CA2196493C - Additives for improving cycle life of non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries - Google Patents
Additives for improving cycle life of non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries Download PDFInfo
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- CA2196493C CA2196493C CA002196493A CA2196493A CA2196493C CA 2196493 C CA2196493 C CA 2196493C CA 002196493 A CA002196493 A CA 002196493A CA 2196493 A CA2196493 A CA 2196493A CA 2196493 C CA2196493 C CA 2196493C
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- Prior art keywords
- fade rate
- reducing additive
- aqueous
- rechargeable lithium
- rate reducing
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 124
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- ZFMOJHVRFMOIGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trimethoxy-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriborinane Chemical compound COB1OB(OC)OB(OC)O1 ZFMOJHVRFMOIGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- GBBSAMQTQCPOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriborinane Chemical compound CB1OB(C)OB(C)O1 GBBSAMQTQCPOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- BRTALTYTFFNPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N boroxin Chemical compound B1OBOBO1 BRTALTYTFFNPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000005677 organic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910002097 Lithium manganese(III,IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 14
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910014549 LiMn204 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl borate Chemical compound COB(OC)OC WRECIMRULFAWHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- -1 trimethylborox:in Chemical compound 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000015110 jellies Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008274 jelly Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002000 Electrolyte additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001272567 Hominoidea Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910011259 LiCoOz Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910008045 Si-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006411 Si—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006664 bond formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002788 crimping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006138 lithiation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZMCWFMOZBTXGKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tritert-butyl borate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OB(OC(C)(C)C)OC(C)(C)C ZMCWFMOZBTXGKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/02—Boron compounds
- C07F5/04—Esters of boric acids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The loss in delivered capacity (fade) after cycling non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries can be reduced by incorporating a small amount of certain additive compounds in the battery. The additive compound comprises boron, oxygen, and organic end groups that are chemically compatible with the battery components. The structure of the additive compound contains a boroxine (BO)3 ring. The invention is particularly suited to lithium ion batteries.
Trimethoxyboroxine and trimethylboroxin are particularly effective additives. Preferably, the additive compound is dissolved in the electrolyte.
Trimethoxyboroxine and trimethylboroxin are particularly effective additives. Preferably, the additive compound is dissolved in the electrolyte.
Description
ADDITIVES 1.~'0R IMPROVING CYCLE LIFE OF NON-AQUEOUS
RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES
FIELD OF THE IINVENTION
This invention pertains to non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries and to methods for improving the performance thereof. Specifically, it pertains to the use of compounds containing a boroxine (B0)3 ring as an electrolyte additive as means for improving the capacity delivered from lithium ion batteries after extended cycling.
BACKGROUND OF '.CHE INVENTION
Many types of non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries are used commercially for consumer electronics applications. Typically, these batteries employ a lithium insertion compound as the active cathode material, a lithium compound of some sort (eg. pure lithium metal, lithium alloy, or the like) as the active anode material, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. An insertion compound is a material that can act as a host solid for the reversible insertion of guest atoms (in this case, lithium atoms).
Lithium ion batteries use two different insertion compounds for the active cathode and anode materials.
Currently avai7_able lithium ion batteries are high voltage systems based on LiCo02 cathode and coke or graphite anode electrochemistries. However, many other lithium transition metal oxide compounds are suitable for use as the cathode material, including LiNi02 and LiMn204. Also, a wide range of carbonaceou~~ compounds is suitable for use as the anode material. The~;e batteries employ non-aqueous electrolytes comprising LiBf4 or LiPFb salts and solvent mixtures of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and the like. Again, numerous options for the choice of salts and/or solvents in such batteries are known to exist in the art.
The excellent reversibility of this insertion
RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES
FIELD OF THE IINVENTION
This invention pertains to non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries and to methods for improving the performance thereof. Specifically, it pertains to the use of compounds containing a boroxine (B0)3 ring as an electrolyte additive as means for improving the capacity delivered from lithium ion batteries after extended cycling.
BACKGROUND OF '.CHE INVENTION
Many types of non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries are used commercially for consumer electronics applications. Typically, these batteries employ a lithium insertion compound as the active cathode material, a lithium compound of some sort (eg. pure lithium metal, lithium alloy, or the like) as the active anode material, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. An insertion compound is a material that can act as a host solid for the reversible insertion of guest atoms (in this case, lithium atoms).
Lithium ion batteries use two different insertion compounds for the active cathode and anode materials.
Currently avai7_able lithium ion batteries are high voltage systems based on LiCo02 cathode and coke or graphite anode electrochemistries. However, many other lithium transition metal oxide compounds are suitable for use as the cathode material, including LiNi02 and LiMn204. Also, a wide range of carbonaceou~~ compounds is suitable for use as the anode material. The~;e batteries employ non-aqueous electrolytes comprising LiBf4 or LiPFb salts and solvent mixtures of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and the like. Again, numerous options for the choice of salts and/or solvents in such batteries are known to exist in the art.
The excellent reversibility of this insertion
- 2 -combination mares it possible for lithium ion batteries to achieve hundreds of battery cycles. However, a gradual loss of lithium and/or buildup of impedance can still occur upon extended cycling for various reasons. This in turn typically results in a gradual loss in delivered capacity with increasing cycle number. Researchers in the art have devoted substantial effort to reducing this loss in capacity. For instance, co-pending Canadian patent application serial number 2,150,877, filed June 2, 1995, and titled "Use' of P205 in Non-aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Batteries" dis~~loses a means for reducing this loss which involves exposing the electrolyte to P205. However, P205 shows at best only limited solubility in typical non-aqueous electrolytes and can be somewhat awkward to use in practice. Alternatives which are soluble may be more convenient, but it is unclear why such P205 exposure is effective and hence what compounds might serve as effective alternatives.
B203 is a common chemical that is extensively used in the glass indu~;try, and its properties are well known. Bz03 has also been used in the lithium battery industry for a variety of reasons . In most cases, the B203 is used as a precursor or reactant to prepare some other battery component. However, Japanese published patent application 07-142055 discloses that lithium batteries can show improved stabi_Lity to high temperature storage when using lithium transition metal oxide cathodes which contain BZO3.
Also, co-pending Canadian patent application serial number 2,175,755, filed May 3, 1996, and titled "Use of B203 additive in Non-aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Batteries"
discloses that B203 additives can be used to reduce the rate of capacity less with cycling in rechargeable lithium batteries and that this advantage can be obtained by having the additive dissolved in the electrolyte. However, the reason that the B203 additive resulted in an improvement with cycling was not understood.
B203 is a common chemical that is extensively used in the glass indu~;try, and its properties are well known. Bz03 has also been used in the lithium battery industry for a variety of reasons . In most cases, the B203 is used as a precursor or reactant to prepare some other battery component. However, Japanese published patent application 07-142055 discloses that lithium batteries can show improved stabi_Lity to high temperature storage when using lithium transition metal oxide cathodes which contain BZO3.
Also, co-pending Canadian patent application serial number 2,175,755, filed May 3, 1996, and titled "Use of B203 additive in Non-aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Batteries"
discloses that B203 additives can be used to reduce the rate of capacity less with cycling in rechargeable lithium batteries and that this advantage can be obtained by having the additive dissolved in the electrolyte. However, the reason that the B203 additive resulted in an improvement with cycling was not understood.
- 3 -B203 commonly exists in a vitreous or glassy state .
The structure is complex and is believed to consist of sheets of randomly oriented, 6 membered (B0)3 boroxine rings which are conr..ected by additional bridging oxygen atoms.
(Crystalline B203 can be obtained, but only with significant difficulty. Crystalline Bz03 also has a complicated structure consisting of linked sets of zig-zag chains which form a three dimensional network structure.) Certain other compounds containing boron, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen (eg. trimethoxyboroxine, trimethylborox:in, trimethyl borate, tri-tert-butyl borate) have been used in the preparation of other compounds, particularly polymers. For instance, trimethoxyboroxine has been used to promote cross linking of silanes for Si-Si bond formation (PCT International Patent Application Serial No. W09615080), as a catalyst for producing olefin polymers (European Patent Application EP705848), and to improve the melt stabi7_ity of high molecular weight polycarbonates (Japanese laid--open patent application JP 06263866).
In batteryy and/or fuel cell applications, compounds containing boron, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen such as trimethyl borate have been used as a precursor in a process to make an elecarode substrate. For instance, in Japanese laid-open patent application JP 07105955, a precursor B-containing compound was kneaded in with the other electrode components before heat treating the mixture to 1000 degrees C. Boron-oxygen-carbon-hydrogen containing compounds have also been used in the preparation of lithium haloboracite (lithium-boron--oxygen-halogen containing material) solid electrolyte fi:Lms for battery usage. However, it appears that these compounds have not heretofore been used directly in lithium batteries as additives or for any other purpose.
STJMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Rechargeable batteries exhibit a loss in delivered capacity as a function of the number of charge/discharge
The structure is complex and is believed to consist of sheets of randomly oriented, 6 membered (B0)3 boroxine rings which are conr..ected by additional bridging oxygen atoms.
(Crystalline B203 can be obtained, but only with significant difficulty. Crystalline Bz03 also has a complicated structure consisting of linked sets of zig-zag chains which form a three dimensional network structure.) Certain other compounds containing boron, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen (eg. trimethoxyboroxine, trimethylborox:in, trimethyl borate, tri-tert-butyl borate) have been used in the preparation of other compounds, particularly polymers. For instance, trimethoxyboroxine has been used to promote cross linking of silanes for Si-Si bond formation (PCT International Patent Application Serial No. W09615080), as a catalyst for producing olefin polymers (European Patent Application EP705848), and to improve the melt stabi7_ity of high molecular weight polycarbonates (Japanese laid--open patent application JP 06263866).
In batteryy and/or fuel cell applications, compounds containing boron, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen such as trimethyl borate have been used as a precursor in a process to make an elecarode substrate. For instance, in Japanese laid-open patent application JP 07105955, a precursor B-containing compound was kneaded in with the other electrode components before heat treating the mixture to 1000 degrees C. Boron-oxygen-carbon-hydrogen containing compounds have also been used in the preparation of lithium haloboracite (lithium-boron--oxygen-halogen containing material) solid electrolyte fi:Lms for battery usage. However, it appears that these compounds have not heretofore been used directly in lithium batteries as additives or for any other purpose.
STJMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Rechargeable batteries exhibit a loss in delivered capacity as a function of the number of charge/discharge
- 4 -cycles. Herein, the fractional loss of capacity per cycle is referred to as the capacity fade rate. The instant invention comprises non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries hav:~ng improved fade rates and methods for achieving the .reduced fade rate. Non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries generally comprise a lithium insertion compound cathode, a lithium compound anode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising a lithium salt dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent. Incorporating a small amount of certain compounds in the batteries can result in improved fade rate characteristics. Preferably, the compounds are dissolved in t:he electrolyte. Such compounds therefore serve to function as fade rate reducing additive compounds .
The fade rate reducing additive compounds comprise boron, oxygen, and organic end groups wherein the end groups are chemically compatible with the other battery components. The additive compounds can have structures ranging from tree simple to the complex. However, the fade reducing additive compounds share a chemically similar structure comprising at least one 6 member boroxine (BO) 3 ring. The additive compounds therefore show certain chemical similarities to glassy B203 in that the framework of each molecule comprises (BO)3rings and perhaps other interconnecting B-O bonds.
The organic end groups of the additive are, by definition, relatively inert with respect to the components and function of the non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery. Ali~~hatic hydrocarbons are generally inert to lithium metal and other lithium battery components. Thus, the organic e:zd groups can be aliphatic hydrocarbons.
However, many other organic compounds are also relatively inert with re~~pect to lithium battery components. For instance, the solvents which are commonly employed in conventional .Lithium batteries are relatively inert.
(Reaction with lithium may occur to some extent but may be limited by the formation of a passivation layer.) Thus, it is expected that the organic end groups can be derived from
The fade rate reducing additive compounds comprise boron, oxygen, and organic end groups wherein the end groups are chemically compatible with the other battery components. The additive compounds can have structures ranging from tree simple to the complex. However, the fade reducing additive compounds share a chemically similar structure comprising at least one 6 member boroxine (BO) 3 ring. The additive compounds therefore show certain chemical similarities to glassy B203 in that the framework of each molecule comprises (BO)3rings and perhaps other interconnecting B-O bonds.
The organic end groups of the additive are, by definition, relatively inert with respect to the components and function of the non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery. Ali~~hatic hydrocarbons are generally inert to lithium metal and other lithium battery components. Thus, the organic e:zd groups can be aliphatic hydrocarbons.
However, many other organic compounds are also relatively inert with re~~pect to lithium battery components. For instance, the solvents which are commonly employed in conventional .Lithium batteries are relatively inert.
(Reaction with lithium may occur to some extent but may be limited by the formation of a passivation layer.) Thus, it is expected that the organic end groups can be derived from
- 5 -certain solvents from groups such as linear or cyclic carbonates, ethers, lactones, and the like.
The fade rate reducing additive compound can therefore have the structure denoted CH3 -(CHz),~
~O
CH3-(CHz)~,\ O-B
O -B O
\O -B
\O.-(CHz)~3 -CH3 wherein n1, n2, and n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero. In particular, n1, n,, and n3 can be 0, thereby corresponding to the compound trimethoxyboroxine.
Alternately, the fade rate reducing additive compound can have the structure denoted (CHz)"z -CH3 -B/ \O
CH3 -(CHz)~t \Q -B/
(C~"~z)~ -CH3 wherein n1, nz,a.nd n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero. In particular, n1, n,, and n3 can be 0, thereby corresponding to the compound trimethylboroxin.
Reduced lade~ rates can be achieved for batteries employing conventional lithium ion battery electrochemistries. Thus, the cathode can be a lithium transition metal oxide, in particular the layered compound LiCo02 or the spinel LiMn204. The anode can be a carbonaceous insertion compound anode, in particular graphite. The electrolyte can contain LiPFb salt dissolved in an organic carbonate solvent, in particular mixtures containing ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and/or diethyl carbonate solvents.
In principle, the fade rate reducing additive compounds can be incorporated as a solid in the battery.
However, the additives are preferably dispersed inside the battery. Also, the additives may be hygroscopic which 2~ 96493
The fade rate reducing additive compound can therefore have the structure denoted CH3 -(CHz),~
~O
CH3-(CHz)~,\ O-B
O -B O
\O -B
\O.-(CHz)~3 -CH3 wherein n1, n2, and n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero. In particular, n1, n,, and n3 can be 0, thereby corresponding to the compound trimethoxyboroxine.
Alternately, the fade rate reducing additive compound can have the structure denoted (CHz)"z -CH3 -B/ \O
CH3 -(CHz)~t \Q -B/
(C~"~z)~ -CH3 wherein n1, nz,a.nd n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero. In particular, n1, n,, and n3 can be 0, thereby corresponding to the compound trimethylboroxin.
Reduced lade~ rates can be achieved for batteries employing conventional lithium ion battery electrochemistries. Thus, the cathode can be a lithium transition metal oxide, in particular the layered compound LiCo02 or the spinel LiMn204. The anode can be a carbonaceous insertion compound anode, in particular graphite. The electrolyte can contain LiPFb salt dissolved in an organic carbonate solvent, in particular mixtures containing ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and/or diethyl carbonate solvents.
In principle, the fade rate reducing additive compounds can be incorporated as a solid in the battery.
However, the additives are preferably dispersed inside the battery. Also, the additives may be hygroscopic which 2~ 96493
- 6 -makes it more difficult to deal with these compounds during battery manufacture. For these reasons, the additive compounds are preferably dissolved in the electrolyte. The aforementioned fade rate reducing additive compounds can be liquid at ambient temperature (eg. trimethoxyboroxine and trimethylboroxin). This feature can be advantageous since a liquid can be easier and faster to dissolve in the battery electrolyte than a solid, such as BZO3.
Conventional assembly methods can be used to prepare a battery of the invention, except that an additional step is required whE~rein an amount of one of the aforementioned fade rate reducing additive compounds is incorporated in the battery as well. A preferred method for accomplishing this is simply to dissolve a suitable amount of additive compound into the electrolyte solvent prior to using the electrolyte dug=ing assembly of the battery.
Incorporai:ing an amount of fade rate reducing additive in the range from greater than about 0.5% of the weight of the electrolyte' can be effective in improving capacity fade rate. Preferably, however, a sufficiently small amount of fade rate reducing additive is incorporated in the electrolyte su~~h that other desirable bulk properties of the battery arEs not adversely affected, eg. such that the thermal stability threshold of the battery remains essentially unchanged. In this way, other bulk properties such as the relative safety of the battery are not compromised by the inclusion of the additive. For certain choices of fade rate reducing additive compounds, incorporated amounts ranging from about 0.5% to less than about 2 % of the weight of the electrolyte can be effective in improving capacity fade rate without compromising fundamental battery safety.
In drawings which illustrate specific embodiments of the invention, but which should not be construed as restricting th.e spirit or scope of the invention in any way:
Figure 1 depicts a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of a cylindrical spiral-wound lithium ion battery.
Figure 2 shows the chemical structure of a (B0)3 boroxine ring, and two fade reducing additive compounds of the invention: trimethoxyboroxine and trimethylboroxin.
Figure 3 shows the capacity versus cycle number data for the series of LiCo02 cathode based 18650 size batteries comprising 0"s, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 1% wt.
trimethoxyboro:~cine additive in the electrolyte.
Figure 4 shows the discharge voltage profiles for cycle numbers 10 and 200 for the control battery with 0%
wt. additive and cycle number 200 for the batteries with 2 0 0 . 3 % wt . and 1 % wt . additive in the series of LiCo02 cathode based 18650 size batteries with trimethoxyboroxine additive.
Figure 5 ;shows the capacity versus cycle number data for the series of LiCo02 cathode based 18650 size batteries comprising 0% wt. and 0.5% wt. trimethylboroxin additive in the electrolyte.
Figure 6 :shows the capacity versus cycle number data for the series of LiMn204 cathode based 18650 size batteries comprising 0% wt., 0.1% wt., and 0.3% wt.
trimethoxyboro~~ine additive in the electrolyte.
Figure 7 :shows the capacity versus cycle number data for the series of LiMnz04 cathode based 18650 size batteries comprising 0% wt., 0.1% wt., and 0.3% wt. trimethylboroxin _8_ additive in the electrolyte.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC
EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Co-pendin~3 Canadian patent application serial number 2,175,755, filed May 3, 1996, teaches that the capacity fade rate characteristic of non-aqueous lithium rechargeable batteries in general can be improved by dissolving a small amount of B203 additive in the electrolyte. However, the reasons for this improvement were unclear. Thus, it was not known what features of B203 were important chemicallyfor purposes of observing a fade rate improvement.
We have discovered that fade rate improvement can also be achieved using certain other additive compounds consisting of boron, oxygen, and organic end groups.
These compound: comprise at least one (BO) 3 boroxine ring in their structure. There may be open chain portions consisting of oxygen and/or boron atoms connected to the boroxine ring. Additionally, there can be more than one boroxine ring in the structure in principle. Thus, the boron-oxygen bonding arrangement of the additive compounds shows similarities to that of glassy B203. The organic end groups are chemically compatible with the battery components. In other words, the end groups are relatively inert with res~~ect to the cathode, anode, and electrolyte and therefore should not interfere with the normal functioning of the battery. The more common end groups are aliphatic hydr~~carbons. Such hydrocarbons (eg. pentane, cyclohexane) are generally inert and do not react with the other battery ~~omponents during normal battery operation.
Preferred exar~~ples of suitable additive compounds are trimethoxyboro~~ine and trimethylboroxin, both having the advantage of be=_ing relatively small molecules and liquids at ambient tem~~erature. While fade rate improvement can be achieved, some tradeoffs in other battery characteristics may occur with the use of such additives. Thus, a balance must be struck between these characteristics when selecting the amount of .additive to use.
Typically, this type of battery employs a lithium insertion compound as the cathode and one of a variety of lithium compounds as the anode. Possible lithium compounds include lithium metal, lithium alloys, and lithium insertion compounds. Preferred embodiments are lithium ion batteries wherein the anode is also a lithium insertion compound. Presently, the majority of commercial lithium ion batteries employ transition metal oxide cathodes (either LiCo02, LiNi02, or LiMn204) and carbonaceous anodes (either coke o:r graphite) .
Preferred electrolytes for lithium ion batteries comprise LiPFb salt dissolved in a mixture of non-aqueous organic carbonate solvents (such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and/or diethyl carbonate). This choice of salts can result in a safer, more stable, electrolyte than would some other salt choices.
If only a small amount (circa 1% by weight of that of the electrolyte) of additive compound is incorporated in the battery, the other bulk characteristics of the electrolyte can remain largely unaffected. In principle, the additive may be incorporated in solid form. Preferably however, the additive is dissolved in the electrolyte. As a result, the additive is well dispersed throughout the battery. Also, it can make it easier to handle the additive during manufacture if the additive is hygroscopic or difficult to incorporate into either electrode for some reason.
It should. be noted that the presence of additive compound can x-esult in an increase in the irreversible capacity loss experienced during the first charging of such batteries. Also, the use of too much additive compound can adversely affe~~t the thermal stability threshold of such batteries. And, an excessive amount of dissolved additive compound could be expected to adversely affect electrolyte conductivity and hence battery rate capability. Thus, it is important not only to determine the capacity fade rate as a function of amount of additive in any particular embodiment, bwt also to determine the effects of amount of additive on these other important battery characteristics.
Some non-inventive characterization trials must thus be performed in oz-der to arrive at a sensible tradeoff between fade rate improvement and these other characteristics.
The invention relates to battery constructions with one of the aforementioned additive compounds dissolved in the electrolys=e. Various battery configurations are suitable, including prismatic formats or miniature coin cells. A preferred conventional construction for a lithium ion type produces is depicted in the cross-sectional view of a spiral-wound battery in Figure 1. A jelly roll 4 is created by spinally winding a cathode foil 1, an anode foil 2, and two mi~roporous polyolefin sheets 3 that act as separators.
Cathode foils are prepared by applying a mixture of a suitable powdered (about 10 micron size typically) cathode material, sucr. as a lithiated transition metal oxide, possibly other powdered cathode material if desired, a binder, and a conductive dilutant onto a thin aluminum foil. Typically, the application method first involves dissolving the binder in a suitable liquid carrier. Then, a slurry is px-epared using this solution plus the other powdered solid components. The slurry is then coated uniformly onto the substrate foil. Afterwards, the carrier solvent is evaporated away. Often, both sides of the aluminum foil substrate are coated in this manner and subsequently tree cathode foil is calendered.
Anode foi7.s are prepared in a like manner except that a powdered (also typically about 10 micron size) carbonaceous insertion compound is used instead of the cathode material and thin copper foil is usually used instead of aluminum. Anode foils are typically slightly 2i 96493 wider than the cathode foils in order to ensure that anode foil is always opposite cathode foil.
The jell~T roll 4 is inserted into a conventional battery can 10. A header 11 and gasket 12 are used to seal the battery 15. The header may include safety devices if desired such ~~s a combination safety vent and pressure operated disconnect device. Additionally, a positive thermal coefficient device (PTC) may be incorporated into the header to limit the short circuit current capability of the battery. The external surface of the header 11 is used as the positivE: terminal, while the external surface of the can 10 serves ~~s the negative terminal.
Appropriata cathode tab 6 and anode tab 7 connections are made to cor.~.nect the internal electrodes to the external terminals . Appropriate insulating pieces 8 and 9 may be inserted to prEwent the possibility of internal shorting.
Lithium ion batteries of the invention have a fade rate reducing additive compound incorporated therein in order to improve the fade rate. Preferably, the additive is dissolved i:z the electrolyte which can be accomplished in a variety cf ways. However, the most straightforward and thus the preferred method simply involves dissolving a suitable amount of a liquid additive compound in the electrolyte solvent before filling the battery with the electrolyte. 'Then, prior to crimping the header 11 to the can 10 and sealing the battery, the electrolyte 5 comprising the fade rate reducing additive is added to fill the porous spacies in the jelly roll 4.
At this point, the battery is in a fully discharged state. Generally, an electrical conditioning step, involving at least a single complete recharge of the battery, is performed as part of the overall assembly. One of the reasons for so doing is that some initial irreversible p~__~ocesses take place on this first recharge.
For instance, a small amount of lithium is irreversibly lost during the first lithiation of the carbonaceous anode.
Advantage: of the invention can be achieved using _ 2196493 modest amounts of fade rate reducing additive compound. In the examples 1.o follow, desirable results were obtained using of order of 1% additive by weight in the electrolyte.
As mentioned above, some tradeoffs in other desirable battery characteristics can be expected if excessive amounts of additive compound are employed. For instance, care must be taken not to unacceptably alter the thermal stability threshold of the battery by using the additive.
Also, care must be taken not to unacceptably increase the irreversible capacity loss experienced in lithium ion batteries by using the additive. Some straightforward quantification trials usually would be required in order to select an appropriate amount of additive compound to use.
At this time, the reason for the fade rate improvement using such additive compounds is unclear. Without being adversely bound by theory, a possible explanation is that the presence of these additive compounds in the electrolyte affects the passivation/decomposition reactions which occur at the anode surface in lithium batteries. It is possible that ;~ passivation film is initially formed as a result of these reactions which inhibits the further decomposition of electrolyte at the anode. Further decomposition :not only consumes some active lithium, but also results i.n the formation of decomposition products which, in turn, may coat the electrode material or otherwise adversely impede ionic transport thereby resulting in an increase in battery impedance (and hence result in a lo~~s of deliverable capacity at a given rate).
The presence of the additive compounds may result in the production of a chemically different passivation film and/or affect t:he rate of further decomposition reactions.
Therefore, the benefits of the invention might be expected when using additive compounds which are chemically similar to glassy B203 or to those used in the Examples below.
The following Examples are provided to illustrate certain aspects of the invention but should not be construed as limiting in any way. 18650 size cylindrical batteries (18 rnm diameter, 65 mm height) were fabricated as described in the preceding and shown generally in Figure 1.
Cathodes 1 co~r~prised a mixture of transition metal oxide powder, a carbonaceous conductive dilutant, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder that was uniformly coated on both sides of a thin aluminum foil. The transition metal oxides used were either LiCo02 or Lil.nMnaOa as indicated below. (Note that the ratio 1.11:1 for the starting Li:Mn stoichiometry is preferred for cycle life purposes.) Anodes 2 were made using a mixture of a spherical graphitic powder plus Super S (trademark of Ensagri) carbon black and PVDF binder that was uniformly coated on thin copper foil. Setela microporous polyethylene film was used as the separators 3.
The electrolytes 5 employed were solutions of 1M LiPFb salt dissolved in either a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) solvent; in a volume ratio of 30/20/50 respectively, or a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) solvents in a volume ratio of 30/10/60 respectively . The former will henceforth be referred to as the EC/PC/DEC electrolyte and the latter as the EC/PC/EMC electrolyte. The choice of LiPFb salt can result in a safer, more stable electrolyte than would other salt choices.
To protect: against hazardous conditions on overcharge of the battery, the header of these batteries included a pressure operated electrical disconnect device. The electrolytes Employed also contained 2.5 % biphenyl additive by weight to act as a gassing agent for purposes of activating the electrical disconnect device (in accordance with the disclosure in co-pending Canadian Patent Application Serial No. 2, 163, 187, filed November 17, 1995, titled "Aromatic Monomer Gassing Agents for Protecting Non-aqueous Lithium Batteries Against Overcharge", by the same applicant). Finally, the A' electrolytes 5 employed also contained certain fade reducing additive compounds in amounts ranging from about 0.1 to 2.0o by weight. Approximately 4 cc of electrolyte was used in ea~~h battery.
For electrical testing, batteries were thermostatted at 21 ~ 1°C. Cycling was performed using a current limited (1A maximum), constant voltage charge (4.1 volts for LiCo02 based batteries and 4.2 volts for LiMnz04 based batteries) for 2.5 hours and a constant current discharge (1.5 amp for LiCo02 based batteries and 1 amp for LiMn204 based batteries) to a 2.5 volt cutoff. (Note: For purposes of observing changes in battery impedance, a prolonged, low rate charging or discharging was performed every 20 cycles.
Subsequent dis~~harge capacities may then be significantly different from than the previous ones. Many of these points have been omitted from the data presented below for purposes of clarity. However, this type of testing can introduce a noticeable discontinuity in the capacity versus cycle number data curves.
Examples with L~iCo02 cathode and trimethoxyboroxine additive A series of LiCoOz cathode based 18650 batteries was constructed with varying amounts of the fade reducing additive trime:thoxyboroxine dissolved in the EC/PC/DEC
electrolyte prior to assembly. The amounts employed were 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.30, 0.50, and 1% by weight in the electrolyte. 'the batteries were then cycled as described above. Figure 3 shows the capacity versus cycle number data for each battery. The capacity fade rate is seen to progressively improve with an increasing amount of additive. (Not:e however that a very small increase in the irreversible loss of lithium during the first conditioning charge is evident with increasing amount of additive. Thus the capacity of batteries with more additive is slightly less than that of the control over the first few cycles.) Figure 4 shows the voltage profiles of discharge number 10 and 200 for the control battery with 0% wt.
additive and d:'~~scharge number 200 for the battery with 0 . 3 and 1% wt. additive. The voltage profiles indicate a significant increase in battery impedance has occurred in the control battery with cycling. However, the impedance increase is progressively reduced with increasing amount of additive.
As shown in co-pending Canadian patent application serial number 2,175,755, the use of a B203 additive can adversely affect the thermal threshold stability of such batteries. Consequently, it may be important not to use an excessive amount of additive. To determine what amount might be excessive in this regard, four additional 18650 batteries were' constructed as above using the larger amounts of trimethoxyboroxine. Thus, two sets of two batteries were made comprising 1% and 2% trimethoxyboroxine additive by weight in the electrolyte respectively. The batteries were electrically conditioned, charged to 4.1 V, and then exposesd to a temperature of 150°C in a convection oven ( a "hot box" thermal stability test). Since the batteries were not heat sunk to the oven, exothermic chemical reactions can be triggered within the batteries which, in turn, can result in further heating and potential thermal run away. The thermal response of each battery was monitored.
In this "hot box" test, the safety vent of conventional 1f3650 batteries (ie. without any additive) is normally activ;~ted due to pressure buildup. Normally, no fire nor violent venting is observed. Thermal run away is thus normally avoided. For the two batteries comprising 1%
wt. trimethoxyboroxine additive, the safety vent activated but there was no fire nor violent venting. However, for the two batteries comprising 2% wt. trimethoxyboroxine additive, the safety vent activated and both batteries burned with a significant flame. One of these batteries additionally ejected its header with considerable force.
Thus, a 2% wt. level of trimethoxyboroxine additive seemed to adversely affect the thermal threshold stability of these particular batteries.
Examples with :LiCo02 cathode and trimethylboroxin additive Another sE:ries of LiCo02 cathode based 18650 batteries was constructed with varying amounts of the fade reducing additive trimethylboroxin dissolved in the EC/PC/DEC
electrolyte prior to assembly. The amounts employed were 0% (control) and 0.5% by weight in the electrolyte. The batteries were then cycled as described above. Figure 5 shows the capacity versus cycle number data for each battery. The. capacity fade rate of the control in this example is significantly worse than that of the similar control in the previous example. This is believed to be due to the ue~e of an inferior grade of LiCo02 cathode material in this series of batteries. Nonetheless, the capacity fade rate of the battery with the 0.5% wt.
trimethylborox:in additive is improved over that of this control batter~~r.
Examples with LiMn204 cathode and trimethoxyboroxine additive A series of Lil.uMn2~a cathode based 18650 batteries was constructed with varying amounts of the fade reducing additive trimethoxyboroxine dissolved in the EC/PC/EMC
electrolyte prior to assembly. The amounts employed were 0% (control), 0.1%, and 0.3% by weight in the electrolyte.
The batteries mere then cycled as described above. Figure 6 shows the capacity versus cycle number data for each battery. The batteries with either amount of additive show a similar, much improved capacity fade rate over that of the control.
Examples with ;GiMn204 cathode and trimethylboroxin additive A series of Lil.llMnz~a cathode based 18650 batteries was constructed wi~~h varying amounts of the fade rate reducing additive trimethylboroxin dissolved in the EC/PC/EMC
electrolyte prior to assembly. The amounts employed were 0% (control), 0.1%, and 0.3o by weight in the electrolyte.
The batteries were then cycled as described above. Figure
Conventional assembly methods can be used to prepare a battery of the invention, except that an additional step is required whE~rein an amount of one of the aforementioned fade rate reducing additive compounds is incorporated in the battery as well. A preferred method for accomplishing this is simply to dissolve a suitable amount of additive compound into the electrolyte solvent prior to using the electrolyte dug=ing assembly of the battery.
Incorporai:ing an amount of fade rate reducing additive in the range from greater than about 0.5% of the weight of the electrolyte' can be effective in improving capacity fade rate. Preferably, however, a sufficiently small amount of fade rate reducing additive is incorporated in the electrolyte su~~h that other desirable bulk properties of the battery arEs not adversely affected, eg. such that the thermal stability threshold of the battery remains essentially unchanged. In this way, other bulk properties such as the relative safety of the battery are not compromised by the inclusion of the additive. For certain choices of fade rate reducing additive compounds, incorporated amounts ranging from about 0.5% to less than about 2 % of the weight of the electrolyte can be effective in improving capacity fade rate without compromising fundamental battery safety.
In drawings which illustrate specific embodiments of the invention, but which should not be construed as restricting th.e spirit or scope of the invention in any way:
Figure 1 depicts a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of a cylindrical spiral-wound lithium ion battery.
Figure 2 shows the chemical structure of a (B0)3 boroxine ring, and two fade reducing additive compounds of the invention: trimethoxyboroxine and trimethylboroxin.
Figure 3 shows the capacity versus cycle number data for the series of LiCo02 cathode based 18650 size batteries comprising 0"s, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 1% wt.
trimethoxyboro:~cine additive in the electrolyte.
Figure 4 shows the discharge voltage profiles for cycle numbers 10 and 200 for the control battery with 0%
wt. additive and cycle number 200 for the batteries with 2 0 0 . 3 % wt . and 1 % wt . additive in the series of LiCo02 cathode based 18650 size batteries with trimethoxyboroxine additive.
Figure 5 ;shows the capacity versus cycle number data for the series of LiCo02 cathode based 18650 size batteries comprising 0% wt. and 0.5% wt. trimethylboroxin additive in the electrolyte.
Figure 6 :shows the capacity versus cycle number data for the series of LiMn204 cathode based 18650 size batteries comprising 0% wt., 0.1% wt., and 0.3% wt.
trimethoxyboro~~ine additive in the electrolyte.
Figure 7 :shows the capacity versus cycle number data for the series of LiMnz04 cathode based 18650 size batteries comprising 0% wt., 0.1% wt., and 0.3% wt. trimethylboroxin _8_ additive in the electrolyte.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC
EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
Co-pendin~3 Canadian patent application serial number 2,175,755, filed May 3, 1996, teaches that the capacity fade rate characteristic of non-aqueous lithium rechargeable batteries in general can be improved by dissolving a small amount of B203 additive in the electrolyte. However, the reasons for this improvement were unclear. Thus, it was not known what features of B203 were important chemicallyfor purposes of observing a fade rate improvement.
We have discovered that fade rate improvement can also be achieved using certain other additive compounds consisting of boron, oxygen, and organic end groups.
These compound: comprise at least one (BO) 3 boroxine ring in their structure. There may be open chain portions consisting of oxygen and/or boron atoms connected to the boroxine ring. Additionally, there can be more than one boroxine ring in the structure in principle. Thus, the boron-oxygen bonding arrangement of the additive compounds shows similarities to that of glassy B203. The organic end groups are chemically compatible with the battery components. In other words, the end groups are relatively inert with res~~ect to the cathode, anode, and electrolyte and therefore should not interfere with the normal functioning of the battery. The more common end groups are aliphatic hydr~~carbons. Such hydrocarbons (eg. pentane, cyclohexane) are generally inert and do not react with the other battery ~~omponents during normal battery operation.
Preferred exar~~ples of suitable additive compounds are trimethoxyboro~~ine and trimethylboroxin, both having the advantage of be=_ing relatively small molecules and liquids at ambient tem~~erature. While fade rate improvement can be achieved, some tradeoffs in other battery characteristics may occur with the use of such additives. Thus, a balance must be struck between these characteristics when selecting the amount of .additive to use.
Typically, this type of battery employs a lithium insertion compound as the cathode and one of a variety of lithium compounds as the anode. Possible lithium compounds include lithium metal, lithium alloys, and lithium insertion compounds. Preferred embodiments are lithium ion batteries wherein the anode is also a lithium insertion compound. Presently, the majority of commercial lithium ion batteries employ transition metal oxide cathodes (either LiCo02, LiNi02, or LiMn204) and carbonaceous anodes (either coke o:r graphite) .
Preferred electrolytes for lithium ion batteries comprise LiPFb salt dissolved in a mixture of non-aqueous organic carbonate solvents (such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and/or diethyl carbonate). This choice of salts can result in a safer, more stable, electrolyte than would some other salt choices.
If only a small amount (circa 1% by weight of that of the electrolyte) of additive compound is incorporated in the battery, the other bulk characteristics of the electrolyte can remain largely unaffected. In principle, the additive may be incorporated in solid form. Preferably however, the additive is dissolved in the electrolyte. As a result, the additive is well dispersed throughout the battery. Also, it can make it easier to handle the additive during manufacture if the additive is hygroscopic or difficult to incorporate into either electrode for some reason.
It should. be noted that the presence of additive compound can x-esult in an increase in the irreversible capacity loss experienced during the first charging of such batteries. Also, the use of too much additive compound can adversely affe~~t the thermal stability threshold of such batteries. And, an excessive amount of dissolved additive compound could be expected to adversely affect electrolyte conductivity and hence battery rate capability. Thus, it is important not only to determine the capacity fade rate as a function of amount of additive in any particular embodiment, bwt also to determine the effects of amount of additive on these other important battery characteristics.
Some non-inventive characterization trials must thus be performed in oz-der to arrive at a sensible tradeoff between fade rate improvement and these other characteristics.
The invention relates to battery constructions with one of the aforementioned additive compounds dissolved in the electrolys=e. Various battery configurations are suitable, including prismatic formats or miniature coin cells. A preferred conventional construction for a lithium ion type produces is depicted in the cross-sectional view of a spiral-wound battery in Figure 1. A jelly roll 4 is created by spinally winding a cathode foil 1, an anode foil 2, and two mi~roporous polyolefin sheets 3 that act as separators.
Cathode foils are prepared by applying a mixture of a suitable powdered (about 10 micron size typically) cathode material, sucr. as a lithiated transition metal oxide, possibly other powdered cathode material if desired, a binder, and a conductive dilutant onto a thin aluminum foil. Typically, the application method first involves dissolving the binder in a suitable liquid carrier. Then, a slurry is px-epared using this solution plus the other powdered solid components. The slurry is then coated uniformly onto the substrate foil. Afterwards, the carrier solvent is evaporated away. Often, both sides of the aluminum foil substrate are coated in this manner and subsequently tree cathode foil is calendered.
Anode foi7.s are prepared in a like manner except that a powdered (also typically about 10 micron size) carbonaceous insertion compound is used instead of the cathode material and thin copper foil is usually used instead of aluminum. Anode foils are typically slightly 2i 96493 wider than the cathode foils in order to ensure that anode foil is always opposite cathode foil.
The jell~T roll 4 is inserted into a conventional battery can 10. A header 11 and gasket 12 are used to seal the battery 15. The header may include safety devices if desired such ~~s a combination safety vent and pressure operated disconnect device. Additionally, a positive thermal coefficient device (PTC) may be incorporated into the header to limit the short circuit current capability of the battery. The external surface of the header 11 is used as the positivE: terminal, while the external surface of the can 10 serves ~~s the negative terminal.
Appropriata cathode tab 6 and anode tab 7 connections are made to cor.~.nect the internal electrodes to the external terminals . Appropriate insulating pieces 8 and 9 may be inserted to prEwent the possibility of internal shorting.
Lithium ion batteries of the invention have a fade rate reducing additive compound incorporated therein in order to improve the fade rate. Preferably, the additive is dissolved i:z the electrolyte which can be accomplished in a variety cf ways. However, the most straightforward and thus the preferred method simply involves dissolving a suitable amount of a liquid additive compound in the electrolyte solvent before filling the battery with the electrolyte. 'Then, prior to crimping the header 11 to the can 10 and sealing the battery, the electrolyte 5 comprising the fade rate reducing additive is added to fill the porous spacies in the jelly roll 4.
At this point, the battery is in a fully discharged state. Generally, an electrical conditioning step, involving at least a single complete recharge of the battery, is performed as part of the overall assembly. One of the reasons for so doing is that some initial irreversible p~__~ocesses take place on this first recharge.
For instance, a small amount of lithium is irreversibly lost during the first lithiation of the carbonaceous anode.
Advantage: of the invention can be achieved using _ 2196493 modest amounts of fade rate reducing additive compound. In the examples 1.o follow, desirable results were obtained using of order of 1% additive by weight in the electrolyte.
As mentioned above, some tradeoffs in other desirable battery characteristics can be expected if excessive amounts of additive compound are employed. For instance, care must be taken not to unacceptably alter the thermal stability threshold of the battery by using the additive.
Also, care must be taken not to unacceptably increase the irreversible capacity loss experienced in lithium ion batteries by using the additive. Some straightforward quantification trials usually would be required in order to select an appropriate amount of additive compound to use.
At this time, the reason for the fade rate improvement using such additive compounds is unclear. Without being adversely bound by theory, a possible explanation is that the presence of these additive compounds in the electrolyte affects the passivation/decomposition reactions which occur at the anode surface in lithium batteries. It is possible that ;~ passivation film is initially formed as a result of these reactions which inhibits the further decomposition of electrolyte at the anode. Further decomposition :not only consumes some active lithium, but also results i.n the formation of decomposition products which, in turn, may coat the electrode material or otherwise adversely impede ionic transport thereby resulting in an increase in battery impedance (and hence result in a lo~~s of deliverable capacity at a given rate).
The presence of the additive compounds may result in the production of a chemically different passivation film and/or affect t:he rate of further decomposition reactions.
Therefore, the benefits of the invention might be expected when using additive compounds which are chemically similar to glassy B203 or to those used in the Examples below.
The following Examples are provided to illustrate certain aspects of the invention but should not be construed as limiting in any way. 18650 size cylindrical batteries (18 rnm diameter, 65 mm height) were fabricated as described in the preceding and shown generally in Figure 1.
Cathodes 1 co~r~prised a mixture of transition metal oxide powder, a carbonaceous conductive dilutant, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder that was uniformly coated on both sides of a thin aluminum foil. The transition metal oxides used were either LiCo02 or Lil.nMnaOa as indicated below. (Note that the ratio 1.11:1 for the starting Li:Mn stoichiometry is preferred for cycle life purposes.) Anodes 2 were made using a mixture of a spherical graphitic powder plus Super S (trademark of Ensagri) carbon black and PVDF binder that was uniformly coated on thin copper foil. Setela microporous polyethylene film was used as the separators 3.
The electrolytes 5 employed were solutions of 1M LiPFb salt dissolved in either a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) solvent; in a volume ratio of 30/20/50 respectively, or a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) solvents in a volume ratio of 30/10/60 respectively . The former will henceforth be referred to as the EC/PC/DEC electrolyte and the latter as the EC/PC/EMC electrolyte. The choice of LiPFb salt can result in a safer, more stable electrolyte than would other salt choices.
To protect: against hazardous conditions on overcharge of the battery, the header of these batteries included a pressure operated electrical disconnect device. The electrolytes Employed also contained 2.5 % biphenyl additive by weight to act as a gassing agent for purposes of activating the electrical disconnect device (in accordance with the disclosure in co-pending Canadian Patent Application Serial No. 2, 163, 187, filed November 17, 1995, titled "Aromatic Monomer Gassing Agents for Protecting Non-aqueous Lithium Batteries Against Overcharge", by the same applicant). Finally, the A' electrolytes 5 employed also contained certain fade reducing additive compounds in amounts ranging from about 0.1 to 2.0o by weight. Approximately 4 cc of electrolyte was used in ea~~h battery.
For electrical testing, batteries were thermostatted at 21 ~ 1°C. Cycling was performed using a current limited (1A maximum), constant voltage charge (4.1 volts for LiCo02 based batteries and 4.2 volts for LiMnz04 based batteries) for 2.5 hours and a constant current discharge (1.5 amp for LiCo02 based batteries and 1 amp for LiMn204 based batteries) to a 2.5 volt cutoff. (Note: For purposes of observing changes in battery impedance, a prolonged, low rate charging or discharging was performed every 20 cycles.
Subsequent dis~~harge capacities may then be significantly different from than the previous ones. Many of these points have been omitted from the data presented below for purposes of clarity. However, this type of testing can introduce a noticeable discontinuity in the capacity versus cycle number data curves.
Examples with L~iCo02 cathode and trimethoxyboroxine additive A series of LiCoOz cathode based 18650 batteries was constructed with varying amounts of the fade reducing additive trime:thoxyboroxine dissolved in the EC/PC/DEC
electrolyte prior to assembly. The amounts employed were 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.30, 0.50, and 1% by weight in the electrolyte. 'the batteries were then cycled as described above. Figure 3 shows the capacity versus cycle number data for each battery. The capacity fade rate is seen to progressively improve with an increasing amount of additive. (Not:e however that a very small increase in the irreversible loss of lithium during the first conditioning charge is evident with increasing amount of additive. Thus the capacity of batteries with more additive is slightly less than that of the control over the first few cycles.) Figure 4 shows the voltage profiles of discharge number 10 and 200 for the control battery with 0% wt.
additive and d:'~~scharge number 200 for the battery with 0 . 3 and 1% wt. additive. The voltage profiles indicate a significant increase in battery impedance has occurred in the control battery with cycling. However, the impedance increase is progressively reduced with increasing amount of additive.
As shown in co-pending Canadian patent application serial number 2,175,755, the use of a B203 additive can adversely affect the thermal threshold stability of such batteries. Consequently, it may be important not to use an excessive amount of additive. To determine what amount might be excessive in this regard, four additional 18650 batteries were' constructed as above using the larger amounts of trimethoxyboroxine. Thus, two sets of two batteries were made comprising 1% and 2% trimethoxyboroxine additive by weight in the electrolyte respectively. The batteries were electrically conditioned, charged to 4.1 V, and then exposesd to a temperature of 150°C in a convection oven ( a "hot box" thermal stability test). Since the batteries were not heat sunk to the oven, exothermic chemical reactions can be triggered within the batteries which, in turn, can result in further heating and potential thermal run away. The thermal response of each battery was monitored.
In this "hot box" test, the safety vent of conventional 1f3650 batteries (ie. without any additive) is normally activ;~ted due to pressure buildup. Normally, no fire nor violent venting is observed. Thermal run away is thus normally avoided. For the two batteries comprising 1%
wt. trimethoxyboroxine additive, the safety vent activated but there was no fire nor violent venting. However, for the two batteries comprising 2% wt. trimethoxyboroxine additive, the safety vent activated and both batteries burned with a significant flame. One of these batteries additionally ejected its header with considerable force.
Thus, a 2% wt. level of trimethoxyboroxine additive seemed to adversely affect the thermal threshold stability of these particular batteries.
Examples with :LiCo02 cathode and trimethylboroxin additive Another sE:ries of LiCo02 cathode based 18650 batteries was constructed with varying amounts of the fade reducing additive trimethylboroxin dissolved in the EC/PC/DEC
electrolyte prior to assembly. The amounts employed were 0% (control) and 0.5% by weight in the electrolyte. The batteries were then cycled as described above. Figure 5 shows the capacity versus cycle number data for each battery. The. capacity fade rate of the control in this example is significantly worse than that of the similar control in the previous example. This is believed to be due to the ue~e of an inferior grade of LiCo02 cathode material in this series of batteries. Nonetheless, the capacity fade rate of the battery with the 0.5% wt.
trimethylborox:in additive is improved over that of this control batter~~r.
Examples with LiMn204 cathode and trimethoxyboroxine additive A series of Lil.uMn2~a cathode based 18650 batteries was constructed with varying amounts of the fade reducing additive trimethoxyboroxine dissolved in the EC/PC/EMC
electrolyte prior to assembly. The amounts employed were 0% (control), 0.1%, and 0.3% by weight in the electrolyte.
The batteries mere then cycled as described above. Figure 6 shows the capacity versus cycle number data for each battery. The batteries with either amount of additive show a similar, much improved capacity fade rate over that of the control.
Examples with ;GiMn204 cathode and trimethylboroxin additive A series of Lil.llMnz~a cathode based 18650 batteries was constructed wi~~h varying amounts of the fade rate reducing additive trimethylboroxin dissolved in the EC/PC/EMC
electrolyte prior to assembly. The amounts employed were 0% (control), 0.1%, and 0.3o by weight in the electrolyte.
The batteries were then cycled as described above. Figure
7 shows the capacity versus cycle number data for each battery. The batteries with the additive show an improved capacity fade rate over that of the control. The battery with 0.3% wt. additive has a lower initial capacity but better fade rage than that with the 0.1% wt. additive. The control batter~~r in this example is the same as that of the preceding example. Thus, it appears that the trimethoxyboro:~ine additive is somewhat better than the trimethylborox:in additive in this embodiment.
The preceding examples demonstrate that both trimethoxyborine and trimethylboroxin can be effective fade rate reducing additives in lithium ion batteries.
As will be: apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the Foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance defined by the following claims.
The preceding examples demonstrate that both trimethoxyborine and trimethylboroxin can be effective fade rate reducing additives in lithium ion batteries.
As will be: apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the Foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance defined by the following claims.
Claims (28)
1. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery having reduced capacity fade rate during cycling, the battery including a lithium insertion compound cathode, a lithium compound anode, a separator, a non-aqueous electrolyte including a lithium salt dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, and an amount of a fade rate reducing additive compound, comprising boron, oxygen, and organic end groups;
the organic end groups being chemically compatible with the cathode, the anode, and the electrolyte; the fade rate reducing additive compound containing at least one boroxine (BO)3 ring.
the organic end groups being chemically compatible with the cathode, the anode, and the electrolyte; the fade rate reducing additive compound containing at least one boroxine (BO)3 ring.
2. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the structure of the fade rate reducing additive compound is denoted by the formula:
wherein n1, n2, and n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero.
wherein n1, n2, and n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero.
3. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 2 wherein the fade rate reducing additive is trimethoxyboroxine.
4. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the structure of the fade reducing additive compound is denoted by the formula:
wherein n1, n2, and n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero.
wherein n1, n2, and n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero.
5. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 4 wherein the fade rate reducing additive is trimethylboroxin.
6. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the amount of the fade rate reducing additive is greater than about 0.1% of the weight of the electrolyte.
7. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the amount of the fade rate reducing additive is less than about 2% of the weight of the electrolyte.
8. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fade rate reducing additive is dissolved in the electrolyte.
9. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the cathode comprises a lithium transition metal oxide.
10. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 9 wherein the lithium transition metal oxide is LiCoO2 or LiMn2O4.
11. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the anode comprises a carbonaceous insertion compound.
12. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 11 wherein the carbonaceous insertion compound is graphite.
13. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the lithium salt is LiPF6.
14. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the non-aqueous solvent comprises an organic carbonate.
15. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 14 wherein the non-aqueous solvent is a mixture of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and diethyl carbonate.
16. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 14 wherein the non-aqueous solvent is a mixture of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate.
17. A non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fade rate reducing additive compound is a liquid at ambient temperature.
18. A method of reducing the capacity fade rate during cycling of a non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery, the battery having a lithium insertion compound cathode, a lithium compound anode, a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte including a lithium salt dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, which comprises incorporating into the battery an amount of a fade rate reducing additive compound comprising boron, oxygen, and organic end groups; the organic end groups being chemically compatible with the cathode, the anode, and the electrolyte; and the structure of the fade rate reducing additive containing at least one (BO)3 boroxine ring.
19. A method as claimed in claim 18 wherein the fade rate reducing additive is trimethoxyboroxine or trimethylboroxin.
20. A method as claimed in claim 18 wherein the amount of the fade rate reducing additive compound is greater than about 0.5% of the weight of the electrolyte.
21. A method as claimed in claim 18 wherein the amount of the fade rate reducing additive compound is sufficiently small that the thermal stability threshold of the battery remains essentially unchanged.
22. A method as claimed in claim 21 wherein the amount of the fade rate reducing additive compound is less than about 2% of the weight of the electrolyte.
23. A method as claimed in claim 18 wherein the fade rate reducing additive compound is dissolved in the electrolyte.
24. The use of a fade rate reducing additive compound comprising boron, oxygen, and organic end groups and at least one (BO)3 boroxine ring in a non-aqueous rechargeable lithium battery having a lithium insertion compound cathode, a lithium compound anode, a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte including a lithium salt dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent.
25. A use as claimed in claim 24 wherein the structure of the fade rate reducing additive compound is:
wherein n1, n2, and n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero.
wherein n1, n2, and n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero.
26. A use as claimed in claim 24 wherein the structure of the fade rate reducing additive compound is :
wherein n1, n2 and n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero.
wherein n1, n2 and n3 are integers greater than or equal to zero.
27. A use as claimed in claim 24 wherein the fade rate reducing additive is trimethoxyboroxine.
28. A use as claimed in claim 24 wherein the fade rate reducing additive is trimethylboroxin.
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002196493A CA2196493C (en) | 1997-01-31 | 1997-01-31 | Additives for improving cycle life of non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries |
US08/811,585 US5891592A (en) | 1997-01-31 | 1997-03-05 | Additives for improving cycle life of non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries |
DE69805337T DE69805337T2 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 1998-01-27 | Additives to increase the lifespan of non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries |
EP98101339A EP0856901B1 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 1998-01-27 | Additives for improving cycle life of non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries |
JP10019134A JPH10223258A (en) | 1997-01-31 | 1998-01-30 | Additive for improving charge/discharge life of rechargeable nonaqueous lithium battery |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002196493A CA2196493C (en) | 1997-01-31 | 1997-01-31 | Additives for improving cycle life of non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2196493A1 CA2196493A1 (en) | 1998-07-31 |
CA2196493C true CA2196493C (en) | 2002-07-16 |
Family
ID=4159801
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002196493A Expired - Fee Related CA2196493C (en) | 1997-01-31 | 1997-01-31 | Additives for improving cycle life of non-aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5891592A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0856901B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH10223258A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2196493C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69805337T2 (en) |
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-
1997
- 1997-01-31 CA CA002196493A patent/CA2196493C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-03-05 US US08/811,585 patent/US5891592A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-01-27 EP EP98101339A patent/EP0856901B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-01-27 DE DE69805337T patent/DE69805337T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-01-30 JP JP10019134A patent/JPH10223258A/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69805337D1 (en) | 2002-06-20 |
DE69805337T2 (en) | 2002-08-29 |
JPH10223258A (en) | 1998-08-21 |
CA2196493A1 (en) | 1998-07-31 |
EP0856901B1 (en) | 2002-05-15 |
US5891592A (en) | 1999-04-06 |
EP0856901A1 (en) | 1998-08-05 |
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