CA2131109C - Foam nozzle - Google Patents
Foam nozzle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2131109C CA2131109C CA 2131109 CA2131109A CA2131109C CA 2131109 C CA2131109 C CA 2131109C CA 2131109 CA2131109 CA 2131109 CA 2131109 A CA2131109 A CA 2131109A CA 2131109 C CA2131109 C CA 2131109C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- outlets
- nozzle
- longitudinal axis
- barrel
- foam
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008257 shaving cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62C31/00—Delivery of fire-extinguishing material
- A62C31/02—Nozzles specially adapted for fire-extinguishing
- A62C31/12—Nozzles specially adapted for fire-extinguishing for delivering foam or atomised foam
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B3/00—Spraying or sprinkling apparatus with moving outlet elements or moving deflecting elements
- B05B3/02—Spraying or sprinkling apparatus with moving outlet elements or moving deflecting elements with rotating elements
- B05B3/04—Spraying or sprinkling apparatus with moving outlet elements or moving deflecting elements with rotating elements driven by the liquid or other fluent material discharged, e.g. the liquid actuating a motor before passing to the outlet
- B05B3/06—Spraying or sprinkling apparatus with moving outlet elements or moving deflecting elements with rotating elements driven by the liquid or other fluent material discharged, e.g. the liquid actuating a motor before passing to the outlet by jet reaction, i.e. creating a spinning torque due to a tangential component of the jet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
- B05B7/0018—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas with devices for making foam
- B05B7/0025—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas with devices for making foam with a compressed gas supply
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Emergency Management (AREA)
- Nozzles (AREA)
Abstract
A compressed-air foam (CAF) nozzle has a stationary barrel and a distributor assembly with typically three outlets which are angled and skewed against each other. The distributor assembly is rotatably connected to the barrel and rotates when a stream of fluid is passed through the nozzle. The nozzle enables the delivery of a CAF stream at a relatively wide delivery angle without significantly collapsing the bubble structure of the foam.
Description
FOAM NOZZLE
This invention relates to foam nozzles, and more particularly, to a nozzle for producing a stream of compressed-air(or r:ompressed-gas) foam capable of controlling or extinguishing a fire in the path of the foam stream.
Foam solution consists of water mixed with a foam concentrate. The volume of solution is expanded by the addition of air and mechanical energy to form a bubble structure resembling shaving cream. The foam suffocates and cools the fire and protects adjacent structures from radiant exposure.
Foam can be generated using an aspirating nozzle which entrains air into the solution and agitates the mixture producing bubbles of non-uniform size. With an aspirating system, the foam is formed at the nozzle using the energy of the solution stream.
Foam can also be generated by injecting the air under pressure into the solution stream. The solution and air mixture is scrubbed by the hose (or pipe) to form foam or uniform bubble size. The energy used in this system comes from the solution stream and the air injection stream. This system creates "ComprE~ssed-Air Foam" which delivers the foam with a greater force than the "Aspirated" systems.
There are two major problems associated with using compressed-air foam ((:AF) in a fixed piping fire suppression system:
- The distribution of CAF to allow a broad area of coverage without collapsing the bubble structure thus reducing the expansion ratio.
Broadening the area of distribution without losing much of the beneficial forward momentum associated with CAF.
This momentum is necessary to penetrate the strong fire plume dynamics and blanket the fuel source.
Presently, CAF is delivered as a manually-operated hose stream. It has been demonstrated to be effective in wildland and structural fire fighting applications. The nozzles in use are of a smooth bore design, releasing a "rope" of foam with i5 high forward momentum. Widening the delivery angle with conventional nozzles collapses the bubble structure and degenerates the foam turning it back into solution and air.
A fixed fire suppression system using CAF has not been developed due to the difficulty in distributing and delivering the expanded foam. Foam systems using aspirating nozzles are in wide use, however, their effectiveness is limited due to several factors:
a) The work required to generate the foam comes from the solution flow which reduces the delivered momentum.
b) The foam generated is not as stable and consistent as CAF, and the expansion ratios are not as high, limiting its ability to adhere to vertical surfaces.
c) The air used to expand the solution comes from a fire environment and is 2~.3~1~9 contaminated with smoke and soot which degrades the foam and, in some nozzles, plugs the screen which generates the foam.
d) The concentration of foaming agent in solution must be at least 2 times greater than a CAF system which greatly increases the operating costs.
According to the invention, there is provided a nozzle for generating an expanding stream of air-compressed foam, the nozzle comprising:
a barrel section defining a passageway therein, a distributor assembly connected rotatably to the barrel section for rotation essentially about the longitudinal axis of the barrel section, the assembly having from two to four outlets, the assembly and the outlets defining passageways in register with the passageway of the barrel section. The longitudinal axis of at least one of the outlets is disposed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the barrel section and skewed relative to the other outlets so as to cause, upon a forced f low of a f luid through the barrel section and the outlets, a rotational movement of the distributor assembly relative to the barrel section.
The cross-sectional area of the passageway of the barrel section should approximately match the sum of the cross-sectional area of the passageways of the outlets.
In the drawings which illustrate the invention in more details, Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the nozzle of the invention, Fig. 2 is a longitudinal, partly cross-sectional view of the nozzle, and Fig. 3 is plan view from the top of Fig. 2, of the distributor assembly.
The nozzle as shown in Fig. 1 and 2 has a barrel which is adapted to be connected to a source of air-compressed foam for delivering a stream of the foam to the distributor assembly 12. The assembly 12 has a cylindrical section 13 and three tubular outlets 14, 16 and 18 which are angled at 45° relative to the vertical direction (longitudinal axis 15 of the cylindrical section 13) and skewed by 120° against each other as best shown in Fig. 3. One of the outlets 14 is truncated to enable, in operation, a distribution of a stream of foam close to the longitudinal axis of the section 13 while the other outlets direct their respective foam streams in an annular zone which is wider than the zone covered by the stream of the outlet 14 (a greater delivery angle). As shown in Fig. 2, the distributor assembly is coupled to the barrrel 1.0 by means of a loose-fit bearing which consists of a coupling 20 which is threaded onto the barrel 10 and retained thereon by means of a set screw :?1 and has a flange 22 which engages a lip 24 on the cylindrical section 13 of the distributor assembly 12 in a manner to enable a rotation of the distributor assembly 1?. relative to the barrel 10.
As seen in Fig. 3, the tubular outlets 14, 16 and 18 have upper sections 24 which adjoin each other at: the upstream end where they are attached to the cylindrical section 13. The space between and around the points of contact of the upper sections i.s filled, e.g. by brazing.
certain portions 26 of the cross-sectional areas of the tubular outlets 14, :L6, 18 extend beyond the periphery of the tubular section :L3 and may optionally be closed. This is, however, not necessary as it does not impair the operation of the nozzle if the portions 26 are left open.
This invention relates to foam nozzles, and more particularly, to a nozzle for producing a stream of compressed-air(or r:ompressed-gas) foam capable of controlling or extinguishing a fire in the path of the foam stream.
Foam solution consists of water mixed with a foam concentrate. The volume of solution is expanded by the addition of air and mechanical energy to form a bubble structure resembling shaving cream. The foam suffocates and cools the fire and protects adjacent structures from radiant exposure.
Foam can be generated using an aspirating nozzle which entrains air into the solution and agitates the mixture producing bubbles of non-uniform size. With an aspirating system, the foam is formed at the nozzle using the energy of the solution stream.
Foam can also be generated by injecting the air under pressure into the solution stream. The solution and air mixture is scrubbed by the hose (or pipe) to form foam or uniform bubble size. The energy used in this system comes from the solution stream and the air injection stream. This system creates "ComprE~ssed-Air Foam" which delivers the foam with a greater force than the "Aspirated" systems.
There are two major problems associated with using compressed-air foam ((:AF) in a fixed piping fire suppression system:
- The distribution of CAF to allow a broad area of coverage without collapsing the bubble structure thus reducing the expansion ratio.
Broadening the area of distribution without losing much of the beneficial forward momentum associated with CAF.
This momentum is necessary to penetrate the strong fire plume dynamics and blanket the fuel source.
Presently, CAF is delivered as a manually-operated hose stream. It has been demonstrated to be effective in wildland and structural fire fighting applications. The nozzles in use are of a smooth bore design, releasing a "rope" of foam with i5 high forward momentum. Widening the delivery angle with conventional nozzles collapses the bubble structure and degenerates the foam turning it back into solution and air.
A fixed fire suppression system using CAF has not been developed due to the difficulty in distributing and delivering the expanded foam. Foam systems using aspirating nozzles are in wide use, however, their effectiveness is limited due to several factors:
a) The work required to generate the foam comes from the solution flow which reduces the delivered momentum.
b) The foam generated is not as stable and consistent as CAF, and the expansion ratios are not as high, limiting its ability to adhere to vertical surfaces.
c) The air used to expand the solution comes from a fire environment and is 2~.3~1~9 contaminated with smoke and soot which degrades the foam and, in some nozzles, plugs the screen which generates the foam.
d) The concentration of foaming agent in solution must be at least 2 times greater than a CAF system which greatly increases the operating costs.
According to the invention, there is provided a nozzle for generating an expanding stream of air-compressed foam, the nozzle comprising:
a barrel section defining a passageway therein, a distributor assembly connected rotatably to the barrel section for rotation essentially about the longitudinal axis of the barrel section, the assembly having from two to four outlets, the assembly and the outlets defining passageways in register with the passageway of the barrel section. The longitudinal axis of at least one of the outlets is disposed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the barrel section and skewed relative to the other outlets so as to cause, upon a forced f low of a f luid through the barrel section and the outlets, a rotational movement of the distributor assembly relative to the barrel section.
The cross-sectional area of the passageway of the barrel section should approximately match the sum of the cross-sectional area of the passageways of the outlets.
In the drawings which illustrate the invention in more details, Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the nozzle of the invention, Fig. 2 is a longitudinal, partly cross-sectional view of the nozzle, and Fig. 3 is plan view from the top of Fig. 2, of the distributor assembly.
The nozzle as shown in Fig. 1 and 2 has a barrel which is adapted to be connected to a source of air-compressed foam for delivering a stream of the foam to the distributor assembly 12. The assembly 12 has a cylindrical section 13 and three tubular outlets 14, 16 and 18 which are angled at 45° relative to the vertical direction (longitudinal axis 15 of the cylindrical section 13) and skewed by 120° against each other as best shown in Fig. 3. One of the outlets 14 is truncated to enable, in operation, a distribution of a stream of foam close to the longitudinal axis of the section 13 while the other outlets direct their respective foam streams in an annular zone which is wider than the zone covered by the stream of the outlet 14 (a greater delivery angle). As shown in Fig. 2, the distributor assembly is coupled to the barrrel 1.0 by means of a loose-fit bearing which consists of a coupling 20 which is threaded onto the barrel 10 and retained thereon by means of a set screw :?1 and has a flange 22 which engages a lip 24 on the cylindrical section 13 of the distributor assembly 12 in a manner to enable a rotation of the distributor assembly 1?. relative to the barrel 10.
As seen in Fig. 3, the tubular outlets 14, 16 and 18 have upper sections 24 which adjoin each other at: the upstream end where they are attached to the cylindrical section 13. The space between and around the points of contact of the upper sections i.s filled, e.g. by brazing.
certain portions 26 of the cross-sectional areas of the tubular outlets 14, :L6, 18 extend beyond the periphery of the tubular section :L3 and may optionally be closed. This is, however, not necessary as it does not impair the operation of the nozzle if the portions 26 are left open.
~~3_L:1~9 In operation, a CAF foam stream is delivered through a stationary piping system through the stationary barrel 10 and through the three angled outlets. The skewed arrangement of the outlets causes a turbine action of the distributor assembly which is facilitated by the loose-fit bearing. The force exerted by the foam exiting the nozzle causes the distributor assembly to spin (clockwise in the arrangement of Fig. 3). The three rotating streams form a solid cone which distributes the foam uniformly over a broad area (typically 7m2 when the nozzle is located near the ceiling of a typical room). Two of these distributors direct foam into the outer area and the third is truncated to fill the inner area.
Because the foam stream is only redirected, the bubble structure is not damaged and much of the forward momentum is preserved.
It is the gentle redirection of the foam and its rotary action which makes this nozzle unique. It has been tested as part of a fixed piping fire suppression system in single and 2o multiple head configurations and proven effective on Class B
liquid fuel fires and Class A combustible fires.
The following is a list of the design limitations of the nozzle:
A) The combined cross sectional areas of the outlets should not be less than the cross sectional area of the foam delivery tube nor should it be larger than 2 times the cross sectional area of the delivery tube.
B) The number of foam outlets can be as few as 2 but no greater than 4. A single outlet would still function, however the vibration stresses from the imbalance are undesirable. Outlet numbers greater than 4 can rob the system of rotational power and can make the nozzle ~~.~:~~~9 unreliable. Two or three outlets provide reliable operation and can produce a uniform coverage (3 outlets) to protect floor areas or a wide hollow coverage (2 outlets) to protect walls.
C) For the three-outlet nozzle the delivery angle of two outlets is 45 degrees from vertical. The third outlet delivers foam from 0 to 45 degrees. This produces a solid 90 degree cone of foam. Delivery angles significantly greater than 45 degrees would function but the uniform distribution would suffer. Delivery angles significantly less than 45 degrees would rob rotational power and make the nozzle unreliable. For these reasons a l0 degree tolerance should be considered to be maximum.
D) For a 2 outlet nozzle any delivery angle from 45 to 90 degrees will function since the area of coverage is intentionally hollow. A 90 degree angle, from vertical, will deliver foam horizontally to cover the upper portion of the surrounding walls. The foam will then flow under gravity down the surface to protect the lower portion.
Delivery angles significantly less than 45 degrees would rob rotational power and make the nozzle unreliable.
E) The foam outlet skew angle of 120 degrees on the three-outlet nozzle can not be physically greater than 120 degrees and angles less than 110 degrees will reduce the rotational power and affect the reliability of operation.
F) A 2 outlet nozzle can have a skew angle up to 180 degrees.
Because the foam stream is only redirected, the bubble structure is not damaged and much of the forward momentum is preserved.
It is the gentle redirection of the foam and its rotary action which makes this nozzle unique. It has been tested as part of a fixed piping fire suppression system in single and 2o multiple head configurations and proven effective on Class B
liquid fuel fires and Class A combustible fires.
The following is a list of the design limitations of the nozzle:
A) The combined cross sectional areas of the outlets should not be less than the cross sectional area of the foam delivery tube nor should it be larger than 2 times the cross sectional area of the delivery tube.
B) The number of foam outlets can be as few as 2 but no greater than 4. A single outlet would still function, however the vibration stresses from the imbalance are undesirable. Outlet numbers greater than 4 can rob the system of rotational power and can make the nozzle ~~.~:~~~9 unreliable. Two or three outlets provide reliable operation and can produce a uniform coverage (3 outlets) to protect floor areas or a wide hollow coverage (2 outlets) to protect walls.
C) For the three-outlet nozzle the delivery angle of two outlets is 45 degrees from vertical. The third outlet delivers foam from 0 to 45 degrees. This produces a solid 90 degree cone of foam. Delivery angles significantly greater than 45 degrees would function but the uniform distribution would suffer. Delivery angles significantly less than 45 degrees would rob rotational power and make the nozzle unreliable. For these reasons a l0 degree tolerance should be considered to be maximum.
D) For a 2 outlet nozzle any delivery angle from 45 to 90 degrees will function since the area of coverage is intentionally hollow. A 90 degree angle, from vertical, will deliver foam horizontally to cover the upper portion of the surrounding walls. The foam will then flow under gravity down the surface to protect the lower portion.
Delivery angles significantly less than 45 degrees would rob rotational power and make the nozzle unreliable.
E) The foam outlet skew angle of 120 degrees on the three-outlet nozzle can not be physically greater than 120 degrees and angles less than 110 degrees will reduce the rotational power and affect the reliability of operation.
F) A 2 outlet nozzle can have a skew angle up to 180 degrees.
Claims (9)
1. ~A foam generating nozzle, the nozzle comprising:
a barrel section having a longitudinal axis defining a passageway therein, a distributor assembly connected rotatably to the barrel section for rotation about the longitudinal axis of the barrel section, the assembly having a number of outlets, each of these outlets having a longitudinal axis and defining a passageway in register with the passageway of the barrel section, wherein the longitudinal axis of at least one of the outlets is disposed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the barrel section and skewed relative to the other outlets so as to cause, upon a forced flow of a fluid through the barrel section and the outlets, a rotational movement of the distributor assembly relative to the barrel section.
a barrel section having a longitudinal axis defining a passageway therein, a distributor assembly connected rotatably to the barrel section for rotation about the longitudinal axis of the barrel section, the assembly having a number of outlets, each of these outlets having a longitudinal axis and defining a passageway in register with the passageway of the barrel section, wherein the longitudinal axis of at least one of the outlets is disposed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the barrel section and skewed relative to the other outlets so as to cause, upon a forced flow of a fluid through the barrel section and the outlets, a rotational movement of the distributor assembly relative to the barrel section.
2.~A foam generating nozzle, the nozzle comprising:
a barrel section having a longitudinal axis defining a passageway therein, a distributor assembly connected rotatably to the barrel section for rotation about the longitudinal axis of the barrel section, the assembly having a cylindrical section defining a second passageway coaxial with the passageway of the barrel section, the assembly having a number of outlets, each having a longitudinal axis, and defining passageways in register with the second passageway, wherein the longitudinal axis of at least one of the outlets is disposed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical section and skewed relative to tale other outlets so as to cause, upon a forced flow of a fluid through the cylindrical section and the outlets, a rotational movement of the distributor assembly relative to the barrel section.
a barrel section having a longitudinal axis defining a passageway therein, a distributor assembly connected rotatably to the barrel section for rotation about the longitudinal axis of the barrel section, the assembly having a cylindrical section defining a second passageway coaxial with the passageway of the barrel section, the assembly having a number of outlets, each having a longitudinal axis, and defining passageways in register with the second passageway, wherein the longitudinal axis of at least one of the outlets is disposed at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical section and skewed relative to tale other outlets so as to cause, upon a forced flow of a fluid through the cylindrical section and the outlets, a rotational movement of the distributor assembly relative to the barrel section.
3. The nozzle as defined in claim 1 or 2 wherein said outlets are tubular.
4. The nozzle as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the combined cross-sectional area of the outlets is approximately equal to the cross-sectional area of the passageway of the barrel.
5. The nozzle as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the combined cross-sectional area of the outlets is not less than the cross-sectional area of the passageway of the barrel and not larger than twice the cross-sectional area of the delivery tube.
6. The nozzle as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the outlets are angles at 45° relative to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical section.
7. The nozzle as defined in claim 6 wherein the outlets are skewed by an angle of 120° against each other.
8. The nozzle as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the outlets is truncated to distribute stream of foam close to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical section.
9. The nozzle as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the distributor assembly is coupled to the barrel by means of an adjustable loose-fit bearing.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2131109 CA2131109C (en) | 1994-08-30 | 1994-08-30 | Foam nozzle |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2131109 CA2131109C (en) | 1994-08-30 | 1994-08-30 | Foam nozzle |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2131109A1 CA2131109A1 (en) | 1996-03-01 |
| CA2131109C true CA2131109C (en) | 2002-11-12 |
Family
ID=4154257
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2131109 Expired - Lifetime CA2131109C (en) | 1994-08-30 | 1994-08-30 | Foam nozzle |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2131109C (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6764024B2 (en) * | 2000-02-29 | 2004-07-20 | National Research Council Of Canada | Rotary foam nozzle |
| US6328225B1 (en) | 2000-02-29 | 2001-12-11 | National Research Council Of Canada | Rotary foam nozzle |
| US8056831B2 (en) | 2005-04-15 | 2011-11-15 | National Research Council Of Canada | Rotary foam distributor |
| EP1908526A1 (en) * | 2006-10-04 | 2008-04-09 | Siemens S.A.S. | Nozzle for a diphasic mixture |
| NL2024659B1 (en) * | 2020-01-13 | 2021-09-07 | Kalfsvel Materieel B V | Spray unit with a rotatable spray head, as well as blasting device |
-
1994
- 1994-08-30 CA CA 2131109 patent/CA2131109C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2131109A1 (en) | 1996-03-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20140902 |