CA2275638A1

CA2275638A1 - Device and method relating to protection of an object against over-currents comprising over-current reduction and current limitation

Info

Publication number: CA2275638A1
Application number: CA002275638A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Li Ming; Mats Leijon; Anders Sunesson; Jan Isberg; Mats Ekberg; Dan Windmar; Hans Bernhoff; Mikael Bergkvist
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: ABB AB
Priority date: 1996-12-17
Filing date: 1997-05-27
Publication date: 1998-06-25
Also published as: WO1998029929A1; WO1998027635A1; CN1246213A; PL334127A1; PL334091A1; EP0950276A1; AU2987697A; JP2001505758A; AU730114B2; TR199902195T2; BR9714227A; JP2001509357A; TR199901969T2; EP1008220A1; CN1246210A; CA2275619A1; AU2987897A; BR9714794A

Abstract

This invention is related to a device and a method in an electric power plant for protection of an object (1) against over-currents from a network (3) or another equipment included in the high voltage plant, the device comprising a switching device (4) in a line (2) between the object and the network/equipment. The line (2) between the object and the network/equipment is connected to an arrangement (5) reducing over-currents towards the object (1), said arrangement (5) being actuatable for over-current reduction with the assistance of an over-current condition detecting arrangement (11-13) within a time period substantially less than the break-time of the switching device (4).

Description

Device and method relating to protection of an object against over-currents comprising over-current reduction and current limitation.
Applicant: ASEA BROWN BOVERI AB
Device and method relating to pra~tection of an object against over-currents comprising over-current reduction and current limitation.
FILED OF THE INVENTION AND PRIOR ART
This invention is related to a device in an electric power plant for protection of an object: connected to an electric power network or another equipment in the electric power plant from fault-related over-currents, the device com prising a switching device in a line between the object and the network/equipment. In addition, the invention includes a method for protecting the object from over currents.
The electric object in question is preferably formed by a rotating electric machine having' a magnetic circuit, for instance a generator, motor (both synchronous and asyn-chronous motors are included) o:r synchronous compensator requiring protection against fault-related over-currents, i.e. in practice short-circuii: currents. As will be discussed in more detail hereunder, the structure of the rotating electric machine may bE: based upon conventional as well as non-conventional technique.
The present invention is intended to be applied in connec-tion with medium or high voltagE~. According to IEC norm, medium voltage refers to 1-72,5 kV whereas high voltage is >72,5 kV. Thus, transmission, sub-transmission and distri-bution levels are included.

In prior power plants of this nature one has resorted to, for protection of the object in question, a conventional circuit-breaker (switching device) of such a design that it provides galvanic separation on breaking. Since this circuit breaker must be designed to be able to break very high currents and voltages, it will obtain a comparatively bulky design with large inertia, which reflects itself in a comparatively long break-time. It is pointed out that the over-current primarily intended is the short-circuit current occurring in connection with the protected object, for instance as a consequence of faults in the electric insulation system of the protected object. Such faults means that the fault current (short-circuit current) of the external network/equipment will tend to flow through the arc created in the object. The result may be a very large breakdown. It may be mentioned that for the Swedish power network, the dimensioning short-circuit current/fault-current is 63 kA. In reality, the short-circuit current may amount to 40-50 kA.
A problem with said circuit-breaker is the long-break time thereof. The dimensioning break-time (IEC-norm) for com-pletely accomplished breaking is 150 milliseconds (ms). It is associated to difficulties to reduce this break-time to less than 50-130 ms depending upon the actual case. The consequence thereof is that when there is a fault in the protected object, a very high current will flow through the same during the entire time required for actuating the circuit-breaker to break. During this time the full fault current of the external power network involves a consider-able load on the protected object. In order to avoid dam-age and complete breakdown with respect to the protected object, one has, according to the prior art, constructed the object so that it manages, without appreciable damage, to be subjected to the short-circuit current/fault current during the break-time of the circuit breaker. It is pointed out that a short-circuit current (fault current) in the protected object may be composed of the own contribution of the object to lthe fault current and the current addition emanating from the network/eguipment. The own contribution of the object to the fault current is not influenced by the functioning of the circuit-breaker but the contribution to the fault: current from the net-work/equipment depends upon the operation of the circuit breaker. The requirement for constructing the protected object so that it may withstand a high short-circuit cur-rent/fault current during a considerable time period means substantial disadvantages in tree form of more expensive design and reduced performance.
The rotating electric machine:a intended here comprise synchronous machines mainly used. as generators for connec-tion to distribution and transmission networks collec-tively denoted power networks hereunder. The synchronous machines are also used as motors and for phase compensa-tion and voltage regulation, then as mechanically idling machines. The technical field also comprises double-fed machines, asynchronous converter cascades, external pole machines and synchronous flux machines.
The magnetic circuit referred to in this context may be air-wound but may also comprise: a magnetic core of lami-nated, normal or oriented, sheet or other, for example amorphous or powder based, material, or any other action for the purpose of allowing an alternating flux, a wind-ing, a cooling system etc., and may be disposed in the stator or the rotor of the machine, or in both.
It is, according to the invention, primarily the intention to protect a non-conventional rotating electric machine for direct connection to all kinds of high voltage power networks. Such a machine has its magnetic circuit designed with a threaded conductor, which is insulated with a solid insulation and in which earth has been incorporated.
In order to be able to explain and describe the non-con-ventional machine, a brief description of a rotating elec-tric machine will first be given, exemplified on the basis of a synchronous machine. The first part of the description substantially relates to the magnetic circuit of such a machine and how it is constructed according to classical technique. Since the magnetic circuit referred to in most cases is located in the stator, the magnetic circuit below will normally be described as a stator with a laminated sheet metal core, the winding of which will be referred to as a stator winding and slots arranged for the winding in the laminated core will be referred to as stator slots or simply slots.
Most synchronous machines have a field winding in the rotor, where the main flux is generated by direct current, and an AC winding in the stator. The synchronous machines are normally of three-phase design and the invention mainly relates to such machines. Sometimes the synchronous machines are designed with salient poles. However, cylin-drical rotors are used for two- or four-pole turbo genera-tors and for double-fed machines. The latter have an AC
winding in the rotor and this may be designed for the voltage levels of the power network.
The stator body for large synchronous machines are often made of sheet steel with a welded construction. The lami-nated core is normally made from varnished 0.35 or 0.5 mm electric sheet. For radial ventilation and cooling, the laminated core is, at least for medium size and large machines divided into packages with radial or axial ven-tilation channels. For larger machines, the sheet is punched into segments, which arE: attached to the stator body by means of wedges/dovetails. The laminated core is retained by pressure fingers and pressure plates. The stator winding is located in slots in the laminated core 5 and the slots have, as a rule, a cross section as a rec-tangle or as a trapetzoid.
Polyphase AC windings are designed either as single layer or two-layer windings. In the case of single-layer wind-ings, there is only one coil side per slot, and in the case of two-layer windings there: are two coil sides per slot. By coil side is meant one or more conductors brought together in height and/or width and provided with a common coil insulation, i.a. an insulation intended to withstand the rated voltage of the machinE= relative to earth. Two layer windings are usually designed as diamond windings, whereas the single-layer windings, which are relevant in this connection may be designed as diamond windings or as a flat winding. In the case of a diamond winding, only one coil span (or possibly two coil spans) occurs, whereas flat windings are designed as concentric windings, i.e.
with a greatly varying coil span. By coil span is meant the distance in circular measure between two coil sides belonging to the same coil, either in relation to the relevant pole pitch or in the number of intermediate slot pitches. Usually different variants of chording are used, for example fractional pitch, 1to give the winding the desired properties.
The type of winding substantially describes how the coils in the slots, that is the coil sides, are connected to-gether outside the stator, that is at the coil ends. A
typical coil side is formed by :>o called Roebel bars, in which certain of the bars have been made hollow for a coolant. A Roebel bar comprises a plurality of rectangu-lar, parallel connected copper' conductors, which are transposed 360 degrees along the slot. Ringland bars with transpositions of 540 degrees and other transpositions also occur. The transposition is necessary to avoid circu-lating currents. Between each strand there is a thin insu-lation, e.g. epoxy/glass fibre. The main insulation be-tween the slot and the conductors is made, e.g., of ep-oxy/glass fibre/mica and has externally a thin semicon-ducting earth potential layer used for equalizing the electrical field. Externally of the sheet stack, one does not have any outer semiconducting earth potential layer, but an electric field control in the form of so called corona protection varnish intended to convert a radial field into an axial field, which means that the insulation on the coil ends occurs at a high potential relative to ground. The field control is a problem which sometimes gives rise to corona in the coil-end region, which may be destructive.
Normally all large machines are designed with a two-layer winding and equally large coils. Each coil is placed with one side in one of the layers and the other side in the other layer. This means that also coils cross each other in the coil-end. If more than two layers are used, these crossings render the winding work difficult and deterio rate the coil-end.
What has been stated above may be said to belong to clas-sical technique when it comes to the rotating electrical machines in view.
During the last decades, there have been increasing re-quirements for rotating electric machines for higher volt-ages than what has previously been possible to design and produce. The maximum voltage level which, according to the state of the art, has been possible to achieve for syn-chronous machines with a good yield in the coil production is around 25-30 kV. It is also generally known that con-nection of a synchronous machi.ne/generator to a power network must be made via a 0/Y-connected so called step-up transformer, since the voltage of the power network nor-orally lies at a higher level than the voltage of the ro-tating electric machine. Together with a synchronous ma-chine, this transformer thus constitutes integrated parts of a plant. The transformer constitutes an extra cost and also entails the disadvantage that the total efficiency of the system is lowered. If it were possible to manufacture machines for considerably higher voltages, the step-up transformer could thus be omitted.
Certain attempts to a new approach as regards the design of synchronous machines are described, inter alia, in an article entitled "Water-and-oil-cooled Turbogenerator TVM-300" in J. Elektrotechnika, No. 1, 1970, pp 6-8, in US 4 429 244 "Stator of generator" and in the Russian patent document CCCP patent 955369.
The water- and oil-cooled synchronous machine described in J. Elektroteknika is intended for voltages up to 20 kV.
The article describes a new in~;ulation system consisting of oil/paper insulation, which makes it possible to emerse the stator completely in oil. The oil can then be used as a coolant while at the same time using it as insulation.
To prevent oil in the stator from leaking out towards the rotor, a dielectric oil-separating ring is provided at the internal surface of the core. The stator winding is made from conductors with an oval hallow shape provided with oil and paper insulation. The coil sides with their insu-lation are secured in the slots made with rectangular cross section by means of wedges. As coolant oil is used both in the hollow conductors and in holes in the stator walls. Such cooling systems, however, entail a large num-ber of connections of both oi.l and electricity at the coil-ends. The thick insulation also entails an increased radius of curvature of the conductors, which in turn re-sults in an increased size of the winding overhang.
The above mentioned US patent relates to the stator part of a synchronous machine which comprises a magnetic core of laminated sheet with trapetsoidal slots for the stator winding. The slots are tapered since the need of insula-tion of the stator winding is smaller towards the interior of the rotor where that part of the winding which is lo-cated nearest the neutral point is located. In addition, the stator part comprises a dielectric oil-separating cylinder nearest the inner surface of the core. This part may increase the magnetization requirement relative to a machine without this ring. The stator winding is made of oil-immersed cables with the same diameter for each coil layer. The layers are separated from each other by means of spacers in the slots and secured by wedges. What is special for the winding is that it comprises two so called half-windings connected in series. One of the two half-windings is located, centered, inside an insulating sleeve. The conductors of the stator winding are cooled by surrounding oil. A disadvantage with such a large quantity of oil in the system is that the risk of leakage and the considerable amount of cleaning work which may result from a fault condition. Those parts of the insulating sleeve which are located outside the slots have a cylindrical part and a conical termination, the duty of which is to control the electric field strength in the region where the cable leaves the laminated core.
From CCCP 955369 it is clear, in another attempt to raise the rated voltage of the synchronous machine, that the oil-cooled stator winding comprises a conventional high-voltage cable with the same dimension for all the layers.
The cable is placed in stator slots formed as circular, radially located openings corresponding to the cross sec-tion area of the cable and the necessary space for fixing and for coolant. The different radially located layers of the winding are surrounded by and fixed in insulated tubes. Insulating spacers fix 'the tubes in the stator slot. Because of the oil-cooling, an internal dielectric ring is also here needed for sealing the oil-coolant against the internal air gap. The: structure shown does not have any reduction of the insulation or of the stator slots. The structure comprises a very thin radial waist between different stator slots, which means a large slot leakage flux which significantly influences the magnetiza-tion requirement of the machine.
Machine designs according to t:he pieces of literature accounted for mean that the electromagnetic material in the stator is not used to an optimum. The stator teeth should adjoin as closely to the casing of the coil sides as possible from a magnetical point of view. It is highly desirable to have a stator tooth having, at each radial level, a maximum width since the width of the tooth af-fects considerably the losses of the machine and, accord-ingly, the need for magnetization. This is particularly important for machines with higher voltage since the num-ber of conductors per slot becomes large therein.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
The primary object of the present invention is to devise ways to design the device and the method so as to achieve better protection for the object and, accordingly, a reduced load on the same, a fact which means that the object itself does not have to be designed to withstand a maximum of short-circuit currents/fault currents during relatively long time periods.

A secondary object with the invention is to design the protection device and method such that an adequate protec-tion is achieved for rotating electric machines, the de-sign of which is based upon non-conventional design prin-5 ciples, which may mean that the design does not have the same resistance to fault-related over-currents, internal as well as external, as the conventional machines of to-day.

10 ~L1MMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, the object indicated above is achieved in that the line between the object and the switching device is connected to an overcurrent reducing arrangement, which is actuatable for overcurrent reduc-tion with assistance of an overcurrent conditions de-tecting arrangement within a time period substantially less than the break time of the switching device, and that between the connection of the overcurrent reducing arrangement to the line and the object, there is pro-vided a current limiter.
Thus, the invention is based upon the principle not to rely for breaking purposes only upon a switching device which finally establishes galvanic separation, but in-stead use a rapidly operating overcurrent reducing ar-rangement, which, without effecting any real breaking of the overcurrent, nevertheless reduces the same to such an extent that the object under protection will be sub-jected to substantially reduced strains and, accord-ingly, a smaller amount of damage. The reduced overcur-rent/fault current means, accordingly, that when the switching device establishes galvanic separation, the total energy injection into the protected object will have been much smaller than in absence of the overcur-rent reducing arrangement. Besides, there will a further reduction of the fault current flowing to (or from) the object by means of the current limiter. Also the current limiter is of such a nature that: it is rapidly operating for current reduction to such an extent that the strains imposed on the object will be dramatically reduced with-out the current limiter having to effect any total breaking of the overcurrent/fau7_t current.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the overcurrent reducing arrangEament is designed as com-prising an overcurrent diverter for diversion of over-currents to earth or otherwise another unit having a lower potential than the network/equipment.
The current limiter according t:o the invention is suit-ably based on current limitation by means of a constant or variable inductance and/or resistance or other imped-ance.
As is more closely defined in the claims, the invention is applicable on rotating electric machines having magnetic circuits designed by means of cable technology. These machines may under certain cond_Ltions become sensitive to electrical faults. Such a design may for instance be given a lower impedance than what is considered conventional today within the power field. 'This means a lower resis-tance against fault-related over-currents than that pre-sented by conventional machines of today. If the machines, besides, have been designed from the start to operate with a higher electrical voltage thar.~ the conventional machines of today, the strain on the electrical insulation system of the machine, caused by the resulting higher electrical field, becomes, of course, greater. This means that the machine may be more efficient, more economical, mechani-cally lighter, more reliable, less expensive to use and generally more economical than conventional machines, and the machine may manage without the usual connection to other electromagnetic machines, but such a machine places great demands on the electrical protection to eliminate, or at least reduce, the consequences of a breakdown in the machine in question. A combination of the protection de-vice according to the invention and a rotating electric machine designed in this way means, accordingly, an opti-mization of the plant in its entirety.
The electric machine primarily intended with the invention operates with such a high voltage that the ~/Y-connected step-up transformer mentioned above may be omitted, i.e.
machines with a considerably higher voltage than machines according to the state of the art is intended in order to be able to perform direct connection to power networks at all types of high voltage. This means considerably lower investment costs for systems with a rotating electric machine and the total efficiency of the system can be increased.
A rotating electric machine according to the invention entails a considerably reduced thermal stress on the sta-tor. Temporary overloads of the machine does become less critical and it will be possible to drive a machine at overload for a longer period of time without running the risk of damage arising. This means considerable advantages for owners of power generating plants, who are forced today, in case of operational disturbances, to rapidly switch to other equipment in order to ensure the delivery requirements laid down by law. With a rotating electric machine of such a design here contemplated, the mainte-nance costs can be significantly reduced because a trans-former does not have to be included in the system for connecting the machine to the power network.

The invention also includes a synchronous compensator directly connected to the power network.
To increase the power of a rotating electric machine, it is known to attempt to increase the current in the AC
coils. This has been achieved b:y optimizing the quantity of conducting material, that is by close-packing of rec-tangular conductors in the rectangular rotor slots. The aim has been to handle the increase in temperature result-ing from this by increasing the quantity of insulating material and using more temperature resistant and hence more expensive insulating materials. The high temperature and field load on the insulation have also caused problems with the life of the insulation. In the relatively thick-walled insulating layers which are used for high voltage equipment, for example impregnated layers of mica tape, partial discharges, pd, constitute a serious problem. When manufacturing these insulating layers, cavities, pores and the like, will easily arise, in which internal corona discharges arise when the insulation is subjected to high electric field strengths. These corona discharges gradu-ally degrade the material and may lead to electric break-down through the insulation.
In order to be able to increase the power of a rotating electric machine in a technically and economically j usti-fiable way, this must be achieved by ensuring that the insulation is not broken down by the phenomena described above. This can be achieved by means of an insulation system produced so that the risk. for cavities and pores is minimal. The insulation system about said at least one current-carrying conductor included in the winding in question comprises an electrically insulating layer of a solid insulating material, about which there is arranged an outer layer of a semiconducting material. An inner layer of semiconducting material is arranged inwardly of the insulating layer. Said at least one conductor is ar-ranged inwardly of the inner layer.
In order to obtain a good thermal resistance, it is pre-y ferred that at least one of the inner and outer layers have substantially equal coefficients of thermal expansion as the insulating material. In practice, both layers and the insulating material have substantially equal thermal coefficients of expansion. This in combination with the fact that the inner and outer layers are bonded relative to the insulating material along substantially the entire interface means that the insulating material as well as inner and outer layers will form a monolithic part such that defects due to different temperature expansion do not occur. The electrical load on the insulation increases as a consequence of the f act that the semiconducting layers about the insulating material will form equipotential surfaces meaning that the electrical field in the insulat-ing material will be distributed evenly over the same. The outer semiconducting layer is suitably connected to earth potential or otherwise a low potential. This means that for such a cable the outer layer about the insulating material may be kept at earth potential for the whole length of the cable.
The outer semiconducting layer may also be cut off at suitable locations along the length of the conductor and each cut-off partial length may be directly connected to earth potential. Around the outer semiconducting layer there may also be arranged other layers, casings and the like, such as a metal shield and a protective mantle. A
further improvement of the invention is achieved by making the coils and the slots, in which the coils are placed, round instead of rectangular. By making the cross section of the coils round, these will be surrounded by a constant magnetic field without concentrations where magnetic sepa-ration may arise. Also the electric field in the coil will be distributed evenly over the cross section and local loads on the insulation are considerably reduced. In addition, it is easier to place circular coils in slots in 5 such a way that the number of coil sides per coil group may increase and an increase of i~he voltage may take place without the current in the conductors having to be increased.
10 Additional improvements may also be achieved by composing the conductor from smaller part:, so called strands. The strands may be insulated from each other and only a small number of strands may be left uninsulated and in contact with the inner semiconducting layer to ensure that this is 15 at the same potential as the conductor.
The outer semiconducting layer should present such elec-trical properties that a potential equalization along the conductor is ensured. However, the outer layer may not present such conduction properties that a current will be carried along the surface, which could give cause to losses, which in turn could cau;~e undesired thermal load.
The inner semiconducting layer must have a sufficient electrical conductivity to ensure potential equalization and, accordingly, equalization of the electric field out side the layer but this requires, on the other hand, that the resistivity may not be too small. It is preferred that the resistivity for the inner and outer layers is in the range 10-6 S2cm - 100 kS2 cm, s>uitably 10-3 - 1000 SZcm, preferably 1-500 ~cm.
The use of a cable of a flexible type for forming the winding means that the winding work may occur by means of a threading operation where the cable is threaded into the openings of the slots in the magnetic cores.

Since the outer semiconducting layer is connected to earth potential or otherwise a relatively low potential, it will essentially operate for enclosing the electrical field inwardly of the layer. The use of an insulation system comprising a solid insulation surrounded by inner and outer semiconducting layers for enclosing the electrical field in the insulation means a substantial improvement compared with the prior art and eliminates entirely the need for resorting to liquid or gaseous insulation materials.
In order to master the problems occurring with direct connection of rotating electric machines to all kinds of high voltage power networks, a machine according to the invention has a number of features, which substantially distinguishes it from the prior art with respect to clas-sical machine technology and the machine technology which has been published during the last years:
- as has been mentioned, the winding is made of a cable having one or more solidly insulated conductors with a conducting layer around the insulation. A few typical conductors of this kind is XLPE-cable (Cross linked poly-ethylene) or a cable with EP-rubber insulation (EP - eth-ylene-propylene); however, the cable must be further de-veloped both as far as the strands of the conductor and as far as the semiconducting layers are concerned - cables are preferably used with a circular cross sec-tion. However, in order to obtain a better packing den-sity, cables with another cross section may be used - use of such a cable allows the magnetic core to be de-signed in a new and optimal manner according to the inven-tion both with respect to slots and teeth - the winding is carried out with a trapped insulation for the best possible use of the magnetic core - the design of the slots is adapted to the cross section of the cable of the winding in :such a way that the slots are formed as a number of axially and radially outwardly of each other extending cylindrical openings with an open waist running between the layers of the stator winding - the design of the grooves is adjusted to the cable cross section in view - the design of the slots is adapted to the trapped insu-lation of the slots - the development with respect -to the strands means that the conductor of the winding consists of a number of lay-ers combined with each other, ~~.e. not necessarily ade-quately transposed with respect -to each other, of strands, including both uninsulated and insulated strands - the development with respect to the outer casing means that the outer casing is cut off at suitable locations along the length of the conductor and each cut-off partial length is directly connected to Earth potential - the winding is preferably carried out as a multi-layer concentrical cable winding to decrease the number of coil-end crossings.
These features involve a number of advantages relative to machines according to the prior art:
- the trapped insulation means> that a nearly constant tooth width may be used independently of the radial propa gation - the use of such a cable means that the outer semicon-ducting layer of the winding may be kept at earth poten-tial along the whole length thereof - an important advantage is that the electrical field is near zero in the coil-end region outside the outer semi-conducting layer and that the electrical field does not have to be controlled when the layer is at earth poten-tial. This means that one cannot get any field concentra-tions, neither in the core, in coil-end regions nor in the transition therebetween - the mixture of insulated as well as uninsulated combined strands and transposed strands alternatively involve low additional costs.
To summarize, a rotating electric machine according to the invention means a considerable number of important advan-tages in relation to corresponding prior art machines.
First of all, the machine can be connected directly to a power network at all types of high voltage. Another impor-tant advantage is that earth potential has been consis-tently conducted along the whole winding, which means that the coil-end region can be made compact and that support means in the coil-end region can be applied at practically earth potential. Still another important advantage is that oil-based insulation and cooling systems disappear. This means that no sealing problems may arise and that the dielectric ring previously mentioned is not needed. One advantage is also that all forced cooling can be made at ground potential. A considerable space and weight saving from the installation point of view is obtained with a ro-tating electric machine according to the invention, since it replaces a previous insulation design with both a ma-chine and a step-up transformer.

Further advantages and features of the invention, particu-larly with respect to the method according to the inven-tion, appears from the following description and claims.
HRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING:i With reference to the enclosed drawings, a more specific description of an embodiment example of the invention follows hereinafter.
In the drawings:
Fig 1 is a purely diagrammat:ical view illustrating the basic aspects behind 'the solution according to the invention, Figs 2a-2d are diagrams illustrating in a diagrammatical form and in a comparative way fault current de velopments and the energy development with and without the protection device according to the invention;
Fig 3 is a diagrammatical view illustrating a conceiv-able design of a device according to the inven-tion;
Figs 4-9 are views partly corresponding to Fig 3 of dif-ferent alternative embodiment of the invention with regard to the current limiter denoted 6;
Fig 10 is a diagrammatical view illustrating a possible design of the overcurrent reducing arrangement;

Fig 11 is a diagrammatical view illustrating the device according to the invention applied in connec tion with a power plant comprising a generator, a transformer and a power network coupled 5 thereto;
Fig 12 illustrates parts contained in a cable intended to form the winding for a magnetic circuit of a rotating electric machine of a kind particularly 10 well suited to be protected by the protection device according to the invention; and Fig 13 illustrates in an axial end view an embodiment of a sector/pole pitch of a magnetic circuit in 15 a rotating electric machine, for which the pro-tection device according to the invention is particularly well suited.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
An electric power plant comprising a protected object 1 is shown in Fig 1. As is described hereunder, this object could for instance consist of a generator. This object is connected, via a line 2, to an external distribution net-work 3. Instead of such a network, the unit denoted 3 could be formed by some other equipment contained in the power plant. The power plant involved is conceived to be of such a nature that it is the object 1 itself which primarily is intended to be protected against fault cur-rents from the network/equipment 3 when there occurs a fault in the object 1 giving rise to a fault current from the network/equipment 3 towards the object 1 so that the fault current will flow through the object. Said fault may consist in a short-circuit having been formed in the ob-ject 1. A short-circuit is a conduction path, which is not intended, between two or more points. The short-circuit may far instance consist of an arc. This short-circuit and the resulting violent current flow may involve consider-able damages and even a total break-down of the object 1.
It is already pointed out that with at least some types of protected electrical objects 1, short-circuit cur-rents/fault currents harmful to the object in question may flow from the protected ob;,ject towards the net-work/equipment 3. Within the scoF~e of the invention, it is intended to be used for protect~.on purposes not only for protection of the object from e:Kternally emanating fault currents flowing towards the object but also from internal fault currents in the objects flowing in the opposite direction. This will be discussed in more detail in the following.
In the following, the designation 3 will, to simplify the description, always be mentioned. as consisting of an ex-ternal power network. However, it should be kept in mind that some other equipment may be. involved instead of such a network, as long as said equipment causes violent cur-rent flows through the object 1 when there is a fault.
A conventional circuit breaker 4 is arranged in the line 2 between the object 1 and the network 3. This circuit breaker comprises at least one: own sensor for sensing circumstances indicative of the fact that there is an overcurrent flowing in the line 2. Such circumstances may be currents/voltages but also other indicating that a fault is at hand. For instance, the sensor may be an arc sensor or a sensor recording short circuit sound etc. When the sensor indicates that the overcurrent is above a cer-tain level, the circuit breaker 4 is activated for break-ing of the connection between the object 1 and the network 3. The circuit breaker 4 must, however, break the total short circuit current/fault current. Thus, the circuit breaker must be designed to fulfil highly placed require-ments, which in practice means that it will operate rela-tively slowly. In Fig 2a it is illustrated in a cur-rent/time-diagram that when a fault, for instance a short circuit in the object 1, occurs at the time tfault~ the fault current in the line denoted 2 in Fig 1 rapidly as-sumes the magnitude il. This fault current il is broken by means of the circuit breaker 4 at tl, which is at least within 150 ms after tfault- Fig 2b illustrates the diagram i2~t and, accordingly, the energy developed in the pro tected object 1 as a consequence of the short circuit therein. The energy injection into the object occurring as a consequence of the short-circuit current is, accord ingly, represented by the total area of the outer rectan gle in Fig 2d.
It is in this connection pointed out that the fault cur-rent in Figs 2a-c and the currents in Fig 2d represent the envelope of the extreme value. Only one polarity has been drawn out in the diagram for the sake of simplicity.
The circuit breaker 4 is of such a design that it estab-lishes galvanic separation by separation of metallic con-tacts. Accordingly, the circuit breaker 4 comprises, as a rule, required auxiliary equipment for arc extinguishing.
According to the invention the line 2 between the object 1 and the switching device 4 is connected to an arrangement reducing overcurrents towards the apparatus 1 and generally denoted 5. The arrangement is actuatable for overcurrent reduction with the assistance of an overcurrent conditions detecting arrangement within a time period substantially less than the break time of the circuit breaker 4. This arrangement 5 is, accordingly, designed such that it does not have to establish any galvanic separation. Therefore, conditions are created to very rapidly establish a current reduction without having to accomplish any total elimination of the current flowing from the network 3 towards the protected object 1. Fig 2b illustrates in contrast to the ease according to Fig 2a that the overcurrent reducing arrangement 5 according to the invention is activated upon occurrence of a short circuit current at the time tfault for overcurrent reduction to the level i2 at the time t2. The time interval tfault-t2 represents, accordingly, the reaction time of the overcurrent reducing arrangement 5. The task of the arrangement 5 not to break but only reduce the fault current, the arrangement may be caused to react extremely rapidly, which will be discussed more closely hereunder. As an example, it may be mentioned that current reduction from the level il to th.e level i2 is intended to be accomplished within one or a few ms after unacceptable overcurrent conditions having been detected. It is then aimed at to accomplish the current reduction in a shorter time than 1 ms, and preferably more rapidly than 1 microsecond.
As appears from Fig 1, the device comprises a current limiter generally denoted 6 and. arranged in the line 2 between the connection of the arrangement 5 to the line 2 and the object 1. This current limiter is adapted to oper-ate for current limitation primarily in a direction to-wards the object 1 but in certain fault cases also in a direction away from the object. The current limiter 6 may be arranged to be brought into operation for current limi-tation as rapidly as or even more rapidly than the over-current reducing arrangement 5. According to a further alternative involving less strain on the current limiter 6, the current limiter could be designed to be activated for current limitation not until the over-current from the network 3 towards the object 1 has been reduced by means of the over-current reducing arrangement 5, but of course the current limiter 6 should be brought to activity for current limitation substantially more early than the time when the circuit breaker 4 breaks. From that stated it appears that it is suitable that the current limiter 6 is coupled to the line 2 in such a way that it is the current reduced by means of the over-current reducing arrangement which in an even more reduced extent will flow through the current limiter 6.
Fig 2b illustrates the action of the current limiter 6. In said Figure it has been chosen to indicate that the cur-rent limiter 6 enters into operation for current limita-tion at the time t3, which in the example would mean that the duration of the current i2 reduced by means of the over-current reducing arrangement 5 has been substantially limited, namely to the time span t2-t3. It is again pointed out that the representations in Fig 2 are to be considered as purely diagrammatical. The time t3, when the current limiter 6 is activated, may be much earlier and even earlier than the time for activation of the over-current reducing arrangement 5 at the time t2. It appears from Fig 2b that the fault current after the time t3 is reduced to the level i3. This remaining fault current i3 is finally broken by means of the circuit breaker 4 at a time tl. However, the fault current i3 is so comparatively small as a consequence of adequate dimensioning of the current limiter 6 that the fault current in question may be endured by the object in question and also other parts of the power plant. The consequence of the reduction and limitation respectively of the fault current, which the energy injection from the network 3 caused by said fault current will give rise to, in the protected object 1 is represented by the surfaces marked in Fig 2d with oblique lines. It appears that a drastic reduction of the energy injection is achieved. In this connection it is pointed out that since, according to a specific model, the energy increases with the square of the: current, a reduction by one half of the current reduces the energy injection to a fourth. It is illustrated in Fig 2c that the fault current will tend to flow through the device 5. That part i3 of 5 the total fault current il, which will continue to flow through the current limiter 6 after the time t3 is also marked in Fig 2c.
In reality, the dimensioning of the arrangement 5 and the 10 current limiter 6 is conceived to be carried out such that the arrangement 5 reduces the fault current and the volt-age to be restricted by means of the current limiter 6 to substantially lower levels. A realistic activation time as far as the current limiter 6 i;s concerned is 1 ms, the 15 dimensioning possibly being po:a ible to carry out such that the current limiter 6 is caused to delimit the cur-rent not until after the arrangement 5 has reduced the current flowing through the limiter 6 to at least a sub-stantial degree. As pointed out, this is not a requirement 20 but the opposite case would also be possible.
It is illustrated in more detai:L in Fig 3 how the device may be realized. It is pointed out that the invention is applicable in direct current (also HVDC - High Voltage 25 Direct Current) and alternating current connections. In a multi phase arrangement with alternating current, the line denoted 2 may be considered as farming one of the phases in a multi phase alternating current system. However, it should be noted that the device according to the invention may be realized so that either all phases are subjected to the protecting function according to the invention in case of a detected error, or that only that or those phases where a fault current is obtained is subjected to current limitation.

It appears from Fig 3 that the overcurrent reducing ar-rangement generally denoted 5 comprises an overcurrent diverter 7 for diverting overcurrents to earth 8 or other-wise another unit having a lower potential than the net-s work 3. Thus, the overcurrent diverter may be considered as forming a current divider which rapidly establishes a short circuit to earth or otherwise a low potential 8 for the purpose of diverting at least a substantial part of the current flowing in the line 2 so that said current does not reach the object 1 to be protected. If there is a serious fault in the object 1, for instance a short cir-cuit, which is of the same magnitude as the short circuit that the overcurrent diverter 7 is capable of establish-ing, it may be said that generally speaking a reduction to one half of the current flowing to the object 1 from the network 3 is achieved as a consequence of the overcur-rent diverter 7 in case the fault is close to the latter.
In comparison with Fig 2b, it appears, accordingly, that the current level i2 illustrated therein and being indi-sated to amount to approximatively half of il may be said to represent the worst occurring case. Under normal condi-tions, the purpose is that the overcurrent diverter 7 should be able to establish a short circuit having a bet-ter conductivity than the one corresponding to the short circuit fault in the object 1 to be protected so that accordingly a main part of the fault current is diverted to earth or otherwise a lower potential via the overcur-rent diverter 7. It appears from this that, accordingly, in a normal fault case, the energy injection into the object 1 in case of a fault becomes substantially smaller than that which is indicated in Fig 2d as a consequence of lower current level i2 as well as shorter time span t2-t3.
The overcurrent diverter 7 comprises switch means coupled between earth 8 or said lower potential and the line 2 between the object 1 and the network 3. This switch means comprises a control member 9 and a switch member 10. This switch member may for instance be formed by at least one semiconductor component, for instance a thyristor, which is open in a normal state, i.e. isolating in relation to earth, but via the control member 9 may be brought into an active, conducting state in a very short time in order to establish current reduction by diversion to earth.
Fig 3 also illustrates that an overcurrent conditions detecting arrangement may compriae at least one and pref-erably several sensors 11-13 suitable for detecting such overcurrent situations requiring activation of the protec-tion function. As also appears i:rom Fig 3, these sensors may include the sensor denoted 13 located in the object 1 or in its vicinity. Furthermore, the detector arrangement comprises a sensor 11 adapted to sense overcurrent condi-tions in the line 2 upstreams of the connection of the overcurrent reducing arrangement 5 and the line 2. As is also explained in the following, it is suitable that a further sensor 12 is provided to sense the current flowing in the line 2 towards the object 1 to be protected, i . e.
the current which has been reduced by means of the over-current reducing arrangement 5. '.Cn addition, it is pointed out that the sensor 12, as well as possibly the sensor 13, is capable of sensing the current: flowing in the line 2 in a direction awav from the object 1, for instance in cases where energy magnetically stored in the object 1 gives rise to a current directed away i:rom the object 1.
It is pointed out that the sensors 11-13 do not necessar-ily have to be constituted by only current and/or voltage sensing sensors. Within the scope of the invention, the sensors may be of such nature that they generally speaking may sense any conditions indicative of the occurrence of a fault of the nature requiring initiation of a protection function.

In cases where such a fault occurs that the fault current will flow in a direction away from the object 1, the de-vice is designed such that the control unit 14 thereof will control the further breaker 6 to closing, in case it would have been open, and, in addition, the overcurrent reducing arrangement 5 is activated such that the short circuit current may be diverted by means of the same.
When, for example, the object 1 is conceived to consist of a transformer, the function on occurrence of a short cir-cuit therein could be such that the short circuit first gives rise to a violent flow of current into the transfor-mator, which is detected and gives rise to activation of the arrangement 5 for the purpose of current diversion.
When the current flowing towards the transformer 1 has been reduced in a required degree, the current limiter 6 is caused to reduce the current, but, controlled by means of the control unit 14, possibly not earlier than leaving time for the energy, in occurring cases, magnetically stored in the generator 1 to flow away from the generator 1 and be diverted via the arrangement 5.
Furthermore, the device comprises a control unit generally denoted 14. This is connected to the sensors 11-13, to the overcurrent reducing arrangement 5 and to the current limiter 6. The operation is such that when the control unit 14 via one or more of the sensors 11-13 receives signals indicating occurrence of unacceptable fault cur-rents towards the object 1, the overcurrent reducing ar-rangement 5 is immediately controlled to rapidly provide the required current reduction. The control unit 14 may be arranged such that when the sensor 12 has sensed that the current or voltage has been reduced to a sufficient de-gree, it controls the current limiter 6 to obtain opera-tion thereof for breaking when the overcurrent is below a predetermined level. Such a design ensures that the cur-rent limiter 6 is not caused to limit the current until the current really has been reduced to such a degree that the current limiter 6 is not given the task to break such a high current that it is not adequately dimensioned for that purpose. However, the embodiment may alternatively also be such that the current limiter 6 is controlled to limit the current a certain predetermined time after the overcurrent reducing arrangement having been controlled to carry out current reduction.
The circuit breaker 4 may comprise a detector arrangement of its own for detection of overcurrent situations or otherwise the circuit breaker may be controlled via the control unit 14 based upon information from the same sen-sors 11-13 also controlling the operation of the overcur-rent reducing arrangement.
In the embodiment illustrated in Fig 3 the current limiter 6 is formed by an inductance 27 provided in the line 2.
Such an inductance achieved by means of a coil has the result that at a certain increase of the current, a back electromotive force arises, which counteracts increase of current. An advantage with this embodiment is that it is extremely simple and furthermore, it gives rise to, when a fault occurs, a rapid limitation of the current flow to-wards the object 1 without need for active control.
As the device has been described until now, it operates in the following way: In absence of a fault, the circuit breaker is closed whereas the switch means 10 of the over-current reducing arrangement 5 is open, i.e. in a non-conductive state. In this situaltion the switch means 10 must, of course, have an adequate electrical strength so that it is not unintentionally brought into a conducting state. Over-voltage conditions appearing in the line 2 as a consequence of athmospheric (lightning) circumstances or coupling measures may, thus, not cause the voltage strength of the closing means 10 in its non-conducting state to be exceeded. For this purpose, it is suitable to couple at least one surge arrester 22 in parallel over the 5 switch means 10. In the example, such surge arresters are illustrated on either side of the switch means 10. The surge arresters have, accordingly, the purpose to divert such over-voltages which otherwise could risk to cause inadvertent breakthrough in the switch means 10.
When an over-current state has been registered by any of the sensors 11-13 or the own sensor of the circuit breaker 4 (it is of course understood that information from the own sensor of the circuit breaker 4 can be used as a basis for control of the over-current reducing arrangement 5 according to the invention) and this over-current state is of such magnitude that a serious fault of the object 1 can be expected to be present, the breaking function is initi-ated as far as the circuit breaker 4 is concerned. In addition, the control unit 14 controls the over-current reducing arrangement 5 to effect such reduction, and this more closely by causing the switch means 10 into an elec-trically conducting state via control member 9. As de-scribed before, this may occur very rapidly, i.e. in a fraction of the time required for breaking by the circuit breaker 4, for what reason the object to be protected immediately is relieved from the full short-circuit cur-rent from the network 3 by the switch means 10 diverting at least an important part and in practice the main part of the current to earth or otherwise a lower potential.
The current limiter 6 may, as well, enter into a rapid function to limit the current flowing into the line 2 towards (or possibly from) the object 1.
When these incidents have occurred, breaking is carried out as the last measure by means of the circuit breaker 4.

It is important to note that 'the over-current reducing arrangement 5 as well as the current limiter 6 according to a first embodiment are designed to be able to function repeatedly. Thus, when it has bean established by means of the sensors 11-13 that the circuit breaker 4 has closed the switch means 10 is reset in-t:o a non-conducting state, and the current limiter 6 is ready, so that the next time the circuit breaker 4 closes, the protective device is in a completely operational state. According to another em-bodiment, the arrangement 5 may :require exchange of one or more parts in order to operate again.
Fig 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the current limiter 6a. This embodiment comprises an inductance 28 and a capacitor 29, which form, in unison, a resonance cir-cuit, which at resonance gives a very high impedance. The inductance and the capacitor are: coupled parallel to each other. A switch 30 and the capacitor 29 are coupled in parallel over the inductance 28 placed in the line 2.
Accordingly, the switch 30 and the condensator 29 are coupled inparallel over the inductance 28 placed in the line 2. Accordingly, the switch 30 and the condensator 29 are placed in series with each other. The coupler 30 has one or more contacts, which by means of a suitable operat-ing member 31 may be controlled for closing or opening respectively via the control unlit 14.
The current limiter 6a illustrated in Fig 4 operates in the following way: during normal operational conditions, the switch 30 is open. The impedance of the current lim-iter 6a is given by the inductance and the resistance of the inductor. In case of a fault current of a sufficient magnitude, the control unit 14 will control the switch means 10 for closing for the purpose of overcurrent di-version and furthermore, the control unit 14 will con-trol the switch 30 to closing such that the capacitor 29 is coupled in and a parallel resonance circuit, which should be adjusted to the power frequency, is formed.
The impedance of the current limiter 6a will be very high at resonance. As is also apparent from a compara-tive study of Fig 2b, a considerable current reduction down to the drawn current level i3 is obtained.
In Fig 5 an alternative embodiment of the current lim-iter 6b is shown, this embodiment being based upon a se-ries resonance circuit comprising an inductance 32 and a capacitor 33 in series with each other and a switch 34 coupled in parallel over the capacitor 33. An operating member 35 for operating the contact or contacts of the switch 34 is under control from the control unit 14.
During normal operation, the switch 34 over the capaci-tor 33 is open. The coil 32 in series with the capacitor 33 in series resonance (at for example 50 Hz) has a very small impedance. Transient fault currents are blocked by the coil 32. In case of a fault, the voltage over the capacitor as well as the inductance is increased. By closing the switch 34 over the capacitor, the same is shortcircuited. This involves a drastic increase of the total impedance, for what reason the current is limited.
As is indicated in Fig 5, the inductance 32 may be made variable, for instance by short-circuiting parts of the winding or a winding located on the same core. In this way it becomes possible to continuously adjust the cur-rent limiter 6b to minimize the voltage drop over the current limiter during normal load. Another modification not shown in Fig 5 is to use a self-triggered spark gap instead of the switch 34 over the capacitor 33. In this way, a self-triggered function is achieved, i.e. the em-bodiment becomes passive in the sense that no particular control from any control unit is required.

In the variant illustrated in F.ig 6, the current limiter 6c comprises a switch 36 arranged in the line 2 and in parallel over this switch a capacitor 37 and a resistor 38, the capacitor and resistor :being coupled in parallel relative to each other. The switch 36 has in reality the character of a vacuum circuit breaker provided with transversely directed coils 39 'to increase the arc volt-age and achieve current commutation into the limiting resistor 38. The control unit 7_4 is arranged to control the switch 36 via an operating member 40.
Fig 7 illustrates a current li:miter 6d formed by a me-chanical switch 41 having a cornmutation element 42 con-sisting of a large number of series-connected arc cham-hers. The arc chambers are made of a resistive material.
When the switch 41 opens, the arc short-circuits the re-sistive arc chamber. When the arc moves into the arc chamber, the arc is divided into many subarcs. In this way the arcs are increasing then length of the resistive path between the contacts and an increasing resistance is achieved.
As before, the control unit 1~4 is arranged to control the operation of the switch 41 via an operating member 43.
Fig 8 illustrates a further embodiment of a current lim-iter 6e. This limiter comprisEas, in the embodiment, a fast semiconductor switch 44 anal a parallel current-lim-iting impedance 45 and a voltage-limiting element 46, for instance a varistor. The semiconductor switch 44 may be formed by means of gate turn-off thyristors (GTO
thyristors). A resistor is usEad as a current limiting impedance. The varistor 46 limits the over-voltage when the current is restricted. Under normal load conditions, the current flows through the semiconductors 44. When a fault is detected, the semiconductor switch 44 is opened under control via the control unit 14, preferably via a suitable operating member 47, and the current is commu-tated to the resistor 45.
Finally, a current limiter 6f is illustrated in Fig 9, this limiter comprising a coil 48 connected in the line 2.
The coil 48 is included in a reactor having an iron core 49. Between the iron core 49 of the reactor and the coil 48 there is provided a superconducting tubular screen 50.
Under normal operation, the superconducting screen 50 screens-off the iron core from the coil, the inductance thus being relatively low. When the current exceeds a certain level, the superconduction ceases and the induc-tance increases drastically. Thus, a strong current limi-tation is obtained.
In the embodiment according to Fig 9, the screening of the iron core from the coil occurs due to the Meissner-effect.
An advantage with the embodiment according to Fig 9 is, as far as current limiter 6f is concerned, that a small in ductance is at hand in normal operation. A disadvantage is that in order to achieve superconduction, cooling to very low temperatures, for instance by liquid nitrogen, is required.
In all embodiments Figs 4-9 dust described, only the dif-ferences with respect to the current limiter relative to the design according to Fig 3 have been described more closely. With respect to other constituents, the descrip-tion relating to Fig 3 is referred to.
Fig 10 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the over-current reducing arrangement 5. Instead of relying on a semiconductor switch means as in Fig 3, the embodiment according to Fig 10 is intended to involve causing of a medium present in a gap 24 between electrodes 23 to assume electrical conductivity by means of a control member 9a.
This control member is arranged to control the operation of members 25 for causing or at least initiating the me-5 dium or a part thereof in the ~gap 24 into a conducting state. Said member 25 is in the example arranged to cause the medium in the gap 24 to assume electrical conductivity by causing or at least assisting in causing the medium to ionization/plasma. It is preferred that the members 25 10 comprise at least one laser, which by energy supply to the medium in the gap 24 provides for the ionization. As ap-pears from Fig 10, a mirror 26 rnay be used for necessary diverting of the laser beam bundle. It is in this connec-tion pointed out that the embodiment according to Fig 10 15 may be such that the means 25 do not alone give rise to ionization/plasma in the entire electrode gap. Thus, the intention may be that an electrical field imposed over the gap should contribute in ionization/plasma formation, only a part of the medium in the gap being ionized by means of 20 the members 25 so that thereafter the electrical field in the gap gives rise to establishment of plasma in the en-tire gap. It is in this connection pointed out that there may be in the electrode gap not only a medium consisting of various gases or gas mixture: but also vacuum. In the 25 case of vacuum, initiation by means of laser occurs at at least one of the electrodes, which, accordingly, will function as an electrone and ion transmitter for estab-lishment of an ionized environmE:nt/a plasma in the elec-trode gap.
Fig 11 illustrates a conventional embodiment in the sense that a generator lb via a transformer la is coupled to a power network 3a. The objects to be protected are, accord-ingly, represented by the transformer la and the generator 1b. The over-current reducing arrangement 5a and the cur-rent limiter 6g and the ordinary circuit breaker 4a are, as can be seen, arranged similar to what appears from Fig 1 for the case' that the object 1 shown therein is con-ceived to form the object la according to Fig 11. Accord-ingly, reference is in this regard made to the descrip-tions delivered with respect to Fig 1. The same is due for the protection function of the over-current reducing ar-rangement 5c and the current limiter 6i with respect to the generator lb. In this case, the generator lb could, accordingly, be considered equivalent with the object 1 in Fig 1 whereas the transformer la could be considered equivalent to the equipment 3 in Fig 1. Thus, the over-current reducing arrangement 5c and the current limiter 6i will, in combination with the conventional circuit breaker 4b, be able to protect the generator lb against violent flow of current in a direction away from the transformer 1a.
As an additional aspect in Fig 11, the additional over-current reducing arrangement 5b with associated current limiter 6h are present. As can be seen, there will be over-current reducing arrangements 5a and 5b on either side of the transformer la. It is then pointed out that the current limiters 6g and 6i respectively are arranged in the connections between said over-current reducing arrangements 5a and 5b and the transformer la. The further over-current reducing arrangement 5b is intended to pro-tect the transformer la from current flows towards the transformer from the generator lb. As can be seen, the circuit breaker 4b will be able to break independently of in which direction between the objects la and lb a protec-tion function is desired.
With the assistance of Figs 12 and 13, an embodiment will now be described which is "non-conventional" in contrast to the one in Fig 11 in the sense that a rotating electric machine with a magnetic circuit or high voltage is in-tended to be connectable directly to the high voltage power network 3, 3a without any intermediate step-up transformer.
An important condition for being able to manufacture a non-conventional magnetic circuit is to use for the winding a conductor cable with a solid electrical insulation with a semiconducting layer both at the conductor and casing. Such cables are available as standard cables for other power engineering fields of use. As mentioned before, a further developed embodiment of such a standard cable is used as a stator winding. To be able to describe an embodiment, initially a short description of a standard cable will be made. The inner current-carrying conductor comprises a number of non-insulated strands. Around the strands there is a semiconducting inner casing. Around this semiconduct-ing inner casing, there is an insulating layer of solid insulation. An example of such :solid insulation is cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), alternatively ethylene-propyl-ene (EP)-rubber. This insulating layer is surrounded by an outer semiconducting layer which in turn is surrounded by a metal shield and a mantle Such a cable will be referred to hereunder as a power cable.
A preferred embodiment of the further developed cable appears from Fig 12. The cable: 51 is described in the figure as comprising a current-carrying conductor 52 which comprises transposed both non-insulated and insulated strands. Electromechanically transposed, solidly insulated strands are also possible. Around the conductor there is an inner semiconducting layer or caging 53 which, in turn, is surrounded by a layer 54 of a solid insulation material.
The cable used as a winding in the preferred embodiment does not have metal shield and external sheath. To avoid induced currents and losses as:~ociated therewith in the outer semiconducting layer, this is cut off, preferably in the coil end, that is, in the transitions from the sheet stack to the end windings. Each cut-off part is then connected to ground, whereby the outer semiconducting layer 55 will be maintained at, or near, ground potential in the whole cable length. This means that, around the solid in-sulated winding at the coil ends, the contactable surfaces, and the surfaces which are dirty after some time of use, only have negligible potentials to ground, and they also cause negligible electric fields.
To optimize a rotating electric machine, the design of the magnetic circuit as regards the slots and the teeth, re-spectively, is of decisive importance. As mentioned above, the slots should connect as closely as possible to the casing of the coil sides. It is also desirable that the teeth at each radial level are as wide as possible. This is important to minimize the losses, the magnetization requirement, etc., of the machine.
With access to a conductor for the winding such as for example, the cable described above, there are great possi-bilities of being able to optimize the laminated magnetic core from several points of view. In the following, a magnetic circuit in the stator of the rotating electric machine is referred to. Figure 13 shows an embodiment of an axial end view of a sector/pole pitch 56 of a machine according to the invention. The rotor with the rotor pole is designated 57 In conventional manner, the stator is composed of a laminated core of electric sheets successively composed of sector-shaped sheets. From a back portion 58 of the core, located at the radially outermost end, a number of teeth 59 extend radially inwards towards the rotor. Between the teeth there is a corresponding number of slots 60. The use of cables 51 according to the above among other things permits the depth of the slots for high-voltage machines to be made larger than what is possible according to the state of the art. The slots have a cross section which is reduced towards the rotor since the need of cable insulation becomes lower for each winding layer towards the rotor. As is clear from the figure, the slot substantially consists of a circular cross section 62 around each layer of the winding with narrower waist portions 63 between the layers. With some justification, such a slot cross section may be referred to as a "cycle chain slot". S:ince a relatively large numbers of layers will be required in such a high voltage machine and the availability of actual cable dimensions as far as insulation and outer semiconductor are concerned is restrictive, it may, in practice, be difficult to achieve a desirable continuous reduction of the cable insulation and the stator slot respectively. In the embodiment shown in Figure 13, cables with three different dimensions of the cable insulation are used, arranged in three correspondingly dimensioned sections 64, 65 and 66, that is, in practice a modified cycle chain slot will be obtained. The figure also shows that the stator tooth can be shaped with a practically constant radial width along the depth of the whole slot.
In an alternative embodiment, the cable which is used as a winding may be a conventional power cable as the one de-scribed above. The grounding of the outer semiconducting shield then takes place by stripping the metal shield and the sheath of the cable at suitab:Le locations.
The scope of the invention accommodates a large number of alternative embodiments, depending on the available cable dimensions as far as insulation Bind the outer semiconduc-tor layer etc. are concerned, of a so-called cycle chain slot.

As mentioned above, the magnetic circuit may be located in the stator and/or the rotor of the rotating electric ma-chine. However, the design of the magnetic circuit will largely correspond to the above description independently 5 of whether the magnetic circuit is located in the stator and/or the rotor.
As winding, a winding is preferably used which may be de-scribed as a multilayer, concentric cable winding. Such a 10 winding means that the number of crossings at the coil ends has been minimized by placing all the coils within the same group radially outside one another. This also permits a simpler method for the manufacture and the threading of the stator winding in the different slots.
It should be noted that the description presented herein-above only should be considered as exemplifying for the inventive idea, on which the invention is built. Thus, it is obvious for the man skilled in the art that detailed modifications may be made without leaving the scope of the invention. As an example, it may be mentioned that it would be possible to use as a switch means 10 a mechanical switch.

Claims

1. A device in an electric power plant for protection of an object (1) connected to an electric power network (3) or another equipment included in, the electric power plant from fault-related over-currents, the device comprising a switching device (4) in a line (2) between the object and the network/equipment, characters in that the line (2) between the object and the switching device is connected to an over-current reducing arrangement (5), which is actuatable for over-current reduction with assistance of an over-current conditions detecting arrangement (11-13) within a time period substantially shorter than the break-time of the switching device, and that a current limiter (6) is arranged between the connection of the overcurrent reducing arrangement (5) to the line (2) and the object (1).

2. A device according to claim 1, characterized in that the switching device (4) is formed by a circuit-breaker.

3. A device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the over-current reducing arrangement (5) comprises an over-current diverter (7) far diverting over-currents to earth (8) or otherwise another unit having a lower potential than the network/equipment.

4. A device according to claim 3, characterized in that the over-current diverter (7) comprises a switch means (10) coupled between earth or said lower potential and the line between the object (1) and the network/equipment (3).

5. A device according to claim 4, characterized in that the switch (10) comprises at least one semiconductor component.

6. A device according to claim 4, characterized in that the switch (10a) comprises an electrode gap (24) and means (25) for causing or at least initiating the electrode gap or at least a part thereof to assume electrical conductivity.

7. A device according to claim 6, characterized by said means (25) for causing or at least initiating the electrode gap to assume electrical conductivity being arranged to cause the gap or a part thereof to assume the form of a plasma.

8. A device according to claim 7, characterized by said members (25) for causing or at least initiating the electrode gap or a part thereof to assume electrical conductivity comprising at least one laser.

9. A device according to any preceding claim, characterized in that the current limiter (6) comprises at least one inductance and/or a resistance or another impedance.

10. A device according to any preceding claim, characterized in that the current limiter (6a, 6b) comprises an inductance (28; 32) and a capacitor (29; 33), which in unison form a resonance circuit providing high impedance at resonance.

11. A device according to claim 10, characterized in that the inductance (28) and capacitor (29) are coupled in parallel to each other.

12. A device according to claim 11, characterized in that a switch (30) and the capacitor (29) are coupled in parallel over the inductance (28) provided in the line.

13. A device according to claim 11, characterized in that the inductance (32) and capacitor (33) are coupled in series with each other.

14. A device according to claim 13, characterized in that an arrangement (34) short-circuiting the capacitor is connected in parallel over the capacitor (33).

15. A device according to claim 14, characterized in that the arrangement short-circuiting the capacitor is formed by a switch (34).

16. A device according to claim 14, characterized in that the arrangement short-circuiting the capacitor is formed by a spark gap.

17. A device according to claim 9, characterized in that the current limiter (6c) comprises a switch (36) arranged in the line (2) and a capacitor (37) and resistor (38) coupled parallel to the switch and to each other.

18. A device according to claim 9, characterized in that the current limiter (6d) comprises a switch (41) arranged in the line and a commutating arrangement (42) comprising at least one resistive arc chamber.

19. A device according to claim 9, characterized in that the current limiter (6e) comprises a switch (44) arranged in the line and a current-limiting impedance (45) coupled parallel over the switch, a current-limiting element (46) being coupled parallel over the impedance.

20. A device according to claim 9, characterized in that the current limiter (6f) comprises a coil (48) coupled in the line, said coil being included in a reactor with an iron core (49), that a super-conducting tubular screen (50) is provided between the iron core of the re-actor and the coil, the super-conducting screen screening the iron core from the coil under normal operation, the inductance thus being relatively low, whereas when the current exceeds a certain level, super conduction ceases and the inductance increases drastically.

21. A device according to any preceding claim, characterized in that the current limiter is arranged to be activated for current limitation when overcurrent conditions have been detected.

22. A device according to claim 21, characterized by a control unit (14) arranged to activate the current limiter based on information from the arrangement detecting overcurrent conditions.

23. A device according to claim 22, characterized in that the control unit (14) is adapted to activate the current limiter by operation of the switch defined in claim 12, 15, 18 or 19.

24. A device according to any preceding claim, characterized in that the current limiter is adapted to be activated for current limitation after reduction of the overcurrent towards or away from the object (1) by means of the overcurrent reducing arrangement (5) but substantially more early than the switching device.

25. A device according to any of claims 22-24, characterized in that the control unit (14) is adapted to provide activation of the current limiter when the overcurrent towards or away from the object (1) is indicated to be under a predetermined level by the detecting arrangement.

26. A device according to any preceding claim, characterized in that two overcurrent reducing arrangements are arranged on either sides of the object to protect the same from two sides.

27. A device according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a control unit (14) connected to the overcurrent reducing arrangement (5) and to the arrangement (11-13) detecting overcurrent conditions, said control unit being arranged to control the overcurrent reducing arrangement to close with the assistance of information from the arrangement detecting overcurrent conditions when justified by protection reasons.

28. A device according to claim 22, 23, 25 or 27, characterized in that one and the same control unit (14) is adapted to control the overcurrent reducing arrangement (5) and the current limiter (6) based upon information from the arrangement (11-13) detecting overcurrent conditions.

29. A device according to any preceding claim, characterized in that the protected object (1) is formed by a rotating electric machine with magnetic circuit.

30. A device according to claim 29, characterized in that the rotating electric machine is formed by a generator, motor or synchronous compensator.

31. A device according to claim 30, characterized in that the generator is a hydro generator or turbo generator.

32. A device according to any of claims 29-31, characterized in that the magnetic circuit of the rotating electric machine is designed for high voltage.

33. A device according to any of claims 29-32, characterized in that the magnetic circuit includes a winding (27) comprising at least one current-carrying conductor (28), about which there is arranged an electrically insulating layer (30) of a solid insulation material, an outer layer (31) of a semiconducting material being provided about the insulating layer, that an inner layer (29) of a semiconducting material is arranged inwardly of the insulating layer (30) and that said at least one conductor is arranged inwardly of the inner layer (29).

34. A device according to claim 33, characterized in that at least one of the inner and outer layers (29, 31) has substantially equal coefficient of thermal expansion as the insulating material.

35. A device according to any of claims 33 and 34, characterized in that the inner layer (29) is in electrical contact with said at least one conductor (28).

36. A device according to any of claims 33-36, characterized in that the outer layer (31) essentially forms an equipotential surface.

37. A device according to any of claims 29-36, characterised in that the magnetic circuit of the rotating electric machine comprises a winding formed by means of a cable (27).

38. A device according to any of claims 29-37, characterized in that the rotating electric machine is directly connected to the electric power network (3) which is designed for high voltage, preferably 36 kV and more.

39. A device according to any of claims 29-38, characterized in that the magnetic circuit comprises one or more cores (32) having slots (36) for the winding.

40. A device according to claim 33, characterized in that the winding also comprises a metal shield and a mantle.

41. A device according to any of claims 29-40, characterized in that the magnetic circuit is arranged in the stator and/or rotor of the rotating electric machine.

42. A device according to any of claims 33-36, characterized in that the outer semiconducting layer (31) is connected to earth potential.

43. A device according to any of claims 33-42, characterized in that the outer semiconducting layer (31) is cut in a number of parts, which are each connected to earth potential.

44. A device according to any of claims 33 or 43, characterized in that, with connection of the outer semiconducting layer (31) to earth potential, the electric field of the machine outside the semiconducting layer both in the slots (36) and in the coil-end region will be near zero.

45. A device according to any of claims 33-44, characterized in that, when the cable comprises several conductors, these are transposed.

46. A device according to any of claims 33-45, characterized in that the current-carrying conductor/conductors (28) comprise both non-insulated and insulated wires, stranded into a number of layers.

47. A device according to any of claims 33-46, characterized in that the current-carrying conductor/r conductors (28) comprise both non-insulated and insulated strands, transposed into a number of layers.

48. A device according to claim 39, characterized in that the slots (36) are formed with a number of cylindrical openings (38) separated by a narrower waist portion (39) between the cylindrical openings.

49. A device according to claim 48, characterized in that the cross section of the cylindrical openings (38) of the slots, counting from a back portion (8) of the core, is designed continuously decreasing.

50. A device according to claim 48, characterized in that the cross section of the cylindrical openings (38) of the slots, counting from a back portion (8) of the laminated core, is designed discontinuously decreasing.

51. Use of a device according to any preceding claim for protection of a rotating electric machine having a magnetic circuit against fault-related over-currents.

52. A method in an electric power plant for protection of an object (1) connected to an electric power network (3) or another equipment included in the electric power plant from fault-related over-currents, a switching device (4) being placed in a line between the object and the network /equipment, characterized in that an over-current reducing arrangement (5) connected to the line between the object (1) and the switching device (4) is activated for over-current reduction when over-current conditions have been detected by means of an arrangement (11-13) for such detection, within a time period substantially less than the break-time of the switching device (4).

53. A method according to claim fit, characterized in that over-currents are diverted to earth (8) or otherwise another unit having a lower potential than the network /equipment by means of the over-current reducing arrangement (5).

54. A method according to claim 52 or 53, characterized in that a current limiter (6), which is arranged in the line between the switching device and the object and between the over-current reducing arrangement (5) and the object (1), is actuated for breaking after the over-current towards or away from the object (1) having been reduced by means of the over-current reducing arrangement (5).

55. A method according to any of claims 52-54, characterized in that the over-current reducing arrangement is used for protection of an object in the form of a rotating electric machine having a magnetic circuit, in particular a generator, motor or synchronous. compensator.