CA2278462A1 - Concrete pillar - Google Patents
Concrete pillar Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2278462A1 CA2278462A1 CA002278462A CA2278462A CA2278462A1 CA 2278462 A1 CA2278462 A1 CA 2278462A1 CA 002278462 A CA002278462 A CA 002278462A CA 2278462 A CA2278462 A CA 2278462A CA 2278462 A1 CA2278462 A1 CA 2278462A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- pillar
- flat
- flat strip
- concrete
- flat strips
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
- E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/30—Columns; Pillars; Struts
- E04C3/34—Columns; Pillars; Struts of concrete other stone-like material, with or without permanent form elements, with or without internal or external reinforcement, e.g. metal coverings
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
- E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
- E04G2023/0251—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements by using fiber reinforced plastic elements
Abstract
The invention relates to a concrete pillar, in particular a circular pillar made of reinforced concrete with a pillar base (12), a pillar top (16) and, optionally, a steel reinforcement fitted inside the pillar. In order to enhance flectional and buckling resistance, a flat strip (18) in the form of a helix is provided between the pillar base (12) and pillar top (16), extending over the pillar surface, and having a composite structure consisting of a plurality of substantially parallel-aligned carbon fibres, and a binder matrix which shear-resistantly binds the carbon fibres to each other. The flat strip (18) is attached to the pillar surface by one of its broad sides by means of an adhesive. The lead (h) of the flat strip helix is thus greater than the width (b) of the flat strip (18).
Description
Concrete Pillar Description The invention concerns a concrete pillar, in particular a circular pillar made of reinforced concrete with a pillar base connected with a foundation, with a pillar top supporting a load, as well as, optionally, a steel reinforcement fitted inside the pillar.
Pillars are vertical structural members, of which the height or length is large in comparison to their cross-sectional dimensions. The pillars serve as supports or bearings for other structural elements, such as beams or girders, and conduct their loads into the fundament.
Therein the application of compressive-loading is primarily in the longitudinal direction of the pillar. In addition, pillars can be caused to bend by application of horizontal forces, such as wind forces, impact forces or seismic movements. With slender pillars there is the further danger of buckling. Depending on the type of manufacture, minimum thicknesses have been prescribed for pillars independently of the loads or the danger of buckling. For the evaluation of pillars, regulations set forth in DIN 1045 apply. However, in a case of a danger of high impact forces and seismic movements these guidelines are not adequate for a buckling resistant design of steel reinforced pillars.
Beginning herewith the present invention is concerned with the task of providing a pillar with high resistance to buckling, which can also tolerate large horizontal forces and seismic movements.
For the solution of this task it is proposed in accordance with a first alternative embodiment to provide a flat strip in the form of a helix between the pillar base and pillar top and having a composite structure consisting of a plurality of substantially parallel-aligned reinforcing or reinforcing fibers and a binder matrix which shear-resistantly binds the reinforcing fibers to each other and which is attached to the pillar surface by one of its broad sides by means of an adhesive, wherein the lead of the flat strip helix is greater than the width of the flat strip.
The bandwidth is so determined, that no closed interstitial space can be formed between the flat strip and the pillar outer surface from which any penetrating water could not escape again. The pitch of the helix accordingly corresponds approximately to 1.1 to 5 times, preferably 1.5 to 2.5 times, the width of the flat strip. On its ends the flat strip is preferably fastened to the outer surface of the pillar by at least one fastener element, so that it cannot come lose at its ends.
According to a second embodiment, multiple flat strips circumscribing the pillar in the manner of rings are secured to the outer surface of the pillar via an adhesive between the pillar base and pillar top, spaced apart from each other, wherein the flat strips are comprised of a plurality of reinforcing fibers oriented essentially parallel to each other and a binder matrix which binds the reinforcing fibers to each other in a shear-resistant manner. Therein the flat strips have their overlapping ends connected to each other via the binder matrix. The separation between the flat strips is so determined, that no enclosed interstitial space can be formed between the flat strips and the pillar outer surface from which any penetrating water could no longer escape. The separation between the flat strips corresponds therein to 0.1-4 times, preferably the 0.5 to 1.5 multiple of the flat strip breadth.
In the case of square or quadratic concrete pillars the flat strips preferably exhibit a superimposed or impressed bending in the intermediate areas between the pillar edges or corners. This bending can be achieved thereby, that the flat strips in the corresponding areas are freed of the binder matrix with exposure of the reinforcing fibers, and the binder matrix is replaced by a pasty hardenable plastic resin.
A further improvement in the buckling resistance can be thereby achieved in a preferred embodiment of the invention when supplemental flat strips are provided which cross over the helical shaped or ring shaped flat strips in spaced-apart separation from each other and are adhered to the pillar outer surface and/or those flat strips which are present by means of an adhesive.
The reinforcing fibers of the flat strips are comprised preferably of carbon fiber, which are characterized by a high modulus of elasticity. In principle, it is also possible to use aramid, glass or polypropylene fibers or a mixture of the above mentioned fibers as the flat strips.
Pillars are vertical structural members, of which the height or length is large in comparison to their cross-sectional dimensions. The pillars serve as supports or bearings for other structural elements, such as beams or girders, and conduct their loads into the fundament.
Therein the application of compressive-loading is primarily in the longitudinal direction of the pillar. In addition, pillars can be caused to bend by application of horizontal forces, such as wind forces, impact forces or seismic movements. With slender pillars there is the further danger of buckling. Depending on the type of manufacture, minimum thicknesses have been prescribed for pillars independently of the loads or the danger of buckling. For the evaluation of pillars, regulations set forth in DIN 1045 apply. However, in a case of a danger of high impact forces and seismic movements these guidelines are not adequate for a buckling resistant design of steel reinforced pillars.
Beginning herewith the present invention is concerned with the task of providing a pillar with high resistance to buckling, which can also tolerate large horizontal forces and seismic movements.
For the solution of this task it is proposed in accordance with a first alternative embodiment to provide a flat strip in the form of a helix between the pillar base and pillar top and having a composite structure consisting of a plurality of substantially parallel-aligned reinforcing or reinforcing fibers and a binder matrix which shear-resistantly binds the reinforcing fibers to each other and which is attached to the pillar surface by one of its broad sides by means of an adhesive, wherein the lead of the flat strip helix is greater than the width of the flat strip.
The bandwidth is so determined, that no closed interstitial space can be formed between the flat strip and the pillar outer surface from which any penetrating water could not escape again. The pitch of the helix accordingly corresponds approximately to 1.1 to 5 times, preferably 1.5 to 2.5 times, the width of the flat strip. On its ends the flat strip is preferably fastened to the outer surface of the pillar by at least one fastener element, so that it cannot come lose at its ends.
According to a second embodiment, multiple flat strips circumscribing the pillar in the manner of rings are secured to the outer surface of the pillar via an adhesive between the pillar base and pillar top, spaced apart from each other, wherein the flat strips are comprised of a plurality of reinforcing fibers oriented essentially parallel to each other and a binder matrix which binds the reinforcing fibers to each other in a shear-resistant manner. Therein the flat strips have their overlapping ends connected to each other via the binder matrix. The separation between the flat strips is so determined, that no enclosed interstitial space can be formed between the flat strips and the pillar outer surface from which any penetrating water could no longer escape. The separation between the flat strips corresponds therein to 0.1-4 times, preferably the 0.5 to 1.5 multiple of the flat strip breadth.
In the case of square or quadratic concrete pillars the flat strips preferably exhibit a superimposed or impressed bending in the intermediate areas between the pillar edges or corners. This bending can be achieved thereby, that the flat strips in the corresponding areas are freed of the binder matrix with exposure of the reinforcing fibers, and the binder matrix is replaced by a pasty hardenable plastic resin.
A further improvement in the buckling resistance can be thereby achieved in a preferred embodiment of the invention when supplemental flat strips are provided which cross over the helical shaped or ring shaped flat strips in spaced-apart separation from each other and are adhered to the pillar outer surface and/or those flat strips which are present by means of an adhesive.
The reinforcing fibers of the flat strips are comprised preferably of carbon fiber, which are characterized by a high modulus of elasticity. In principle, it is also possible to use aramid, glass or polypropylene fibers or a mixture of the above mentioned fibers as the flat strips.
As binder it is preferred to use a reaction resin, such as an epoxy resin, polyurethane, acrylic resin or polyester resin. In order to achieve a stable binding of the flat strip to the outer surface of the pillar, the adhesive is preferably also comprised of a reaction resin of the above mentioned type.
The reinforced concrete pillar wrapped with the flat strips can additionally be finished or provided with a protective coating, so that the reinforcements are no longer visible from the outside.
In the following the invention will be described in greater detail on the basis of an illustrated embodiment shown in schematic form in the drawings. There is shown Fig. 1 a round pillar formed as a construction support with helical shaped flat strip wrapping;
Fig. 2a and b a top view and a side view of a flat strip section;
Fig. 3 a construction pillar with ring or hoop like flat strip wrapping;
Fig. 4a and b a section through a construction pillar according to Fig. 3 formed as a square pillar and as a round pillar;
The reinforced concrete pillar wrapped with the flat strips can additionally be finished or provided with a protective coating, so that the reinforcements are no longer visible from the outside.
In the following the invention will be described in greater detail on the basis of an illustrated embodiment shown in schematic form in the drawings. There is shown Fig. 1 a round pillar formed as a construction support with helical shaped flat strip wrapping;
Fig. 2a and b a top view and a side view of a flat strip section;
Fig. 3 a construction pillar with ring or hoop like flat strip wrapping;
Fig. 4a and b a section through a construction pillar according to Fig. 3 formed as a square pillar and as a round pillar;
Fig. 5a and b a top view and a side view of a reinforcing laminate or section with a binder free, flexible intermediate area;
Fig. 6 a concrete pillar with cross-wise and longitudinal running flat strip wrapping.
The concrete pillars 10 shown in Fig. 1, 3 and 5 have a pillar base 12 imbedded in a fundament or foundation 11 and a support head 16 formed as a bearing surface for a construction element 14. The concrete pillar 10 can include an internal steel reinforcement 17 (Fig. 4a and b).
The pillar is wrapped with a flat strip 18 (Fig. 1) or with flat strips 18', 18 " for further strengthening against bending or buckling.
In the case of Fig. 1 the flat strip 18 extends from the pillar base 12 to the pillar top 16 in a helical manner over the pillar outer surface and is secured thereto with an epoxy resin adhesive 19. The free ends of the bands are attached to the pillar via side-bar-like cover plates 20.
The pitch or axial spacing of the turns h of the flat strip helix is therein larger than the band breadth b. This corresponds in the shown embodiment to approximately 1.5 times the flat strip breadth b. The spaces 22 between the flat strip ensure that no completely enclosed spaces are formed between the flat strips and the pillar outer surface in which water can collect.
In the embodiment shown in Fig. 3 a multitude of flat strips 18' are provided which encircle the pillar in a ring-like manner and are adhered to the outer surface of the pillar with an adhesive, and are provided with a separation from each other which in the shown embodiment corresponds to approximately 0.5 times the width of the flat strip b. The spaces 22 between the flat strip rings 18' ensure that no associated closed hollow space can be formed between the flat strip the pillar outer surface, in which water can collect. The ring-shaped flat strips encircle the support with ends 24 overlapping each other (Fig. 3) .
In the embodiment shown in Fig. 6 there are provided, in addition to the ring-like flat strips 18', flat strips 18 "
which cross these at an angle of 90°, which are provided spaced apart from each other, so that also in this case spaces 22 are maintained free for evaporation of water.
The flat strips are comprised of a composite of a plurality of parallel oriented reinforcing fibers 26, preferably carbon fibers, and a binder matrix 28, preferably of epoxy resin, which binds the reinforcing fibers to each other in a shear-resistant manner. As can be seen from Fig. 4a and b, the pillars 10 can be either quadrilateral or round in cross section. In the case of the quadrilateral cross section according to Fig. 4a the flat strips are preferably provided with an impressed bend 32 in the areas spanning over the corners 30, which can be achieved thereby, that the flat strip 18 is freed of its binder matrix 28 in the appropriate area with exposure of the limp flexible reinforcing fibers 26, and that after the wrapping of the pillar the respective area is acted upon by a pasty, hardenable plastic resin which can substitute for the binder matrix (Fig. 5a and b).
Fig. 6 a concrete pillar with cross-wise and longitudinal running flat strip wrapping.
The concrete pillars 10 shown in Fig. 1, 3 and 5 have a pillar base 12 imbedded in a fundament or foundation 11 and a support head 16 formed as a bearing surface for a construction element 14. The concrete pillar 10 can include an internal steel reinforcement 17 (Fig. 4a and b).
The pillar is wrapped with a flat strip 18 (Fig. 1) or with flat strips 18', 18 " for further strengthening against bending or buckling.
In the case of Fig. 1 the flat strip 18 extends from the pillar base 12 to the pillar top 16 in a helical manner over the pillar outer surface and is secured thereto with an epoxy resin adhesive 19. The free ends of the bands are attached to the pillar via side-bar-like cover plates 20.
The pitch or axial spacing of the turns h of the flat strip helix is therein larger than the band breadth b. This corresponds in the shown embodiment to approximately 1.5 times the flat strip breadth b. The spaces 22 between the flat strip ensure that no completely enclosed spaces are formed between the flat strips and the pillar outer surface in which water can collect.
In the embodiment shown in Fig. 3 a multitude of flat strips 18' are provided which encircle the pillar in a ring-like manner and are adhered to the outer surface of the pillar with an adhesive, and are provided with a separation from each other which in the shown embodiment corresponds to approximately 0.5 times the width of the flat strip b. The spaces 22 between the flat strip rings 18' ensure that no associated closed hollow space can be formed between the flat strip the pillar outer surface, in which water can collect. The ring-shaped flat strips encircle the support with ends 24 overlapping each other (Fig. 3) .
In the embodiment shown in Fig. 6 there are provided, in addition to the ring-like flat strips 18', flat strips 18 "
which cross these at an angle of 90°, which are provided spaced apart from each other, so that also in this case spaces 22 are maintained free for evaporation of water.
The flat strips are comprised of a composite of a plurality of parallel oriented reinforcing fibers 26, preferably carbon fibers, and a binder matrix 28, preferably of epoxy resin, which binds the reinforcing fibers to each other in a shear-resistant manner. As can be seen from Fig. 4a and b, the pillars 10 can be either quadrilateral or round in cross section. In the case of the quadrilateral cross section according to Fig. 4a the flat strips are preferably provided with an impressed bend 32 in the areas spanning over the corners 30, which can be achieved thereby, that the flat strip 18 is freed of its binder matrix 28 in the appropriate area with exposure of the limp flexible reinforcing fibers 26, and that after the wrapping of the pillar the respective area is acted upon by a pasty, hardenable plastic resin which can substitute for the binder matrix (Fig. 5a and b).
In summary the following is to be concluded: The invention relates to a concrete pillar, in particular a circular pillar made of reinforced concrete with a pillar base 12, a pillar top 16 and, optionally, a steel reinforcement fitted inside the pillar. In order to enhance flexural and buckling resistance, a flat strip 18 in the form of a helix is provided between the pillar base 12 and pillar top 16, extending over the pillar surface, and having a composite structure consisting of a plurality of substantially parallel-aligned carbon fibers, and a binder matrix which shear-resistantly binds the carbon fibers to each other.
The flat strip 18 is attached to the pillar surface by one of its broad sides by means of an adhesive . The pitch h of the flat strip helix is greater than the width b of the flat strip 18.
The flat strip 18 is attached to the pillar surface by one of its broad sides by means of an adhesive . The pitch h of the flat strip helix is greater than the width b of the flat strip 18.
Claims (13)
1. Concrete pillar with a pillar base (12), a pillar top (16) and, optionally, a steel reinforcement (17) fitted inside the pillar, with a flat strip (18) in the form of a helix extending over the pillar surface, wherein the flat strip is a composite structure consisting of a plurality of substantially parallel-aligned carbon fibers and which is attached to the pillar surface by one of its broad sides by means of an adhesive, thereby characterized, that the flat strip (18) extends between the pillar base (12) and pillar top (16), that the reinforcing fibers are shear-resistantly bonded to each other via a binder matrix, and that the pitch (h) of the flat strip helix is greater than the width (b) of the flat strip (18).
2. Concrete pillar according to claim 1, thereby characterized, that the flat strip (18) is, on its ends, fastened to the outer surface of the pillar by one fastener element (20) each.
3. Concrete pillar according to claim 1 or 2, thereby characterized, that the pitch (h) of the helix corresponds to 1.1 to 5 times, preferably 1.5 to 2.5 times the width (b) of the flat strip.
4. Concrete pillar with a pillar base (12), a pillar top (16) and, optionally, a steel reinforcement (17) fitted inside the pillar, thereby characterized, that between the pillar base (12) and the pillar top (16) several flat strips (18') are provided secured to the pillar and surrounding the pillar in a ring-like manner, wherein the flat strips (18') are comprised of a plurality of parallel oriented reinforcing fibers (26) and a binder matrix (28) which binds the reinforcing fibers to each other in a shear-resistant manner, thereby characterized, that the separation (a) between the flat strips (18') corresponds to 0.1-4 times the flat strip breadth (b).
5. Concrete pillar according to claim 4, thereby characterized, that the flat strips (18') are secured to the pillar (10) with ends (24) overlapping each other.
6. Concrete pillar according to claim 4 or 5, characterized that the separation (a) between the flat strips (18') corresponds to 0.5 to 1.5 times the flat strip breadth (b).
7. Concrete pillar according to one of claims 1 through 6, thereby characterized, that supplemental flat strips (18'') are provided which cross over the helical shaped or ring shaped flat strips (18, 18') in spaced apart separation from each other and are adhered to the pillar and/or to the outer surface of the flat strips (18, 18') by means of an adhesive (19).
8. Concrete pillar according to one of claims 1 through 7, thereby characterized, that the flat strips (18, 18',18'') exhibit an impressed bend (32) in the areas spanning over the corners (30).
9. Concrete pillar according to claim 8, thereby characterized, that the flat strips (18') in the area of the impressed bend (32) can be freed of its binder matrix (28) with exposure of the reinforcing fibers (26) and can be acted upon by a pasty, hardenable plastic resin as binder replacement.
10. Concrete pillar according to one of claims 1 through 9, thereby characterized, that the reinforcing fibers are formed as carbon fibers.
11. Concrete pillar according to one of claims 1 through 10, thereby characterized, that the binder matrix consists of a reaction resin, in particular, epoxy resin.
12. Concrete pillar according to one of claims 1 through 11, thereby characterized, that the adhesive consists of a reaction resin, in particular, of an epoxy resin.
13. Concrete pillar according to one of claims 1 through 12, characterized that the pillar surface wrapped by a flat strip (18) is finished or provided with a protective coating.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19702247.2 | 1997-01-23 | ||
| DE19702247A DE19702247A1 (en) | 1997-01-23 | 1997-01-23 | Concrete column |
| PCT/EP1998/000271 WO1998032932A1 (en) | 1997-01-23 | 1998-01-20 | Concrete pillar |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2278462A1 true CA2278462A1 (en) | 1998-07-30 |
Family
ID=7818102
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002278462A Abandoned CA2278462A1 (en) | 1997-01-23 | 1998-01-20 | Concrete pillar |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0954657B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2000513060A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100348767B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE237048T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU738483B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2278462A1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE19702247A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2193516T3 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1998032932A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TR200102955T2 (en) * | 1998-03-24 | 2002-06-21 | University Of Ottawa | Renewal of existing concrete columns by applying external pressure |
| JP3484156B2 (en) * | 1999-12-27 | 2004-01-06 | 構造品質保証研究所株式会社 | Building reinforcement method and structure |
| AUPR745001A0 (en) * | 2001-09-04 | 2001-09-27 | John Holland Pty Ltd | A method for reinforcing poles |
| EP1411185B1 (en) * | 2002-10-14 | 2013-04-10 | SAG Energieversorgungslösungen GmbH | Method to retrofit concrete masts |
| US7562499B2 (en) | 2006-01-13 | 2009-07-21 | HC Bridge Company, LLC | Hybrid composite beam system |
| JP2008063744A (en) * | 2006-09-05 | 2008-03-21 | Nippon Oil Corp | Method for reinforcing existing structure with carbon fiber |
| JP6058332B2 (en) * | 2012-09-25 | 2017-01-11 | 東日本旅客鉄道株式会社 | Seismic reinforcement structure for concrete column and seismic reinforcement method for concrete column |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4559974A (en) * | 1982-10-01 | 1985-12-24 | Fawley Norman | Apparatus and method of arresting ductile fracture propagation |
| GB8421820D0 (en) * | 1984-08-29 | 1984-10-03 | Balfour Beatty Ltd | Precast concrete piles |
| JP2718459B2 (en) * | 1990-11-22 | 1998-02-25 | 三菱化学株式会社 | Reinforcement structure of existing concrete skeleton |
| US5043033A (en) * | 1991-01-28 | 1991-08-27 | Fyfe Edward R | Process of improving the strength of existing concrete support columns |
| US5218810A (en) * | 1992-02-25 | 1993-06-15 | Hexcel Corporation | Fabric reinforced concrete columns |
-
1997
- 1997-01-23 DE DE19702247A patent/DE19702247A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1998
- 1998-01-20 ES ES98905315T patent/ES2193516T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-01-20 AT AT98905315T patent/ATE237048T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-01-20 CA CA002278462A patent/CA2278462A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-01-20 JP JP10531555A patent/JP2000513060A/en active Pending
- 1998-01-20 DE DE59807863T patent/DE59807863D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-01-20 KR KR1019997006642A patent/KR100348767B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-01-20 WO PCT/EP1998/000271 patent/WO1998032932A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-01-20 AU AU60952/98A patent/AU738483B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-01-20 EP EP98905315A patent/EP0954657B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU6095298A (en) | 1998-08-18 |
| KR100348767B1 (en) | 2002-08-14 |
| EP0954657A1 (en) | 1999-11-10 |
| WO1998032932A1 (en) | 1998-07-30 |
| JP2000513060A (en) | 2000-10-03 |
| DE19702247A1 (en) | 1998-07-30 |
| ES2193516T3 (en) | 2003-11-01 |
| EP0954657B1 (en) | 2003-04-09 |
| AU738483B2 (en) | 2001-09-20 |
| KR20000070408A (en) | 2000-11-25 |
| DE59807863D1 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
| ATE237048T1 (en) | 2003-04-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |