous administration for a period of longer than one hour, and wherein said medicament is sufficient to provide said subject with a blood concentration of dichloroacetate of approximately 500 µM or greater for a period of time longer than 1 hour.

24. The use according to Claim 23, wherein said medicament comprises a first and second solution of dichloroacetate, wherein said first solution is formulated for delivery in a bolus and said second solution is formulated for continuous administration for a period longer than one hour, and wherein said second solution is for delivery following delivery of said first solution.

25. The use according to any one of Claims 21 to 24, wherein said subject is an adult.

26. The use according to any one of Claims 21 to 24, wherein said subject is a child.

27. The use according to any one of Claims 21 to 24, wherein said subject is an infant.

28. The use according to any one of Claims 21 to 24, wherein said subject is a neonate.

29. The use according to any one of Claims 21 to 28, wherein said subject has undergone cardiac surgery and delivery of said medicament takes place after surgery.

30. The use according to any one of Claims 21 to 29, wherein said bolus comprises at least 100 mg/kg of an approximately 100 mg/ml solution of dichloroacetate.

31. The use according to any one of Claims 21 to 30, wherein said continuous administration comprises an infusion at approximately 12.5 mg/kg/hr for greater than 10 hours.

32. The use according to Claim 31, wherein said bolus in combination with said continuous administration is sufficient to provide said subject with said blood concentration of greater than 1 mM for a period of time longer than 10 hours.

33. A kit comprising:
a) a first solution of dichloroacetate formulated for delivery in a bolus to a subject;
b) a second solution of dichloroacetate formulated for continuous administration to said subject; and c) instructions for use, wherein said second solution is formulated for delivery for a period of longer than one hour following delivery of said first solution to said subject, and wherein said first and second solution are sufficient to provide said subject with a blood concentration of dichloroacetate of approximately 500 µM or greater for a period of time longer than 1 hour.

34. A kit comprising:
a) a first solution of dichloroacetate; and b) instructions for use, wherein said first solution of dichloroacetate is for formulation into a second and third solution for administration to a subject, said second solution formulated for delivery in a bolus and said third solution formulated for continuous administration, wherein said third solution is formulated for delivery for a period of longer than one hour following delivery of said second solution to said subject, and wherein said second and third solution are sufficient to provide said subject with a blood concentration of dichloroacetate of approximately 500 µM or greater for a period of time longer than 1 hour.

35. A kit comprising:
a) dichloroacetate salt; and b) instructions for use, wherein said dichloroacetate salt is for formulation into a first and second solution for administration to a subject, said first solution formulated for delivery in a bolus and said second solution formulated for continuous administration, wherein said second solution is formulated for delivery for a period of longer than one hour following delivery of said first solution to said subject, and wherein said first and second solution are sufficient to provide said subject with a blood concentration of dichloroacetate of approximately 500 µM or greater for a period of time longer than 1 hour.

36. The kit according to Claim 35, wherein said dichloroacetate salt is sodium dichloroacetate.