CA2157916C

CA2157916C - Method of cleaning and maintaining potable water distribution pipe systems

Info

Publication number: CA2157916C
Application number: CA002157916A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Allen C. Hieatt; Jerome H. Ludwig
Original assignee: HERC Products Inc
Current assignee: HERC Products Inc
Priority date: 1993-03-23
Filing date: 1994-03-22
Publication date: 2000-01-25
Anticipated expiration: 2014-03-22
Also published as: ATE170583T1; DE69413017D1; DE69413017T2; CA2157916A1; WO1994021865A1; JPH08509908A; AU6490394A; EP0690944A1; BR9406139A; EP0690944B1; AU673426B2; JP3597193B2

Abstract

A method of cleaning and maintaining potable water distribution system which have reduced flow due to an increase of water scale deposits, sediment, and the like on the inside surface of the pipe is disclosed. An aqueous acidic cleaning solution (12) is introduced and circulated through the pipe (25) to be treated for a sufficient time to dissolve and loosen the scale and sediment, and the spent solution containing dissolved or suspended scale and sediment is flushed from the pipe (25) to provide a cleaned pipe with improved water flow.
It is also desirable to flush the water distribution pipe system with high pressure water after the treatment to remove loosened scale and sediment that was not removed during the circulation and flushing of the treating solution (12).

Description

HETHOD OF CLEANING AND IrIAINTAINING POTABLE WATER
DIBTRIHUTION PIPE BYSTEMS

It is well known that hardness and suspended solids in water sources vary widely in composition depending on the source and will result in scale deposition and sedimentation on surfaces wherever water is used. Scale deposition and sedimentation is particularly troublesome in water distribution pipe systems which service the residential and commercial customers of municipalities, private water companies and the lils:e along with industrial process water distribution pipe systems as found in the mining, petroleum, agriculture and the like industries. In these system:, the formation of scale and sediment can reduce the water flow through the pipe system which will limit the capacity of the pipe to service the requirements of the customers or to provide the _ required water necessary for an industrial process, irrigation, etc. For instance, in municipal systems an increase in the fire risk would be obvious if the fire hydrant did not supply sufficient water to extinguish the fire due to scale and sediment deposits in the feed pipe 7:ine. At some point, the water distribution pipe would have to be replaced due to these restrictions at a high cost and with prolonged interruption of service.
Additionally, scale and sedimentation will increase the possibility of corrosion in the water distribution pipe along with promoting the growth of organisms. The organisms also can be a health hazard, promoting corrosion and biomass which binds scale and sediment together and to the surfaces of the system.
Corrosion will eventually lead to the leakage of the systeau and the necessity to replace the leaking sectia~n.
Strong acids have been used to clean water wells, however, submersible pumps are removed prior to treatment to prevent corrosion by the acids employed.
Also, organic acids, mixtures of mineral acids and organic acids or inhibited acid compositions have been found to clean water wells without the necessity of removing the pumps or other equipment. These methods ~1~ ~9~_~

for cleaning w<~ter wells have involved static and surging treatment.
A proper cleaning and maintenance program for water distribution systems will prevent decreased water flow capacity, corrosion and the necessity to replace the system or portions thereof. A simple and effective method for cleaning and maintaining these systems is needed.
ES-A-533818 discloses a method for eliminating lime incrust.ations from domestic water supply installations which represents the prior art as referred to in the preamble to Claim 1.
US-A-4025359 discloses an inhibited acid composition fo:r cleaning water systems which has a reduced tendency to attack galvanized pipe or steel pipe.
WO-A-92/20629 discloses soap compositions of carboxylic acids and amines useful in removal and prevention of scale containing calcium or magnesium carbonate, oxide or hydroxide.
FR-A-2602571 discloses a method and apparatus for cleaning a con~~uit of a potable water distribution network in which pulsE~s of fluid under pressure, such as water, are passed through the conduit.
In accordance with the present invention, a method of cleaning a potable water distribution pipe system of scale comprising providing a reservoir for containing an aqueous cleaning solution for the removal of the scale, sealing off a section of pipe in the system for circulation of the cleaning solution therethrough, circulating the cleaning solution from the reservoir through the pipe section and returning the solution to the reservoir for the removal of the scale, characterised in that the aque~~us cleaning solution is adapted to remove scale associated with sulfate-reducing and iron bacteria consisting pr~_marily of iron oxide, biomass and sediment from inside surfaces of the pipe section, in that the section of pipe is an underground section of a A(~E~:DE~ SHEET

X21 g 7 9 1 ~6 -3a-distribution pipe system and in that the circulating cleaning solution is monitored and the cleaning solution circulated for a sufficient period of time until the scale and sediment i.s observed to be dissolved, loosened and/or suspended in t:he circulating cleaning solution.
This invention is directed to a method of cleaning and maintaining water distribution systems. Water systems having interior scale and sediment deposits are cleaned by introducing and - circulating an effective amount of an aqueous treatment solution for a sufficient period of time which results in the solution, loosening and suspension of the undesired scale and sediment. Thereafter, the spent treating solution containing the dissolved or suspended scale and sediment is flushed from the water distribution system to pro~ride a clean system with improved water flow and operation. Additionally, further flushing with high pressure water will also remove additional scale that had been loosened by the treating solution.
The cleaning solution may be acidic, neutral or basic. In th~~ most preferred form, in potable water pipe systems, mineral acids or organic acids, and mixtures thereof, are employed as acidic treatment solutions. The acidic treatment solution may contain .,..

-w WO 94/21865 ~ ~~ PCT/US94/03065 furthsar additives such as inhibitors, chelating agents, penetrating and/or dispersing agents to assist in the removed of scale and sediment and to minimize any adver::e effects on the pipes, valves, or other system surfaces due to the acids employed.
This invention provides a simple, low cost and effective method of removing water scale and sediment from water distribution systems in order to maintain proper water flow, operation and to prevent corrosion of the system which would require the high cost a.nd inconvenience of replacement.
Other advantages and objectives of this invention will be further understood with reference to the following detailed description and drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Among the acidic treatment solutions found to be useful in practicing the method of this invention are aqueous solutions of mineral acids such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, polyphosphoric, hydrofluoric, boric, sulfuric, sulfurous, and the like.
Aqueous solutions of mono-, di- and polybasic organic acids have also been found to be useful and include formic, acetic, propionic, citric, glycolic, lactic, tartaric, polyacrylic, succinic, p-toluenesulfonic, and the like. The useful treatment solutions may also be aqueous mixtures of the above mineral and organic acids.

21579 1a Alkaline, acid, or neutral cleaning solutions may also beg employed, as indicated above, depending upon the t:~pe of scale that needs to be removed.
Sequestering or chelating agents such as ECTA
(ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid), NTA
(nitrilotria~cetic acid), and derivatives, i.e., basic alkali saltsc, and the like have also been found to be useful in th,e treatment solution in certain cases.
Th.e acidic treatment solution may also contain acid inhibitors which substantially reduce the acidic act~Lon on metal surfaces of the water distribution system, particularly valves, fire hydrants, etc., and these various inhibitors for acids have been well documented in the patent art. Typical, but not necessarily all inclusive, examples of acid inhibitors a:re disclosed in the following U.S. Patents:
2,758,970; 2,807,585; 2,941,949; 3,077,454; 3,607,781;
3,668,137; 3,885,913; 4,089,795; 4,199,469; 4,310,435;

4,541,945; 4,554,090 4,587,030; 4,614,600; 4,637,899;
4,670,186; 4,780,150 and 4,851,149.
The treatment solution may also contain dispersing, penetrating or emulsifying agents to assist in the removal of the scale and sediment. These surface active agents may be anionic, cationic, nonionic or amphoteric as defined in the art.
Compounds such as alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl or aryl sulfates, al.kanolamines, ethoxylated alkanolamides, b , ~, WO 94/21865 ~ ~. a~ PCT/LJS94/03065 amine oxides, ammonium and alkali soaps, betaines, hydrot.ropes such as sodium aryl sulfonates; ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty alcohols and sugars, ethoxylated and poopoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates, phosphate esters, quarternaries, sulfosuccinates, and mixtures thereof, have been found to be useful in admixture with the acid treating solution.
DRAWINGS AND OPERATING ERAMPLES
Fig. 1 is a schematic of a laboratory test system illustrating the method of this invention.
Fig. 2 is a diagram of a field system for cleaning a potable water distribution system.
With reference to Fig. 1, a laboratory test system is shown to evaluate the removal of scale and sediment by acidic treating solutions from a test pipe sample taken from a water distribution system. This system includes a 15 gallon acidic treating solution reservoir 5, submersible acidic treat;n~ ~~~"+;.", circul~3tion pump 6 rated at 1200 gallons per hour, 1"
inlet transfer line 7, drain valve 8, heavy rubber diaphragm seals 9 for the ends of the test pipe specimen 10, 1" outlet transfer line 11 and the treating solution 12. The test pipe specimen 10 is mounted at about a 30 degree angle so that the test solution will contact essentially the entire inner pipe surface' to be treated.
A laboratory test, for example, was run on a four foot section of 6" diameter pipe which had been 5 ~ PCT/US94/03065 removed from a potable water distribution system that had been used for over 40 years. The scale on the inside: of the pipe consisted of nodules of up to 1 to 1 i inc:hes in height covering 100% of the inside pipe surface which had substantially reduced the opening inside the pipe for water to flow. Analysis of the scale indicated it consisted of primarily iron with some calcium, magnesium and manganese in the form oxides, hydroxides and carbonates along with fine mineral acid insoluble solids and some "biomass". This is typical scale associated with sulfate-reducing and iron bacteria along with the associated corrosion.
About 10 gallons of a 12.5% aqueous inhibited hydroc:hloric/glycolic acid solution containing a penetrating agent was placed in the reservoir 5 and circulated through the test pipe 10 for a period of 24 hours. After 2 hours of circulation, particles of the scale were breaking loose and could be heard in the outlet transfer line 11 and observed entering the reservoir 5. The color of the treating solution also became increasingly darker with circulation time.
After 24 hours the circulation was stopped and the system was drained of the treating solution. The diaphragms 9 were removed and the inside of the test pipe was observed to be about 80% cleaned of scale and sediment solids.
On treating the test pipe with a second identical treating solution for a period of 21.5 hours, WO 94/Z1865 ~ '~ ~ ~, PCT/US94/03065 _g_ about 80% of the interior surface of the test pipe was obser~;red to still be covered over with a scale and/or sediment that was a soft and paste-like semi-solid which contained some grit and could be easily removed with a probe. The remaining scale nodules had been substantially reduced in size since the end of the first treatment. It was concluded that the second treatiaent would probably not be necessary if a high pressure water flush was employed to remove the insoluble soft sediment which had coated the remaining scale nodules after the first treatment.
With reference to Fig. 2, a field equipment and system diagram is shown which may be employed in the cleaning of a potable water pipe distribution system. Two 500 gallon treating solution reservoir tanks 20 and 21 along with a 100 gallon per minute circulation pump 22 and sight glass 23 are mounted on a flat: bed truck (not shown) . In this example, a 2~
inlet pipe 24 is secured to a 650 foot section of 6"
water distribution pipe 25 after the main shut off valve 26. The fire hydrant 27 and fire hose 28 were employed for the acidic treating solution return to tanks 20 and 21.
The section of pipe 25 to be treated was isolated by closing off the two water main shut-off valves 26 and 29 along with all service line valves, typically 30 and 31. With valves 32 and 33 closed, 1000 gallons of acidic treating solution was prepared WO 94/21865 ~ ~ PCT/US94/03065 _g-in tanks 20 and 21. With the coupling 34 open, the treating solution w:a allowed to enter the system by opening valves 33 and 35 and turning on the circulation pump 22. The pH of the water- coming from the open coupling was then monitored until a decrease was noted which indicated the acid treating solution had displaced the water in the section to be treated. The circulation pump 22 was turned off and the coupling 34 connecaed. Valves 36 and 37 were then closed and valve l0 32 opened for circulation. The circulation pump 22 was then started again for the treatment period. Valve 37 was c:Losed to allow for scale solids to accumulate in tank :?0 while the treating solution could overflow at 38 to tank 21 which reduces the chances of plugging during treatment.
The treating solution was then circulated in the system of Fig. 2 for a period of 5 hours.
Observation of the treating solution through the sight glass 23 showed an increasingly darker discoloration with time. At the end of the treatment period, the circulation pump 22 was turned off, and valves 33 and 35 were closed. The main shut-off valve 26 was slowly opened and fresh water allowed to enter the system until the treating solution was displaced as noted when the tanks 20 and 21 were full. Valve 32 was then closed. The fire hose 28 was then disconnected from the fire hydrant 27 and the main shut-off valve 26 opened full to allow high pressure flushing of the WO 94/21865 PCTIUS94I03(~~
-lo-treated water main 25. As the flush water emerged from the fire hydrant 27 it was dark in color with cons~iderahle scale and sediment solids. Flushing continued until the flush water was clean of solids for a period of time prior to putting the treated section of the water distribution system back into service.
The flow rate through the fire hydrant 27 prior to treatment had been determined by a Pitot Gauge to be 588 gallons per minute. After treatment, the flow rate was determined to be 790 gallons per minute.
This was an increase of 34.5%.
Also, improved mechanical operations of the hydrants and valves of the system were achieved. The flow of cleaning solution may also be reversed in the system to further improve cleaning efficiency. The above cleaning solutions met the requirements of the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF International, Ann Arbo~~, Michigan), Standard 60 for potable water dist~_-ibution systems.
Other examples of cleaning solutions may be employed as follows:
PrebJ~end Ingredients % by wt 31% Flydrochloric acid in water 87.14 +/- 2%
70% G:lycolic acid in water 5.27 +/- 0.3%
40% fiodium xylene sulfonate in water 2.06 +/- 0.2%
Triet:hanolamine and diethanolamine 2.96 +/- 0.2%
mi~,aure (85%/15%) Water 2.57 +/- 0.2%
In a preferred form of the invention, the above: preblended cleaning solution is used in an amount of ax~out 12.5% by weight with water in the field for WO 94/21865 ~ PCT/US94/03065 cleansing an underground potable water distribution pipe system. However, more generally, the solution may be emplo!,red in amounts of from about 5 to about 50% by weighi: with water in the field, depending upon such variables as the amount of scale, pipe volume to be cleanE:d, circulation time and other factors. The amounia of anhydrous chemicals in a broader range of ingredients are about 1% to 27% HC1, 0.1% to 4%
glycol_ic acid, 0.04% to 1% sodium xylene sulfonate and a b o a t 0 . 1 % t o 2 . 5 % o f t h a triethanolamine/diethanolomine mixture (hereinafter referred to as "TEA").
It should be understood that the above chemical ingredients may be blended in the field for cleaning the underground potable pipes, for example, hydrochloric acid may be added to a concentrate of the glycolic acid, sodium xylene sulfonate and TEA. In the potable water distribution systems, an underground section of the pipe to be cleaned is sealed off from the rest of the system. As illustrated above in Fig.
2, the cleaning solution is then introduced from a tank into the pipe section and, if water is in that section of pine, it is removed upon the introduction of the cleaning solution. After the cleaning solution has been introduced into the pipe section, circulation of the cleaning solution through the underground pipe is initiated for a sufficient period of time for solubilization, loosening and/or suspension of the scale and sediments.
In thE~ above preblends, a soap having a 1:1 stoichiometri<: equivalent of the acid (HC1 and glycolic acid) and TEA base is formed with an excess of the acid.
This composition has been found to work effectively in the field for the: removal of scale associated with sulfate-reducing and iron bacteria consisting primarily of iron oxide, biomas:~ and sediment. These 1:1 soaps have also been described in co-pending Canadian Application Serial No.
2,103,141. These soaps may be more generally categorized as soaps of mineral and/or organic acids and a base such as an amine and ammonia. Further examples of these soaps include 1:1 soaps of TEA and glycolic acid (also known as hydroxyacetic acid); TEA and acetic acid; TEA and citric acid; TEA and benzoic acid; hydrochloric acid and ammonia;
sulfuric acid and ammonia; nitric acid and ammonia; TEA and hydrochloric acid; TEA and sulfuric acid; TEA and nitric acid; ammonia and glycolic acid; ammonia and benzoic acid;
and ammonia a.nd p-toluenesulfonic acid. Accordingly, it will be understood that other cleaning solutions of the acidic type employing 1:1 soaps may be employed to effectively solubilize, loosen and/or suspend the scale and 21.~'~~~~

sediment from the potable pipe in accordance with the principles of this invention.
In view of the above detailed description, other method variations to clean domestic and industrial water distribution systems, like houses, hotels, plants, offices, etc., will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the ~:rt. The method is especially advantageous in cleaning underground potable water distribution systems having scale associated with sulfate-reducing and iron bacteria consisting primarily of iron oxide, biomass and sediment.

Claims

1. A method of cleaning a water distribution pipe system of scale comprising providing a reservoir (20,21) for containing an aqueous cleaning solution for the removal of the scale, circulating the cleaning solution from the reservoir (20,21) through a section (25) of pipe in the system and returning the solution to the reservoir (20,21) for the removal of the scale, characterised in that the aqueous cleaning solution is suitable for removal of scale associated with sulfate-reducing and iron bacteria consisting primarily of iron oxide, biomass and sediment from inside surfaces of the water distribution system, in that the section of pipe (25) is a section of a distribution pipe system and in that the method includes sealing off the section (25) for circulation of cleaning solution therethrough.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the pipe section (25) is sealed between two fire hydrants (27) and the cleaning solution is circulated by connecting one of the fire hydrants (27) to the reservoir (20,21) for pumping the cleaning solution therethrough.

3. A method as claimed in either claim 1 or claim 2 comprising flushing the system with clean water after the removal of the spent cleaning solution.

4. A method as claimed in any preceding claim comprising flushing the system with high pressure water for the removal of any spent cleaning solution, scale and/or sediment.

5. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the aqueous treatment solution is acidic.

6. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the acid solution contains further additives selected from the group consisting of acid inhibitors, chelating agents, surfactants, penetrating agents and dispensing agents, and mixtures thereof to assist in the removal of scale and sediment.

7. A method as claimed in either claim 5 or claim 6 wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of mineral and organic acids and mixtures thereof.

8. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the mineral acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, polyphosphoric, hydrofluoric, boric, sulfuric, and sulfurous and mixtures thereof.

9. A method as claimed in either claim 7 or claim 8 wherein the organic acid is selected from the group consisting of formic, acetic, propionic, citric, glycolic, lactic, tartaric, polyacrylic, succinic, p-toluenesulfonic, and mixtures thereof.

10. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the cleaning solution is a mixture of hydrochloric acid, glycolic acid, an alkanolamine and a surfactant.

11. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the cleaning solution contains a soap having a 1:1 stoichiometric equivalent of an acid and a base wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of a mineral acid and an organic acid and the base is selected from a group consisting of an amine and ammonia, where an effective amount of free acid is present in the solution to react with the scale.

12. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the reservoir is truck mounted for makeup, storage and disposal of cleaning solution.

13. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the pipe distribution system is a domestic or industrial water system.

14. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the aqueous treatment solution meets the requirements of the US National Sanitation Foundation Standard 60 for drinking water treatment chemicals for use in potable water distribution systems.