CA2243863C

CA2243863C - Gastrointestinal drug delivery system

Info

Publication number: CA2243863C
Application number: CA 2243863
Authority: CA
Inventors: E. Itzhak Lerner; Moshe Flashner; Adel Penhasi
Original assignee: Dexcel Pharma Technologies Ltd
Current assignee: Dexcel Pharma Technologies Ltd
Priority date: 1996-01-18
Filing date: 1997-01-17
Publication date: 2006-08-29
Anticipated expiration: 2017-01-17
Also published as: CA2243863A1

Abstract

A gastrointestinal delivery system is provided. The system comprises a drug in combination with a core material, the core being surrounded by a water-insoluble or relatively water-insoluble coating materi al in which particulate water-insoluble material is embedded. When the delivery device enters the gastrointestinal tract, the particulate matter takes up liquid, thus forming channels interconnecting the drug-containing core with the outside of the delivery device. These channels allow the release of drug from the core into the gastrointestinal tract. By controlling parameters in the device, such as the core material, carrier material in the coating, and particulate matter, the location of release of the drug can be carefully controlled. Thus, the invention is also directed to a method of using the device for the treatment of disease by the release of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract in a location- and time-dependent manner.

Description

WO 97/25979 _ _ ~ _ PCT/IB97/00037 Gastroiatestinal Drug Delivery System Field of the Invention The invention is directed to a drug delivery system for delivery of enterally-administered pharmaceuticals to specific locations along the gastrointestinal tract.
Background of the Invention Specific delivery of drugs in pharmaceutical compositions to specific targets in the gastrointestinal tract is important in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases and conditions. Targeting drugs to specific regions along the gastrointestinal tract provides the ability to locally treat diseases, thus avoiding systemic side effects of drugs or inconvenient and painful direct delivery of drugs. Furthermore, there is an increased need for delivery of drugs absorbed at specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Such specific delivery would increase efficiency and enable reduction of the minimum effective dose.
There is a need for delivery to the small intestine of drugs that may be absorbed via the lymphatic system (Ritchel, W.A., Meth Find Ex. Clin.
Pharmacol 13(5):313-336 {1991)). Macromolecules, such as peptides, could be absorbed into the lymphatics through Peyer's patches, which occur equally throughout all segments of the small intestine. Since Peyer's patches are most prevalent in young individuals and are characterized by age-related disappearance (Comes, J., Gut 6:230 (1965)), they provide a target site for absorption until middle age. Targeting the Peyer's patches in a particular segment of the small intestine can be useful in limiting destructive side reactions.
The lymphatic drainage of the small intestine provides an adsorptive window and has promoted design of delivery systems directed at this window (Norimoto et al., Int. J. Pharm. 14:149-157 (1983)).
There is also a need for delivery to the coion of drugs that are reported to be absorbable in the colon, such as steroids, xanthines, and others. This would CONFIRMATION COPY

WO 97/25979 _. PCT/I~97/00037 increase the efficiency and enable reduction of the required effective dose (Godbillon, J. et al., British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 19:113S
(1985);
Antonin, K. et al., British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 19:137S (1985); , Fara, J.W., Third Ihternatiortal Conference on Drug AbsorptiofZ, Edinburgh (1988)). Propranolol, oxyprenolol, metropolol, timolol, and benazepril are known to be preferentially absorbed in the jejunum while cimetidine, furosemide, hydrochlothiazide, and amoxicillin are known to be preferentially absorbed in the duodenum. For a review, see Rubinstein, A., Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 11:465-475 ( 1990).
Treatment of local diseases of the stomach, small intestine, and colon with topically active drugs is another incentive for site-specific delivery of drugs to the alimentary canal.
There is a need for targeting to the small intestine and colon drugs that are destroyed by the acid conditions or enzymes of the stomach. There is also a need to target to the small intestine and colon drugs that cause local irritation in the stomach.
Finally, there is a need for targeting drugs to the stomach.
However, the targeting of drugs to desired locations in the alimentary canal can be complicated.
Various factors must be taken into consideration for delivery to desirable areas of the alimentary canal. Each segment of the alimentary canal has distinct features which may hinder or favor permeation of drugs across the membrane.
The following characteristics are to be taken into account:
1. Anatomic - Surface area, epithelium, presence of mucus cells, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage;
2. Physiologic features - absorption pathways, pH, motility and transit time, enzymes;

3. Biochemical features - endogenous secretion, pH, gut flora, enzymes;

WO 97/25979 _. PCT/IB97/00037 4. Mechanical features - mucus and water coating layers and their turnover rate;

5. Immunological features - antigenic stimulation at the epithelial surface.
In the controlled release systems currently known in the art, drugs are released by diffusion and erosion throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Upon arnval at a target site a large portion of the drug may have already been released, leaving only a small portion of the drug for local delivery, or may pass through the site unreleased to a significant degree.
Current techniques for targeting drugs to the stomach are based on the understanding that peroral sustained-release and controlled-release may be limited in duration by gastrointestinal transit time, which is closely related to the rate of gastric emptying. Approaches for the prolongation of gastric retention time, include incorporation of fatty acids to reduce physiological gastric emptying (Groning R., et al., Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm, ID:527-39 (1984)) and the use of bioadhesive polymers. Such systems have been developed using polymers such as polycarbophyli, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, tragacanth gum, acrylates and methacrylates, modified celluloses and polysaccharide gums {Smart, J.D., et al., J. Pharnz. Pharmacol. 36:295 {1984)).
Another system for targeting drugs to the stomach while avoiding gastric emptying is known as a hydrodynamically balanced system. This system is based on capsules or tablets with bulk density lower than gastric fluid. Thus, the dosage form stays buoyant in the stomach. These dosage forms are comprised of 20-75%
of one or more hydrocolloids (e.g., hydroxyethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Sheth, P.R., Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 10:313-39 (1983); Chien, Y.W., Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm 9:1291-330 (1983); Desai, S. and ' Bolton, S., Pharm. Res. 10:1321-5 {1993)).
Banakar (Amen Pharm. 27: 39-48 (1987)) describes gastroinflatable delivery devices. The devices contain one or several inflatable chambers which are filled with gas at body temperature (e.g., a gasifying liquid or a gas-forming solid, such as bicarbonate or carbonate). The chambers are incorporated within WO 97/25979 _. PCT/1897/OOU37 a plastic matrix and encapsulated in gelatin. Dissolution of the gelatinous coating inflates the device and drug diffusion occurs.
Certain of these devices include osmotic pressure compartments , containing osmotically active salts. Dissolution of these salts by the gastric fluid pumps out the drug. Others are based upon a floating bilayer compressed matrix.
(Ugani, H.M., et a.l., Int. J. Pharmaceut. 35:157-64 (1987}. One of the layers is comprised of a hydrophilic polymer and a carbon dioxide-generating composition. The carbon dioxide maintains buoyancy and the other hydrophilic layer releases the drug from the matrix.
A further method for gastric drug targeting involves an intragastric retention shape, made of polyethylene or polyethylene blend (Cargill, R., et al., Pharm. Res 5:533-536 (1988); Cargill, R., et al., Pharm. Res. 5:506-509 (1989)).
Mechanisms for targeting drugs to the stomach are also applied to deliver drugs to the upper small intestine. However, targeting to other areas of the small IS intestine involves several additional systems. The low stomach pH and presence of gastric enzymes have led to the development of enteric coating. This coating protects the gastric mucosa from drug irritation. Coating is done with a selectively insoluble substance, and protects drugs from inactivation by gastric enzymes and/or low pH.
The most common enteric coatings are methacrylic acid copolymers (Eudragits'"'), cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate succinate, and styrol malefic acid co-polymers (Ritschel, W.A., ~4ngewante Biopharmazie, Stuttgart (1973), pp. 396-402; Agyilirah, G.A., et al., "Polymers for Enteric Coating Applications" in Polymers for Controlled Drug Delivery, Tarcha, P.J. ed., CRC
Press, (1991) Boca Raton, pp. 39-66). The most significant drawback of enteric coating is the variability in gastric emptying time. This results in a large variance ' in blood drug levels.
Another method of drug targeting in the small intestine is drug absorption via the lymphatic system. Capillary and lymphatic vessels are permeable to WO 97/25979 _. PCT/>B97/00037 lipid-soluble compounds and low molecular weight moieties (Magersohn, M., Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcel Dekker, New York (I979), pp. 23-85).
Macromolecules (e.g., peptides) can be absorbed into the lymphatic system via Peyer's patches. Targeting via Peyers patches is also being considered for absorption of proteins or peptides containing antigens of tissues under autoimmune attack. At the Peyer's patches, the antigens are processed for presentation to regulatory T cells. The activated T cells migrate to the inflamed tissue, wherein suppressor cytokines neutralize T cells and any other inflammatory cells. This method is presently undergoing investigation (Ermak, T.H., et al., "Strategies for Oral Immunization and Induction of Gastric Immunity" in Proceed. Intern. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater. 22: 334 (1995).
The major drawback of targeting drugs/peptides to Peyers patches in their reduced availability beyond middle age (Andreasen, Acta Patrol. Microbiol.
Scan. 49 (suppl):81 (1943)).
Another approach for targeting drugs to the small intestine involves the use of intestinal sorption promoters. Studies have been carried out using long chain fatty acids, including linoleic acid, acylcarnitines, and palmitocarnitine (Morimoto, K., et. al., Int. J. Pharmaceut. 14: 49-57 (I983}; Fix, J.A., et.
al., Aires J. Physiol. 14:G-332-40 (1986)).
Bioadhesives have also been used to prolong intestinal transit, as in buccal deiivery systems. The adhesion to the intestinal mucosa takes place either by mechanical interlocking or other mechanisms (Longer, M.A., et. al., Pharm.
Int.
7: I I4-7 ( 1986)).
Excipients for prolongation of GI transit time are also under development.
Triethanolamine myristate has been shown to increase the gastrointestinal transit time and improve the absorption of riboflavine (Gronig, R. and Heun, G., Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 10:27-539 (1984}; Palin, K.J., et al., Int. .I. Pharm.19:I07-( 1984)).

WO 97/25979 _ PCTlIB97/00037 Most small intestinal-specific delivery systems are still experimental except for enteric-coated tablets. However, as discussed above, enteric coating cannot provide reproducible blood levels of drug. , Because of its location at the distal portion of the alimentary canal, the colon is particular difficult to access. Enteric coating has been used to bypass absorption in the stomach and deliver the drug to the small intestine.
Delivery is based upon the pH differences between these two parts of the alimentary canal (Ritchel, W.A. Angewndte Biopharmazio, Stuttgart Wissensec. Verlag (1973), pp 396-402; Agyilirah, G. A. and Banker, G.S., "Polymers for Enteric Coating Applications" in Polymers for Controlled Drug Delivery, Tarcha, P.J., ed., CRC
Press (1991} Boca Raton, pp. 39-66). However, it has been demonstrated that the blood levels of enteric dosage forms are variable and erratic due to differences in gastric emptying rate. Also, enteric coatings do not allow for drug targeting to a particular part of the small intestine in a reproducible manner (Kenyon, C.J., et IS al., Int. J. Pharm. 112:207-213 (1994); Ashford, M., et al. Int. J. Pharm.
91:241-245 (1993)). Therefore, delivery systems with a different mechanism of release are necessary.
In current techniques for targeting drugs to the colon, solid formulations of the desired drug molecules are coated with a pH-resistant polymeric coating.
Such formulations are similar to enteric coated formulations which may be used to deliver drugs to the distal ileum. Enteric coatings include bioerodible polymers such as shellac and cellulose acetate phthalate. (Levine et al., Gastroenterology 92:1037-1044 (19$7)).
In contrast to the enteric coated formulations, however, the formulations for colonic delivery are designed to withstand both low and slightly basic pH
values (around seven) for several hours. During this time, they are assumed to pass the stomach and the small intestine and reach the large intestine, where the coat disintegrates and the drug release process is initiated. In this way, drugs such as 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA), and some steroids have been delivered to the colon. The polymers used for this purpose are commonly acrylic acid WO 97/25979 -. PCT/IB97/00037 _7_ derivatives or cellulose derivatives such as cellulose acetate phthalate, or ethyl cellulose (Rasmussen, S.N., et al., Gastroenterology 83:1062 (1982); Levine, D.S., et al., Gastroenterology 92:1037 (1987); Mardini H., et al., Gut 28:1084-1089 (1987)).
However, an important limitation of this technique is the uncertainty of the location and environment in which the coat starts to degrade. Depending upon the gastrointestinal motility pattern, which can vary widely in individual patients and in different disease states, degradation of the coating can occur deep in the colon, or within the small intestine.
The presence of short chain fatty acids, carbon dioxide, and other fermentation products, and residues of bile acids, often reduce the pH of the colon to approximately six (Stevens, C.E., AmeY. J. Clin. Nutf~. 31:S16I (1978);
McNeil, N.L, et al., Gut 28:707 (1987)). This change in pH calls into question the reliance on higher colonic pH as a trigger.
U.S. Patent No. 4,627,850 (Deters et al. ) discloses an osmotic capsule for the controlled rate delivery of a drug comprising outer and inner walls each formed of a different polymeric material, the inner wall defining a space containing the drug, with a passageway through the walls connecting the exterior of the outer wall with the interior of the inner wall.
U.S. Patent No. 4,904,474 (Theeuwes et al) discloses a colonic drug delivery device comprising means for delaying the delivery in the drug and in the small intestine and means for delivering the drug in the colon. This device comprises osmotic means for forcing the active pharmaceutical agent out from the compartment in which it is contained through an exit provided in said compartment, into the colon. The means for delaying delivery in the stomach or in the small intestine are pH-resistant coatings. The delay in delivery of the drug is time-based. The structure is so calculated that the contents of the inner drug-filled space are not forced out before the device has reached the preselected target region of the gastro-intestinal tract.

WO 97/25979 _. i'CT/IB97100037 _$-The ability of the colonic flora to degrade substrates that are resistant to small bowel digestion has been studied as an alternative method for colonic delivery of drugs. This principle was utilized to deliver laxative products, mainly sennoside and related compounds {Fairbairn, J.W., J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1:683 (1949); Hardcastie, J.D., et al., Gut 11:1038 (1970); Cummings, J.H., Gut 15:758 ( 1974)).
A drug traditionally used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease is sulfasalazine. Sulfasalazine is composed of the antibacterial sulfapyridine linked to the anti-inflammatory 5-ASA with an azo bond. The 5-ASA is responsible for the clinical effect (Khan, A.K., et al., Lancet 2:892 (1977)).
The sulfasalazine is a prodrug which carries the active 5-ASA to the colon, where bacterial azo reduction releases the molecule with the desired therapeutic properties (Kiotz, U., Clin. Pharmacokin. 10:285 (1985)).
With the 5-ASA prodrugs (sulfasalazine, azodisalicylate and salicylazo-benzoic acid), release of the parent drug is mediated by bacterial enzymes located at the target organ, rather than by enzymes of the target tissues. The realization that enzymes characteristic of inhabitant microorganisms of the colon may convert prodrugs and other molecules to active therapeutics led to an increase in research activity in the area of microbially controlled drug delivery to the colon.
While there is evidence that certain proteins and peptides such as interleukin-II, interferon, colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone may create new and effective therapies for diseases that are now poorly controlled, the acceptance of these proteins as drugs is currently limited by the methods of delivery. Colonic delivery may be a preferred route of administration for these and other new protein and peptide drugs.
Colonic delivery is also important for targeting drugs for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis. However, the currently available enterally administered preparations of drugs designed for colonic delivery are not feasible for long-term use in humans, in part because of the potential toxicity of the azo compounds. There exists a need for an improved colonic delivery system that can be used with a wide variety of drugs and bioactive compounds.
In issued U.S. Patent No. 5,525,634, issued on June 11, 1996, a delivery device is disclosed comprising a drug in combination with a matrix, the matrix comprising a saccharide-containing polymer. The matrix-drug combination can be coated or uncoated. The polymer can be resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation in the stomach and susceptible to enzymatic degradation in the colon by colonic bacteria. Whether the matrix is resistant or not to chemical and enzymatic degradation in the stomach, the mechanism of release of drug in the colon is by degradation of the matrix by colonic bacteria and the release of the drug embedded in the matrix as a result of the degradation of the matrix by colonic bacterial enzymes. The disclosure of this issued patent is for its teaching and guidance regarding the use and preparation of colonic delivery devices.
European patent 485840 (to Rohm GmbH), the application for which was published May 20, 1992, discloses a gastrointestinal delivery device containing, as a coating, a mixture of a polysaccharide and EudragitT"'.
However, this formulation allows the rapid entry of liquid and the rapid exit of drug such that controlled release of the drug cannot be achieved as with the present invention. Further, the polysaccharide is not provided in particulate form.
According to the present invention, however, these problems are overcome because the coating used for the invention prevents drug release until the predetermined time when particulates in the coating have swollen enough to allow for drug release.

-9a-Summary of the Invention An object of the present invention is to provide a gastrointestinal drug delivery system.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention there is provided a drug delivery device for localized drug release in the gastrointestinal tract of an animal comprising:
a. a core comprising a drug and core material; and b. a coating surrounding said core, said coating having an outer surface, wherein said coating comprises water-insoluble hydrophilic particulate matter embedded in a wafer-insoluble carrier, such that when said device enters the gastrointestinal tract, said particulate matter absorbs liquid, thus forming channels that interconnect said core with said outer surface of said coating, and through which channels, said drug from said core is released into the gastrointestinal tract.

WO 9785979 _ PCTIFB97l00037 The invention is directed to a delivery system or device for targeted delivery to specific locations in the alimentary canal comprising a core and a coating. The core is comprised of a drug in combination with a carrier material. In preferred embodiments, this carrier material has the property of swelling upon contact with an aqueous medium such as that found in the alimentary canal.
The form of the core includes tablets, capsules, and pellets, especially compressed tablets and matrix tablets.
The coating comprises a material that is not soluble, or minimally soluble, in aqueous solution, within which material a hydrophilic, non-water-soluble, particulate is imbedded.
This design allows the slow introduction of water or aqueous fluid, such as in the gastrointestinal tract, into the device. When the water reaches 13 the particulate matter, the particulate matter swells. The particles eventually form channels from the outer part of the device to the core containing the drug.
The drug can then be released from the channels. In embodiments in which the core is swellable, the core then swells and the drug is released in a controlled manner through the channels formed from the embedded particulate.
For non water-soluble drugs, it is preferable that the core be swellable.
For water-soluble drugs, it is preferable that the core be non-swellable. Of course; depending on the drug, the core maybe designed with varying degrees of swellability.
23 The location of drug release is' controlled by varying specific parameters such as the thickness of the outer coating, the amount of particulate embedded in the coating, the type of particulate embedded in the coating, the particle size distribution of the particulate embedded in the coating and the core carrier. Thus, the drug delivery system of the invention further provides a method for enterally administering a drug or other bioactive compound to a patient in need of such drug whenever it is necessary that such drug should be specifically provided locally in the gastrointestinal tract.
The preferable areas of treatment include, but are not limited to, the ileum and the colon.
The drug delivery system further provides a method for delivering efficacious levels of one or more drugs designed for local treatment of diseases of particular areas of the alimentary tract. These diseases include, but are not limited to, Crohn's disease, colitis, irntable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastritis, pancreatitis, hypertension, angina, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, arrythmia, local spasmolytic action, ulceration of the mucosa, diarrhea, constipation, polyps, carcinomas, cysts, infectious disorders, and parasitic disorders. The drug delivery system further provides a method for oral immunization through either the Peyer's Patches or through the colon (Cardenas, L. and Clements, J. D., Clin. Microbiol Rev. S/3: 328-342 (1992)).
The drug delivery system further offers the opportunity for targeting the local delivery of agents for photodynamic therapy.
The drug delivery system also provides a method for the systemic delivery of efficacious levels of drugs through a targeted area of the alimentary canal. Drugs that are better absorbed, and/or show lesser side effects, in the distal parts of the alimentary canal can be directed to those sites.
The delivery system allows delivery to the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon as the site for systemic drug delivery.
The invention further provides methods for the preparation of the drug delivery system. The preferred method of preparation is by the preparation of a suspension of the hydrophilic, water-insoluble particulate in an alcoholic solution of a hydrophobic polymer. This suspension is spray coated onto the core tablet or capsule using conventional pan coating technology.

WO 97/25979 _I2_ PCT/IB97/00037 Brief Description of'the Figures Figure I . Sodium salicylate diffusion through 200,u Eudragit ETM and Eudragit ETMlcalcium pectinate ( I :1 ) films.
Figure 2. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM.
Figure 3. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (7:3) films.
Figure 4. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate ( 1: I ) f Ims.
Figure 5. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate {3:7) films.
Figure 6. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (3:7) films made from fraction A.
Figure 7. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (3:7) films made from fraction B.
Figure 8. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (3:7) films made from fraction C.

WO 97/25979 _ PCT/1897/00037 Figure 9. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (3:7) films made from fractions A, B, and C.
Figure 10. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (3:7) films and Eudragit ETM/pectin films.
Figure 11. Sodium salicylate release from microcrystalline cellulose cores coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (3:7).
Figure 12. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with ethylcellulose/calcium pectinate (3:7).
Figure 13. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores without coating.
Figure 14. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with ethylcellulose/calcium pectinate (3:7) or with ethylcellulose/calcium pectinate (2:8).
Figure 15. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit RSTM/calcium pectinate {3:7).
Figure 16. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin ' cores coated with Eudragit ETM/crosslinked Byco (3:7).
Figure I7. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/Crospovidone (3:7).

WO 97/25979 _ PCT/1897/00037 Figure 18. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/Crospovidone ( 1:1 ) Figure 19. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/Crospovidone (7:3}.
Figure 20. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/microcrystalline cellulose (7:3).
Figure 21. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/microcrystalline cellulose (3:7).
Figure 21a. Sodium salicylate release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/microcrystalline cellulose (1:1).
Figure 22. Sodium diclofenac release from calcium pectinate/pectin cores coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (3:7).
Figure 23. Schematic of spray coating nozzle device referred to in Example 1 herein.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments Definitions In the description that follows, a number of terms used in pharmacology are extensively utilized in order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, and the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided. Where not WO 97/25979 _ PCT/)897/00037 specifically indicated, the terms used herein are used according to their normal and/or art-recognized meaning.
For example, the terms "colon", "large intestine", "small intestine", "stomach", "rectum" and "ileum" are all used according to their art-recognized meanings.
By the term "drug" is meant any pharmaceutical or physiological agent, composition, bioactive compound, or combination thereof, useful in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a disease, or for any other medical purpose. The term "drug" is intended to be interpreted broadly and is not limited in terms of chemical composition or biological activity.
A "core", the central part of anything, with respect to the present invention, relates to that part of the drug delivery system that is surrounded by the particulate-containing coating and which contains the drug to be released from the delivery system. The drug may be embedded in the core or otherwise associated with it, for example by dry admixture, or wet granulation.
The core may be a matrix tablet or a capsule containing the drug or pellets of the pure drug or pellets of the drug layered on a core material or microcapsules containing the drug material. In all of these, release of drug from the core is effective.
The core material includes, but is not limited to combinations of pectin, calcium pectinate, microcrystalline starch, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, lactose, starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium phosphate, guar gum, and normal pharmaceutical additives and excipients. (See Handbook ofPharmaceutical Excipients, 2nd ed., Wade, A. and Welter, P.J., eds., American Pharmaceutical Association ( 1994)).
In preferred embodiments, the core material comprises calcium pectinate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, or microcrystalline starch or any combination thereof. Alternate core materials include, but are not limited to, carboxymethylcellulose, lactose, WO 97/25979 _ PC'~'/IB97/00037 polyvinylpyrrolidone, guar gum, alginic acid, sodium alginate, carrageenan, or any standard tablet excipient known to those in the art. (See Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipzents, 2nd ed., Wade, A. and Welter, P.J., eds., American Pharmaceutical Association ( 1994)}.
The term "particulate" refers to a composition composed of separate particles. In the context of the present invention, these separate particles are embedded in the coating material surrounding the core. It is the taking up of liquid by these particles that creates channels, pores, or networks that allow the release of drug from the core to the outside of the device. Drug release can be through such channels.
In the context of the invention, "coat", "coating", "film", "layer", "covering", and the like are interchangeable.
The particulate matter includes, but is not limited to, polysaccharides.
Such polysaccharides include, but are not limited to calcium pectinate, calcium alginate, calcium xanthate, any metal salt of a polysaccharide containing an acid group where the salt renders the polysaccharide insoluble in water, microcrystaLline starch, insoluble starch, any water insoluble polysaccharide (e.g. cellulose or microcrystalline cellulose), any polysaccharide rendered insoluble by interacting with a poly-cation or poly-anion, and any covalently crossiinked polysaccharide where said crossiinking renders the polysaccharide insoluble in water. Such crosslinking agents include, but are not Limited to, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, epichlorohydrin, diacid chlorides, diisocyananates, diacid anhydrides, and diamines.
The coating material may optionall~~ contain a plasticizer to improve its properties as is known in the art. The coating may be optionally coated with an outer coating of a normal enteric coating, as known in the art, if the coating material or the particulate is affected by the acid conditions of the stomach.
Further outer coatings include, but are not limited to, coatings to ease swallowing or mask taste.

WO 97125979 _ PCT/IB97/00037 In preferred embodiments, the coating material comprises calcium pectinate and Eudragit ETM, Crospovidone and Eudragit ETM, or calcium . pectinate and ethylcellulose. In this embodiment the particulate matter comprises calcium pectinate or Crospovidone while the Eudragit ETM or ethylcellulose comprises the water insoluble carrier.
The water insoluble carrier may or may not include a plasticizer according to the normal properties of a film as known to those skilled in the art.
In alternate embodiments, the coating includes, but is not limited to, any combination of a water-insoluble polysaccharide, water-insoluble crosslinked polysaccharide, a water-insoluble polysaccharide metal salt, a water-insoluble crosslinked protein or peptide, a water-insoluble crosslinked hydrophilic polymer in a dried powder form as the particulate and any hydrophobic polymer coating known in the art as the water-insoluble earner.
Specific examples of the particulate material include, but are not limited to, insoluble starch, microcrystalline starch, microcrystalline cellulose, chitosan, calcium or zinc alginate, calcium xanthate, guar gum borax complex, glutaraldehyde- or formaldehyde-crosslinked guar gum, giutaraldehyde- or formaldehyde-crosslinked dextran, epichlorohydrin-crosslinked dextran, glutaraldehyde- or formaldehyde-crosslinked soluble starch, glutaraldehyde-or formaldehyde-crosslinked hydrolyzed gelatin, glutaraldehyde- or formaldehyde-crosslinked gelatin, glutaraldehyde- or formaldehyde-crosslinked collagen, any insoluble complex of a polysaccharide and a protein or peptide, glutaraldehyde- ox formaldehyde-crosslinked hydroxypropylcellulose, glutaraldehyde- or formaldehyde-crosslinked ' hydroxyethylcellulose, glutaraldehyde- or formaldehyde-crosslinked hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, or any of the carbomers (crosslinked acrylic acid polymers). Specific examples of the water-insoluble carrier include, but are not limited to, Eudragit ETM, Eudragit NETM, Eudragit RLTM, Eudragit RSTM, ethylcellulose, shellac, zero, and waxes.

WO 97/25979 _ PCTJIS97/00037 The term "water-insoluble" means not susceptible to being dissolved.
Within the context of the present invention; the property of water-insolubility is important as follows. Both the hydrophobic film and the hydrophilic particulate are water-insoluble and insoluble in the fluids of the intestine.
This property is important for the hydrophobic film so as to prevent the premature dissolution of the film coat and the subsequent non-controlled release of the drug. The properly is furthermore important for the hydrophilic particulate so that the channels formed remain intact and continue to control the release of the drug. The dissolution of the particulate would result in empty channels i0 that would cause undesirable accelerated drug release.
Conversely, the term "water-soluble" means susceptible of being dissolved. The term "hydrophobic" when applied to a film means, besides its normal definition, relatively non-permeable to water and to water-soluble compounds. The term "hydrophilic", when applied to a film, means, besides - its normal definition, relatively permeable to water and to water-soluble compounds.
The term "embedded" or "embed" means the firm fixation of a material in a medium. Within the context of the present invention, this term refers to particulate matter fixed in the coating medium.
The term "microcapsule", "microparticle", and "microsphere" are used in the art-recognized sense as spheroidal or partly spheroidal particles in the submicron to approximate 1000 micron range. The preferred ranges are from 1 to 200 microns, and especially from 2 to 100 microns.
The term "channel" means that through which anything flows. In the context of the present invention, it is the connection formed from the uptake of water and swelling of the particulate matter in the coating such that there is continuous contact among the swollen particulate matter to form conduits through which the aqueous medium outside of the delivery device is ultimately brought into contact with the core material in the device.

WO 97/25979 _ PCT/IB97/00037 _19_ The term "administer" is intended to mean introducing the device of the present invention into a subject. When administration is for the purpose of treatment, administration may be for either prophylactic or therapeutic purposes. When provided prophylactically, the substance is provided in advance of any symptom. The prophylactic administration of the substance serves to prevent or attenuate any subsequent symptom. When provided therapeutically, the substance is provided at (or shortly after) the onset of a symptom. The therapeutic administration of this substance serves to attenuate any actual symptom.
The term "animal" is intended to mean any living creature that contains cells in which the devices of the present invention can be effective. Foremost among such animals are humans; however, the invention is not intended to be so limiting. it being within the contemplation of the present invention to apply the compositions of the invention to any and all animals which may experience the benefits of the invention. Thus, the delivery system and methods of the invention not limited to administration to humans and are especially useful for veterinary administaration of drugs to any animal, including (but not limited to) pets such as dogs, cats, horses, fish and birds, zoo animals. wild animal control and treatment, and agriculturally important animals of the food and dairy industry such as cattle, milk cows, swine and poultry.
The invention is directed to a device containing a water-insoluble or relatively water-insoluble coating around a drug-containing core and especially a swellable core. The coating is a mixture of a water-insoluble hydrophilic particulate material embedded and dispersed in a non-water-soluble material. The coating may not be completely non-water-soluble.
However, the important parameter is that it allows the slow introduction of water or other aqueous fluid, such as in the gastrointestinal tract. When the water reaches the embedded hydrophilic particles, they swell. The swelled particles eventually form channels from the outer part of the device to the core WO 97!25979 PG"T/IB97/00037 containing the drug. The drug is released through these channels in a controlled manner. In embodiments in which the coxe is swellable, the core then swells and drug is released in a controlled manner through the channels formed from the embedded particulate.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the delivery device is a tablet that contains a core material which is a naturally non-disintegrating tablet. The tablet is made with standard granulation and tableting techniques and is coated using pan coat technology. Instead of a solution, a suspension of the particulate material in a solution or fine suspension of the polymeric coating material is sprayed on the tablets. The suspension is stirred to keep it relatively homogeneous. Warm or cold air is flowed over the tablets to allow for the film to form and the tablets to dry. Suitable solvents for such polymeric solutions or suspensions are the typical solvents known to those in the art for spray coating tablets and include, but are not limited to, water, ethanol, acetone and isopropanol. Ethanol is the preferred solvent.
In a fizrther preferred embodiment of the invention, the device is in the form of a coated tablet. Alternate forms of the device are coated capsules, coated microcapsules, coated pellets or micropellets, coated pellets or micropellets in a capsule, coated pellets or micropeliets in a coated capsule, coated pellets, micropellets or microcapsules pressed into a tablet and coated pellets, micropellets or microcapsules pressed into a tablet and further coated.
It should be recognized however that any material, and any swellable material, is potentially useful as the core material. The functional requirement is simply that upon contact with aqueous matter in the gastrointestinal tract and following contact with channels formed by the particulate matter that has absorbed water, the core allows the drug present in the core to be released.
This may be through the channels of the release device. In embodiments in which a swellable core in desired, any material may be used as empirically determined to cause the necessary amount of swelling.

WO 97/25979 _ PCT/1897/00037 It should also be recognized that any material can form the embedded particulate. The functional requirement is that the material absorb aqueous matter from the gastrointestinal tract thereafter forming channels or networks whereby aqueous matter can flow and drug can be released.
Drug release is controlled by varying the following parameters: ( 1 ) size of the particulate matter; (2) thickness of the coating; (3) type of material forming the particulate matter; (4) ratio of particulate matter; and (5) water-insoluble film forming material.
In particularly preferred embodiments, the device is a 9 mm tablet of a drug (e.g., sodium salicylate or sodium diclofenac) and excipients (e.g., calcium pectinate, pectin, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) coated with a suspension of 7 parts calcium pectinate and 3 parts EudragitTM E in 25 to 30 parts ethanol. The best results are obtained with calcium pectinate of particle size <149 ~ and a film thickness of approximately 200 microns. This embodiment allows for delivery of a soluble drug to the colon since it affords an approximate four hour delay in drug release under in vitro conditions of USP Intestinal TS (US Pharmacopeia XXIl, National Formulary XYIl, page 1789 (1990)) when using dissolution apparatus 2 {U.S. Pharmacopeia XXII, National FormularyXTrII, page 1579 (1990)).
The preferred embodiment is coated with Eudragit LTM as an enteric coat to protect both the Eudragit ETM and the calcium pectinate from the effects of the acid pH of the stomach. The enteric coat dissolves in the upper part of the small intestine. The particulate calcium pectinate starts to slowly swell as intestinal fluid enters the coating. -After about four hours, channels have formed and the soluble drug starts to release from the system. The ' soluble drug load of this system is released in a controlled fashion by diffusion through the channels of swollen calcium pectinate after reaching the colon.
A thinner coat will reduce the delay in drug release and allow delivery of the drug to the distal portion of the small intestine.

For colonic administration, the formulation is designed so as to prevent release of the drug in the stomach and small ~ intestine environments and to be unaffected by the stomach and small intestine enzymes. When targeting the colon, the preferred embodiment has the advantage of the guaranteed release 3 of the drug load since the major portion of the coating system (70% calcium pectinate) and the core (calcium pectinate and pectin) are enzymatically degradable in the colon while being non-degradable by enzymes of the stomach and small intestine.
The formulation will thus permit release of the drug, by diffusion through the swollen channels of the particulates, upon arrival in the colon as well as by the action of colonic bacteria. The bacteria will degrade the particulate material fiuther opening the channels. The bacteria will then enter the core by the opened channels formed, degrade the core material, and thus facilitate colonic drug release.
13 Thus, the drug delivery system serves as a means to target enterally administered drugs . to various regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
Accordingly, a subject in need of treatment with the desired agent, may conveniently obtain such treatment by orally ingesting the compositions of the invention.
Examples of agents that are useful for colonic delivery include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as diclofenac;M
flurbiprofen, indomethaciri, and aspirin steroid drugs such as dexamethasone;M
budesonide, beclomethasone, flucticasone, tioxocortol, and hydrocortisone;
contraceptives or steroidal hormones such as estrogen, estradiol and testosterone; immunosuppressants such as cyclosporin; bronchodialators such as theophylline and salbutamol; anti-anginals and anti-hypertensives such as isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, nitroglycerine, nifedipine, oxyprenolol, diltiazem, captopril, atenolol, benazepril, metoprolol, and TM
vasopril; anti-spasmodic agents such as cimetropium bromide; anti-colitis agents such as S-aminosalicylic acid; anti-arrhythmia agents such as quinidine, verapamil, procainamide, and lidocaine; anti-neoplastic agents such as methotrexate, tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, mercaptopurine, and etoposide;
TM
protein or peptide drugs such as insulin, human growth hormone, interleukin II, interferon; calcitonin, leuprolide, tumor necrosis factor, bone growth factor, 3 melanocyte-stimulating hormone, captopril, somatostatin, somatostatin octapeptide analog, cyclosporin, renin inhibitor, superoxide dismutase, other hormones and vaccines; anticoagulants such as heparin or short chain heparin, anti-migraine drugs such as ergotomine; glibenclamide; 5-hydroxytryptamine type,A receptor agonist gepiron; SHT3 antagonist ondasteron; metkephamid;
menthol; antibiotics such as neomycin, (3-lactams such as ampicilliri and amoxicillin, cephalosporins such as cephalexin and cloxacillin, and macrolides such as erythromycin; and PGE, analogues for protecting the gastroduodenal mucosa from NSAID injury, such as misoprostol. Protein drugs, such as LH-RH and insulin, may survive longer and be absorbed better from the colon 13 than from the small intestine. Other drugs have been shown to possess colonic absorption, such as diclofenac quinidine, theophylline, isosorbide dinitrate, nifedipine, oxprenolol, metoprolol, glibenclamide, 5-hydroxytryptamine type,A receptor agonist gepiron, SHT3 antagonist ondasteron, metkephamid, menthol, benazepril (ACE inhibitor).
Examples of drugs that are useful for treating various other regions of the alimentary canal are as follows: Gastro Esophagal Reflux Disease - H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., Tagamet,NZantacj, proton pump inhibitors (e.g., Omeprazole); Candida esophagitis - nystatin or clotrimazole; Duodenal Ulcer - H2 receptor agonists, prostaglandins (e.g., Cytotec; Prostin), proton ?3 pump inhibitors - (e.g., Prilosec;M Omeprazole, Sucralfate); Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome - H2 receptor agonists; Gastritis - H2 receptor agonists, PGE, analogs for protecting the gastroduodenal mucosa from NSAID injury such as misoprostol, GHR-IH
drugs for treating pancreatitis, such as somatostatin, and anti-spasmodic drugs.
for treating local spasmoIytic action such as cimetropium bromide.

WO 97/25979 _ PC'D'/IB97/00037 The therapeutic benefits of the delivery system depend upon its ability to delivery efficacious levels of drugs to a specific site in the gastrointestinal tract. This allows the local treatment of diseases including, but not limited to, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, colon carcinoma, esophagitis, Candida esophagitis, duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (gastrinoma), gastritis, chronic constipation, pancreatitis, local spasms, local infections, parasites, and other changes within the gastrointestinal tract due to effects of systemic disorders (e.g., vascular inflammatory, infectious and neoplastic conditions).
Direct delivery of drugs to these regions enhances the amount of drug absorbed in this region and the amount of drug to which the cells in the region are directly exposed. Direct delivery or targeting of drugs also decreases the systemic distribution of drugs and thereby reduces undesirable and potentially harmful side effects.
IS The devices are also useful for diagnostic purposes, such as site-specific delivery of x-ray contrast agents (e.g., barium sulfate, Diatrizoate Sodium, other iodine containing contrast agents} ultrasound contrast agents (e.g., air-containing microspheres), contrast or enhancement agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Tomography, or Positron Emission agents. The devices are fiu-ther useful for the delivery of monoclonal antibody markers for tumors.
Specific embodiments of prepared formulations of the compositions of the invention, include, for example, matrix-drug tablets, especially tablets prepared by compression; matrix-drug pellets, either free or packed in gelatine capsules, or any other means allowing oral administration; matrix-drag nanoparticles, either free or packed in gelatine capsules or any other means allowing oral administration; and mufti-layered tablets, coated capsules, coated microcapsules, coated pellets or micropellets, coated pellets or micropellets in a capsule, coated pellets or micropellets in a coated capsule, coated pellets, micropeliets or microcapsules pressed into a tablet and coated WO 97125979 _PCT/1897/00037 pellets, micropellets or microcapsules pressed into a tablet and further coated.
All of the techniques for preparation of such formulations are well known in the art.
The amount of drug can vary as desired for efficacious delivery of the desired drug and in consideration of the patient's age, sex, physical condition, disease, and other medical criteria. In addition, the amount of drug delivered by the system of the invention will depend upon the relative efficacy of the drug. The amount of specific drug necessary for efficacious results in the delivery system and methods of the invention may be determined according to techniques known in the art. For example, recommended dosages such as known in the art (for example, see the Physicians' Desk Reference, (E.R.
Barnhart, publisher), The Merck Index, Merck & Co., New Jersey, and The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics, A.G. Goodman et al., eds., Pergamon Press, New York), provide a basis upon which to estimate the amount of a drug which has been previously been required to provide an efficacious level of activity.
Examples of drugs whose efficacious amounts for use in the delivery system of the invention may be determined in this manner include anti-inflammatory agents, including non-steroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as indomethacin, diclofenac, flurbiprofen, aspirin, dexamethasone, budesonide, beclomethasone, flucticasone, tioxocortal, and hydrocortisone; immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporin; bronchodialators, such as salbutamol and theophylline; anti-anginals and anti-hypertensives, such as diltiazem, captopril, nifedipine, isosorbide dinitrate, oxyprenolol;
anti-spasmodics, such as cimetropium bromide; anti-neoplastic agents, including ' methotrexate, tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, mercaptopurine etoposide; anti-colitis drugs, such as S-aminosalicylic; and anti-arrhythmia agents, such as quinidine, verapamil, procainamide and lidocaine; protein or peptide drugs, such as insulin, human growth hormone, interleukin-II, interferon, calcitonin, leuprolide, tumor necrosis factor, bone growth factor, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, captopril, somatostatin, somatostatin octapeptide analog, cyclosporin, renin inhibitor, superoxide dismutase; other hormones; vaccines;
anti-coagulants, such as heparin or short chain heparin; and anti-migraine drugs, such as ergotamine.
Tablets and capsules may be prepared and tested by techniques well known in the art, for example, as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, and especially in chapter 89, the pharmaceutical preparation and manufacture of "Tablets, Capsules and Pills."
In all embodiments, if desired, more than one drug may be supplied to the patient in the same matrix.
In the tablet embodiments, for example, the compositions of the invention may provide a wide range of drug amounts, for example, the amount of drug can vary from about 0.01-95% by weight.
In another embodiment, a compressed tablet is formulated to contain efficacious levels of the desired drugs) or pharmaceutical compounds) as in the tablet embodiment, and an amount of the components of the invention that would allow disintegration of the tablet and release of the drugs) following exposure of the tablet to one or more microorganisms present in the colon.
Other suitable embodiments will be known to those of skill in the art.
The following examples further describe the materials and methods used in carrying out the invention. The examples are not intended to limit the invention in any manner.
example 1 Materials and Metlaods Eudragit ETM 100 and Eudragit RSTM were purchased from Rohm Pharma (Germany). Ethyl Cellulose was purchased from Hercules (USA).
Sodium salicylate powder (BP, USP) was supplied by Merck (Germany).

WO 97/25979 _ PCT/IB97/00037 -2?-Sodium diclofenac was purchased from Prosintex (UK). Ethyl alcohol was USP grade. Calcium pectinate powder containing 4% and 2% calcium was prepared by the addition of calcium chloride to a suspension of low methoxy pectin (Copenhagen Pectin) in a water/isopropyl alcohol mixture.
Pectin/calcium pectinate core tablets which weighed 300 mg and contained 30 mg sodium salicylate were prepared by standard dry granulation techniques. Microcrystalline cellulose core tablets weighing 250 mg and containing 30 mg sodium salicylate, were prepared by dry granulation techniques. Pectin/calcium pectinate core tablets weighing -r300 mg and containing 100 mg sodium diciofenac were prepared by standard dry granulation techniques. Crospovidone was purchased from GAF (LTSA).
Crosslinked Byco gelatin was prepared by a crosslinking reaction of Byco hydrolyzed gelatin (Croda (I1K)) with glutaraldehyde (Merck (Germany)).
Microcrystalline cellulose was purchased from FMC (Belgium). The coating calcium pectinateJEudragitTM suspension was prepared by dissolving Eudragit ETM (10% wlv (22.Sg EudragitTM/200g solution)) in ethanol and then adding the calcium pectinate powder, to the desired weight ratio of, ?0, 50 and 30%
(g calcium pectinate/g EudragitTM plus calcium pectinate), to the EudragitTM
solution. The suspension was then continuously stirred vigorously throughout the coating process to prevent the calcium pectinate deposition. The other polymer - particulate combinations were prepared similarly by first dissolving the polymer (Eudragit RSTM or ethylcellulose) in ethanol and then adding the particulate (calcium pectinate, Crospovidone, microcrystalline cellulose, or crosslinked Byco protein). -Spray coating was performed on 100g tablets (Pectin/calcium pectinate tablets or mixtures of Pectin/calcium pectinate tablets with microcrystalline cellulose tablets). The coating system consisted of a pan coater (~12 cm diameter), an Erweka or Heidolph {RZR 2051, electronic) driving motor, a peristaltic pump (Masterflex, Digital Console Drive, Cole-Palmer Instrument Company) and a nozzle composed from a "Y" tube and a pipette tip, as illustrated below in Figure 23.
The peristaltic pump provided a constant flow of the suspension (3 ml/min.) using #16 type silicon tubing. The pressure of the air used for spraying was in the range of S-10 psi. Sampling and coating thickness measurements of both microcrystalline cellulose and calcium pectinate/pectin tablets was carried out after spraying of 50 ml suspension and at 50 ml intervals up to 250 ml. Dissolution studies were carried out in intestinal fluid TS using a Vankel VK 7000 dissolution tester. Each tablet was placed in 900 IO ml intestinal fluid TS and stirred by paddle at 50 RPM. Intestinal fluid TS
was prepared according to USP XXII p. 1789 (without pancreatin). The solutions were kept at 37°C by a Vankel VK650A heater/circulator.
Samples (3 ml) were taken at various time intervals as indicated by the time points in each experiment using a Vankel VK8000 Autosarnpler. The sodium salicylate released from the coated tablets was quantif ed using a HP 8452A Diode-Array Spectrophotometer at 296 nm. Experiments carried out with sodium diclofenac were quantified using a wavelength of 276 nm.
The measurement of the diffusion of sodium salicylate through free-standing sprayed f lms was carried out on 200p. thick sprayed Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate and Eudragit ETM films using a diffusion cell. The area of the film available for diffusion was 2.27 cm2.
Intestinal TS solution (9 ml) was placed in the receiver cell and 100 ppm of sodium salicylate dissolved in intestinal TS was placed on the other side of the film. The films were pre-wetted in water/ethanol mixture (4/I v/v) for ~ minutes. The entire assembly was placed in a shaker bath held at 37°C
and shaken at 70 strokes per minute. Samples of 1 ml were taken by syringe at predetermined time intervals, measured for sodium salicylate content by UV
spectroscopy at 296 nm, and returned to the cell.
The EudragitsTM are disclosed in the Rohm Pharma Technical material.
They are characterized as (1) an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid WO 97/25979 _. PCT!)B97/00037 and methylmethacrylate wherein the ratio of free carboxyl groups to the ester groups is approximately 1:1, (2) an anionic copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methylmethacrylate wherein the ratio of free carboxyl groups to the ester groups is approximately 1:2, (3) a copolymer based on acrylic and methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups wherein the molar ratio of the ammonium groups to the remaining neutral methacrylic acid esters is 1:20, and (4) a copolymer based on acrylic and methacrylic acid esters with a low content of quaternary ammonium groups wherein the molar ratio of the ammonium groups to the remaining neutral methacrylic acid esters is 1:40, said copolymers being sold under the trademarks "Eudragit L," "Eudragit S," "Eudragit RL," and "Eudragit RS,"
respectively. Emcocel and Avicel are trademarks for microcrystalline cellulose. Eudragit ETM is a cationic copolymer based on diethylaminoethyl methacrylate and neutral methacrylic acid esters. Eudragit NETM is a neutral copolymer based on poly{meth)acrylates. Both are discussed in Rohm Pharma commercial literature.
Results Diffusion of Sodium Salicylate (SS) Tlzrouglz Free Films The results of the diffusion of sodium salicylate through free films of Eudragit ETM and Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate ( 1:1 ) are shown in Figure 1. The films were 200, thick in both cases. Essentially no diffusion of drug occurred through the Eudragit ETM film throughout the experiment. The Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate film allowed the movement of sodium salicylate at a controlled rate. 50% of the sodium salicylate had diffused through the film in two hours. The diffusion was essentially complete in five hours.

WO 97/25979 . PCT/1897/00037 Effect of Calcium Pectif:ate Content oaz the Diffusioh of Sodium Salicylate from Tablets Tablets of 30 mg sodium salicylate (chosen as a very soluble drug marker) in a calcium pectinate/pectin matrix were coated with various thicknesses of the Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate film coating at various ratios of calcium pectinate to Eudragit ETM. The results are summarized in Figures 2-5.
Figure 2 shows the release of sodium salicylate from tablets coated with Eudragit ETM only. Tablets coated with a film of 74~ or more of Eudragit 1~0 ETM were impenetrable for ten hours. Tablets coated with a thin coat of Eudragit ETM allowed diffusion of the sodium salicylate after a short lag time.
After the lag time, the profile was similar to that of a non-coated tablet.
Figure 3 shows sodium salicylate release from tablets coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (7:3). Tablets coated with a coating thicker than 105u were impenetrable to drug diffusion. A 60~. coating allowed stow drug diffusion. Approximately 10% diffused out after six hours.
Figure 4 shows the release of sodium salicylate from tablets coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate ( 1:1 ). A film of 44u was completely penetrable while a film of 67~. allowed transfer after a lag time of one hour.
Release was then similar to that obtained with no coating. Films of 93~, and 115, prevented release from the tablets for two and four hours respectively and retarded release thereafter.
Figure 5 shows release of sodium saiicylate from tablets coated with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (3:7). There was no lag time with a film of 48~, and a lag time of one hour with a film of 65u. The release of sodium salicylate was then similar to release with a non-coated tablet. Films of 125., 169., 185u and 290 delayed release l, 2, 3, and 6 hours respectively. The subsequent release was retarded compared to a non-coated tablet.

WO 97/25979 _. PCT/iB97/00037 Table 1 shows the collected data and the effect of % calcium pectinate on release of sodium salicylate from films of similar thickness.
Table 1. Effect of Percent Calcium Pectinate (%Calcium Pectinate) on Release of Sodium Salicylate Film % Calcium % release-% release-% release-Thickness Pectinate 2 hours 4 hours 6 hours (I~) The data. in the table show clearly that increasing calcium pectinate leads to increasing rates of release of the soluble drug through the film.
The Effect of Calcium Pectinate Particle Size o~z the Release of Sodium Salicylate from Eudragit Er'M/Calcium Pectinate Films The calcium pectinate powder used to make the EudragitTM Elcalcium pectinate films was fractionated by sieving into four fractions: ~44p,, 44-74p, 74-149p, and >1491Z. These fractions were designated A, B, C, and D, respectively. Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate films (3:7) were coated on tablets of sodium salicylate in a calcium pectinate/pectin matrix with each of the particle size fractions. The release of sodium salicylate was measured for each of these systems and the results are shown graphically in Figures 6-9.

WO 97/25979 . PCT/IB97/00037 Figure 6 shows the release of sodium salicylate from tablets coated with fraction A (<44~.). Films of 370-460 cause a two-hour lag time and retarded release of the sodium salicylate thereafter.
Figure 7 shows the results of coating with fraction B. A film of 450 causes a three-hour lag time and a film of 250u causes a two-hour lag time.
Figure 8 shows the release of sodium salicylate from tablets coated with Eudragit ETMlcalcium pectinate using fraction C. A film of 250 thickness causes a five-hour delay in the onset of drug release. A film of 350 prevents drug release for eight hours.
Figure 9 shows the release of sodium salicylate from tablets coated with a mixture of fractions A, B, and C in the ratio as originally synthesized.
The results are intermediary to the data in the previous graphs. A film of 270 causes a lag time of about three hours.
Table 2 is a collection of data from Figures 6-8. It shows the effect of the fraction size on the release of sodium salicylate from the matrix tablets at various film thicknesses. The smaller the particle size, the more quickly soluble drug is released.

WO 97/25979 _. PCT/1897/00037 _ Table 2. Release of Sodium Salicylate from Eudragit E''"/Calcium Pectinate (3:7) Coated Tablets as a Function of Calcium Pectinate Particle Size Film Fraction % release-% release-% release-Thickness 2 hours 4 hours 6 hours (I~) 250 44-74~c 0 15 40 250 74-149. 0 0 4 370 < 44~c 3 35 60 350 74-149~c 0 0 0 460 < 44~c 1 12 40 450 44-74~c 0 4 20 Example 2 Eudragit EI'M/Calcium Pectinate Films versus Eudragit EI'M/Pectin Films A comparison was made between the films containing calcium pectinate and a film made with pectin of the same particle size spread. The results are shown in Figure 10. A Eudragit ETM/pectin (3:7) film of 300 caused a one-hour delay in drug release and gave a release profile thereafter that was identical to that of a non-coated tablet. The Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate film of 230 caused a delay of three hours and a slower release rate than the non-coated tablet, thereafter. -WO 97/25979 _ PCTIIB97/00037 Example 3 Eudragit ET"~/Calcium Pectinate Films on a Disintegrating Tablet Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate films (3:7) were coated onto an immediate-release tablet made of microcrystalline cellulose (Emcocel}. The tablets contained 30 mg sodium salicylate, were 9 rnm in diameter, and had a total weight of 250 mg. The films were capable of preventing disintegration of the tablets for various time intervals depending on film thickness. Films of Eudragit ETM alone prevented disintegration for over six hours (data not shown). The Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (3:7} films delayed the onset of disintegration for up to three hours for films up to 300p. The dissolution data on these coated tablets is shown in Figure 11.
Example 4 Ethylcellulose as tl:e Hydrophobic Film - Crelcium Pectinate as Hydrophilic Particulate Tablets of 30 mg of sodium salicylate in a calcium pectinate/pectin matrix were coated with ethylcellulose. A coating thickness of 40p, was sufficient to totally seal the tablet from drug release for more than ten hours.
The same tablets were coated with ethylcellulose/calcium pectinate (3:7) at various thicknesses. Figure 12 shows the results of coating at thicknesses between 100u and 300u. A coating of I 15~, prevented drug release for two hours after which the sodium salicylate was released in a zero order fashion at a slow controlled rate. The non-coated core is presented for comparison in Figure 13. Without the coating, the cores released about 30% of the sodium salicylate in the first two hours and approximately 50% in f ve hours.
The calcium pectinate/pectin tablets mentioned above were coated with ethylcellulose/calcium pectinate at the ratio of 80% calcium pectinate instead WO 97/25979 _. PCT/IB97/00037 of 70%. Figure 14 shows that by raising the percentage of the hydrophilic particulate, the amount of time the device will prevent drug release can be controlled. With 70% calcium pectinate there was no drug release for seven hours (thickness of 280,u). With 80% calcium pectinate, there was drug release after five hours (thickness of 360,u).
Example 5 Eudragit RSTM as Hydrophobic Film Calcium Pectinate as Hydrophilic Particulate Tablets containing 30 mg sodium salicylate in a calcium pectinate/pectin matrix were coated with Eudragit RSTM/calcium pectinate (3:7) in the same manner as with Eudragit ETM and ethylcellulose. The results of dissolution tests for different thicknesses of coating are shown in Figure 15.
This polymer prevented drug release for two hours with a coating thickness of 440.. Drug release was prevented for 1.5 hours with a coating thickness of 340. Drug release was prevented for 0.5 hours with a coating thickness of 220p.. While the absolute coating thickness varies from hydrophobic polymer to polymer, this experiment, along with the previous ones, shows that the controlled release of the drug can be achieved by varying the hydrophobic polymers.
Example 6 Eudragit E''M as Hydrophobic Film Crosslinked Byeo as Hydroplzilic Particulate Tablets containing 30 mg sodium salicylate in a calcium pectinate/pectin matrix were coated with Eudragit ETM/crosslinked Byco (3:7) in the same manner as above. Films of Eudragit ETM alone completely WO 97/25979 _. PCT/>B97/00037 prevented drug release from the tablet for at least seven hours. Figure 16 shows the release obtained with a crosslinked protein (hydrolyzed gelatin crosslinked with gutaraldehyde and ground to a power) as the hydrophilic , insoluble particulate. Films of 200, thickness prevented drug release for approximately one hour. Those of 360 prevented drug release for three hours.
Example 7 Eudragit ETM as Hydrophobic Film Crospovidone as Hydrophilic Particulate Tablets containing 30 mg sodium salicylate in a calcium pectinate/pectin matrix were coated with of Eudragit ETM/Crospovidone in ratios of 3:7, 1: l and 7:3 in the same manner as above. Results of drug release in dissolution experiments are shown in Figures 17-19. With 70% and 50%
Crospovidone, the release of the drug began the first hour. The tablet with the 180u coating behaved similarly to the non-coated tablet. Thicker coatings caused delays in release of about one hour. Release profiles were more sustained than with an uncoated tablet. Coatings containing only 30%
Crospovidone showed delays in release from one to four hours.
Example 8 Eudragit Ei'M as Hydrophobic Film -Microcrystalline Cellulose as Hydrophilic Particulate Tablets containing 30 mg sodium salicylate in a calcium pectinate/pectin matrix were coated with Eudragit ETM containing microerystalline cellulose (Avicel) as the hydrophilic, water-insoluble WO 97/25979 _ PCT/I1B97/00037 particulate at levels of 30% and 70%. Figure 20 shows the results of the dissolution test on tablets coated with a~7:3 ratio of Eudragit ETM to Avicel.
The coating with only 30% Avicel allows drug release only after nine hours (film thickness of 70~). Figure 21 shows the results of a dissolution study on the same tablets coated with a ratio of Eudragit ETM/microcrystalline cellulose of 3:7. When 70% of the film is the hydrophilic particulate, drug release occurs more rapidly. A 260~.c film caused a delay of an hour and controlled release thereafter. As has been shown in the other examples herein, an intermediate value of particulate content results in intermediate drug release values. Figure 21 a shows the results of release with a film of Eudragit ETM/microcrystalline cellulose ( 1:1 ). When 50% of the weight of the film is the hydrophilic particulate, there is a two hour delay in drug release (330p) with zero order release thereafter.
Example 9 Eudragit Ei'M as Hydrophobic Film - Calcium Pectinate as Hydrophilic Particulate, with 100 mg Sodium Diclofenac as Drug Marker A sustained release formulation containing 100 mg of sodium diclofenac in a calcium pectinate/pectin matrix was developed. The non-coated tablets showed close to zero order sustained release of the drug into intestinal TS over 16 hours. Coating the tablets with Eudragit ETM/calcium pectinate (3:7) at thicknesses between 150, and 290~t resulted in controlled delay of drug delivery for 4 to 6 hours. This time is sufficient for the drug to pass the small intestine and enter in the colon. The results of the dissolution tests on these formulations are shown in Figure 22.

WO 97!25979 _ JPCT/iB97/00037 Discussion of Exemplary lllaterial Particles of calcium pectinate in a film of Eudragit ETM are capable of dramatically altering the properties of the Eudragit ETM barrier film and give a new dimension to the control of release of soluble drugs from a matrix. A
S hydrogel matrix and a disintegrating tablet are incapable of total protection and targeting of soluble drugs which can diffuse out through the swollen hydrogel. With sodium salicylate as a soluble drug marker, the calcium pectinate/pectin matrix allowed up to 50% of the drug to diffuse out in four hours in intestinal TS.
To allow for targeted delivery of soluble drugs a barrier to diffusion is necessary. This barrier must allow for control over the release of the soluble drug to a timed point so that little or no drug is released before desired.
The combination of non-water-soluble, but hydrophilic, particles in a hydrophobic coating allows for control of water entry into the tablet and diffusion of drug from the tablet. It has been shown that controlling several parameters {the percent of the particles, the particle size, the f lm thickness, the identity of the polymer, and the identity of the particulate material), the time and release profile of soluble drug from both a controlled delivery hydrogel tablet and an immediate delivery disintegrating tablet can be controlled. The general trend is as follows:
1. Percent of particles: The higher the percent of hydrophilic, non-soluble particulates embedded in the hydrophobic polymer, the earlier the release of the drug. This is thought to be because more channels are formed through which the soluble drug can diffuse.
2. Particle size of the particle: The smaller the particle size. the faster the release of drug for a given percent of particles. The smaller particles means that there are numerically more particles for a given weight percentage. The particles also have a larger total surface area so that WO 97/25979 _ PCT/1897/00037 more interaction among the particles embedded in the film is possible, possibly leading to more channels for drug delivery.
3. Film thickness: The thicker the film, the slower the release of the soluble drug. Thicker films require a longer time for swelling of the hydrophilic insoluble particles across the entire cross section of the hydrophobic barrier film.
4. Identity of the polymer and particulate: The more hydrophobic the polymer, the longer the release time when all other parameters are kept the same. It will take longer for the hydrophilic channels to form when the polymer is more hydrophobic. The more hydrophilic and swellable the particulate, the faster the release when all other parameters are kept the same, since the drug is released through the swollen hydrophilic channels. The more the particulate swells, the larger the channels. The more hydrophilic the particulate, the faster the channels form and the more efficient they are at allowing the drug to diffuse through them.
It is important to have many parameters that allow control of release of a drug since each drug-matrix combination is unique with a solubility profile of the drug and a diffusion profile of the matrix. The present invention allows one to tailor the design of the film coating to the needs of any system.
It has been shown that the drug delivery system herein, based on a non-soluble hydrophilic particulate embedded in a hydrophobic film, can be made of se~~eral different materials that meet the requirements. The non-soluble hydrophilic particulate can be calcium pectinate (a non-soluble metal salt of the polysaccharide pectin), glutaraldehyde- crosslinked hydrolyzed gelatin (Byco) (a non-soluble protein derivative), microcrystalline cellulose (an insoluble polysaccharide) and Crospovidone (a non-soluble crosslinked synthetic hydrophilic polymer). The hydrophobic film can be Eudragit ETM (an amino polymethacrylic acid), Eudragit RSTM (a quaternary ammonium polymethacrylic acid) or ethylcelluiose (a derivative of the WO 97/25979 _. PCT/>897/00037 polysaccharide cellulose). The system has been shown to be viable on a hydrogel core (calcium pectinate/pectin) with 10% drug loading, a hydrogel core with 33% drug loading {sodium salicylate and sodium diclofenac) and on a disintegrating core (microcrystalline cellulose). These examples show the versatility of the system.
Having now fully described the invention, it would be understood by those with skill in the art that the invention may be performed within a wide and equivalent range of conditions, parameters, and the like, without affecting the spirit or scope of the invention or any embodiment therefore. All references cited herein are incorporated herein fully by reference for their relevant teachings.

Claims

Claims:

1. ~A drug delivery device for localized drug release in the gastrointestinal tract of an animal comprising:
(a) a core comprising a drug and core material; and (b) a coating surrounding said core, said coating having an outer surface, wherein said coating comprises separate particles of water-insoluble hydrophilic matter embedded in a water-insoluble hydrophobic carrier, wherein when said device enters the gastrointestinal tract, said separate particles of water-insoluble hydrophilic matter absorb liquid, thus forming channels that interconnect said core with said outer surface of said coating, and through which channels, said drug from said core is released into the gastrointestinal tract in a controlled manner.

2. ~The device of claim 1, wherein said core is selected from the group consisting of tablets, capsules and pellets.

3. ~The device of claim 1 or 2, wherein said water-insoluble hydrophobic carrier of said coating is selected from the group consisting of Eudragit E
.TM., Eudragit NE .TM., Eudragit RL .TM., Eudragit RS .TM., ethylcellulose, shellac, zein and waxes.

4. ~The device of claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein said coating (b) is further coated with an enteric coating.

5. ~The device of claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein said core comprises a swellable material.

6. ~The device of claim 5, wherein said swellable material is selected from the group consisting of polysaccharide, cross-linked polyacrylic acid and modified cellulose.

7. The device of claim 6, wherein said polysaccharide is selected from the group consisting of alginate, pectin, xanthan gum, guar gum, carrageenan, tragacanth gum, locust bean gum, starch, microcrystalline starch, microcrystalline cellulose, metal salts thereof, and covalently crosslinked derivatives thereof.

8. The device of claim 6, wherein said modified cellulose is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose.

9. The device of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein said separate particles of water-insoluble hydrophilic matter comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of a water-insoluble polysaccharide, a water-insoluble cross-linked polysaccharide, a water-insoluble polysaccharide metal salt, a water-insoluble cross-linked protein, a water-insoluble cross-linked peptide, water insoluble protein: polysaccharide complex, a water insoluble peptide: polysaccharide complex, a polysaccharide or a protein or peptide rendered insoluble by interaction with a poly-canon or poly-anion and a water-insoluble cross-linked hydrophilic polymer in dried powder form.

10. The device of claim 9, wherein said polysaccharide of said polymer is selected from the group consisting of an insoluble metal salt of pectin, xanthan gum, carrageenan, tragacanth gum, locust bean gum, and alginic acid; an insoluble crosslinked derivative of xanthan gum, guar gum, dextran, carrageenan, tragacanth gum, locust bean gum, pectin, starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and alginic acid, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, insoluble starch and microcrystalline starch.

11. The device of claim 10, wherein said insoluble metal salt of alginic acid is selected from the group consisting of calcium alginate, zinc alginate, aluminum alginate, ferric aliginate, and ferrous alginate.

12. The device of claim 10, wherein said insoluble metal salt of pectin is selected from the group consisting of calcium pectinate, zinc pectinate, aluminum pectinate, ferric pectinate and ferrous pectinate.

13. The device of claim 9, wherein said cross-linked polysaccharide, cross-linked protein, cross-linked peptide and cross-linked hydrophilic polymer are cross-linked by a cross-linking agent selected from the group consisting of formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, epichlorhydrin, diacid chloride, diacid anhydride, diisocyanates, diamines and borax.

14. The device of claim 9, wherein said water insoluble cross-linked protein is selected from the group consisting of glutaraldehyde-cross-linked hydrolyzed gelatin, formaldehyde-cross-linked hydrolyzed gelatin, glutaraldehyde-cross-linked gelatin, formaldehyde-cross-linked gelatin, glutaraldehyde-cross-linked collagen and formaldehyde-cross-linked collagen.

15. The device of claim 9, wherein said water-insoluble cross-linked hydrophilic polymer is selected from the group consisting of carbomers.

16. The device of claim 9, wherein said water-insoluble cross-linked hydrophilic polymer is selected from the group consisting of Crospovidone.

17. The device of claim 4, wherein said water-insoluble carrier is Eudragit E
.TM., said separate particles of water-insoluble hydrophilic matter is calcium pectinate, and said enteric coating is Eudragit L .TM..

18. Use of the drug device of any of one of claims 1 to 17, for the treatment of an animal in need of therapy by treatment with a desired drug.

19. Use of the drug device of any of one of claims 1 to 17, in the preparation of a medicament for delivery to the gastrointestinal tract of an animal by oral administration.

20. The use of claim 18 or 19, wherein said drug is selected from the group consisting of diagnostic and therapeutic agents.

21. The use of claim 18 or 19, wherein said drug is released from the portion of the gastrointestinal tract selected from the group consisting of the stomach, the small intestine, the colon and the rectum.

22. The use of claim 18 or 19, for treatment of a disease selected from the group consisting of colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, gastritis, pancreatitis, hypertension, angina, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, arrythmia, local spasmolytic action, ulceration of the mucosa, diarrhea, constipation, polyps, carcinoma, cysts, infectious disorders and parasitic disorders.