CA2141769A1

CA2141769A1 - Ceramic core for investment casting and method for preparation of the same

Info

Publication number: CA2141769A1
Application number: CA002141769A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Steven Kennerknecht
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1995-02-03
Filing date: 1995-02-03
Publication date: 1996-08-04

Abstract

There is disclosed a core mix and a method of fabricating the core for use in investment casting. The core composition comprises an acid soluble borate binder in a high percentage by weight of the composition. A refractory selected from period three nitride compounds is employed with the binder to impart strength to the core. The use of the combination of binder and refractory as disclosed herein provides a high strength core which is readily soluble by mild environmentally friendly acids.

Description

~ 21417~
CORE FOR l~vbD I- ~ ca89'TN~ THOD
~OR RR~PI~R~I'I'TI-' QF ~r~T~ ~-VF
Field of the Invention This invention relates to investment casting, and more particularly relates to an acid soluble core for use in investment casting procedures and to a method of preparation for such cores.
Baclcqround of the Invention Various forms of cores for use in investment casting have been proposed in the prior art. Generally speaking, the investment cores comprise an organic vehicle such as a wax which can be extruded, pressed or injected into various shapes using mold dies. The organic vehicle further includes, dispersed therein, refractory compounds as well as binders. Once the composition is molded into a desired shape for the eventual cast, the same is fired and cured. The subsequently fired core is then used in the investment casting process to hollow out a particular casting cavity.
The core composition is removed by various means such as water blasting chemical means via acid solution, as well as by autoclaving. The prior art has indicated various solutions to dissolve cores, typical of which is evinced in U.S. Patent No.
4, 922, 991. This reference teaches a composite core which includes a wa~er soluble aggregation and an insoluble binder. The aggregation comprises sucrose articles and the binder a phenolic resin. This reference does not teach an acid soluble binder and further is deficient in terms of providing a high percentage core composition incorporating a nitride silicone compound or an aluminum nitride compound.
U.S. Patent No. 4,925,492, sets forth a ceramic core composition in which the mix for the core includes sodium chloride, fused silica, zircon and temporary binders to facilitate moldability of the mix. Similar to the ' 991 reference, this document does not teach a mix having a high percentage of binder material to thereby permit rapid removal of ~ 2~4176g the core ~rom the casting subse~uent to the f iring procedure .
In addition, the same does not provide an acid soluble binder.
U.S. 4,530,722, relates to a binder based refractory composition for use in various casting procedures. This reference is primarily directed to a binder and not specifically to a core composition. Accordingly, the reference does not contemplate nor teach a core mix having a high content of binder material .
r ~ of the Invention In view of the d~f; ~ n~ies in the prior art in terms of providing an adequate mechanically stable core for investment casting procedures which permits rapid removal of the binder material from the core, there exists a need for; ~ ~Jv~ ents in core technology and as such, it is an object of the present invention to provide a core for investment casting comprising:
a minor amount of an acid soluble mineral binder: and a major amount of a refractory silicon containing filler.
It is a further obj ect of the present invention to provide a core which includes materials soluble with a mild and environmentally friendly acid.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a refractory ceramic composition for use in the core which has a coefficient of thermal expansion approximately that of investment casting molds.
A further object of the present invention is to employ acids which provide rapid leaching time for the core.
In a preferred form, the silicon refractory comprises a silicon nitride compound and more particularly, si3N4.
O~her related silicon compounds e.g. silicon carbide (SiC) may be employed in the present invention such as will be readily ~ 21~17~9 apparent to those skilled in the art. The results obtained by employing the silicon nitride have resulted in a core having outstanding mechanical properties when the refractory content is in the concentration ranges indicated.
In terms of the aluminum ~~ '~, it is preferred that the aluminum refractory comprise an aluminum nitride c, _ ~-d and more particularly, AlN.
The binder materials suitable for use in the present invention include the mineral binders, i.e. the alkaline earth binders. Particularly preferred minerals include both calcium borate and magnesium borate. The mineral binders are very useful since removal from various alloy castings is readily achieved.
The preferred acids to solvate the binder include nitric, formic, sulfamic and acetic acids. Most desirably, nitric acid in a concentration of about 36% by volume is employed since the same provides a rapid leaching time thus expediting the overall process .
A further obj ect of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing an acid soluble core for use in investment casting, comprising the steps of: providing a green mix comprising a minor amount of an acid soluble binder, a major amount of a period three nitride refractory compound and a suitable amount of carrier material; extruding the mix into a desired core sllape; and heating the core shape to cure the mix.
In order to further enhance the leach time, applicant has found that additives to the core may be included such as calcium carbonate and/or starch.
Although a core mix and core resulting therefrom for investment casting will specifically be addressed herein, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that routine parameter ~141769 optimization will permit the invention to be applied to 105t foam, dye and p.or~ n~nt mold applications.
Elaving thus generally described the invention, reference will now be made to the AC- ~nying drawings, illustrating preferred embodiments.
BRIEF DE~ , 1C_. OF THE DRa~WING5 Figure l i5 a graphical representation of the modulus of rupture as a function of sintering temperature for Si3N4 based cores and AlN based cores;
Figure 2 is a graphical representation of weight loss as a function of leaching time for Si3N4 based cores;
Figure 3 is a graphical representation of weight loss as a function of leaching time for AlN based cores;
Figure 4 is a graphical representation of weight loss as a function of leaching time for AlN based core in 34% nitric acid;
Figure 5 is a graphical representation of weight loss as a function of leaching time for an si3N4 based core in 6 . 5% nitric acid;
Figure 6 is a graphical representation of thermal expansion data over a variety of temperatures for different core mixes; and Figure 7 is a graphical representation of thermal expansion data comparing a binder doped core with a core without binder.
7~JTT~ T ~ LlON OF THE ~i~:~iL~ EMBODIMENTS
Generally speaking, more desirable characteristics for the core include the following:
i) the core should have a modulus of rupture sufficiently high to withstand inj ection molding of the wax model;

21~17~g ii) the core should include an open porous network with a void fraction of at least 20% in order to aid and expedite removal of the core;
iii) the strength should be sufficient to maintain the integrity of the core at high temperatures such as is encountered during sintering and casting;
iv) the core body should have a coefficient of thermal expansion which approximates that of investment casting molds;
and v) the core should be easily removable from the cast piece to thereby avoid undue production costs.
The present invention provides a core composition which meets and exceeds the above-described properties.
It has been found that the use of acid soluble ~inders in combination with refractory fillers in a specified percentage results in a structurally sound core which does not leave any surface roughness on the cast piece.
An illustration of the effectiveness of the core composition according to the present invention, is shown in Figure 1. The data -~abulated in Figure 1 was generated by the three point bending test using a bar shaped sample and as a standard IS0 3325 .
As is illustrated, the fired core containing either the silicon nitride or aluminum nitride refractory and having from 20% to 50% calcium borate binder content provides the required mechanical strength over a variety of sintering temperatures.
As such, the designer is free to choose binder/refractory concentration ranges to meet specific strength requirements. In addition, since the binder content can be as high as 50% of the core, removal of the core is greatly simplified thus obviating the more complex and expensive techniques presently used.

~ 2~1769 Referring now to Figures 2 through 5, data are shown depicting the efficacy of different types of acids for leaching time of the core.
For this data, a bar sample was immersed in a beaker of the acid. While immersed, contents of the beaker was heated to 80-C
and stirred. The weight loss expressed as a percentage was observed and the time for 100% weight loss recorded.
Figure 2 gr~phi--~lly illustrates the leachability speed for a silicon nitride (si3N4) bar having a volume of 1800 cm3 in nitric acid (34% v/v) and formic acid (10% v/v).
As is illustrated, a 100% binder weight loss was observed in approximately 80 minutes of leach time using nitric acid, while the same weight loss required approximately 85 minutes using formic acid.
With the above data as a pr~l ;m;n~ry experimental foundation, further data was generated using different acids for an examination on leaching speed for aluminum nitride loss.
Figure 3 illustrates the findings.
As is clearly evident from - Figure 3, outstanding leaching speed was observed when nitric acid (34% v/v) was employed, i.e.
a leaching time of approximately 14 minutes. As a further benefit of the leaching speed, no t-hPm;c~l attack was observed on the casting.
Further acids which displayed ability for leaching were fumaric acid (10% v/v) at approximately 37 minutes, acetic acid (18~ v/v~ at approximately 65 minutes, and sulfamic acid (10%
v/v) at approximately 69 minutes.
Turning to Figure ~, data are illustrated illustrating the effect of employing additives with the binder for l~o~ch;n~ speed.
The additives used were 10% by weight starch and a 5% by weight ~ 1769 concentration of calcium carbonate (CaC03). The binder for an minllm nitride sample, with no additive in 35% v/v nitric acid required approximately 14 minutes to obtain 100% binder weight loss, Use of the 10% starch compound resulted in the sample incurring a 100% binder weight loss in approximately 9 minutes.
The calcium carbonate doped binder proved to provide exemplary results with 100% leachability in slightly over 6 minutes oî
exposure time.
Similar data was generated for the silicon nitride based samples as illustrated in Figure 5.
The data illustrate that the use of CaC03 at 20% by weight of the binder for a core containing silicon nitride has a rapid leach time (approximately 27 minutes) in a low concentration (6.596) nitric acid.
The above data illustrate that a particularly effective core can be fabricated for investment casting which contains environmentally friendly binder compounds which are readily soluble in mild acids in relatively low concentrations.
Referring now to Figure 6, shown are thermal expansion data for different core types over a variety of temperatures. As is illustrated, the core compositions including the mineral binder (calcium borate at 50%) employed in the present invention all provide a coefficient of thermal expansion similar to mold materials commonly used in investment casting.
Further results to illustrate the usefulness of the binder -refractory core composition according to the present invention are illustrated in Figure 7. The binder was calcium borate at 50% in Figures 2 through 7.

21~176~
The basic invention comprises a core formulation (and method of manufacture) which has a similar and low thermal expansion to that of many investment casting ceramic molds, is resistant to elevated temperatures and molten alloys (e.g. aluminum), has sufficient strength to withstand handling during the investment casting process, and is capable of being removed by either mechanical or chemical means from the casting without harmful effects to the casting.
Most existing cores used within the industry are comprised largely of silica. The silica has lower expansion than most ceramics used in investment casting shell molds causing a thermal expansion mismatch between the core and the mold during subser~uent thermal processing, resulting in potential localised movement or fracture of the core. In this invention, a preferred core is based upon the favourable (not too low and not too high) expansion characteristics of aluminum nitride refractory mineral and a unique combination of binder and porogen. The binder holds the refractory grains together, whereas the porogen aids in controlling the necessary porosity and reactivity needed to remove the core by r-~h;~nioAl and r hr~mic~l means. Calcium borate has been selected as a preferred binder for most core systems although other borates such as magnesium borate could be used as a substitute. Calcium carbonate has been selected as a preferred porogen in the core (also being soluble in mild acid solutions).
Other ~1 k~ 1; nr~ earth carbonates could be substituted .
In further tests, calcium borate and calcium carbonate were used in the following levels:
Cal~cil~m sQrate r~l r~ium c~rbona~e 3s - 50% up to 1796 The aluminum nitride refractory used in these further tests consisted of two different particle size distributions. One batch employed a grain size of less than 400 micrometers average and the second batch employed a grain size of between 50 and 315 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21~1769 mi.:L~ 3tors. The powder5 were either used in the supplied state or heat treated at about 100-C to about 500C to drive off water of hydration and promote initial sintering. This pre-sintering of the powder is considered beneficial in reducing the subsequent "die to fired" shrinkage of the core body and is a preferred aspect .
After cores were formed and fired to the fin;~h~ state, the cores were impregnated in an organic based resin to impart strength during h~n~ll ing and prevent hydration during exposure to humid conditions. Suitable resins which are acid-soluble or heat-decomposable include alkyd resins and various waxes including paraffin wax.
Ceramic cores were produced and used to generate investment castlngs having the associated hollow conf iguration . Core expansion, stL^ength, removal or leachability in mild organic acids and other properties were optimised to a considerable extent. One optimised core of nominal 45% calcium borate, 7 to 14% calcium carbonate and large grain size aluminum nitride refractory yielded very satisfaotory results. The die-to-fired shrinkage was less than 2%, core strength ~ i 8 MPa of flexural strength, and acidic leachability exceeded 70 m; 1 ;r?~rS
per hour for an agitated bath of acid solution (HCOOH 15% in water) .
Although embodiments of the invention have been described above, it is not limited thereto and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous modifications form part o~ the present invention insofar as they do not depart from the spirit, nature and scope of the claimed and described invention.

Claims

1. A fired ceramic core for use in investment casting comprising:
a minor amount of acid soluble binder; and a major amount of a refractory silicon containing filler.

2. The ceramic core as defined in claim 1, wherein said refractory silicon filler is a silicon nitride compound,

3. The ceramic core as defined in claim 2, wherein the silicon nitride compound comprises Si3N4.

4. The ceramic core as defined in claim 1, wherein said acid soluble binder comprises an alkaline earth borate compound.

5. The ceramic core as defined in claim 4, wherein said borate compound comprises calcium borate.

6. The ceramic core as defined in claim 4, wherein said acid soluble binder comprises a magnesium borate.

7. The ceramic core as defined in claim 1, wherein said binder comprises from between about 20% to about 50% by weight of said core.

8. The ceramic core as defined in claim 1, wherein said refractory filler comprises from between about 50% to about 80%
by weight of said core.

9. A fired ceramic core for use in investment casting comprising:
a minor amount of an acid soluble binder; and a major amount of a refractory aluminum containing filler.

10. The ceramic core as defined in claim 9, wherein said refractory aluminum containing filler is an aluminum nitride compound .

11. The ceramic core as defined in claim 10, wherein said aluminum nitride compound is AlN.

12. The ceramic core as defined in claim 9, wherein said acid soluble binder comprises an alkaline earth borate compound.

13 . The ceramic core as defined in claim 12, wherein said borate compound comprises calcium borate.

14. The ceramic core as defined in claim 12, wherein said acid soluble binder comprises a magnesium borate.

15. The ceramic core as defined in claim 9, wherein said binder comprises from between about 20% to about 50% by weight of said core.

16. A green mix for preparing a fired acid soluble ceramic core for investment casting comprising:
a minor amount of an acid soluble binder;
a major amount of a period three nitride refractory filler compound; and a suitable amount of a carrier material.

17. The mix as defined in claim 16, wherein said refractory filler comprises a silicon containing refractory filler.

18. The mix as defined in claim 16, wherein said refractory filler comprises an aluminum containing refractory filler.

19. The mix as defined in claim 17, wherein said silicon containing refractory filler comprises Si3N4.

20. The mix as defined in claim 18, wherein said aluminum containing refractory filler comprises AlN.

21. A fired ceramic core for use in investment casting comprising:

an alkaline earth borate binder which is acid soluble in an amount from between about 20% to about 50% by weight of said core; and a refractory silicon nitride and/or silicon carbide in an amount from between about 50% to about 80% by weight of said core.

22. The ceramic core as defined in claim 21, wherein said alkaline earth borate comprises calcium borate.

23. The ceramic core as defined in claim 21, wherein said alkaline earth borate comprises a magnesium borate.

24. A fired ceramic core for use in investment casting comprising:
an alkaline earth borate binder which is acid soluble; and a refractory aluminum nitride containing filler in an amount from between about 50% to about 80% by weight of said core.

25. The ceramic core as defined in claim 24, wherein said alkaline earth borate comprises calcium borate.

26. The ceramic core as defined in claim 24, wherein said alkaline earth borate comprises a magnesium borate.

27. A green mix for preparing a fired acid soluble ceramic core for investment casting comprising:
an alkaline earth borate binder which is acid soluble in an amount from about 20% to about 50% by weight of said mix;
a refractory filler selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, silicon carbide and aluminum nitride compound present in an amount from about 50% to about 80% by weight of said mix; and a carrier material.

28. The mix as defined in claim 27, wherein said refractory filler comprises silicon nitride.

29. The mix as defined in claim 27, wherein said refractory filler comprises aluminum nitride.

30. A green mix for preparing a fired acid-soluble ceramic core for investment casting comprising:
an acid-soluble alkaline earth borate binder in an amount from about 35% to about 50% by weight;
an alkaline earth carbonate porogen in an amount from about 4% to about 17%; and an aluminum nitride refractory filler in an amount forming the balance of the total binder plus porogen plus filler.

31. The green mix of claim 30, wherein the binder is calcium borate in an amount of about 45%, the porogen is calcium carbonate in an amount of about 7% to about 14%, and the aluminum nitride is present in an amount of about 41% to about 48%.

32. A method of preparing a fired acid-soluble ceramic core for investment casting comprising:
heat-treating an aluminum nitride refractory filler powder at about 100°C to about 500°C to reduce core shrinkage;
mixing the treated aluminum nitride with alkaline earth borate binder and alkaline earth carbonate porogen to form a mixture of about 35% to about 50% binder, about 4% to about 17%
porogen and balance nitride refractory; and shaping the resulting mixture into a corê and firing to form a rigid, porous, acid-soluble core.

33. The method of claim 32, including the subsequent steps of impregnating the porous core with an acid-soluble or heat-deconposable organic resin or wax.