CA2205683C

CA2205683C - Polymerizable additives for making non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries safe after overcharge

Info

Publication number: CA2205683C
Application number: CA002205683A
Authority: CA
Inventors: David S. Wainwright; Huanyu Mao
Original assignee: E One Moli Energy Canada Ltd
Current assignee: E One Moli Energy Canada Ltd
Priority date: 1997-05-16
Filing date: 1997-05-16
Publication date: 2001-05-15
Anticipated expiration: 2017-05-16
Also published as: CA2205683A1; EP0878861A1; US6074776A

Abstract

After undergoing overcharge abuse, non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries can be left in a relatively hazardous state of charge, representing a safety concern with respect to subsequent thermal or mechanical abuse. Electrolyte additives which electrochemically form conductive polymers can be used to create a short circuitinside the battery as a result of overcharge abuse and automatically discharge the battery internally. The invention is particularly suitable for batteries equipped with electrical disconnect devices which cannot be discharged externally after the disconnect has activated. Aromatic compounds such as biphenyl are particularly suitable additives.

Description

CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 POLYMERIZABLE ADDITIVES FOR MAKING NON-AQUEOUS
RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES SAFE AFTER OVERCHARGE

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention pertains to non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries and to methods for improving the safety thereof. It particularly pertains to the use ofpolymerizable monomer additives as means for rendering lithium ion batteries safe to further abuse after the batteries have been overcharged.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The dem~n~ for recl1argeable batteries having ever greater energy density has resulted in substantial research and development activity in rechargeable lithium batteries. The use of lithium is associated with high energy density, high battery voltage, long shelf life, but also with safety problems (ie. fires), since lithium is a highly reactive element. As a result of these safety problems, many rechalgeablelithium battery electrochemi~tri~s and/or sizes are lln~llit~kle for use by the public.
In general, batteries with electrochemistries employing pure lithium metal or lithium alloy anodes are only available to the public in very small sizes (eg. coin cell size) or are plilllaly types (eg. non-rechargeable). However, larger rechargeable batteries having such electroch~mi~tries can serve for military or certain remote power applications where safety concerns are of somewhat lesser importance, or the personnel involved are trained to deal with the higher level of hazard.
Recently, a type of rechargeable lithium battery known as lithium-ion or 'rocking chair' has become available commercially and represents a pl~erel.ed rechargeable power source for many consumer electronics applications. These batteries have the greatest energy density (Wh/L) of p~s~ ly available conventional rechargeable battery systems (ie. NiCd, NiMH, or lead acid batteries). Additionally, the operating voltage of lithium ion batteries is often sufficiently high that a single cell can suffice for many electronics applications.
T ithillm ion batteries use two dirrerellt insertion compounds for the active cathode and anode materials. 3.6 V (average) lithium ion batteries based on LiCoO2 CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 /pre-graphitic carbon electrochrmi~try are now commercially available. Many other lithium tMnsition metal oxide compounds are suitable for use as the cathode material, including LiNiO2 and LiMn2O4. Also, a wide range of carbonaceous compounds is suitable for use as the anode material, including coke and pure graphite. The aforementioned products employ non-aqueous electrolytes comprising LiBF4 or LiPF6 salts and solvent ~ ules of ethylene call)ol~t~, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and the like. Again, numerous options for thechoice of salts and/or solvents in such batteries are known to exist in the art.T.ithillm ion batteries can be sensitive to certain types of abuse, particularly10 overcharge abuse wherein the normal o~ illg voltage is exceeded during recharge.
During overcharge, excessive lithium is extracted from the cathode with a corresponding excessive insertion or even plating of lithium at the anode. This can make both electrodes less stable thermally. The anode becomes less stable as it gets doped or plated with reactive lithium while the cathode becomes more prone to 15 decomposing and evolving oxygen (see J.R. Dahn et al., Solid State Ionics, 69(3-4), p265-270, 1994). Ove~halgh~g also results in heating of the battery since much of the input energy is dissipated as heat rather than stored. The decrease in thermal stability combined with battery heating can lead to dangerous thermal runaway and fire on overcharge.
Battery chargel~ and/or battery packs comprising assemblies of indhidual lithium ion batteries are generally equipped with applopliate electrical Cil-;Uill~ to prevent o~/el.;halge. However, in the event of failure of the circuitry, many m~nllf~rtllrers incorporate additional safety devices, in the individual batteries themselves, to provide a greater level of protection against o~erchalge abuse. For 25 inct~nre, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,943,497 and Can~di~n Patent Application Serial No. 2,099,657, filed June 25, 1993, published February 11, 1994, respectively, the lithium battery products of Sony Corporation and Moli Energy (1990) Timited incorporate intern~l disconnect devices which activate when the internal ples~ule of the battery excee~ls a predelellllilled value during overcl1alge 30 abuse. Various gassing agents (eg. cathode compounds and/or other battery additives) may be used to gellelale sufficient gas above a given voltage during ovel~;harge so as CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 to activate the disconnect device.
Another alternative method relies on the net increase in internal solids volume to hydraulically activate a disconnect device at a specified state of overcharge (as disclosed in C~n~ n Patent Application Serial No. 2,093,763, filed April 8, 1993, 5 published October 9, 1994).
Other overcharge safety devices may be incorporated in the lithium batteries themselves to limit the charging current and/or voltage. Positive le~ el~lule coefficient resistors (PTCs) are incorporated by some m~mlf~ctllrers in part to limit the charging current during overcharge abuse. These devices rely on a combination 10 of heating of the battery and IR heating of the PTC to trigger the PTC, which thereby increases its re~i~t~nre and limits the charging current. In principle, it is also possible to consider incorporating an electrical circuit for overcharge protection in the headers of the individual batteries themselves.
These additional or backup safety devices can be effective insofar as 15 elimin~ting hazards associated with the electrical abuse of o~/~l.;halge. However, the overcharged battery is typically left in a higher state of charge than normal. The contents of the battery can thelerole be left in a less than nonnal thermally stable state, thereby posing more of a hazard than normal. Such overcharged batteries can be more sensitive to subsequent mech~nir~l abuse (eg. being crushed) or thermal 20 abuse (eg. being heated in an oven). While many batteries can simply be discharged m~nll~lly in the event that ove~halge abuse has occurred, thereby placing the battery in a safe discharged state for later disposal, it is pler~ d that this discharge be done autom~tir~lly.
Batteries with activated internal electrical disconnect devices however cannot 25 be externally discharged to drain them of energy and lower the state of charge. Such disconnrcte~ batteries may be locked into an abnormally unsafe state of charge and pose additional risk with regards to disposal or L~llpelhlg. Unfollul~alely, after the activation of a disconnect, such a battery will appear to have no rem~ining capacity (ie. be completely dead). At this point, an UllW~ly consumer might be more tempted 30 than usual to disassemble or otherwise mechanically abuse the battery with unfortunate consequences as a result. Thus, means for dischar~,illg such ovel~;hal~5ed CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 batteries autom~ti~ ~lly and internally are highly desirable.
Several means for autom~tir~lly discharging batteries are known or have been proposed in the art. Aqueous battery electrochf~mi~tries may exhibit recombination reactions at the end of charge which effectively serve to continuously discharge the 5 battery while charging continues. Additives (chemical shuttles) have also beendisclosed for non-aqueous battery electrochf~ tries to serve a similar purpose.
Recombination reactions and chf~mir~l shuttles may be viewed as autom~tir~lly discha~ g the batteries but only such that the normal m~ximllm opelatillg charging voltage is not excee~le(l.
Means for creating internal short circuits in overcharged batteries are also known in the art. Electrochf~-mir~l corrosion reactions may be relied on to rapidly corrode metallic hald~alc or other additives which are m~int~inf~cl at cathode potential (eg. cathode current collector). A corroded species from the cathode can then migrate and plate at the anode reslllting in the formation of a conductive dendrite.
15 With continued corrosion and plating, a conductive dendrite bridge can form between the cathode and anode thereby electrir~lly shorting the battery through the dendrite bridge. Often, little actual charge needs to be consumed in corrosion reactions before a dendrite bridge forms. Thus, cathode hal.lw~lc materials or other additives may be suitable for this purpose if the onset of corrosion occurs above the m~ximllm20 operating voltage and if significant corrosion occurs before ovelclla~gillg pl'csell~ a safety hazard. Many readily available m~teri~l options exist for low voltage (eg.
circa 2 volt) non-aqueous batteries. For in.~t~nre, in lithium anode/molybdenum disulfide cathode batteries m~nllffqctllred by Moli Energy Ltd. in the 1980s, st~inlf~ss steel and/or nickel hal.lwale at cathode potential would corrode, create dendrite 25 bridges, and short circuit the battery int~rn~lly thereby limiting the state of charge and protecting the batteries during overchalge abuse. However, not so many material options are available for higher voltage (eg. circa 4 volt) non-aqueous batteries. Most commonly available haldwalc materials corrode at too low a potential to allow for the normal operation of the battery. On the other hand, those speciality materials which 30 do not corrode at too low a potential may not corrode significantly enough when needed for overchalge protection. Thus, neither common nor speciality materials are CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 readily available for higher voltage non-aqueous batteries.
Mechanical means for creating internal short circuits in overcharged batteries have also been considered in the art. For in~t~nre, one option proposed is similar to the aforementioned electrical disconnect devices except that instead of effecting a 5 disconnect when activated, a mech~ni~m would instead be incorporated which effected a short circuit connection. This option however is mech~nir~lly complex and raises cost and reliability concerns.
Ideally, the means for creating intern~l short circuits on overcharge would be reliable and in~L.ensive. Optimally, mild shorts are produced, pelllaps progressively 10 or incrementally and perhaps distributed throughout the inside of the battery, such that the power and heat dissipated through the shorts is not suddenly large or localized (ie. creating spot heating). Either of these latter conditions represents a hazard in themselves.
Co-pending C~n~ n Patent Application Serial No. 2,163,187, filed November 17, 1995, by a common inventor, discloses the use of polymerizable monomer additives as gassing agents in lithium b~ ies for purposes of activatinginternal electrical disconnect devices on overcharge. Therein, it is disclosed that certain monomer gassing agents which form conductive polymer products might provide the additional advantage of Cl~dLillg an int~rn~l short and discha~gillg the batteries following overcharge abuse. In the examples, this additional advantage is actually obtained in batteries comprising a biphenyl additive. The polymerization product of the biphenyl is conductive.
Co-pending Can~ n Patent Application Serial No. 2,156,800, filed August 23, 1995 by a common inventor, discloses the use of polymerizable monomer additives for purposes of protecting a rechargeable lithium battery during overcharge.
Therein, a small amount of polymerizable additive is mixed in the liquid electrolyte.
During overcharge abuse, the aromatic additive polymerizes at voltages greater than the m~ximllm operating voltage of the battery thereby increasing its internal re~i~t~n~e sufficiently for protection.
In the aforementioned co-pending ~n~ n patent applications Serial Nos.

2,163,187 and 2,156,800, it is not directly disclosed that it would be advantageous CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 in general to have batteries autom~tir~lly discharge themselves after overchargeabuse, ie. independent of whether the battery contained an internal disconnect device.
Also, it is not directly disclosed that the use of monomer additives which form conductive products when polymerized can be advantageous independent of whether 5 the monomer also serves as a gassing agent or serves to signific~ntly increase the internal resi~t~n-~e of the battery.
Some aromatic compounds which are filn~m~ntally capable of polymerizing electrochemically and forming conductive polymers have been used in electrolyte solvent mixtures and/or as electrolyte solvent additives in certain specific rechargeable 10 non-aqueous lithium batteries for purposes of enhancing cycle life. In Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 61-230276, a laboratory test cell employing an electrolyte comprising a furan (an aromatic heterocyclic) solvent additive demol~Llated an improved cycling efficiency for plated lithium metal. In J~p~ se Patent Application Laid-open No. 61-147475, a polyacetylene anode, TiS2 cathode battery employing an 15 electrolyte comprising a thiophene solvent additive showed better cycling characteristics than similar batteries without the additive. No mention is made in these applications about potential safety advantages resulting from the electrochemical polymerization capability of the additives. Also, it is unclear whether the actual embodiments in these applications would possess a safety advantage in practice during 20 overcharge abuse as a result of incorporating the additives (ie. other events that occur during overcharge might plcven~ polymerization and/or polymerization might not result in the creation of an internal short).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention comprises both methods and embodiments for autom~ti~lly discharging non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries internally after the batteries have been subjected to overchalge abuse. (Ovelcl1arge abuse is considered to occur when the battery is charged to a voltage excee~ling the normal m~ximllm operating 30 charging voltage.) Monomer additives which form electrically conductive polymer products when polymerized are incorporated into the non-aqueous electrolyte. During CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 overcharge abuse, the monomer additive polymerizes thereby creating an internal short circuit in the battery and dischar~,illg it.
The invention can be useful whether or not the batteries need to be individually equipped with additional overcharge protection means. For in~t~nre, low 5 Mte batteries may not require additional means to ensure that the batteries are safe against electrical ove~ arge abuse. However, after overcharge, such low rate batteries may still pose a hazard with respect to subsequent thermal abuse. Thus, the invention can be useful in cases where discharging these low rate batteries to a lower state of charge renders them safer to subsequent thermal abuse.
In a like manner, the invention can be useful for batteries equipped with positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistors or other electrical circuit means to limit charging current or voltage. Such batteries typically can be m~nll~lly discharged at a controlled rate to render them safer, if nPcess~ry. However, in safety matters, it can be preferable to do this autom~tir~lly and intern~lly to ensure that the discharging is indeed performed. Certain additives of the invention, such as biphenyl, can not only serve to autom~tir~lly discharge an overcharged PTC
equipped battery, but can also serve to assist the PTC during the overcharge by increasing the internal impedance (as disclosed in co-pending C~n~ n Patent Application Serial No. 2,156,800 above).
A plcrelled application of the invention is in rechargeable lithium batteries which comprise an internal electrical disconnect device wherein the disconnect device is activated at a predelel~ led internal pressure. As in the aforementioned C~n~ n Patent Application Serial No. 2,163,187, the monomer additive may serve both as the activating gassing agent and as the monomer which creates the internal short circuit when polymerized. However, the monomer additive of the instant invention need not be a primary source of plc;S~Ul'e activating gas, nor in fact a gassing agent at all. For such emboflil"~ , it may instead be desirable to employ other means for activating the electrical disconnect device in combination with the instant monomer additive.
Since the internal short circuit can be created by the instant additive after a partial overcharge (ie. ovel~ arge stops before activation of the electrical disconnect device), the overcharged battery can be discharged and rendered safe even if the partial CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 overcharge abuse is not otherwise noticed to have occurred by the activating of the disconnect.
Generally, the non-aqueous rechargeable batteries of the invention comprise a lithium insertion compound cathode, a lithium compound anode (eg. lithium metal, 5 lithium alloy, or lithium insertion compound), and a non-aqueous electrolyte (typically a liquid, but polymer or plasticized polymer electrolytes may also be possible). For lithium ion batteries, the lithium insertion compound cathode can be Li,CoO2, oralternately can be selected from the group consisting of Li,~NiO2 and Li,~Mn204. The lithium compound anode can be a carbonaceous insertion compound. The liquid 10 electrolyte solvent can comprise organic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl calbo~ e, and ethyl methyl carbonate. The electrolyte solute can comprise various lithium salts such as LiPF6 or LiBF4. The invention is particularly suitable for batteries whose m~ximllm operating charging voltage isgreater than 4 volts.
Batteries of the invention additionally have a monomer additive mixed in the electrolyte wherein the monomer additive polymerizes at battery voltages greater than the m~ximllm operating voltage thereby forming a conductive polymer and creatingan internal short circuit in the battery. The amount of monomer additive must besufficient such that the polymer formed does indeed bridge both cathode and anode 20 thus shorting the battery. Amounts of less than about 5% monomer additive by weight in the mixture of electrolyte and monomer additive can be sufficient.
The monomer additive can be aromatic. Biphenyl is a particularly suitable additive for lithium ion batteries with opel~ g voltages in the 4 volt range.
Biphenyl can be effective in amounts of about 2 to 3% by weight in the electrolyte 25 mixture.
Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can also be suitable as additives. For in~t~n~e, pyrrole, N-melllyl~yllole, and thiophene polymerize and create an intern~l short in certain batteries. Thus, broadly speaking, these additives are potentially suitable, but appear preferable for use in ballelies with m~ximllm operating charging 30 voltages less than about 4 volts. Additives such as furan, indole, and 3-chlorothiophene may be potentially suitable additives for batteries with higher CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 operating charging voltages. The substitution of dirrelelll chemical groups in these compounds is expected to result in slight modifications to the polymerization potential and/or conductivity of the product polymer. Thus, substituted versions of these compounds may also be suitable and/or p~Çelled.
A method for obtaining the desired results in a given battery embodiment involves selecting a monomer additive that polymerizes to form an electrically conductive polymer at battery voltages greater than the m~ximllm operating charging voltage, and mixing an amount of this monomer in the electrolyte wherein the amount is sufficient such that an intern~l short circuit is created by the polymerized additive 10 during overcharge abuse thereby autom~ti~lly discharging the battery to a safe state of charge. Since neither very rapid nor very slow discharge rates are desirable and since the additive may serve no other purpose, the lowest enabling amount of additive may be plcr~ d as long as the internal short circuit created is capable of discharging the battery to a safe state of charge within about 24 hours. (Of course, additives like 15 biphenyl may serve other useful purposes in combination, such as activating disconnect devices or increasing battery impedance as mentioned in the two co-pending C~n~ n patent applications Serial Nos. 2,156,800 and 2,163,189 above.) BRIEF DESCRIPIION OF THE DRAVVINGS
Figure 1 depicts a cross-sectional view of a plerelled embodiment of a cylindrical spiral-wound lithium ion battery.

Figure 2 shows the capacity versus cycle number data for the battery in 25 Example III.

DETAILED DESCRIPIION OF SPECIFIC
EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

To minimi7e accidents, any energy stoMge device at the end of its useful life is ideally drained of stored energy prior to disposal and certainly prior to any action CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 conxliL~ g abuse of the battery. Non-aqueous rechargeable batteries are no exception, particularly those used by the general public. Most non-aqueous electrochemical systems used by the public require protection against excessive char~,hlg since such electrical abuse usually results in ullw~llled reaction products and 5 by-product heat at a time when the battery is fully loaded with energy. While these batteries are adequately protected against overcharge itself, the batteries can col~ u~
a potential hazard if abused again thereafter (known as 'stacked abuse').
It is preferable not to have to rely on the voluntary actions of the public to ensure safety. Battery packs may be (lix~semhled by the public thereby removing 10 external protection devices, and/or individual batteries may be subsequently abused n~lwi~ L~l~ding ~ll~ing notices and well publicized risk in so doing. Inoperative batteries are perhaps more likely to be so casually treated by the public than are batteries with some rem~inin~ life. In this regard, the need to rely on the consumer can be desirably bypassed if inoperative batteries would autom~tir~lly discharge15 themselves internally at a safe rate after ovel~ al~e.
T ithillm ion batteries generally become less stable to thermal abuse as the state of charge is increased. The upper voltage limit for certain commercial lithium ion batteries is specified in part for purposes of limiting the battery to a relatively safe state of charge thermally. Such lithium ion batteries in an overchalged state are 20 filn(l~mentally more prone to venting and catching fire than other types of batteries.
Thus, lithium ion charge,~ and/or battery packs are typically equipped with reliable external ch~;uill~ to prevelll overcharge. However, this external cil~;uilly can be defeated by a determined user and even the most reliable circuitry has a small but finite failure rate. Con.ceq~lently, internal overcharge protection devices are typically 25 provided in commercial lithium ion batteries. These devices are useful in providing protection even if external ci~.;uill~ is defeated or has failed.
Preferably, once an internal overcharge protection device has been activated, a lithium ion battery is no longer used. Until it is discharged, the overchargedbattery can pose a potential hazard with regards to subsequent thermal or mechanical 30 abuse. Unfollunat~ly, in order to effect a subsequent discharge, it is often necess~ry to have the user hlle,velle appropliately. In some circllmxt~n~es, it may not even be CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 possible for the user to discharge the battery extPrn~lly. This is the case wheninternal electrical disconnect devices have been activated. A battery with an activated disconnect device appears to the user to be "dead" and cannot be discharged externally.
The instant invention addresses this concern by providing automatic means for discharging a non-aqueous battery internally after the battery has been overcharged.
This is accomplished by incorporating a small amount of a suitable polymerizablemonomer additive in the non-aqueous electrolyte of the battery. The monomer additive is selected such that it polymerizes at a suitable voltage to form an 10 electrically conductive polymer product. Signifir~nt polymerization should not occur during normal operation of the battery (ie. in the normal ~cl~ling voltage range).
However, during overcharge abuse, the polymerizing voltage is ~tt~inPd whereuponthe monomer additive starts to polymerize. Eventually, enough conductive polymeris formed to create a conductive bridge between the battery electrodes thereby 15 creating an internal short circuit in the battery and discharging it. Preferably, the conductive bridge forms before the battery ever reaches an undesirable state of charge from a safety perspective. In that way, the battery cannot even be partially overcharged to that undesirable state without i~ g an internal discharge.
The monomer additive must therefore meet several requirements 20 ~imlllt~nrously in order to be err~;liv~. It must be capable of polymerizing electrochemically to form an enabling conductive polymeric bridge at a rather specific voltage. Also, the inclusion of the additive must not otherwise adversely affectbattery performance. Although many mono~ may work in principle, aromatic monomers can be particularly suitable since the polymerization potentials can be in 25 a Mnge that is suitable for this application and the polymerization reactions can produce conductive products. Additionally, aromatic compounds are often compatible with lithium battery chP-mi~tries in small amounts.
As ~ c~ ed in Organic Chen~ y by R.J. Fessenden et al., Willard Grant Press, 1979, the term aromatic refers to a class of ring compounds that are 30 subst~nti~lly stabilized by pi-electron deloc~li7~tion. Such compounds are cyclic, planar, and each atom in the ring has ap orbital perpen~lir~ r to the plane of the ring CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 (Sp2 -hybrid state). Also, the ring system must have 4n+2 pi electrons where n is an integer (the Huckel rule). The term heterocyclic (see The Condensed Chemical Dictionary 9th Ed., G.G. Hawley, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977) denotes a closed-ring structure, usually of either 5 or 6 members, in which one or more of the atoms 5 in the ring is an element other than carbon (eg. sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.) Aromatic compounds in general have ring structures that can be fairly easily polymerized electrochemically in a voltage range suitable for the instant application.
The presence of foreign atoms in the ring structure of many aromatic heterocyclic compounds makes the neighboring carbon atoms electron rich and hence the ring 10 structure is easily opened and polymerized at these locations. Other unsaturated ring compounds do not polymerize as easily electroch~mir~lly.
Examples of aromatic compounds which form conductive polymers include biphenyl, pyrrole, indole, thiophene, furan, and derivatives thereof. Table 1 (reproduced from Electroch~mi~try in Organic Synthesis, J. Volke & F. Liska, 15 Springer-Verlag, 1994) shows the oxidation potentials of some example monomers versus a standard calomel electrode and the electric conductivity of the polymeric films formed.

20 (reproduced from Electroch~mi~try in Or~anic Synthesis, J. Volke & F. Liska) Compound Oxidation potPn~ (V vs SCE)Conductivity (S cm~l) pyrrole +0.8 30-100 indole +0.8 5xl0~3-l0~2 thiophene +0.9 10-100 furan + 1.85 10-80 It should be noted that polymerization potentials depend to some extent on the electrodes and other electrolyte components employed in the electrochemical system.

CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 Lile~lure values thus are useful for suggesting potential compound c~n~ tes for the instant application, but polymerization may proceed somewhat dirrerelllly in the actual battery envilolllllent. Thus, a compound may be suitable if it polymerizes at voltages above the m~ximllm operating charging voltage of the battery but below the 5 overcharge voltage at which the battery becomes relatively hazardous under actual battery conditions. Note that polymerization must also proceed at a sufficient rate to result in enough polymer to form an ~eqll~te bridge by the time it is n~eded The conductivity requirements of the polymerized polymer depend to some extent on the morphology of the polymerized product and on the battery 10 electrochemistry and design. A dense polymeric conductive bridge can be expected to have a lower resistance than a highly fibrous bridge. Batteries having thick separators and/or small electrode areas might require a polymer with greater conductivity than batteries having thin sepal~tol~ and/or large electrode areas since the same net resistance can be obtained with a more resistive polymer and a shorter 15 length, larger cross-sectional area bridge. Finally, the internal reSict~nre needed depends on specific battery voltage, capacity, and state of charge versus relative hazard characteristics.
Generally, for purposes of the invention, the lowest amount of monomer additive is employed to effect the desired internal short. While the additives must be 20 relatively inert in the ~lrst place with respect to lithium and to the electrodes (ie.
should not be capable of reacting with the lithium or inserting in the electrodes) excessive amounts of even an inert additive may be expected to adversely affect battery performance characteristics (eg. by increasing battery impedance). Typically, for operation of the invention, amounts of the order of a few percent by weight or 25 volume in the electrolyte is sufficient. The actual amount required for enablement will again depend in part on battery electrochrmi~try and design as well as the monomer characteristics.
Several criteria must therefore be met when choosing additives for a given application. Although the acceptable Mnges for m~eting these criteria may be 30 relatively broad, some non-illvellliv~ empirical trials are required in order to verify the suitability of a particular additive c~n~ te for any given battery application.

CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 These trials would be expected to include overcharge testing of trial batteries comprising varied amounts of additive c~n-1id~e. Either during or after the selecting of an apparclllly enabling amount of an additive, some performance testing of trial batteries is also required to completely test for adverse effects on performance. Such trials should be well within the scope and capabilities of those skilled in the art, and not require inventive input.
We have found that biphenyl is a particularly pl~,rcllcd additive for use in typical commercial lithium ion battery products for consumer electronics. These batteries typically have thin sepala~ol~ (about 25 microlllctel~ thick) and high surface 10 area electrodes (circa a few hundred square Ct;ll~lllC~ ). Battery capacities of order of lAh and up are common. The normal m~ximllm opela~ g charging voltages are about 4.2V. Between this limit and about 5 volts, the batteries become relatively more hazardous. During overcharge at C rate or more, a few percent of biphenyl additive can polylllt;li~e sufficiently to form a conductive bridge to discharge the 15 battery to a safe state of charge within 24 hours. As disclosed in C~n~ n Patent Application Serial No. 2,156,800, the biphenyl additive appears to polymerize at 4.70 volts vs Li/Li+ in such battery environments and use of a small amount does not adversely affect battery performance significantly. Other potentially suitable additives such as 3-chlorothiophene and furan were also identified therein.
In the Examples to follow, other additives have been identified which might be suitable for use in non-aqueous batteries having lower opel~ g charging voltages (ie. less than 4.2V). These additives include pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole, and thiophene and seem more suitable for lower voltage batteries because internal shorts are formed at too low a voltage in lC~lCStll~ivt; example batteries.
It is expected that other additives which are closely related to the prece~ling (ie. substituted compounds or derivatives thereof) will show similar but slightly modified properties and thus may be a plcfellcd choice for certain applications.With the exception of the presence of the additive, the construction of batteries of the invention can be conventional. Generally, an enabling amount of additive is 30 simply mixed in with the bulk electrolyte at some prefel,. d point during normal assembly. Minor h~n~lling changes may of course be required to account for CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 dirrcrcllces in the propellies of the bulk electrolyte and the additive (eg. vapor plCS~ulc, toxicity, etc.).
Non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries appear in various configurations commercially (ie. prismatic formats or mini~tllre coin cells) and many dirÇelc S components may be used. (For i~ e, while such additives would likely be less mobile in a polymeric electrolyte, it is conceivable that batteries comprising solid polymer electrolytes might achieve similar benefits by incorporating such additives.) A plcrcllcd construction for a lithium ion type product is depicted in the cross-sectional view of a conventional spiral-wound battery in Figure 1. A jelly roll 4 is 10 created by spirally winding a cathode foil 1, an anode foil 2, and two microporous polyolefin sheets 3 that act as separators.
Cathode foils are prepared by applying a mixture of a suitable powdered (about 10 micron size typically) cathode material, such as a lithi~ted transition metal oxide, possibly other powdered cathode material if desired, a binder, and a 15 conductive dilutant onto a thin ~ --" foil. Typically, the application method first involves dissolving the binder in a suitable liquid carrier. Then, a slurry is pr~afed using this solution plus the other powdered solid components. The slurry is thencoated unirollllly onto the substrate foil. Arlcl~lds, the carrier solvent is evaporated away. Often, both sides of the ~llll,,il,.l.,, foil substrate are coated in this manner and 20 subsequently the cathode foil is calendered.
Anode foils are prepared in a like lllallller except that a powdered (also typically about 10 micron size) carbonaceous insertion compound is used instead of the cathode material and thin copper foil is usually used instead of ~ll--..i".l.". Anode foils are typically slightly wider than the cathode foils in order to ensure that anode 25 foil is always opposite cathode foil.
The jelly roll 4 is inserted into a conventional battery can 10. A header 11 and gasket 12 are used to seal the battery 15. The external surface of the header 11 is used as the positive terminal, while the external surface of the can 10 serves as the negative terminal. Applopliate cathode tab 6 and anode tab 7 connections are made 30 to connect the internal electrodes to the external terminals. Appr~pliate in~ ting pieces 8 and 9 may be inserted to prevent the possibility of internal shorting. Prior CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 to clhllpillg the header 11 to the can 10 in order to seal the battery, electrolyte 5 is added to fill the porous spaces in the jelly roll 4. In batteries of the invention, the electrolyte 5 additionally comprises an enabling amount of monomer additive.
The batteries are protected against the electrical abuse of overcharge via one 5 or more acceptable constructions such as: pressure activated internal electrical disconnect devices, positive thermal coefficient devices (PTC), or overcharge protection cil~;uill~. Additional safety devices can be incorporated for other reasons if desired. Usually, a safety vent is incorporated that lu~lul~s if excessive plessulc;
builds up in the battery.
10The battery depicted in Figure 1 is equipped with an internal electrical disconnect device in the header 11 which is similar to that shown in C~n~ n Patent Application Serial No. 2,099,657. The discormect device can be activated by a gassing agent such as Li2CO3. The gassing agent may, but need not, also serve asa polymerizable additive for creating an intern~l short (as disclosed in Can~ n 15Patent Application Serial No. 2,163,187 above). It may instead be plefe.,ed toemploy a polymerizable additive for creating an internal short which does not gelle.~t~ gas during overcharge and to use alternate means for activating the disconnect device (eg. such as disclosed in C~n~ n Patent Application Serial No.2,093,763 above). Monomer additives that polymerize via the breaking of double 20 bonds may not gel~l~t~ any gaseous by-products and thus could be suitable for such a situation.
The following ~i~c~1s~ion is provided for purposes of illustration, but should not be construed as limitin~ in any way. Without being bound by theory, polymerization of the additive is believed to occur at the cathode res~llting in the 25 formation of polymer on the cathode surfaces. Additive throughout the electrolyte should continue to migrate towards the cathode and polyllle.i~e on contact therewith resulting in the growth of a deposit which can eventually extend through the sepal~tor and contact the anode. Thus, a conductive bridge can be formed. In typical lithium ion batteries, the electrodes are both in close physical contact with a thin, low 30 volume, microporous separator. As such, even a relatively small amount of monomer might be expected to enable a desired internal short.

CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 The following Examples are provided to illustrate certain aspects of the invention but should not be construed as limiting in any way. 18650 size (18 mm mpt~r~ 650 mm height) cylindrical batteries were fabricated as described in the prece-ling and shown generally in Figure 1. Cathodes 1 comprised a mixture of LiCoO2 powder, a carbonaceous conductive dilutant, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder uniformly coated on both sides of a thin ~ i"~ foil about 5.4 cm in width by 49.5 cm in length. Coating weight was about 47 mg/cm2. Anodes 2 were made using a mixture of a spherical graphitic powder plus Super S (tra~lçm~rk of Ensagri) carbon black and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder (in amounts of 10 about 2% and 10% by weight respectively to that of the spherical graphitic powder) uniformly coated on thin copper foil of similar length to the cathode but 3 mm greater in width. Coating weight was about 23 mg/cm2. Microporous polyolefin film was used to form the separators 3. The electrolyte 5 was a solution of a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), 15 and diethyl carbonate (DEC) in a EC/PC/DEC volume ratio of 30/20/50.
Approximately 5 cc of electrolyte was used in each battery.

Example I

Two 18650 batteries were assembled as described above using a 1.5M LiBF4 electrolyte solution except that the first co~ aldlive baKery contained no additive while the second hlvellLive battery comprised 2% by weight biphenyl additive in the electrolyte. (Biphenyl is a solid at room telllpelalule and thus is convenientlyquantified by weight rather than by volume.) These batteries were also equipped with 25 a plcs~ule relief vent and intern~l electrical disconnect device as described in the aforementioned Can~ n Patent Application Serial No. 2,099,657. The batteries were initially conditioned at 21 ~C by charging, discharging, and then charging again to the normal m~ximllm opeldling voltage of 4.1 volts.
Both batteries were then subjected to ove~harge abuse at a background 30 lell~eldlu~ of 21~C using a current supply with 10 volt compliance. The batteries were partially overcharged at 3 and 3.6 amps lc~e~;lively for 12 minutes (a time CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 sufficient to significantly raise the battery state of charge without activating the internal electrical disconnect). The voltage of the batteries was then monitored for about 19 hours. The voltage of the first was stable over this period at about 4.5 volts. The voltage of the second dropped continously to about 4.05 volts by the end 5 of this period. Each battery was then subjected to nail penetration abuse which results in a hard internal short. The first colllpal~live battery vented explosively with flame. The second inventive battery did not vent or burn.
This example shows that the battery comprising biphenyl additive, even though originally ovelcharged slightly more than the colll~alali~e battery, discharged itself 10 sufficiently to be m~rke-lly safer on subsequent mechanical abuse.

Example II

a) Ten 18650 batteries were assembled and conditioned as in Example I except 15 that a lM LiPF6 electrolyte solution comprising 2.5% by weight biphenyl additive was employed. These b~ ics were ovelcllalged at 21~C at 3.6 amps until the internal electrical disconnect device was activated. (The biphenyl additionally served as a gassing agent in this example to activate the disconnect device as described in the aforementioned Can~ n Patent Application Serial No. 2,163,187). The batteries 20 were stored for 24 hours and then were subjected to nail penetration abuse. No battery vented or burned. The m~ximllm skin temperature recorded on the batteries during nail penetration abuse was 33~C.

b) Three 18650 batteries were assembled and conditioned as in a) above except 25 that no additive and no internal electrical disconnect device was employed. Tn~te~cl, these batteries were equipped with PTC devices in the header to limit the charging current thereby protecting the battery during overcharge abuse. These batteries were overcharged at 21~C at 3.6 amps until the PTC activated (ie. the PTC heated up sufficiently to increase suddenly and markedly in reCi~t~nre). The batteries did not 30 vent or burn. The batteries were next stored in an open circuit condition for 24 hours and then were subjected to nail pel~llation abuse. One of the three batteries vented CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 violently with flame.

c) Six 18650 batteries were assembled and conditioned as above except that a 1.5M LiBF4 electrolyte solution was employed without any additive. The batteries5 were constructed such that the internal electrical disconnect devices were hydraulically activated by the net increase in internal solids volume at a specified state of overcharge as described in Can~ n Patent Application Serial No. 2,093,763 above.These batteries were overcharged at 21~C at 3.6 amps until the internal electrical disconnect devices activated. The batteries did not vent or burn. The batteries were 10 next stored for 24 hours and then were subjected to nail pe~ dlion abuse. Five of the six batteries vented violently with flame.

This example shows that within 24 hours after overcharging, disconnect equipped batteries comprising the additive were m~rkellly safer to subsequent 15 mech~nie~l abuse than colllpal~ive batteries equipped with either disconnects or PTCs, but comprising no additive.

Example III

A 18650 size battery was assembled as described in Example I except that the electrolyte colllplised 5 % by weight biphenyl additive. The battery was then charged to 4.1 volts and stored at 60~C for one week. Thereafter, the battery was cycled at 21~C using a constant 1 amp current discharge to 2.5 volts and a current limitecl, constant voltage charge to 4.1 volts. Every 20 cycles, a series of discharge ~;U~ llLS
25 with decreasing m~gni1llde was applied in a stepwise fashion to dete.,il-e if any capacity loss was recovered at a lower discharge rate. Figure 2 shows the capacity versus cycle life data for this battery.
This example shows that excellent cycling results can still be obtained even with the presence of up to 5% by weight biphenyl additive.
Example IV

CA 0220~683 1997-0~-16 A series of 18650 batteries was made similar to those of Example I in order to screen potential c~n~ t~s from a performance perspective. In this series, batteries comprising the following additives (% by volume) were made and electrically conditioned: 0.5% pyrrole, 0.42% N-methylpyrrole, and 1% thiophene.5 Batteries comprising pyrrole additive developed such a .cignific~nt internal short during conditioning that they could not be fully charged, implying that the internal short carried more than the 60mA charging current. The onset of shorting began circa 3.5V and the battery voltage did not exceed about 3.7V. Batteries comprising the N-methylpyrrole additive were charged to 4.1V and were monitored at open 10 circuit thereafter. The voltage dropped ~i~nifir~ntly, to about 3.9 V in 24 hours. An internal short appears to have developed above about 3.5 V. A battery colllplishlg the thiophene additive was charged to 4.2V and was noted to drop to 4.09 V after one hour at open circuit.
While these additives appear lm~lit~hle for use in the high voltage battery 15 embodiments of the previous Examples (because intern~l shorts develop in the normal operating voltage range), they nonetheless may be suitable additives for non-aqueous batteries with lower opelaling charging voltages.

As will be apparelll to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing 20 disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the pMctice of this invention without depallillg from the spirit or scope thereof. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance defined by the following claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery having a lithium insertion compound cathode; a lithium compound anode; a non-aqueous electrolyte; and a maximum operating charging voltage; wherein the improvement comprises a monomer additive mixed in said electrolyte, said monomer additive polymerizing to form an electrically conductive polymer at battery voltages greater than the maximum operating charging voltage thereby creating an internal short circuit in the battery during overcharge abuse.

2. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the battery additionally comprises overcharge protection means to protect the battery against overcharge abuse wherein the maximum operating charging voltage of the battery is exceeded.

3. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 2 wherein the overcharge protection means comprises a positive temperature coefficient resistor which increases in resistance during overcharge abuse thereby limiting charging current.

4. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 2 wherein the overcharge protection means comprises an internal electrical disconnect device, said disconnect device activating at a predetermined internal pressure; and a gassing agent other than the monomer additive, said gassing agent generating gas and pressure activating the disconnect device during overcharge abuse.

5. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 4 wherein the gassing agent is Li2CO3.

6. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 2 wherein the overcharge protection means comprises electrical circuit means to limit charging current or voltage.

7. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the mixture of electrolyte and monomer additive comprises less than about 5% monomeradditive by weight.

8. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the monomer additive is aromatic.

9. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 8 wherein the aromatic additive is biphenyl.

10. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 9 wherein themixture of electrolyte and aromatic additive comprises about 2 to 3% biphenyl additive by weight.

11. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 8 wherein thearomatic additive is selected from the group consisting of pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole, thiophene, furan, indole and 3-chlorothiophene.

12. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 8 wherein thearomatic additive is pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole or thiophene.

13. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 8 wherein thearomatic additive is furan, indole, or 3-chlorothiophene.

14. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein themaximum operating charging voltage is greater than 4 volts.

15. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein thelithium insertion compound cathode is LixCoO2, LixNiO2, or LixMn2O4.

16. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein thelithium compound anode is a carbonaceous compound.

17. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein theelectrolyte solvent comprises an organic carbonate selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate.

18. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein theelectrolyte solute comprises LiPF6 or LiBF4.

19. A method for rendering an overcharged non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery safe to further abuse, the battery having a lithium insertion compound cathode; a lithium compound anode; a non-aqueous electrolyte; and a maximum operating charging voltage; which comprises:
a) selecting a monomer additive that polymerizes to form an electrically conductive polymer at battery voltages greater than the maximum operating charging voltage; and b) mixing an amount of the monomer additive in said electrolyte wherein the amount is sufficient such that an internal short circuit is created by the polymerized additive during overcharge abuse thereby discharging the battery to a safe state of charge.

20. A method as claimed in claim 19 wherein the mixture of electrolyte and monomer additive comprises less than about 5 % monomer additive by weight.

21. A method as claimed in claim 19 wherein the mixture of electrolyte and monomer additive comprises sufficient monomer additive to create an internal short circuit capable of discharging the battery to a safe state of charge within 24 hours.

22. A method as claimed in claim 19 wherein the monomer additive is aromatic.

23. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein the aromatic additive is biphenyl.

24. A method as claimed in claim 23 wherein the mixture of electrolyte and aromatic additive comprises about 2 to 3% biphenyl additive by weight.

25. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein the aromatic additive is selected from the group consisting of pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole, thiophene, furan, indole and 3-chlorothiophene.

26. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein the aromatic additive is pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole or thiophene.

27. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein the aromatic additive is furan, indole, or 3-chlorothiophene.

28. A method as claimed in claim 19 wherein the maximum operating charging voltage is greater than 4 volts.