CA2301514A1 - Dried biologically or therapeutically active preparations - Google Patents
Dried biologically or therapeutically active preparations Download PDFInfo
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- CA2301514A1 CA2301514A1 CA002301514A CA2301514A CA2301514A1 CA 2301514 A1 CA2301514 A1 CA 2301514A1 CA 002301514 A CA002301514 A CA 002301514A CA 2301514 A CA2301514 A CA 2301514A CA 2301514 A1 CA2301514 A1 CA 2301514A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/16—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing nitrogen, e.g. nitro-, nitroso-, azo-compounds, nitriles, cyanates
- A61K47/18—Amines; Amides; Ureas; Quaternary ammonium compounds; Amino acids; Oligopeptides having up to five amino acids
- A61K47/183—Amino acids, e.g. glycine, EDTA or aspartame
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/36—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
- A61K38/37—Factors VIII
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/20—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing sulfur, e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], docusate, sodium lauryl sulfate or aminosulfonic acids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/19—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles lyophilised, i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
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Abstract
A dried, heat-treated product comprises (i) a heat labile, biologically or therapeutically active protein or peptide preparation and (ii) a stabilising effective amount of a composition comprising sucrose, trehalose and at least one amino acid. The protein or peptide preparation may be, for example, a Factor VIII concentrate or a von Willebrand Factor concentrate.
Description
DRIED BIOLOGICALLY OR THERAPEUTICALLY ACTIVE PREPARATIONS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to dried biologically or therapeutically active preparations, and in particular it relates to dried or lyophilised Factor VIII preparations.
The present invention provides in particular for the stabilisation of such Factor VIII
preparations which are to be subjected to a terminal dry heat treatment step, such as heating at 80°C for 72 hrs, used as a viral inactivation step.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Classic haemophilia, haemophilia A, is an X chromosome-linked disorder of blood coagulation which causes a decrease in functional levels of a glycoprotein known as antihaemophilic factor (AHF) or Factor VIII (FVIII) (Levine 1987).
FVIII is a cofactor for Factor IXa in the activation of Factor X and is crucial for activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway (Foster and Zimmerman, 1989).
FVIII
is present in the plasma of normal individuals at a level of 1 unit/mL (100 ng/mL). It circulates in plasma in an inactive form bound to another high molecular weight glycoprotein, the FVIII-related antigen, von Willebrand Factor (vWF) at a molar ratio of approximately 1:100. vWF is deficient or abnormal in patients with von Willebrand's disease. Mature vWF consists of 2050 amino acids residues and circulates in plasma as a series of disulfide-linked multimers between 1 to 20x1 O6 daltons. The association with vWF serves to stabilise the FVIII molecule in plasma as well as localise the clotting cascade to the site of vascular damage through vWF adhesion to the activated platelet surtace (Weiss 1977).
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to dried biologically or therapeutically active preparations, and in particular it relates to dried or lyophilised Factor VIII preparations.
The present invention provides in particular for the stabilisation of such Factor VIII
preparations which are to be subjected to a terminal dry heat treatment step, such as heating at 80°C for 72 hrs, used as a viral inactivation step.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Classic haemophilia, haemophilia A, is an X chromosome-linked disorder of blood coagulation which causes a decrease in functional levels of a glycoprotein known as antihaemophilic factor (AHF) or Factor VIII (FVIII) (Levine 1987).
FVIII is a cofactor for Factor IXa in the activation of Factor X and is crucial for activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway (Foster and Zimmerman, 1989).
FVIII
is present in the plasma of normal individuals at a level of 1 unit/mL (100 ng/mL). It circulates in plasma in an inactive form bound to another high molecular weight glycoprotein, the FVIII-related antigen, von Willebrand Factor (vWF) at a molar ratio of approximately 1:100. vWF is deficient or abnormal in patients with von Willebrand's disease. Mature vWF consists of 2050 amino acids residues and circulates in plasma as a series of disulfide-linked multimers between 1 to 20x1 O6 daltons. The association with vWF serves to stabilise the FVIII molecule in plasma as well as localise the clotting cascade to the site of vascular damage through vWF adhesion to the activated platelet surtace (Weiss 1977).
The molecular weight of FVIII in plasma ranges between 250,000 to 300,000 daltons. It is composed of heavy and light chains with molecular weights of approximately 90 and 80 kDa respectively, separated by a heavily glycosyiated ~i-domain region of approximately 130 kDa (Fulcher and Zimmerman 1982, Rotblat et al.
1985). FVIII is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by thrombin and Factor Xa.
This .
serves to remove the ~i-domain, resulting in a conformational change whereby the heavy and light chains become linked by calcium ion binding. This cleavage correlates with an increase in functional activity and represents the activated form of the molecule, FVllla (Eaton et al. 1986, Fulcher et al. 1985, Andersson et al.
1986, Fay et al. 1986, Pittman and Kaufman 1986).
Once FVllla has fulfilled its roles, it is proteolytically cleaved further by either thrombin, FACTOR Xa or activated protein C, correlating with loss of functional activity. Peptides range from 43 kDa to 80 kDa form, depending on the participating enzyme (Eaton et al. 1987}.
The cloning of human FVII1 gene and the expression of active recombinant FVIII
have been reported. The cDNA codes for a single chain FVIII consist of 2332 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 264,763 Da prior to glycosylation and the glycosylated form of approximately 330 kDa (Toole et al. 1984, Gitschier et al. 1984, Rotblat et al. 1985). It has been shown that calcium is necessary for maintaining the association of FVlll heavy and light chains, and the removal of calcium from FVIII
preparations has been demonstrated to result in loss of procoagulant activity (Fass et al. 1982, Andersson et al. 1986, Mikaelsson et al. 1983). The reconstitution of FVIII
activity from isolated heavy and light chains requires the presence of divalent cations, with Mn2+ having the strongest effect followed by Ca2'" and Coz+ (Fay 1988).
The incidence of haemophilia A is approximately 1 in 10,000 males, by the inheritance of an autosomal recessive pattern (Gitschier et al. 1984). Without treatment, haemophiliacs experience haemorrhage into joints and muscles, are easily bruised, and suffer prolonged and potentially fatal postoperative haemorrhages.
1985). FVIII is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage by thrombin and Factor Xa.
This .
serves to remove the ~i-domain, resulting in a conformational change whereby the heavy and light chains become linked by calcium ion binding. This cleavage correlates with an increase in functional activity and represents the activated form of the molecule, FVllla (Eaton et al. 1986, Fulcher et al. 1985, Andersson et al.
1986, Fay et al. 1986, Pittman and Kaufman 1986).
Once FVllla has fulfilled its roles, it is proteolytically cleaved further by either thrombin, FACTOR Xa or activated protein C, correlating with loss of functional activity. Peptides range from 43 kDa to 80 kDa form, depending on the participating enzyme (Eaton et al. 1987}.
The cloning of human FVII1 gene and the expression of active recombinant FVIII
have been reported. The cDNA codes for a single chain FVIII consist of 2332 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 264,763 Da prior to glycosylation and the glycosylated form of approximately 330 kDa (Toole et al. 1984, Gitschier et al. 1984, Rotblat et al. 1985). It has been shown that calcium is necessary for maintaining the association of FVlll heavy and light chains, and the removal of calcium from FVIII
preparations has been demonstrated to result in loss of procoagulant activity (Fass et al. 1982, Andersson et al. 1986, Mikaelsson et al. 1983). The reconstitution of FVIII
activity from isolated heavy and light chains requires the presence of divalent cations, with Mn2+ having the strongest effect followed by Ca2'" and Coz+ (Fay 1988).
The incidence of haemophilia A is approximately 1 in 10,000 males, by the inheritance of an autosomal recessive pattern (Gitschier et al. 1984). Without treatment, haemophiliacs experience haemorrhage into joints and muscles, are easily bruised, and suffer prolonged and potentially fatal postoperative haemorrhages.
Restoration of plasma FVIII levels to greater than 1 % of normal with plasma-derived commercial concentrates containing FVIII significantly reduces disease symptoms and markedly improves the quality of life for afflicted individuals (Aronson 1990, Esmon et al. 1990).
Although quite beneficial to most patients, treatment with some FVlll products can also have deleterious effects. In addition to the risk of viral transmission via plasma-derived FVIII products (Fletcher et al. 1983, Ragni et al. 1983), and the production of inhibitory antibodies, capable of neutralising FVIII (Shapiro and Hutlin 1975), treatment with cryoprecipitate or FVIII concentrates may result in functional and phenotypical immune deficiencies (Lederman et al. 1983, Menitove et al. 1983, Schulman 1991, Allersma et 1996). These immune deficiencies include impaired monocyte and phagocyte function as well as abnormalities of T cell subsets, irrespective of HIV infection (Moffat et al. 1985).
FVlll concentrates can be classified on the basis of specific activity (expressed in IU/mg total protein in the final product state) as either intermediate (1-5 IUlmg protein), high (10-200 IUlmg) or very high purity (1000-3000 IUlmg).
Intermediate purity products are prepared by precipitation reactions and often contain high levels of fibrinogen and fibronectin as well as a number of other non-FVIII proteins.
The yields from these processes are generally high. High purity products have reduced yields but significantly lower amounts of non-FVIII proteins, and are prepared using conventional chromatography techniques. Very high purity products contain essentially FVIII alone, and include monoclonal antibody purified concentrates and recombinant products. However, albumin is often added back into these products at the end of the manufacturing process to stabilise the product and to avoid Factor VIII
dispersion on the glass wall of the container resulting in a lower specific activity than several high purity products. If the albumin content is subtracted from high or very high purity Factor VIII concentrates, figures in the range of 10-200 IU/mg or IU/mg are obtained for specific activity, respectively.
Although quite beneficial to most patients, treatment with some FVlll products can also have deleterious effects. In addition to the risk of viral transmission via plasma-derived FVIII products (Fletcher et al. 1983, Ragni et al. 1983), and the production of inhibitory antibodies, capable of neutralising FVIII (Shapiro and Hutlin 1975), treatment with cryoprecipitate or FVIII concentrates may result in functional and phenotypical immune deficiencies (Lederman et al. 1983, Menitove et al. 1983, Schulman 1991, Allersma et 1996). These immune deficiencies include impaired monocyte and phagocyte function as well as abnormalities of T cell subsets, irrespective of HIV infection (Moffat et al. 1985).
FVlll concentrates can be classified on the basis of specific activity (expressed in IU/mg total protein in the final product state) as either intermediate (1-5 IUlmg protein), high (10-200 IUlmg) or very high purity (1000-3000 IUlmg).
Intermediate purity products are prepared by precipitation reactions and often contain high levels of fibrinogen and fibronectin as well as a number of other non-FVIII proteins.
The yields from these processes are generally high. High purity products have reduced yields but significantly lower amounts of non-FVIII proteins, and are prepared using conventional chromatography techniques. Very high purity products contain essentially FVIII alone, and include monoclonal antibody purified concentrates and recombinant products. However, albumin is often added back into these products at the end of the manufacturing process to stabilise the product and to avoid Factor VIII
dispersion on the glass wall of the container resulting in a lower specific activity than several high purity products. If the albumin content is subtracted from high or very high purity Factor VIII concentrates, figures in the range of 10-200 IU/mg or IU/mg are obtained for specific activity, respectively.
Fractionation methods have been developed with the use of monoclonal antibodies directed against the FVIII molecule or von Willebrand Factor antigen (vWF:Ag) which successfully removed FVIII from cryoprecipitate during immunoaffinity chromatography. The protein content of these concentrates is dramatically decreased.
Monoclonal antibody purified concentrates show a very high specific activity and are .
virtually free of extraneous plasma proteins. The achievement of a very low protein content seems to be strongly advisable because there is increasing evidence that immunodeficiency in multi-transfused haemophiliacs can be related not only to HIV
infection but also the allogenic protein overload derived from replacement therapy (Morfini 1989).
The problem of virus transmission among the haemophilia population has been recognised since the early 1970s, hepatitis C virus and later HIV being the major viruses transmitted by clotting factor concentrates, and more recently hepatitis A virus and parvovirus B19. In order to reduce or abolish the virus load a variety of chemical and/or physical processes as well as methods of heat treatment under different experimental conditions (dry, steam, wet heat) have been introduced into the different stages of clotting factor concentrate production. The principal methods used are as follows:
~ dry heat on freeze dried final product ~ pasteurisation ~ vapour heating under pressure ~ solvent detergent treatment.
Terminal dry heat treatment is a popular methodology introduced in the late 1980s to ensure a high degree of viral safety (Winkelman et al. 1989).
Coagulation factor concentrates that are heated at 80°C for 72 hours have an excellent safety record (Rizza et al. 1993, Cash 1988, Skidmore et al. 1990).
Monoclonal antibody purified concentrates show a very high specific activity and are .
virtually free of extraneous plasma proteins. The achievement of a very low protein content seems to be strongly advisable because there is increasing evidence that immunodeficiency in multi-transfused haemophiliacs can be related not only to HIV
infection but also the allogenic protein overload derived from replacement therapy (Morfini 1989).
The problem of virus transmission among the haemophilia population has been recognised since the early 1970s, hepatitis C virus and later HIV being the major viruses transmitted by clotting factor concentrates, and more recently hepatitis A virus and parvovirus B19. In order to reduce or abolish the virus load a variety of chemical and/or physical processes as well as methods of heat treatment under different experimental conditions (dry, steam, wet heat) have been introduced into the different stages of clotting factor concentrate production. The principal methods used are as follows:
~ dry heat on freeze dried final product ~ pasteurisation ~ vapour heating under pressure ~ solvent detergent treatment.
Terminal dry heat treatment is a popular methodology introduced in the late 1980s to ensure a high degree of viral safety (Winkelman et al. 1989).
Coagulation factor concentrates that are heated at 80°C for 72 hours have an excellent safety record (Rizza et al. 1993, Cash 1988, Skidmore et al. 1990).
The use of sugars as stabilisers of biologically active proteins has been previously disclosed in US patents 2,826,533 (1958) and 4,089,944 (1978).
Since the FVIII molecule is a heat sensitive protein, FVIII concentrates of intermediate purity have been stabilised with different concentrations of various sugars, lyophilised and exposed to dry heat regimes of 80°C for 72 hours (Roberts 1995).
The stabilising effect of a commercially available synthetic mixture of 14 synthetic amino acids (Synthamin 17) designed for intravenous use as a nutrient has also been extensively documented for the large scale manufacture of intermediate to FVIII concentrates. Intermediate purity FVIII concentrate (1 IU/mg) was stabilised by the addition of Synthamin 17 when heated at 60°C for 48 hours {Benny et al. 1988).
Synthamin 17 added in amounts of up to 4mg per unit FVIII, to a cryoprecipitate FVIII
concentrate, resulted in better solubility and stability on storage. Heating the concentrate at 70°C for 16 hours with 1mg per unit maintained solubility and activity (Margolis and Eisen 1984).
The synthetic amino acid mixture was used for the large scale manufacture of an intermediate FVlll concentrate (1 IU/mg) using controlled pore glass adsorption chromatography. Heat stability of the freeze dried material was tested and no loss of FVIII activity was shown after 30 hours at 70°C compared with other intermediate purity concentrate preparations tested which exhibited approximately 25% of activity after only hours at 70°C and solubility was significantly impaired {Margolis et al. 1984, Austen 1979). Similar FVIII preparations have been stabilised by addition of the synthetic amino acid mixture (1.6% w/v) in the final product. The lyophilised material heated at 60°C for 72 hours reduced the FVIII loss to less than 10%
compared with a non-amino acid stabilised concentrate, which resulted in the loss of 30% of FVIII:C
activity (McGrath et al. 1985).
The clinical experience reported has been favourable. Patients infused with heat-treated material had a similar mean ex vivo recovery not significantly different from that observed with the non heated concentrates. The mean half life of both heated and on heated material were reported to be identical. Stabilisation with Synthamin 17 and heat treatment does not influence the in vivo recovery and haemostasis was uniformly effective, with no adverse side effects being reported (Ockelford et al. 1987).
Established FVIII products are indeed true concentrates and unlike pure plasma products such as albumin or immunoglobulin, FVIII is only a small fraction of the protein contained in the concentrates (i.e. <1%), the majority being fibrinogen, immunoglobulin, fibronectin and many others. The presence of such proteins has also been shown to help stabilise the FVIII molecule over the terminal dry heat stage.
Concentrate purity is now a very important prerequisite to be taken into account when developing new FVtll concentrates. The current trend is towards increasing the purity of FVIII preparations, purer products will have less fibrinogenlfibronectin.
However purity itself further complicates the product stability over the terminal dry heat step. The protein content of high purity concentrates is dramatically decreased.
Monoclonal antibody purified concentrates show a very high specific activity and are virtually free of extraneous plasma proteins. However, as noted above albumin is often added at the end of the manufacturing process to stabilise the product.
It is well known that albumin has a low risk for viral transmission and is possibly less antigenic than other proteins due to its low molecular weight. Whether albumin can be considered as an essential component of the protein overload and thereby of the immune depression observed in heavily-infused patients is still a matter of controversy. Cohn Fractionation Albumin solutions used to stabilise high purity FVllt concentrates are unlikely to be more than 95% pure and so trace amounts of other proteins may therefore be added back into the FVIII concentrates. However, this practice largely defeats the purpose of purification.
The first documented report of a high purity FVIII concentrate which was shown to be stable at ambient temperatures and at pasteurisation temperatures (60°C) in the absence of human serum albumin was recently disclosed in International Patent _ 'j _ Publication WO 96122107. The addition of trehalose at 0.15 to 2.5mg per unit FVIII
to a recombinant FVIII preparation showed excellent stability of FVIII
activity when stored at 60°C for an extended period of time in the complete absence of human serum albumin. Trehalose is known to be a highly effective stabilising agent for delicate proteins as disclosed in US Patent No. 4,891,319 and Australian Patent No. .
591160, enabling proteins to be dried at temperatures above freezing.
The stability of FVIII concentrates has been well established using sodium citrate as an anticoagulant in plasma fractionation. Early studies with fibrinogen preparations as disclosed in US Patent No. 2,826,533 illustrated the anticoagulant and solubilising properties of sodium citrate. Citrate was also reported to have a marked stabilising effect on early preparations of chromatographically purified FVIII
concentrates (Hynes et al. 1969) which helped establish the use of 20mM
trisodium citrate in commercial FVIII concentrates (Newman et al. 1971 ). FVlil activity shows a biphasic deterioration in the presence of citrate (Preston 1967). This loss of activity stems from the chelation by citrate groups of calcium ions which are essential for maintaining the normal structure of the FVIII molecule. Formulating during processing by adding calcium chloride to maintain physiological levels of ionised calcium stabilises FVIII activity (Fay 1988).
The present invention provides improved stabilising compositions which are particularly, but not exclusively, directed to the stabilisation of high and very high purity Factor VIII concentrates as discussed above. The present invention also provides stabilising compositions for these concentrates which avoid the necessity for adding back albumin, although albumin may still be added if desired and acceptable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a dried, heat-treated product comprising a heat labile, biologically or therapeutically active _g_ protein or peptide preparation, and a stabilising effective amount of a composition comprising sucrose, trehalose and at least one amino acid.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of preparing a dried, heat-treated product comprising a heat labile, biologically or therapeutically .
active protein or peptide preparation, which comprises (i) adding a stabilising effective amount of a composition comprising sucrose, trehalose and at least one amino acid to said protein or peptide preparation; (ii) drying said admixture; and (iii) heat-treating said dried product.
In yet another aspect, the invention provides a composition for use in the stabilisation of a heat labile, biologically or therapeutically active protein or peptide preparation, comprising sucrose, trehalose and at feast one amino acid.
The terms "drying" and "dried" are used herein in the broad sense to refer to removal of water from an aqueous product and products obtained thereby, and include in particular the freeze drying process (also known as lyophilisation).
The terms "heat-treating" and "heat-treated" are used herein to refer to methods of heat treatment in order to reduce or abolish a virus load in a biologically or therapeutically active product and products obtained thereby, and include dry heat treatment at greater than 75°C for up to 72 hours, more particularly dry heat treatment at 80°C for 72 hours.
In one particular embodiment, the present invention comprises a dried Factor Vlll preparation comprising a Factor VIII concentrate, and a stabilising effective amount of a composition comprising sucrose, trehalose and at least one amino acid.
Preferably, the Factor VIII concentrate is a high purity (10 - 200 IUlmg) or very high purity (1000-3000 IU/mg) product.
References herein to a "high purity" or "very high purity" Factor VI II
concentrate should be understood as referencing to the purity of the concentrate prior to the addition of a protein stabiliser.
Alternatively, the protein or peptide preparation may be a von Willebrand Factor concentrate.
Optionally, the stabilising composition in accordance with the present invention may also comprise albumin, particularly human serum albumin.
Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers."
IS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The formulations of the present invention have the potential to provide another alternative to the adding back of protein such as human serum albumin (HSA) as a stabilising agent for high purity FVIII concentrates. Whilst the use of albumin in the composition of this invention is optional, the addition of albumin is not an ideal option because it adds a complex component to the product formulation. The formulations detailed in this invention relate to defined chemical additives containing specific components designed to prevent adsorption, and to maintain the stability and solubility of high purity FVIII concentrates exposed to heat treatment regimes, in particular the dry heat treatment of lyophilised product heated at 80°C for 72 hours.
The technology of the current invention offers many advantages over the practice of adding back albumin to stabilise high purity FVIII concentrates and the use of trehalose as disclosed in International Patent Publication WO 96122107. The major advantages are highlighted below:
WO 99!10011 PCT/AU98/00682 (i) Coagulation factor concentrates that are heated at 80°C for 72 hours have an excellent viral safety record. It has not been thought possible to prepare a high purity dried blood FVIII concentrate which is stable over this severe dry heat treatment step without the addition of albumin.
(ii) Trehalose as disclosed in WO 96/22107 may be used to stabilise a dried blood factor composition which undergoes heat treatment at pasteurisation temperatures (60°C). The amount of trehalose used in some of the formulations in the present invention when used alone is insufficient to produce a stabilising effect at temperatures greater than 60°C (i.e.
80°C for 72 hours).
However, trehalose in combination with other chemical additives, sugars and amino acids as disclosed in this invention provides significant stability to high purity FVIII concentrates undergoing severe dry heat treatment.
(iii) The disclosed formulations provide a method of preparing aqueous solutions containing FVIII, which may be freeze dried at temperatures greater than 25°C.
(iv) The chemical compounds, sugars and amino acids used in the disclosed formulations can be chemically produced in large quantities under GMP
conditions. By contrast, human serum albumin derived from plasma introduces considerable problems of purification since it is essential that the protein is free of viral contamination. Using recombinant HSA to overcome these problems is expensive but it is also derived from animals cells or bacterial culture, and therefore the risk of contamination by infectious agents or unknown materials is possible.
In the stabilising composition of the present invention, sucrose is preferably present in amounts of from 0.5 to 10% by weight, more preferably from 2.5 to 5% by weight. Similarly, trehalose is preferably present in amounts of from 0.5 to 5% by weight, more preferably from 1.25 to 2.5% by weight.
The amino acid which is incorporated into the stabilising composition is preferably lysine, and the amino acid is preferably incorporated in a molar amount of from 0.05 to 1 M, more preferably 0.1 to 0.5M. Alternatively, however, the amino acid may be incorporated as a mixture of amino acids, particularly the mixture available commercially as Synthamin 17, or one or more of the amino acids present in .
Synthamin 17. Synthamin 17 is a formulation of amino acids as follows:
Synthamin 17 Essential Amino Nonessential Acids (mg1100mL) Amino Acids (mglmL) L-Isoleucine (600) L-Alanine (2070) L-Leucine (730) L-Arginine (1150) L-Lysine (580) L-Histidine (480) L-Methionine (400) L-Proline (680) L-Phenylalanine (560) L-Serine (500) L-Threonine (420) Glycine (1030) L-Tryptophan (180) L-Valine (580) Such a mixture of amino acids is preferably used in the stabilising composition of the present invention in amounts of from 0.5 to 5% by weight, more preferably from 2 to 3% by weight.
As previously described, albumin (such as human serum albumin) may optionally be incorporated in the stabilising composition of the present invention.
When incorporated, albumin may be present in an amount of from 0.1 to 10 mg/mL
of the Factor VIII concentrate prior to freeze drying.
Whilst the present invention is principally directed towards the stabilisation of FVIII concentrates, particularly on drying high and very high purity FVIII
concentrates, the compositions of the present invention may also be used in the stabilisation of other biologically or therapeutically active preparations, particularly those which are to be dried or lyophilised and subsequently treated to dry heat treatment as a viral inactivation step. Such other biologically or therapeutic preparations include, for example, other blood, plasma or serum fractions, enzymes, antibodies, antigens, vaccine components and the like.
Further features of the present invention are more fully described in the following Example(s). It is to be understood, however, that this detailed description is included solely for the purposes of exemplifying the present invention, and should not be understood in any way as a restriction on the broad description of the invention as set out above.
EXAMPLE
This Example relates to a stabilised, dried Factor VIII preparation comprising a high purity Factor VIII concentrate.
Method of Manufacture Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is thawed at temperatures below 5°C and the FVlll-rich cryoprecipitate is collected by centrifugation. The FVIII is extracted with Tris (hydroxymethyl) methylamine (Tris) buffer. Levels of unwanted proteins, principally fibrinogen, fibronectin, immunoglobulin and albumin, are reduced by precipitation with heparin followed by reprecipitation of FVIII with sodium chloridelglycine buffer. The purified FVIII is redissolved in a sodium chloride-Tris-citrate buffer containing sucrose and a low level of calcium chloride. The dissolved precipitate is filtered, treated with solventldetergent and incubated. The mixture is then filtered and chromatographed on a Sephacryl S400 column pre-equilibrated in the same buffer. The FVIII-rich eluate (z50 IU/mg total protein) is then concentrated by ultrafiltration against the same buffer and chemical stabilisers added to the retentate. The bulk formulated concentrate is sterile filtered, dispensed, freeze dried and heat treated at 80°C for 72 hours.
Freeze DryingIDry Heat Treatment The freeze drying cycle proceeds under conditions of programmed temperature/vacuum/timing for approximately 100 hours. The formulated product is loaded into a freeze dryer and the shelves cooled to -50°C. The vacuum is applied .
and the temperature vamped up to 50°C. The finished lyophilised product is then heated in a hot air oven at 80°C for 72 hours.
FVIII Procoagulant Activity FVIII procoagulant activity was measured throughout the process using a chromogenic assay kit (Chromogenix, Sweden).
Samples from each batch were taken at various stages throughout the process (formulated bulk, freeze dried, and dry heated product) and tested for FVIII
procoagulant activity. The results are shown in the following Table in comparison with an intermediate purity (4-5 IUlmg) product, AHF(HP), and the high purity concentrate formulated with human serum albumin (used as a stabiliser in a number of commercial high purity concentrates).
The FVIII concentrates used in the experiments detailed in this invention were formulated in a sodium chloridelTrislcitrate buffer containing sucrose and a low level of calcium chloride. The stability of FVIII concentrate using this buffering system has been well established. However, this formulation alone provided little protection of the FVIII molecule in the high purity product over the terminal dry heat treatment step.
For the high purity product, a 33% loss of FVlli activity was reported, compared with the intermediate purity product in the same buffer where only 13% of the FVIII
activity was lost over the same step, highlighting the protective effect of the high levels of protein contained in this concentrate. Similarly, the high purity product stabilised with added albumin only lost 21 % FVI II activity. The post dry heated results also showed that additional sugars such as sorbitol, maltose and sucrose alone produced little or no stabilisation over the dry heat treatment step. Significant losses of FVIII
activity were observed from the formulated bulk concentrate to post terminal dry heat treatment. Similarly, the post drying results showed that it was not possible to dry heat the purity concentrate successfully when trehalose (45% loss of FVIII
activity) or Synthamin 17 {25% loss of FVIII activity) were also alone.
Trehalose in combination with sucrose also produced significant losses in FVIII
activity (61 %). However, with a composition of trehalose in combination with sucrose and lysine, and with a composition of sucrose, trehalose, lysine in combination with other amino acids (Synthamin 17), it was possible to dry heat FVIII
successfully in the absence of human serum albumin.
These formulations all produced results similar to the high purity concentrate stabilised with human serum albumin, and from the results disclosed it can be concluded that a high purity FVIII concentrate can indeed be successfully freeze dried and dry heated in a chemical based formulation in the absence of HSA.
Table 1 Percentage of FVII1 activity loss from formulation to dry heat treatment with various stabilisers.
Formulation No. of % FVIII
Activity Loss Composition Batches Dry Formulation Heat to Dry Heat Buffer alone 5 33.2 44.1 Intermediate purity product 4 12.6 14.8 AHF (HP) Albumin (10 mglmL) 7 20.9 26.6 5% sorbitol 1 98.3 98.8 5% sucrose 2 46.6 78.4 10% sucrose 1 39.9 44.8 2.5% maltose 1 89.3 91.3 2.5% trehalose 1 43.3 45.1 2.5% sucrose + 1.25% trehalose1 60.6 63.3 2% Synthamin 17 + electrolytes1 25.1 41.0 2.5% sucrose, 1.25% trehalose,7 8.8 29.4 0.5M lysine 2.5% sucrose, 1.25% trehalose, 0.1 M lysine, 3 15.8 25.5 2% Synthamin 17 + electrolytes REFERENCES:
Allersma DP, Smid WM, van der Does JA, van der Meer J, Briet E. Effects of chronic factor VIII substitution on immune parameters in HIV seronegative haemophiliacs: a comparison between factor VIII cryoprecipitate and factor VIII concentrate.
Thromb.
Haemostas. (1996); 75(2}:261-6.
Andersson LO, Forsman N, Huang K, Lundin A, Pavlu B, Sadberg H, Sewerin K, Smart J. Isolation and characterisation of human factor VIII: molecular forms in commercial factor Vlll concentrate , cryoprecipitate and plasma. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci.
(1986);
83:2979-83.
Aronson D. The development of the technology and capacity for the production of factor VIII for the treatment of haemophilia A. Transfusion (1990}; 30:8:748-58.
Austen D. The chromatographic separation of factor VIII on aminohexyl Sepharose.
Br. J. Haematol. (1979); 43(4):669-74.
Benny A, Ockelford P, John A, Scott R, Woodfield D, Berry E. Influence of heat treatment on FVIII:C recovery from freeze dried cryoprecipitate. J. Clin.
Pathol.
{1988): 41:945-7.
Cash J. Coagulation factor VIII concentrates and the market place. Lancet (1988);
ii:814-6.
Eaton D, Rodrigez H, Vehar GA. Proteolytic processing of human factor Vlll.
Correlation of specific cleavages by thrombin, factor Xa, and activated protein C with activation and inactivation of factor VIII coagulant activity. Biochemistry (1986);
25:505-12.
Eaton DL, Hass PE, Riddle L, Mather J, Wieve M, Gregory T, Vehan G.
Characterisation of recombinant Human Factor VIII. J. Biol. Chem. (1987);
262(7):
3285-90.
Esmon PC, Kuo HS, Fournel MA. Characterization of recombinant factor VIII and a recombinant factor VIII deletion mutant using a rabbit immunogenicity model system.
Blood (1990); 76(8):1593-1600.
Fass D, Knutson G, Katzmann J. Monoclonal antibodies to porcine factor VIII
coagulant and their use in the isolation of active coagulant protein. Blood (1982);
59(3):594-600.
Fay PJ, Anderson MT, Chavin SI, Marder VJ. The size of human VIII heterodimers and the effects produced by thrombin. Biochem. Biophys. Acta (1986); 871:268-78.
Fay P. Reconstitution of human factor VIII from isolated subunits. Arch.
Biochem.
Biophys. (1988); 262(2):525-31.
Fletcher ML, Trowell JM, Craske J, Pavier K, Rizza CR. Non-A and non-B
hepatitis after transfusion of factor VIII in infrequently treated patients. Br. Med. J.
{1983);
287:1754-7.
Foster PA, Zimmerman TS. Factor VIII structure and function. Blood Reviews ( 1989);
3:180-91.
Fulcher CA, Zimmerman TS. Characterisation of the human factor VIII
procoagulant protein with a heterologous precipitating antibody. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci.
(1982);
798:1648-52.
Fulcher CA, Roberts JF, Holland LZ, Zimmerman TS. Human factor VIII
procoagulant protein: monoclonal antibodies define precursor-product relationships and functional epitopes. J. Clin. Invest. (1985); 76:177-24.
Gitscher T, Wood WI, Goralka TM. Characterisation of the human factor Vlll gene.
Nature (1984); 312:326-30.
Hynes H, Owen C, Bowie E. Thompson J. Citrate stabilisation of chromatographically purified factor 8. Blood (1969); 34(5):601-9.
Lederman MM, Ratnoff OD, Scillian JJ, Jones PK, Schacter B. Impaired cell-mediated immunity in patients with classic hemophilia. New Engl. J. Med. (1983);
308(2):79-83.
Levine PH. Clinical manifestations and therapy of hemophilias A and B.
Hemostat-Thromb. RW Coleman, Philadelphia, Lippincott (1987):97-111.
Margolis J, Eisen M. Stabilising effect of amino acids on Factor VIII in lyophilised cryoprecipitate. Lancet (1984); Dec 8:1345.
Margolis J, Galiovich C, Rhoades P. A process for preparation of high purity factor VIII
by controlled pore glass treatment. Vox Sang. (1984); 46:341-3.
McGrath K. Thomas K, Herrington R, Turner P, Taylor L, Ekert H, Schiff P, Gust I.
Use of heat treated clotting factor concentrates in patients with haemophilia and a high exposure to HTLV-111. Med. J. Aust. (1985); 14311-13.
Menitove JE, Aster RH, Casper JT, Lauer SJ, Gottschall JL, Williams JE, Gill JC, Wheeler DV, Piakoski V, Kirchner P, Montgomery RR. T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with classic haemophilia treated with cryoprecipitate and lyophilized concentrates. new Engl. J. Med. (1983); 308(2):83-6.
Mikaelsson M, Forsman N, Oswaldsson U. Human factor VIII: a calcium-linked protein complex. Blood (1983); 62(5):1006-15.
Moffat EH, Bloom AL, Jones J, Matthews N, Newcombe RG. A study of cell mediated and humoral immunity in haemophilia and related disorders. Br. J. Haematol.
( 1985); 61:157-67.
Morfini M, Rafanelli D, Filimberti E, Cinotti S, Piazza E, Longo G, Rossi Ferrini P.
Protein content and factor VIII complex in untreated, treated and monoclonal factor VIII
concentrates. Thromb. Res. (1989; 56:168-78.
Newman J, Johnson A, Karpatkin M, Puszkin S. Methods for the production of clinically effective intermediate and high purity factor VIII concentrates.
Br. J.
Haematol. ( 1971 ); 21 ( 1 ):1-20.
Ockelford P, Benny A, Berry E, Johns A, Woodfield D. Controlled pore glass factor VIII concentrate: influence of heat treatment. Pathology (1987); 19(1 ):56-7.
Pittmann DD, Kaufman RJ. Indication of the cleavage sites) requirements for activation and inactivation of factor VIII. Blood (1986); 68:352a.
Preston A. The factor 8 activity in fresh and stored plasma. Br. J. Haematol.
(1967);
13(1 ):42-59.
Ragni MV, Lewis JH, Spero JA, Bontempo FA. Acquired-immunodeficiency-like syndrome in two haemophiliacs. Lancet (1983); January:213-4.
Rizza C, Fletcher M. Kernoff P. Confirmation of viral safety of dry heated factor VIII
concentrate (8Y) prepared by Bio Products Laboratory. 8r. H. Haematol. (1993);
84(2):269-72.
Roberts P. Severe heat treatment of freeze-dried coagulation factor concentrates.
Vox Sang. (1995); 68(1):61-2.
Rotblat F, O'Brien D, O'Brien F, Goodall A, Tuddenham E. Purification of human factor VI11:C and its characterisation by Western blotting using monoclonal antibodies.
Biochemistry (1985); 24(16):4294-4300.
Schulman S. Effects on factor Vllt concentrates on the immune system in hemophilic patients. Ann. Hematol. (1991 ); 63:145-51.
Shapiro SS, Hutlin M. Acquired inhibitors to the blood coagulation factors.
Semin.
Thromb. Haemost. (1975); 1:336-41.
Skidmore S, Pasi K, Mawson S, Williams M, Hill F. Serological evidence that dry heating of clotting factor concentrates prevents transmission of nonA nonB
hepatitis.
J. Med. Virol. (1990); 30(1 ):50-2.
Toole J, Knopf J, Wozney J, Sultzman L, Buecker J, Pittman D, Kaufman R, Brown E, Shoemaker C. et al. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding human antihaemophilic factor. Nature (1984); 312(5992):342-7.
Walker F, Chavin S, Fay P. Inactivation of factor VIII by activated protein C
and protein S. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. {1987); 252(1):322-8.
Weiss HJ, Sussman II. Stabilisation of factor VIII in plasma by the von Willebrand Factor. J Clin Invest (1977); fi0:390-404.
Winkelman L, Owen NE, Evans DR, Evans H, Haddon ME, Smith JK, Prince PJ, Williams JD, Lane RS. Severely heated therapeutic factor Vlll concentrate of high specific activity. Vox Sang. (1989); 57:97-103.
Since the FVIII molecule is a heat sensitive protein, FVIII concentrates of intermediate purity have been stabilised with different concentrations of various sugars, lyophilised and exposed to dry heat regimes of 80°C for 72 hours (Roberts 1995).
The stabilising effect of a commercially available synthetic mixture of 14 synthetic amino acids (Synthamin 17) designed for intravenous use as a nutrient has also been extensively documented for the large scale manufacture of intermediate to FVIII concentrates. Intermediate purity FVIII concentrate (1 IU/mg) was stabilised by the addition of Synthamin 17 when heated at 60°C for 48 hours {Benny et al. 1988).
Synthamin 17 added in amounts of up to 4mg per unit FVIII, to a cryoprecipitate FVIII
concentrate, resulted in better solubility and stability on storage. Heating the concentrate at 70°C for 16 hours with 1mg per unit maintained solubility and activity (Margolis and Eisen 1984).
The synthetic amino acid mixture was used for the large scale manufacture of an intermediate FVlll concentrate (1 IU/mg) using controlled pore glass adsorption chromatography. Heat stability of the freeze dried material was tested and no loss of FVIII activity was shown after 30 hours at 70°C compared with other intermediate purity concentrate preparations tested which exhibited approximately 25% of activity after only hours at 70°C and solubility was significantly impaired {Margolis et al. 1984, Austen 1979). Similar FVIII preparations have been stabilised by addition of the synthetic amino acid mixture (1.6% w/v) in the final product. The lyophilised material heated at 60°C for 72 hours reduced the FVIII loss to less than 10%
compared with a non-amino acid stabilised concentrate, which resulted in the loss of 30% of FVIII:C
activity (McGrath et al. 1985).
The clinical experience reported has been favourable. Patients infused with heat-treated material had a similar mean ex vivo recovery not significantly different from that observed with the non heated concentrates. The mean half life of both heated and on heated material were reported to be identical. Stabilisation with Synthamin 17 and heat treatment does not influence the in vivo recovery and haemostasis was uniformly effective, with no adverse side effects being reported (Ockelford et al. 1987).
Established FVIII products are indeed true concentrates and unlike pure plasma products such as albumin or immunoglobulin, FVIII is only a small fraction of the protein contained in the concentrates (i.e. <1%), the majority being fibrinogen, immunoglobulin, fibronectin and many others. The presence of such proteins has also been shown to help stabilise the FVIII molecule over the terminal dry heat stage.
Concentrate purity is now a very important prerequisite to be taken into account when developing new FVtll concentrates. The current trend is towards increasing the purity of FVIII preparations, purer products will have less fibrinogenlfibronectin.
However purity itself further complicates the product stability over the terminal dry heat step. The protein content of high purity concentrates is dramatically decreased.
Monoclonal antibody purified concentrates show a very high specific activity and are virtually free of extraneous plasma proteins. However, as noted above albumin is often added at the end of the manufacturing process to stabilise the product.
It is well known that albumin has a low risk for viral transmission and is possibly less antigenic than other proteins due to its low molecular weight. Whether albumin can be considered as an essential component of the protein overload and thereby of the immune depression observed in heavily-infused patients is still a matter of controversy. Cohn Fractionation Albumin solutions used to stabilise high purity FVllt concentrates are unlikely to be more than 95% pure and so trace amounts of other proteins may therefore be added back into the FVIII concentrates. However, this practice largely defeats the purpose of purification.
The first documented report of a high purity FVIII concentrate which was shown to be stable at ambient temperatures and at pasteurisation temperatures (60°C) in the absence of human serum albumin was recently disclosed in International Patent _ 'j _ Publication WO 96122107. The addition of trehalose at 0.15 to 2.5mg per unit FVIII
to a recombinant FVIII preparation showed excellent stability of FVIII
activity when stored at 60°C for an extended period of time in the complete absence of human serum albumin. Trehalose is known to be a highly effective stabilising agent for delicate proteins as disclosed in US Patent No. 4,891,319 and Australian Patent No. .
591160, enabling proteins to be dried at temperatures above freezing.
The stability of FVIII concentrates has been well established using sodium citrate as an anticoagulant in plasma fractionation. Early studies with fibrinogen preparations as disclosed in US Patent No. 2,826,533 illustrated the anticoagulant and solubilising properties of sodium citrate. Citrate was also reported to have a marked stabilising effect on early preparations of chromatographically purified FVIII
concentrates (Hynes et al. 1969) which helped establish the use of 20mM
trisodium citrate in commercial FVIII concentrates (Newman et al. 1971 ). FVlil activity shows a biphasic deterioration in the presence of citrate (Preston 1967). This loss of activity stems from the chelation by citrate groups of calcium ions which are essential for maintaining the normal structure of the FVIII molecule. Formulating during processing by adding calcium chloride to maintain physiological levels of ionised calcium stabilises FVIII activity (Fay 1988).
The present invention provides improved stabilising compositions which are particularly, but not exclusively, directed to the stabilisation of high and very high purity Factor VIII concentrates as discussed above. The present invention also provides stabilising compositions for these concentrates which avoid the necessity for adding back albumin, although albumin may still be added if desired and acceptable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a dried, heat-treated product comprising a heat labile, biologically or therapeutically active _g_ protein or peptide preparation, and a stabilising effective amount of a composition comprising sucrose, trehalose and at least one amino acid.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method of preparing a dried, heat-treated product comprising a heat labile, biologically or therapeutically .
active protein or peptide preparation, which comprises (i) adding a stabilising effective amount of a composition comprising sucrose, trehalose and at least one amino acid to said protein or peptide preparation; (ii) drying said admixture; and (iii) heat-treating said dried product.
In yet another aspect, the invention provides a composition for use in the stabilisation of a heat labile, biologically or therapeutically active protein or peptide preparation, comprising sucrose, trehalose and at feast one amino acid.
The terms "drying" and "dried" are used herein in the broad sense to refer to removal of water from an aqueous product and products obtained thereby, and include in particular the freeze drying process (also known as lyophilisation).
The terms "heat-treating" and "heat-treated" are used herein to refer to methods of heat treatment in order to reduce or abolish a virus load in a biologically or therapeutically active product and products obtained thereby, and include dry heat treatment at greater than 75°C for up to 72 hours, more particularly dry heat treatment at 80°C for 72 hours.
In one particular embodiment, the present invention comprises a dried Factor Vlll preparation comprising a Factor VIII concentrate, and a stabilising effective amount of a composition comprising sucrose, trehalose and at least one amino acid.
Preferably, the Factor VIII concentrate is a high purity (10 - 200 IUlmg) or very high purity (1000-3000 IU/mg) product.
References herein to a "high purity" or "very high purity" Factor VI II
concentrate should be understood as referencing to the purity of the concentrate prior to the addition of a protein stabiliser.
Alternatively, the protein or peptide preparation may be a von Willebrand Factor concentrate.
Optionally, the stabilising composition in accordance with the present invention may also comprise albumin, particularly human serum albumin.
Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers."
IS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The formulations of the present invention have the potential to provide another alternative to the adding back of protein such as human serum albumin (HSA) as a stabilising agent for high purity FVIII concentrates. Whilst the use of albumin in the composition of this invention is optional, the addition of albumin is not an ideal option because it adds a complex component to the product formulation. The formulations detailed in this invention relate to defined chemical additives containing specific components designed to prevent adsorption, and to maintain the stability and solubility of high purity FVIII concentrates exposed to heat treatment regimes, in particular the dry heat treatment of lyophilised product heated at 80°C for 72 hours.
The technology of the current invention offers many advantages over the practice of adding back albumin to stabilise high purity FVIII concentrates and the use of trehalose as disclosed in International Patent Publication WO 96122107. The major advantages are highlighted below:
WO 99!10011 PCT/AU98/00682 (i) Coagulation factor concentrates that are heated at 80°C for 72 hours have an excellent viral safety record. It has not been thought possible to prepare a high purity dried blood FVIII concentrate which is stable over this severe dry heat treatment step without the addition of albumin.
(ii) Trehalose as disclosed in WO 96/22107 may be used to stabilise a dried blood factor composition which undergoes heat treatment at pasteurisation temperatures (60°C). The amount of trehalose used in some of the formulations in the present invention when used alone is insufficient to produce a stabilising effect at temperatures greater than 60°C (i.e.
80°C for 72 hours).
However, trehalose in combination with other chemical additives, sugars and amino acids as disclosed in this invention provides significant stability to high purity FVIII concentrates undergoing severe dry heat treatment.
(iii) The disclosed formulations provide a method of preparing aqueous solutions containing FVIII, which may be freeze dried at temperatures greater than 25°C.
(iv) The chemical compounds, sugars and amino acids used in the disclosed formulations can be chemically produced in large quantities under GMP
conditions. By contrast, human serum albumin derived from plasma introduces considerable problems of purification since it is essential that the protein is free of viral contamination. Using recombinant HSA to overcome these problems is expensive but it is also derived from animals cells or bacterial culture, and therefore the risk of contamination by infectious agents or unknown materials is possible.
In the stabilising composition of the present invention, sucrose is preferably present in amounts of from 0.5 to 10% by weight, more preferably from 2.5 to 5% by weight. Similarly, trehalose is preferably present in amounts of from 0.5 to 5% by weight, more preferably from 1.25 to 2.5% by weight.
The amino acid which is incorporated into the stabilising composition is preferably lysine, and the amino acid is preferably incorporated in a molar amount of from 0.05 to 1 M, more preferably 0.1 to 0.5M. Alternatively, however, the amino acid may be incorporated as a mixture of amino acids, particularly the mixture available commercially as Synthamin 17, or one or more of the amino acids present in .
Synthamin 17. Synthamin 17 is a formulation of amino acids as follows:
Synthamin 17 Essential Amino Nonessential Acids (mg1100mL) Amino Acids (mglmL) L-Isoleucine (600) L-Alanine (2070) L-Leucine (730) L-Arginine (1150) L-Lysine (580) L-Histidine (480) L-Methionine (400) L-Proline (680) L-Phenylalanine (560) L-Serine (500) L-Threonine (420) Glycine (1030) L-Tryptophan (180) L-Valine (580) Such a mixture of amino acids is preferably used in the stabilising composition of the present invention in amounts of from 0.5 to 5% by weight, more preferably from 2 to 3% by weight.
As previously described, albumin (such as human serum albumin) may optionally be incorporated in the stabilising composition of the present invention.
When incorporated, albumin may be present in an amount of from 0.1 to 10 mg/mL
of the Factor VIII concentrate prior to freeze drying.
Whilst the present invention is principally directed towards the stabilisation of FVIII concentrates, particularly on drying high and very high purity FVIII
concentrates, the compositions of the present invention may also be used in the stabilisation of other biologically or therapeutically active preparations, particularly those which are to be dried or lyophilised and subsequently treated to dry heat treatment as a viral inactivation step. Such other biologically or therapeutic preparations include, for example, other blood, plasma or serum fractions, enzymes, antibodies, antigens, vaccine components and the like.
Further features of the present invention are more fully described in the following Example(s). It is to be understood, however, that this detailed description is included solely for the purposes of exemplifying the present invention, and should not be understood in any way as a restriction on the broad description of the invention as set out above.
EXAMPLE
This Example relates to a stabilised, dried Factor VIII preparation comprising a high purity Factor VIII concentrate.
Method of Manufacture Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is thawed at temperatures below 5°C and the FVlll-rich cryoprecipitate is collected by centrifugation. The FVIII is extracted with Tris (hydroxymethyl) methylamine (Tris) buffer. Levels of unwanted proteins, principally fibrinogen, fibronectin, immunoglobulin and albumin, are reduced by precipitation with heparin followed by reprecipitation of FVIII with sodium chloridelglycine buffer. The purified FVIII is redissolved in a sodium chloride-Tris-citrate buffer containing sucrose and a low level of calcium chloride. The dissolved precipitate is filtered, treated with solventldetergent and incubated. The mixture is then filtered and chromatographed on a Sephacryl S400 column pre-equilibrated in the same buffer. The FVIII-rich eluate (z50 IU/mg total protein) is then concentrated by ultrafiltration against the same buffer and chemical stabilisers added to the retentate. The bulk formulated concentrate is sterile filtered, dispensed, freeze dried and heat treated at 80°C for 72 hours.
Freeze DryingIDry Heat Treatment The freeze drying cycle proceeds under conditions of programmed temperature/vacuum/timing for approximately 100 hours. The formulated product is loaded into a freeze dryer and the shelves cooled to -50°C. The vacuum is applied .
and the temperature vamped up to 50°C. The finished lyophilised product is then heated in a hot air oven at 80°C for 72 hours.
FVIII Procoagulant Activity FVIII procoagulant activity was measured throughout the process using a chromogenic assay kit (Chromogenix, Sweden).
Samples from each batch were taken at various stages throughout the process (formulated bulk, freeze dried, and dry heated product) and tested for FVIII
procoagulant activity. The results are shown in the following Table in comparison with an intermediate purity (4-5 IUlmg) product, AHF(HP), and the high purity concentrate formulated with human serum albumin (used as a stabiliser in a number of commercial high purity concentrates).
The FVIII concentrates used in the experiments detailed in this invention were formulated in a sodium chloridelTrislcitrate buffer containing sucrose and a low level of calcium chloride. The stability of FVIII concentrate using this buffering system has been well established. However, this formulation alone provided little protection of the FVIII molecule in the high purity product over the terminal dry heat treatment step.
For the high purity product, a 33% loss of FVlli activity was reported, compared with the intermediate purity product in the same buffer where only 13% of the FVIII
activity was lost over the same step, highlighting the protective effect of the high levels of protein contained in this concentrate. Similarly, the high purity product stabilised with added albumin only lost 21 % FVI II activity. The post dry heated results also showed that additional sugars such as sorbitol, maltose and sucrose alone produced little or no stabilisation over the dry heat treatment step. Significant losses of FVIII
activity were observed from the formulated bulk concentrate to post terminal dry heat treatment. Similarly, the post drying results showed that it was not possible to dry heat the purity concentrate successfully when trehalose (45% loss of FVIII
activity) or Synthamin 17 {25% loss of FVIII activity) were also alone.
Trehalose in combination with sucrose also produced significant losses in FVIII
activity (61 %). However, with a composition of trehalose in combination with sucrose and lysine, and with a composition of sucrose, trehalose, lysine in combination with other amino acids (Synthamin 17), it was possible to dry heat FVIII
successfully in the absence of human serum albumin.
These formulations all produced results similar to the high purity concentrate stabilised with human serum albumin, and from the results disclosed it can be concluded that a high purity FVIII concentrate can indeed be successfully freeze dried and dry heated in a chemical based formulation in the absence of HSA.
Table 1 Percentage of FVII1 activity loss from formulation to dry heat treatment with various stabilisers.
Formulation No. of % FVIII
Activity Loss Composition Batches Dry Formulation Heat to Dry Heat Buffer alone 5 33.2 44.1 Intermediate purity product 4 12.6 14.8 AHF (HP) Albumin (10 mglmL) 7 20.9 26.6 5% sorbitol 1 98.3 98.8 5% sucrose 2 46.6 78.4 10% sucrose 1 39.9 44.8 2.5% maltose 1 89.3 91.3 2.5% trehalose 1 43.3 45.1 2.5% sucrose + 1.25% trehalose1 60.6 63.3 2% Synthamin 17 + electrolytes1 25.1 41.0 2.5% sucrose, 1.25% trehalose,7 8.8 29.4 0.5M lysine 2.5% sucrose, 1.25% trehalose, 0.1 M lysine, 3 15.8 25.5 2% Synthamin 17 + electrolytes REFERENCES:
Allersma DP, Smid WM, van der Does JA, van der Meer J, Briet E. Effects of chronic factor VIII substitution on immune parameters in HIV seronegative haemophiliacs: a comparison between factor VIII cryoprecipitate and factor VIII concentrate.
Thromb.
Haemostas. (1996); 75(2}:261-6.
Andersson LO, Forsman N, Huang K, Lundin A, Pavlu B, Sadberg H, Sewerin K, Smart J. Isolation and characterisation of human factor VIII: molecular forms in commercial factor Vlll concentrate , cryoprecipitate and plasma. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci.
(1986);
83:2979-83.
Aronson D. The development of the technology and capacity for the production of factor VIII for the treatment of haemophilia A. Transfusion (1990}; 30:8:748-58.
Austen D. The chromatographic separation of factor VIII on aminohexyl Sepharose.
Br. J. Haematol. (1979); 43(4):669-74.
Benny A, Ockelford P, John A, Scott R, Woodfield D, Berry E. Influence of heat treatment on FVIII:C recovery from freeze dried cryoprecipitate. J. Clin.
Pathol.
{1988): 41:945-7.
Cash J. Coagulation factor VIII concentrates and the market place. Lancet (1988);
ii:814-6.
Eaton D, Rodrigez H, Vehar GA. Proteolytic processing of human factor Vlll.
Correlation of specific cleavages by thrombin, factor Xa, and activated protein C with activation and inactivation of factor VIII coagulant activity. Biochemistry (1986);
25:505-12.
Eaton DL, Hass PE, Riddle L, Mather J, Wieve M, Gregory T, Vehan G.
Characterisation of recombinant Human Factor VIII. J. Biol. Chem. (1987);
262(7):
3285-90.
Esmon PC, Kuo HS, Fournel MA. Characterization of recombinant factor VIII and a recombinant factor VIII deletion mutant using a rabbit immunogenicity model system.
Blood (1990); 76(8):1593-1600.
Fass D, Knutson G, Katzmann J. Monoclonal antibodies to porcine factor VIII
coagulant and their use in the isolation of active coagulant protein. Blood (1982);
59(3):594-600.
Fay PJ, Anderson MT, Chavin SI, Marder VJ. The size of human VIII heterodimers and the effects produced by thrombin. Biochem. Biophys. Acta (1986); 871:268-78.
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Claims (25)
1. A dried, heat-treated product comprising (i) a heat labile, biologically or therapeutically active protein or peptide preparation, and (ii) a stabilising effective amount of a composition comprising sucrose, trehalose and at least one amino acid.
2. A product as claimed in claim 1, wherein said product has been dried by freeze drying.
3. A product as claimed in claim 1, wherein said product has been dry heat-treated at greater than 75°C for up to 72 hours.
4. A product as claimed in claim 1, wherein said at least one amino acid is lysine.
5. A product as claimed in claim 1, wherein said at least one amino acid comprises a mixture of amino acids as follows:
Essential Amino Acids (mg/100mL) Nonessential Amino Acids (mg/mL) L-Isoleucine (600) ~~L-Alanine (2070) L-Leucine (730) ~~L-Arginine (1150) L-Lysine (580) ~~L-Histidine (480) L-Methionine (400) ~~L-Proline (680) L-Phenylalanine (560) ~ L-Serine (500) L-Threonine (420) ~~Glycine (1030) L-Tryptophan (180) L-Valine (580)
Essential Amino Acids (mg/100mL) Nonessential Amino Acids (mg/mL) L-Isoleucine (600) ~~L-Alanine (2070) L-Leucine (730) ~~L-Arginine (1150) L-Lysine (580) ~~L-Histidine (480) L-Methionine (400) ~~L-Proline (680) L-Phenylalanine (560) ~ L-Serine (500) L-Threonine (420) ~~Glycine (1030) L-Tryptophan (180) L-Valine (580)
6. A product as claimed in claim 1, wherein said protein or peptide preparation is a von Willebrand Factor concentrate.
7. A product as claimed in claim 1, wherein said protein or peptide preparation is a Factor VIII concentrate.
8. A product as claimed in claim 7, wherein said Factor VIII concentrate is a high purity concentrate.
9. A product as claimed in claim 7, wherein said Factor VIII concentrate is a very high purity concentrate.
10. A product as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein said composition further comprises albumin.
11. A product as claimed in claim 10, wherein said albumin is human serum albumin.
12. A method of preparing a dried, heat-treated product comprising a heat labile, biologically or therapeutically active protein or peptide preparation, which comprises (i) adding a stabilising effective amount of a composition comprising sucrose, trehalose and at least one amino acid to said protein or peptide preparation; (ii) drying said admixture; and (iii) heat-treating said dried product.
13. A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein said drying step (ii) comprises freeze-drying.
14. A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein said heat-treating step (iii) comprises dry heat treatment at greater than 75°C for up to 72 hours.
15. A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein said at least one amino acid is lysine.
16. A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein said at least one amino acid comprises a mixture of amino acids as follows:
Essential Amino Acids (mg/100mL) ~Nonessential Amino Acids (mg/mL) L-Isoleucine (600) ~~L-Alanine (2070) L-Leucine (730) ~~L-Arginine (1150) L-Lysine (580) ~~L-Histidine (480) L-Methionine (400) ~~L-Proline (680) L-Phenylalanine (560) ~L-Serine (500) L-Threonine (420) ~~Glycine (1030) L-Tryptophan (180) L-Valise (580)
Essential Amino Acids (mg/100mL) ~Nonessential Amino Acids (mg/mL) L-Isoleucine (600) ~~L-Alanine (2070) L-Leucine (730) ~~L-Arginine (1150) L-Lysine (580) ~~L-Histidine (480) L-Methionine (400) ~~L-Proline (680) L-Phenylalanine (560) ~L-Serine (500) L-Threonine (420) ~~Glycine (1030) L-Tryptophan (180) L-Valise (580)
17. A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein said protein or peptide preparation is a von Willebrand Factor concentrate.
18. A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein said protein or peptide preparation is a Factor VIII concentrate.
19. A method as claimed in claim 18, wherein said Factor VIII concentrate is a high purity concentrate.
20. A method as claimed in claim 18, wherein said Factor VIII concentrate is a very high purity concentrate.
21. A method as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 20, wherein said composition further comprises albumin.
22. A method as claimed in claim 21, wherein said albumin is human serum albumin.
23. A composition for use in the stabilisation of a heat labile, biologically or therapeutically active protein or peptide preparation, comprising sucrose, trehalose and at least one amino acid.
24. A composition as claimed in claim 23, wherein said at least one amino acid is lysine.
25. A composition as claimed in claim 23, wherein said at least one amino acid comprises a mixture of amino acids as follows:
Essential Amino Acids (mg/100mL) ~Nonessential Amino Acids (mg/mL) L-Isoleucine (600) ~~L-Alanine (2070) L-Leucine (730) ~~L-Arginine (1150) L-Lysine (580) ~~L-Histidine (480) L-Methionine (400) ~~L-Proline (680) L-Phenylalanine (560) ~L-Serine (500) L-Threonine (420) ~~Glycine (1030) L-Tryptophan (180) L-Valine (580)
Essential Amino Acids (mg/100mL) ~Nonessential Amino Acids (mg/mL) L-Isoleucine (600) ~~L-Alanine (2070) L-Leucine (730) ~~L-Arginine (1150) L-Lysine (580) ~~L-Histidine (480) L-Methionine (400) ~~L-Proline (680) L-Phenylalanine (560) ~L-Serine (500) L-Threonine (420) ~~Glycine (1030) L-Tryptophan (180) L-Valine (580)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPO8719 | 1997-08-25 | ||
| AUPO8719A AUPO871997A0 (en) | 1997-08-25 | 1997-08-25 | Dried biologically or therapeutically active preparations |
| PCT/AU1998/000682 WO1999010011A1 (en) | 1997-08-25 | 1998-08-25 | Dried biologically or therapeutically active preparations |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2301514A1 true CA2301514A1 (en) | 1999-03-04 |
Family
ID=3803005
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002301514A Abandoned CA2301514A1 (en) | 1997-08-25 | 1998-08-25 | Dried biologically or therapeutically active preparations |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1009438A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AUPO871997A0 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2301514A1 (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ503034A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL338856A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1999010011A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA987633B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2787855C2 (en) * | 2011-06-10 | 2023-01-13 | Бакстер Интернэшнл Инк. | Treatment of coagulation disorders by administration of recombinant willebrand factor |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2001270900A (en) * | 2000-03-23 | 2001-10-02 | Nihon Pharmaceutical Co Ltd | Method for inactivating virus in fibrinogen |
| CA2403962C (en) * | 2000-03-31 | 2009-12-15 | Kirin Beer Kabushiki Kaisha | Powdery preparation for transmucosal administration comprising a medicine of high molecular weight and exhibiting an improved storage stability |
| EP1428537B1 (en) * | 2001-08-29 | 2008-11-19 | Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha | Stabilized preparations containing antibody |
| FR2857267B1 (en) * | 2003-07-09 | 2006-03-10 | Lab Francais Du Fractionnement | STABILIZING AND SOLUBILIZING FORMULATION FOR CRYOPRECIPITABLE PROTEINS. |
| KR100624013B1 (en) * | 2004-06-25 | 2006-09-19 | 주식회사 녹십자홀딩스 | Pharmaceutical preparation of recombinant factor ? lyophilized without albumin as a stabilizer |
| EP2150537A4 (en) * | 2007-06-01 | 2010-09-22 | Acologix Inc | High temperature stable peptide formulation |
| JP2010529850A (en) * | 2007-06-16 | 2010-09-02 | エニグマ ディアグノスティックス リミテッド | Composition |
| RU2011110459A (en) | 2008-08-21 | 2012-09-27 | Октафарма АГ (CH) | RECOMBINANTLY OBTAINED HUMAN FACTOR VIII AND IX |
| CN107106641B (en) | 2014-10-31 | 2021-12-21 | 葛兰素史密斯克莱知识产权发展有限公司 | Powder formulation |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2916711A1 (en) * | 1979-04-25 | 1980-11-06 | Behringwerke Ag | Blood coagulation factors and process for their manufacture |
| US4623717A (en) * | 1980-03-05 | 1986-11-18 | Miles Laboratories, Inc. | Pasteurized therapeutically active protein compositions |
| JPS5874617A (en) * | 1981-10-28 | 1983-05-06 | Green Cross Corp:The | Heat-treating method of aqueous solution containing blood coagulation factor 8 derived from human |
| DE3237512A1 (en) * | 1982-10-09 | 1984-04-12 | Behringwerke Ag, 3550 Marburg | METHOD FOR PASTEURIZING ANTIHAEMOPHILIC CRYOPRAEZIPITATE (AHK) AND ANTIHAEMOPHILE CRYOPRAECIPITATE PRODUCED THEREOF |
| US4891319A (en) * | 1985-07-09 | 1990-01-02 | Quadrant Bioresources Limited | Protection of proteins and the like |
| JPH06157294A (en) * | 1992-11-19 | 1994-06-03 | Tanabe Seiyaku Co Ltd | Fine-granular fat preparation |
| GB9501040D0 (en) * | 1995-01-19 | 1995-03-08 | Quadrant Holdings Cambridge | Dried composition |
-
1997
- 1997-08-25 AU AUPO8719A patent/AUPO871997A0/en not_active Abandoned
-
1998
- 1998-08-24 ZA ZA987633A patent/ZA987633B/en unknown
- 1998-08-25 WO PCT/AU1998/000682 patent/WO1999010011A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-08-25 NZ NZ503034A patent/NZ503034A/en unknown
- 1998-08-25 EP EP98938550A patent/EP1009438A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-08-25 CA CA002301514A patent/CA2301514A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-08-25 PL PL98338856A patent/PL338856A1/en unknown
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2787855C2 (en) * | 2011-06-10 | 2023-01-13 | Бакстер Интернэшнл Инк. | Treatment of coagulation disorders by administration of recombinant willebrand factor |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO1999010011A1 (en) | 1999-03-04 |
| ZA987633B (en) | 1999-02-25 |
| EP1009438A1 (en) | 2000-06-21 |
| PL338856A1 (en) | 2000-11-20 |
| NZ503034A (en) | 2001-02-23 |
| AUPO871997A0 (en) | 1997-09-18 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| FZDE | Discontinued |