CA2273808A1 - Method and apparatus for granulating bee wax - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for granulating bee wax Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2273808A1 CA2273808A1 CA 2273808 CA2273808A CA2273808A1 CA 2273808 A1 CA2273808 A1 CA 2273808A1 CA 2273808 CA2273808 CA 2273808 CA 2273808 A CA2273808 A CA 2273808A CA 2273808 A1 CA2273808 A1 CA 2273808A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- column
- wax
- air
- temperature
- cooling air
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B15/00—Solidifying fatty oils, fats, or waxes by physical processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B11/00—Recovery or refining of other fatty substances, e.g. lanolin or waxes
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
Abstract
Method and apparatus is described for producing bee wax particles to be used in pharmaceutical or cosmetics industry. Molten wax is fed from the top of an upright column downwards, against a counterflow of a cooling air whereby the molten wax solidifies into small particles. The method and the apparatus include provision for controlling and/or monitoring the following variables:
(i) the velocity of cooling air flowing through the column;
(ii) the temperature of cooling air at its entering into the column;
(iii) the temperature of air discharged from the column;
(iv) the temperature of the wax at its entrance into the column.
(i) the velocity of cooling air flowing through the column;
(ii) the temperature of cooling air at its entering into the column;
(iii) the temperature of air discharged from the column;
(iv) the temperature of the wax at its entrance into the column.
Description
Method and Apparatus for Granulating Bee Wax The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for granulating bee wax. Bee wax is one of the raw materials used in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. The equipment presently used in wax processing industry is based on technology introduced at the end of last century. , In prior art, wax pellets are produced by spraying melted wax in air. The sprayed droplets are land on a chilled steel drum or the like where they solidify and are scraped off by a suitable scraper or knife. The known equipment requires large space, is heavy and clean room quality required by the pharmaceutical or cosmetics industry can only be achieved if additional costs are incurred.
It is an object of the present invention to improve overall efficiency of bee wax granulating equipment which would overcome the disadvantages of the known devices and methods.
In general terms, the wax spray cooling method of the present invention comprises the steps of:
(i) dispersing liquid wax in the form of droplets or globules;
(ii) contacting the dispersed particles with a stream of cold air (iii) separating air which has become heated by absorption of the wax latent heat from the cooled product.
In order to improve the overall efficiency of the granulating equipment, the present invention uses two distinct processes: (1 ) the spray cooling process to produce droplets in the diameter range of about 0.1 to about 2.0 mm; and (2) an extrusion process to produce pellets larger than 2 mm in diameter. The apparatus described hereafter is compact and is capable to produce wax particles or pellets having clean room quality when needed without the need for significant costs additional to those required for the forming of the particles or pellets.
The aforesaid steps of spray cooling are carried out in an apparatus according to the invention which includes a vertical, generally cylindrical chamber. Spray cooling is, by its very nature, a continuous process. The time involved in spray cooling method and apparatus of the present invention is only a few seconds or just a fraction thereof. The method and apparatus also enable for cooled wax which has reached the inlet cooling air temperature, to be removed quickly after descending on a cold internal surface at an outlet separating point. According to the invention, provision is made for achieving the correct inlet air temperature (which is determined by the size of particles being cooled), air velocity and the height of a cooling column or chamber. The height of the cooling column can be reduced by using chilled air instead of room temperature air.
The spray formation is of the type of spray of droplets or globules. The spray devices of this type are known from many industries. The travel path for cooling of the particles is relatively long and is best accommodated by a tall, narrow spray cooling tower. In the tower, a spinning disc can be used if desired. The spinning discs are known to generate fine sprays with droplet size of 0.08 mm or even less. However, in the production of bee wax particles, coarser sprays are normally required of about 0.1 mm. Centrifugal pressure nozzles producing high liquid pressure of up to 100 PSI are feasible for the production of droplets of 0.5 mm of average size.
A simple heat balance over a spray cooler on the basis of an hour of stable operation can be expressed by the formula:
dW/dt = k9(tin-tout) where "W" is the mass flow rate of air t is the air temperature k9 gas mass transfer coefficient. Its value for moving air condition is given by:
Kf/x(2 +0.6(Cp/,u/kf)"1 /3(vp Xlu)"0.5) where Cp is the heat capacity of the air, incorporated in Prandtl number, kf is average thermal conductivity of the gas film. The correlation is now recast, with the Nusselt number Nu = 2 + (.4Re"0.5 + 0.6 Re"(2/3)) Pr"0.4(,u~/,uW)"0.25 and heat transfer coefficient h = Nu ~" (k/d), where d is the sphere diameter.
The rate factor is needed to determine the size of the vessel for given spray-cooling operation or amount of heat recovered from wax in given size of cooler. In practice, the application of rate equations is difficult on account of changes in the many variables through the cooler. Rate factors are considered separately from heat transfer or mass transfer or both; though, of course, the mechanism of spray cooling is actually a combined heat/mass transfer. The thermodynamics provides status, not rate. After extensive testing established that the heat transfer coefficient for wax droplets in stream if air can be provided by using a computer program to set basic design parameters of the equipment: the air velocity, the wax sphere diameter and hourly rate of granulating equipment.
The inventive apparatus consists of a tall cylindrical vessel 10 having a conical head 11, 12 at each end. At a lower part of the vessel, there is a wind box 13 to supply a volume of required quantity of the air. The required velocity of air is determined by the inside diameter of the vessel or column (given by design capacity), by the gap of the wind box (variable) and by the output of the fan (variable). The temperature of the air used for cooling wax spheres is variable, too. The duct 14 discharging the collected spheres or particles is a part of the lower conical head 12. A knife valve 15 is used to open and close the discharge duct 14. The wind box 13 is connected to a blower (not shown) supplying air to the tower through a battery 16 of filters to prevent contamination of wax spheres. The upper part of the column 10 is provided with nozzle means 17 for spraying melted wax into the upwardly flowing stream of cold air. Wax can be pumped from a melting vessel (not shown) by a centrifugal or gear pump and connection pipes 18 should be insulated.
The upper head 1 1 of the of the column 10 is connected to an exhaust duct 19 and the withdrawn air is recycled and run through a head exchanger or vented.
The apparatus is provided with the following control or monitoring means:
(i) means for controlling the velocity of air flowing through the column 10;
(ii) the temperature of inlet air control means;
(iii) the temperature of discharged air monitoring means; and (iv) the wax melt temperature and/or monitoring at the tank of molten wax and at the nozzle means at the top of column 10.
It is an object of the present invention to improve overall efficiency of bee wax granulating equipment which would overcome the disadvantages of the known devices and methods.
In general terms, the wax spray cooling method of the present invention comprises the steps of:
(i) dispersing liquid wax in the form of droplets or globules;
(ii) contacting the dispersed particles with a stream of cold air (iii) separating air which has become heated by absorption of the wax latent heat from the cooled product.
In order to improve the overall efficiency of the granulating equipment, the present invention uses two distinct processes: (1 ) the spray cooling process to produce droplets in the diameter range of about 0.1 to about 2.0 mm; and (2) an extrusion process to produce pellets larger than 2 mm in diameter. The apparatus described hereafter is compact and is capable to produce wax particles or pellets having clean room quality when needed without the need for significant costs additional to those required for the forming of the particles or pellets.
The aforesaid steps of spray cooling are carried out in an apparatus according to the invention which includes a vertical, generally cylindrical chamber. Spray cooling is, by its very nature, a continuous process. The time involved in spray cooling method and apparatus of the present invention is only a few seconds or just a fraction thereof. The method and apparatus also enable for cooled wax which has reached the inlet cooling air temperature, to be removed quickly after descending on a cold internal surface at an outlet separating point. According to the invention, provision is made for achieving the correct inlet air temperature (which is determined by the size of particles being cooled), air velocity and the height of a cooling column or chamber. The height of the cooling column can be reduced by using chilled air instead of room temperature air.
The spray formation is of the type of spray of droplets or globules. The spray devices of this type are known from many industries. The travel path for cooling of the particles is relatively long and is best accommodated by a tall, narrow spray cooling tower. In the tower, a spinning disc can be used if desired. The spinning discs are known to generate fine sprays with droplet size of 0.08 mm or even less. However, in the production of bee wax particles, coarser sprays are normally required of about 0.1 mm. Centrifugal pressure nozzles producing high liquid pressure of up to 100 PSI are feasible for the production of droplets of 0.5 mm of average size.
A simple heat balance over a spray cooler on the basis of an hour of stable operation can be expressed by the formula:
dW/dt = k9(tin-tout) where "W" is the mass flow rate of air t is the air temperature k9 gas mass transfer coefficient. Its value for moving air condition is given by:
Kf/x(2 +0.6(Cp/,u/kf)"1 /3(vp Xlu)"0.5) where Cp is the heat capacity of the air, incorporated in Prandtl number, kf is average thermal conductivity of the gas film. The correlation is now recast, with the Nusselt number Nu = 2 + (.4Re"0.5 + 0.6 Re"(2/3)) Pr"0.4(,u~/,uW)"0.25 and heat transfer coefficient h = Nu ~" (k/d), where d is the sphere diameter.
The rate factor is needed to determine the size of the vessel for given spray-cooling operation or amount of heat recovered from wax in given size of cooler. In practice, the application of rate equations is difficult on account of changes in the many variables through the cooler. Rate factors are considered separately from heat transfer or mass transfer or both; though, of course, the mechanism of spray cooling is actually a combined heat/mass transfer. The thermodynamics provides status, not rate. After extensive testing established that the heat transfer coefficient for wax droplets in stream if air can be provided by using a computer program to set basic design parameters of the equipment: the air velocity, the wax sphere diameter and hourly rate of granulating equipment.
The inventive apparatus consists of a tall cylindrical vessel 10 having a conical head 11, 12 at each end. At a lower part of the vessel, there is a wind box 13 to supply a volume of required quantity of the air. The required velocity of air is determined by the inside diameter of the vessel or column (given by design capacity), by the gap of the wind box (variable) and by the output of the fan (variable). The temperature of the air used for cooling wax spheres is variable, too. The duct 14 discharging the collected spheres or particles is a part of the lower conical head 12. A knife valve 15 is used to open and close the discharge duct 14. The wind box 13 is connected to a blower (not shown) supplying air to the tower through a battery 16 of filters to prevent contamination of wax spheres. The upper part of the column 10 is provided with nozzle means 17 for spraying melted wax into the upwardly flowing stream of cold air. Wax can be pumped from a melting vessel (not shown) by a centrifugal or gear pump and connection pipes 18 should be insulated.
The upper head 1 1 of the of the column 10 is connected to an exhaust duct 19 and the withdrawn air is recycled and run through a head exchanger or vented.
The apparatus is provided with the following control or monitoring means:
(i) means for controlling the velocity of air flowing through the column 10;
(ii) the temperature of inlet air control means;
(iii) the temperature of discharged air monitoring means; and (iv) the wax melt temperature and/or monitoring at the tank of molten wax and at the nozzle means at the top of column 10.
Claims (7)
1. A method for producing particles of bee wax, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an upright column (10) having an upper end and a lower end;
(b) driving cooling air upwards through the column (c) feeding a flow of wax melt through spray means disposed at an upper portion of the column;
(d) discharging air heated by latent heat of the wax melt as particles thereof are formed within the column;
(e) controlling and/or monitoring the following variables:
(i) the velocity of cooling air flowing through the column;
(ii) the temperature of cooling air at its entering into the column;
(iii) the temperature of air discharged from the column;
(iv) the temperature of the wax at its entrance into the column.
(a) providing an upright column (10) having an upper end and a lower end;
(b) driving cooling air upwards through the column (c) feeding a flow of wax melt through spray means disposed at an upper portion of the column;
(d) discharging air heated by latent heat of the wax melt as particles thereof are formed within the column;
(e) controlling and/or monitoring the following variables:
(i) the velocity of cooling air flowing through the column;
(ii) the temperature of cooling air at its entering into the column;
(iii) the temperature of air discharged from the column;
(iv) the temperature of the wax at its entrance into the column.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the controlling and/or monitoring of the temperature of the wax at its entrance into the column includes the step of controlling and/or monitoring the temperature at the wax storage tank.
3. Apparatus for producing particles of bee wax, comprising, in combination:
(a) an upright, generally cylindric column having an upper end portion and a lower end portion;
(b) said column being provided with cooling air inlet means disposed at a level between said upper and lower end portions;
(c) bee wax particle discharge means disposed at said lower end portion;
(d) air exhaust means disposed at the upper end portion; and (e) bee wax injecting means disposed at the upper end portion.
(a) an upright, generally cylindric column having an upper end portion and a lower end portion;
(b) said column being provided with cooling air inlet means disposed at a level between said upper and lower end portions;
(c) bee wax particle discharge means disposed at said lower end portion;
(d) air exhaust means disposed at the upper end portion; and (e) bee wax injecting means disposed at the upper end portion.
4. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said cooling air inlet means is operatively associated with air filter means disposed upstream of said air inlet means and providing a filtered air to be fed into the column.
5. The apparatus of claim 3 or claim 4, wherein said air inlet means is operatively associated with air cooling means adapted to provide cooling air having a temperature lower than the room temperature.
6. The apparatus of any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein the air inlet means includes a generally annular windbox surrounding said column and pneumatically communicating with air direction means at the interior thereof, adapted to direct the cooling air generally in an upward direction.
7. The apparatus of any one of claims 3 to 6, comprising control and/or monitoring means to control and/or monitor (i) the velocity of cooling air flowing through the column;
(ii) the temperature of cooling air at its entrance into the column;
(iii) the temperature of air discharged from the column;
(iv) the temperature of the wax at its entrance into the column.
(ii) the temperature of cooling air at its entrance into the column;
(iii) the temperature of air discharged from the column;
(iv) the temperature of the wax at its entrance into the column.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2273808 CA2273808A1 (en) | 1999-06-09 | 1999-06-09 | Method and apparatus for granulating bee wax |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2273808 CA2273808A1 (en) | 1999-06-09 | 1999-06-09 | Method and apparatus for granulating bee wax |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2273808A1 true CA2273808A1 (en) | 2000-12-09 |
Family
ID=30774286
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2273808 Abandoned CA2273808A1 (en) | 1999-06-09 | 1999-06-09 | Method and apparatus for granulating bee wax |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2273808A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9968598B2 (en) | 2016-06-23 | 2018-05-15 | Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Process of making stable abuse-deterrent oral formulations |
| US10004729B2 (en) | 2002-07-05 | 2018-06-26 | Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Tamper-resistant pharmaceutical compositions of opioids and other drugs |
| CN108782342A (en) * | 2018-06-25 | 2018-11-13 | 桐梓县宏星养蜂专业合作社 | A kind of bee rearing device |
| US10525053B2 (en) | 2002-07-05 | 2020-01-07 | Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical compositions of opioids and other drugs |
| US10668060B2 (en) | 2009-12-10 | 2020-06-02 | Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Tamper-resistant pharmaceutical compositions of opioids and other drugs |
-
1999
- 1999-06-09 CA CA 2273808 patent/CA2273808A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10004729B2 (en) | 2002-07-05 | 2018-06-26 | Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Tamper-resistant pharmaceutical compositions of opioids and other drugs |
| US10525053B2 (en) | 2002-07-05 | 2020-01-07 | Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Abuse-deterrent pharmaceutical compositions of opioids and other drugs |
| US10525052B2 (en) | 2004-06-12 | 2020-01-07 | Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Abuse-deterrent drug formulations |
| US10668060B2 (en) | 2009-12-10 | 2020-06-02 | Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Tamper-resistant pharmaceutical compositions of opioids and other drugs |
| US9968598B2 (en) | 2016-06-23 | 2018-05-15 | Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Process of making stable abuse-deterrent oral formulations |
| US10188644B2 (en) | 2016-06-23 | 2019-01-29 | Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc | Process of making stable abuse-deterrent oral formulations |
| US10646485B2 (en) | 2016-06-23 | 2020-05-12 | Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Process of making stable abuse-deterrent oral formulations |
| CN108782342A (en) * | 2018-06-25 | 2018-11-13 | 桐梓县宏星养蜂专业合作社 | A kind of bee rearing device |
| CN108782342B (en) * | 2018-06-25 | 2020-09-25 | 舒城县昌平蜂业有限公司 | Bee feeding device |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |