CA2108964C - Gabion system - Google Patents
Gabion systemInfo
- Publication number
- CA2108964C CA2108964C CA002108964A CA2108964A CA2108964C CA 2108964 C CA2108964 C CA 2108964C CA 002108964 A CA002108964 A CA 002108964A CA 2108964 A CA2108964 A CA 2108964A CA 2108964 C CA2108964 C CA 2108964C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- approximately
- percent
- weight
- gabion
- panel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/04—Portland cements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/0208—Gabions
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
- Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
Abstract
In general, conventional gabions include metal baskets filled with rocks. These structures have several drawbacks including the susceptibility to destruction of the baskets under ice exposure conditions. Other systems include concrete slabs with horizontal tie backs or vertical concrete slabs hinged between poles or columns attached to a basket formed of synthetic material filled with rocks. The drawbacks of these systems include the requirement for labour intensive earthwork and heavy compacting equipment, and the expensive components. A simple gabion which avoids the above problems includes a lightweight, polymeric concrete panel and a basket defined by a flexible mesh sheet, at least the ends of which are embedded in and retained by the panel for reinforcing the panel, the sheet extending from the end of the panel and defining a closed loop with the panel for receiving fill, whereby similar baskets can be stacked on each other to form a retaining wall. The polymeric concrete mixture used in the gabion (and for other uses) includes approximately 16.9 to 24.04 weight percent portland cement, approximately 59.0 to 72.1 weight percent expanded shale or clay, approximately 5.5 to 13.0 weight percent water, approximately 3.3 to 7.4 weight percent polymer, and approximately 0.21 to 0.32 weight percent superplasticizer.
Description
2 1 08964 This invention relates to a gabion for u~e in a ret~ining wall sy~te~, a concrete panel for use ~n the gabion, and a retaining wall sy~tem including a plursli~y of ~imilar gabions.
Gabi~ns and retaining wall ~ystems a~e descrlbed ~he patent literature ~uch ~s, for example ~.R. Patent~ No~.
1,375,04~, publishe~ on November ~7, 1974 in the name of ~rian Dsvey et al and 1,5~7,830, published on May 21, 19~0 in the n~e of F.~. C~illeri, PCT Appli~ation No. WO 90/1~160, pu~ hed October 18, ls9o in the name of ~. Hes~elden, an~
United Sta~e~ Patent~ Nos. 4,B24t293, i~ue~ to R.L. Brown et al on april ~5, 1989; 4,gl4,887, i~ued to H.J. Meheen on Ap~il 10, 1~90 an~ 5,131,7~1, is~Pd to J.K. Kitzille~ on July 21, 19~.
In general, conventional gabions, includ~ng t~o~e di~clo~ed by the ~ove montion~ prior art, inclu~e (i) me~al or synthe~ic wire basket~ fill~d with rocks, (ii) concrete ~labs with horlz~n~al tie~ack~ or ~iii) ~ertical concret~
~labs wed~ed between pole~ or column~ ~hich ~re ~tached to a basket f~rmed of ~ynthe~ic materiat filled with rock fill.
The drswback with the fir~t ~tructure i~ that the conventional ~bion canno~ be used a~ ero~ion contr~ls on river or lake banks in ice expo~ure conditions, because ice fee~ing into the bask~t would des~roy the baskets during ice movement.
Vertical ~labs u~e~ with horizont~l tieback~ require thorough compaction of fill on the top of ~he tieback~, requiring labour intensi~e e~rth work, heaYy compacting equipment ~nd rigorous quality control all o~ which are difficult in area~
'i ~
inaccessible to heavy equipment. Moreover, because of the high degree of compaction required in the vicinity of the vertical slabs, the slabs must be quite robust and require heavy lifting equipment for installation. The use of a multi-part system including slabs, poles and baskets require lateralsupport or burying of the poles so that the slabs can be secured between them, and the multi-part system is expensive to produce. Moreover assembly of the system i8 labour intensive, costly and difficult, requiring a degree of precision incompatible with the normal construction of retaining walls.
An object of the present invention is to provide solutions to the problems involved with prior art structures and systems by providing a relatively simple gabion for use in a retaining wall system which makes it easy to assemble the system even under adverse conditions.
Another object of the invention is to provide a polymeric concrete composition for use in a gabion panel which does not result in panel degradation due to separation of the concrete from the flexible sheet used as internal reinforcement.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a retaining wall system utilizing a plurality of gabions in accordance with the invention which is relatively durable and easy to assembly.
According to one aspect the invention relates to a gabion for use in a retaining wall system comprising lightweight polymeric concrete panel means; and basket means defined by a flexible ~e~h ~heet a~ least the ends of which are embedded in and retained by ~aid panel ~eans for rei~forcing the panel ~eans, the sheet extending ~rom the ends o~ the panel mean~ and defining a clo~ed loop wi~h the panel ~éans for rec~iving fill, whereby ~imil~r ba~kets can ~e ~tacked on ~ach other to form a retaining w~ll.
~ ccording to ano~her a~pe~t, t~e invention rela~e~
~o a polymeric concre~e or use in a ga~ion comprising approximately 1~.9 to ~4.04 weight percen~ portland cement, approxim~tely 53.0 to 72.1 ~eight percent exp~nde~ shale or clay, approx~ately 5.5 ~o 1~.0 weight percent water, approximately 3.3 ~o 7.4 weight per~ent polymer, and approxim~tely 0.~1 to 0.~2 weight pe~cent ~uperpl~ticizer.
The invention will be de~cribed wi~h reference to the ~ccompanyin~ ~rawing~, which illu~trate a preferred embodim~nt o~ the inven~ion, ~nd wherein:
Figure 1 i3 a perspective view o~ a gabion ln accor~ance with the p~e~en~ invention;
~ ig~re ~ i6 a plan view of th~ gabion of Fig. 1i ~0 Figure 3 i a ~ross-~ectional view of a retaining wall sy~tem incorperating a plurality of gabions o~ the ~ype illust~ate~ in Figa. 1 and 2; and Wlth reference to the drawing6, a gabion, generally indicated at 1 ln accord2nce with the pre~ent ir.vention includes a polyme~ic conc~e~e panel 2 containin~ the end~ of a flexlble, wire ~esh ~trip or sheet 3.
The panel 2 i~ ~o~ed of a polymeric ooncrete which ha~ the followin~ co~position.
~redient 9 ~4rcent bY Wei~ht Portland cement 16.9 - 24.0 Expanded shale clay 59.0 - 72.1 Watsr 5.5 - 13.0 5 Polymer 3.3 _ 7,4 Superplasticizer .~1 - .32 Preferred compo~tion6 of the polyme~ic concrete are as follow~:
COM~OSITION 1 10 In~redie~t Percent by Weiqht Portland csmqnt 21 Expanded ~hale (dry) 63 water 1~.5 Polymer 3~
1~ SupQrpl~s~ici2er 0.3 ~OMPOSITION 2 Ingredient Percent bY Wei~ht Expanded ~hale (dry) 59.5 Water 11.5 Polymer 6.7 Superpla6ticiz~ 0.3 The polyme~ is a ~tyrene bu~ad~ene rubber ~BR) latex mixed with silica fume which wa~ obtained fro~ Sica Can~da Inc. under the trade-mark Sica~em 810. The ~uperplas~icizer (a high efficiency water reducer) i~ an aqueous solution o a modifled naphthalene sulfonate with ~ specific gravity of 1.2 which was aupplied ~y W~R. Grace ~ Company of ~anada Ltd.
under the trade-mark WRDA 19 Superplasticizer.
A horizontal pan mold (not æhown) is used to produce a panel 2. A first layer of polymeric concrete mixture is poured into the mold to a thickness of one-half inch. The ends of a strip or sheet 3 of a synthetic plastic mesh are secured within the poured concrete layer. Then an expanded metal reinforcement mesh 4 is placed on the layer of concrete in the mold and the ends are held down while the remaining one inch of polymeric concrete is added to the mold. The mold is vibrated, and then left to cure for twenty-four hours before removing the finished product from the mold.
The sheet 3 can be formed of plastic, interconnected, vertical and horizontal wires 5 and 6, respectively, defining a plastic mesh. The ends of the sheet
Gabi~ns and retaining wall ~ystems a~e descrlbed ~he patent literature ~uch ~s, for example ~.R. Patent~ No~.
1,375,04~, publishe~ on November ~7, 1974 in the name of ~rian Dsvey et al and 1,5~7,830, published on May 21, 19~0 in the n~e of F.~. C~illeri, PCT Appli~ation No. WO 90/1~160, pu~ hed October 18, ls9o in the name of ~. Hes~elden, an~
United Sta~e~ Patent~ Nos. 4,B24t293, i~ue~ to R.L. Brown et al on april ~5, 1989; 4,gl4,887, i~ued to H.J. Meheen on Ap~il 10, 1~90 an~ 5,131,7~1, is~Pd to J.K. Kitzille~ on July 21, 19~.
In general, conventional gabions, includ~ng t~o~e di~clo~ed by the ~ove montion~ prior art, inclu~e (i) me~al or synthe~ic wire basket~ fill~d with rocks, (ii) concrete ~labs with horlz~n~al tie~ack~ or ~iii) ~ertical concret~
~labs wed~ed between pole~ or column~ ~hich ~re ~tached to a basket f~rmed of ~ynthe~ic materiat filled with rock fill.
The drswback with the fir~t ~tructure i~ that the conventional ~bion canno~ be used a~ ero~ion contr~ls on river or lake banks in ice expo~ure conditions, because ice fee~ing into the bask~t would des~roy the baskets during ice movement.
Vertical ~labs u~e~ with horizont~l tieback~ require thorough compaction of fill on the top of ~he tieback~, requiring labour intensi~e e~rth work, heaYy compacting equipment ~nd rigorous quality control all o~ which are difficult in area~
'i ~
inaccessible to heavy equipment. Moreover, because of the high degree of compaction required in the vicinity of the vertical slabs, the slabs must be quite robust and require heavy lifting equipment for installation. The use of a multi-part system including slabs, poles and baskets require lateralsupport or burying of the poles so that the slabs can be secured between them, and the multi-part system is expensive to produce. Moreover assembly of the system i8 labour intensive, costly and difficult, requiring a degree of precision incompatible with the normal construction of retaining walls.
An object of the present invention is to provide solutions to the problems involved with prior art structures and systems by providing a relatively simple gabion for use in a retaining wall system which makes it easy to assemble the system even under adverse conditions.
Another object of the invention is to provide a polymeric concrete composition for use in a gabion panel which does not result in panel degradation due to separation of the concrete from the flexible sheet used as internal reinforcement.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a retaining wall system utilizing a plurality of gabions in accordance with the invention which is relatively durable and easy to assembly.
According to one aspect the invention relates to a gabion for use in a retaining wall system comprising lightweight polymeric concrete panel means; and basket means defined by a flexible ~e~h ~heet a~ least the ends of which are embedded in and retained by ~aid panel ~eans for rei~forcing the panel ~eans, the sheet extending ~rom the ends o~ the panel mean~ and defining a clo~ed loop wi~h the panel ~éans for rec~iving fill, whereby ~imil~r ba~kets can ~e ~tacked on ~ach other to form a retaining w~ll.
~ ccording to ano~her a~pe~t, t~e invention rela~e~
~o a polymeric concre~e or use in a ga~ion comprising approximately 1~.9 to ~4.04 weight percen~ portland cement, approxim~tely 53.0 to 72.1 ~eight percent exp~nde~ shale or clay, approx~ately 5.5 ~o 1~.0 weight percent water, approximately 3.3 ~o 7.4 weight per~ent polymer, and approxim~tely 0.~1 to 0.~2 weight pe~cent ~uperpl~ticizer.
The invention will be de~cribed wi~h reference to the ~ccompanyin~ ~rawing~, which illu~trate a preferred embodim~nt o~ the inven~ion, ~nd wherein:
Figure 1 i3 a perspective view o~ a gabion ln accor~ance with the p~e~en~ invention;
~ ig~re ~ i6 a plan view of th~ gabion of Fig. 1i ~0 Figure 3 i a ~ross-~ectional view of a retaining wall sy~tem incorperating a plurality of gabions o~ the ~ype illust~ate~ in Figa. 1 and 2; and Wlth reference to the drawing6, a gabion, generally indicated at 1 ln accord2nce with the pre~ent ir.vention includes a polyme~ic conc~e~e panel 2 containin~ the end~ of a flexlble, wire ~esh ~trip or sheet 3.
The panel 2 i~ ~o~ed of a polymeric ooncrete which ha~ the followin~ co~position.
~redient 9 ~4rcent bY Wei~ht Portland cement 16.9 - 24.0 Expanded shale clay 59.0 - 72.1 Watsr 5.5 - 13.0 5 Polymer 3.3 _ 7,4 Superplasticizer .~1 - .32 Preferred compo~tion6 of the polyme~ic concrete are as follow~:
COM~OSITION 1 10 In~redie~t Percent by Weiqht Portland csmqnt 21 Expanded ~hale (dry) 63 water 1~.5 Polymer 3~
1~ SupQrpl~s~ici2er 0.3 ~OMPOSITION 2 Ingredient Percent bY Wei~ht Expanded ~hale (dry) 59.5 Water 11.5 Polymer 6.7 Superpla6ticiz~ 0.3 The polyme~ is a ~tyrene bu~ad~ene rubber ~BR) latex mixed with silica fume which wa~ obtained fro~ Sica Can~da Inc. under the trade-mark Sica~em 810. The ~uperplas~icizer (a high efficiency water reducer) i~ an aqueous solution o a modifled naphthalene sulfonate with ~ specific gravity of 1.2 which was aupplied ~y W~R. Grace ~ Company of ~anada Ltd.
under the trade-mark WRDA 19 Superplasticizer.
A horizontal pan mold (not æhown) is used to produce a panel 2. A first layer of polymeric concrete mixture is poured into the mold to a thickness of one-half inch. The ends of a strip or sheet 3 of a synthetic plastic mesh are secured within the poured concrete layer. Then an expanded metal reinforcement mesh 4 is placed on the layer of concrete in the mold and the ends are held down while the remaining one inch of polymeric concrete is added to the mold. The mold is vibrated, and then left to cure for twenty-four hours before removing the finished product from the mold.
The sheet 3 can be formed of plastic, interconnected, vertical and horizontal wires 5 and 6, respectively, defining a plastic mesh. The ends of the sheet
3 can be spaced apart, abut or overlap in the panel 2.
Obviously, the more mesh sheet 3 there is embedded in the panel 2, the stronger the connection. The panel 2 and the flexible sheet 3 define a basket with an open top end 7 and an open bottom end 8.
The top end of the sheet 3 is below the top end 9 of the panel 2 to facilitate stacking of the gabions 1 with the panels 2 overlapping (Fig. 3). When constructing a retaining wall, the bottom of a slope 10 is squared off and a first horizontal row of gabions are placed at the bottom of the squared off area in side-by-side relationship. Additional rows of gabions 1 are stacked on the bottom row so that the bottom ends 11 of the panels 2 of all but the lowermost gabion (which rest on the ground) are located behind the top ends 9 ~ 2 1 08964 of the subjacent panels 2. Thus, the gabions 1 form a series of steps. As each horizontal row of gabions is placed in position, the baskets defined by the panels 2 and the flexible sheets 3 are filled with gravel 12 or other fill.
Obviously, the more mesh sheet 3 there is embedded in the panel 2, the stronger the connection. The panel 2 and the flexible sheet 3 define a basket with an open top end 7 and an open bottom end 8.
The top end of the sheet 3 is below the top end 9 of the panel 2 to facilitate stacking of the gabions 1 with the panels 2 overlapping (Fig. 3). When constructing a retaining wall, the bottom of a slope 10 is squared off and a first horizontal row of gabions are placed at the bottom of the squared off area in side-by-side relationship. Additional rows of gabions 1 are stacked on the bottom row so that the bottom ends 11 of the panels 2 of all but the lowermost gabion (which rest on the ground) are located behind the top ends 9 ~ 2 1 08964 of the subjacent panels 2. Thus, the gabions 1 form a series of steps. As each horizontal row of gabions is placed in position, the baskets defined by the panels 2 and the flexible sheets 3 are filled with gravel 12 or other fill.
Claims (12)
EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS
FOLLOWS:
1. A gabion for use in a retaining wall system comprising lightweight polymeric concrete panel means; and basket means defined by a flexible mesh sheet at least the ends of which are embedded in and retained by said panel means for reinforcing the panel means, the sheet extending from the ends of the panel means and defining a closed loop with the panel means for receiving fill, whereby similar baskets can be stacked on each other to form a retaining wall.
2. A gabion according to claim 1, wherein said panel means includes a top end extending upwardly beyond the top end of said mesh sheet, whereby, when the basket means is filled with fill, baskets can be stacked on each other with the bottom edge of one panel means behind the top edge of the subjacent panel means.
3. A gabion according to claim 2, wherein the ends of said sheet means overlap in said panel means.
4. A gabion according to claim 2, wherein said polymeric concrete in said panel means includes approximately 16.9 to 24.0 weight percent portland cement, approximately 59.0 to 72.1 weight percent expanded shale or clay, approximately 5.5 to 13.0 weight percent water, approximately 3.3 to 7.4 weight percent polymer, and approximately 0.21 to 0.32 weight percent superplasticizer.
5. A gabion according to claim 2, wherein said polymeric concrete in said panel means includes approximately 21 percent by weight portland cement, approximately 63 percent by weight expanded shale or clay, approximately 12.5 percent by weight water, approximately 3.2 percent by weight polymer, and approximately 0.3 percent by weight superplasticizer.
6. A gabion according to claim 2, wherein said polymeric concrete in said panel means includes approximately 22 percent by weight portland cement, approximately 59.5 percent by weight expanded shale or clay, approximately 11.5 percent by weight water, approximately 6.7 percent by weight polymer, and approximately 0.3 percent by weight superplasticizer.
i. A gabion according to claim 4, 5 or 6 wherein said polymer is a styrene butadiene rubber latex, and said superplasticizer is an aqueous solution of a modified naphthalene sulfonate.
8. A polymeric concrete for use in a gabion comprising approximately 16.9 to 24.0 weight percent portland cement, approximately 59.0 to 72.1 weight percent expanded shale or clay, approximately 5.5 to 13.0 weight percent water, approximately 3.3 to 7.4 weight percent polymer, and approximately 0.21 to 0.32 weight percent superplasticizer.
9. A polymeric concrete for use in a gabion comprising approximately 21 percent by weight portland cement, approximately 63 percent by weight expanded shale, approximately 12.5 percent by weight water, approximately 3.2 percent by weight polymer, and approximately 0.3 percent by weight superplasticizer.
10. A polymeric concrete for use in a gabion comprising approximately 22 percent by weight portland cement, approximately 59.5 percent by weight expanded shale, approximately 11.5 percent by weight water, approximately 6.7 percent by weight polymer, and approximately 0.3 percent by weight superplasticizer.
11. A polymeric concrete according to claim 8, 9 or 10, wherein the polymer is styrene butadiene rubber latex mixed with silica fume.
12. A polymeric concrete according to claim 8, 9 or 10, wherein the superplasticizer is an aqueous solution of a modified naphthalene sulfonate with a specific gravity of 1.2.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002108964A CA2108964C (en) | 1993-10-21 | 1993-10-21 | Gabion system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002108964A CA2108964C (en) | 1993-10-21 | 1993-10-21 | Gabion system |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2108964A1 CA2108964A1 (en) | 1995-04-22 |
| CA2108964C true CA2108964C (en) | 1995-12-12 |
Family
ID=4152474
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002108964A Expired - Fee Related CA2108964C (en) | 1993-10-21 | 1993-10-21 | Gabion system |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2108964C (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102007037339B4 (en) * | 2006-08-04 | 2009-12-31 | Wolfgang Schmauser | Gabion wall with sound-insulating, monolithic concrete layer |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2794780B1 (en) * | 1999-06-10 | 2001-09-21 | Edouard Francois | CONSTRUCTION PANELS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BUILDING FACADES OR VEGETABLE ARTWORKS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE |
| US7854574B2 (en) | 2005-11-24 | 2010-12-21 | Hesco Bastion Limited | Gabions |
| US8721229B2 (en) | 2005-11-24 | 2014-05-13 | Hesco Bastion Limited | Gabions |
| GB2453711B (en) | 2007-08-06 | 2012-01-11 | Hesco Bastion Ltd | Gabions |
| GB2469646A (en) * | 2009-04-21 | 2010-10-27 | Tensar Technologies Ltd | A geotechnical structure including particulate material and vertical panels |
| PT105009A (en) * | 2010-03-09 | 2011-09-09 | Antonio Jose Vieira Da Cunha | BLOCK FOR BUILDING FOUNDATION SYSTEMS AND METHOD FOR BUILDING WALLS WITH THE PURPOSE BLOCK |
| CN113863340A (en) * | 2021-10-13 | 2021-12-31 | 中电建十一局工程有限公司 | Cofferdam construction method under complex terrain condition |
-
1993
- 1993-10-21 CA CA002108964A patent/CA2108964C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102007037339B4 (en) * | 2006-08-04 | 2009-12-31 | Wolfgang Schmauser | Gabion wall with sound-insulating, monolithic concrete layer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2108964A1 (en) | 1995-04-22 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |