CA2091521A1 - Method for producing carbohydrates - Google Patents
Method for producing carbohydratesInfo
- Publication number
- CA2091521A1 CA2091521A1 CA002091521A CA2091521A CA2091521A1 CA 2091521 A1 CA2091521 A1 CA 2091521A1 CA 002091521 A CA002091521 A CA 002091521A CA 2091521 A CA2091521 A CA 2091521A CA 2091521 A1 CA2091521 A1 CA 2091521A1
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- Prior art keywords
- glcnac
- oligosaccharides
- cells
- oligosaccharide
- galnac
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H13/00—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids
- C07H13/02—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids
- C07H13/04—Compounds containing saccharide radicals esterified by carbonic acid or derivatives thereof, or by organic acids, e.g. phosphonic acids by carboxylic acids having the esterifying carboxyl radicals attached to acyclic carbon atoms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/702—Oligosaccharides, i.e. having three to five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
- C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
- C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
- C12N9/6421—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from mammals
- C12N9/6424—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
- C12N9/6464—Protein C (3.4.21.69)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/26—Preparation of nitrogen-containing carbohydrates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y304/00—Hydrolases acting on peptide bonds, i.e. peptidases (3.4)
- C12Y304/21—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
- C12Y304/21069—Protein C activated (3.4.21.69)
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- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Rheumatology (AREA)
- Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Compounds Of Unknown Constitution (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
- Amplifiers (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract The present invention relates to a method for producing peptides containing oligosaccharides with the sequence GalNAc.beta.(1-4)(Fuc.alpha.(1-3)GlcNAc by incubatiny Human Kidney 293 cells expressing a peptide capable of being glycosylated under conditions suitable for expression of the peptide, then recovering the peptide from the cell or cell culture supernatant. The invention also comprises methods for further isolating the novel oligosaccharides from the peptide produced in 293 cells. The peptides and/or oligosaccharides produced can be used to act as high affinity ligands of certain cell adhesion receptors. The peptides and/or oligosaccharides may be used to prevent or reduce cell adhesion and inflammation.
Description
i,' f~, r~
METHOD EOR PRODUCING cARsoHyDRATEs The invention relates to molecular biology, particularly to methods for the production of novel carbohydrate structures in human kidney 293 cells. These novel carbohydrate structures can be used to treat inflammation and can also be used to reduce cell adhesion.
Human Kidney 293 cells are adenovirus-10 transformed cells useful in producing recombinant proteins.
The cells have been found to be particularly useful for producing blood protein products such as human protein C, human protein S and thronbomodulin, as well as tissue plasminogen activator, various derivative fcrms of human 15 protein C and renin. Human protein C produced in 293 cells demonstrates a glycosylation pattern which is markedly distinct from the glycosylation pattern found on plasma-derived human protein C. This invention relates to the fact that the human protein C molecules produced in 293 20 cells have now been shown to contain novel M-linked oligosaccharides which contain non-reducing terminal branches of GalNAc~ 4)(Fuca(1-3))GlcNAc. These structures are capable of binding with high affinity to certain selectins, which are cell adhesion receptors of the 25 human immune system. This specific ligand affinity demonstrates that the novel oligosaccharides produced by 293 cells are useful in the reduction of cell adhesion and tissue inflaImnation.
For purposes of the present invention, as 30 disclosed and claimed herein, the following terms are as defined below.
Asn - asparagine.
Gal - galactose.
Fuc - fucose.
GalNAc - N-acetylgalactosamine.
X-8833 -2~
GlcNAc - N-acetylglucosamine.
Man - Mannose.
NeuAc - N-acetylneuraminic acid.
Figure 1. shows a chromatograph of the major carbohydrates found on the human protein C molecules produced in 293 cells. The major peaks for which carbohydrate structures have been elucidated are marked with numbers.
The present invention comprises a method for producing peptides containing oligosaccharides with the structure GalNac~(1-4)(Fuca(1-3))GlcNAc by incubating Human Kidney 293 cells expressing a peptide capable of being glycosylated under conditions suitable for expression of the peptide, then recovering the peptide from the cell or cell culture supernatent. H~man Protein C molecules produced in 293 cells contain these structures on the non-reducing terminal branches of N-linked oligosaccharides.
The invention also comprises methods for further isolating the novel oligosaccharides from the peptide produced in 293 cells. The peptides and/or oligosaccharides so produced can be used to act as high affinity ligands of certain cell adhesion receptors. Such ligand specificity demonstrates that the peptides and novel oligosaccharides may be used to prevent or reduce cell adhesion and thereby prevent or reduce tissue inflammation.
Human Kidney 293 cells (ATCC CRL 1573) are transformed primary embryonal human kidney cells which contain and express the transforming gene of Adenovirus 5.
These cells have been used to express several important gene products and have been used by a number of different laboratories both in academia and industry. For example, Yan, U.S. Pa~tent No. 4,981,952 and Bang et. al., U.S.
Patent No. 4,992,373, both disclose the use of the 293 cell line to produce human protein C. It has now been X-8833 -3- ~' ,fl ~ B rl ~ ~
discovered that the 293 cell line contains the enzymatic machinery to create novel and useful oligosaccharides on peptides produced in the cell line. These novel oligosaccharides, as well as methods for making and using them, co~prise the present invention.
Human Protein C (HPC) circulates in the plasma as a zymogen of a serine protease. Protein C is activated by thrombin in complex with the endothelial cell surface receptor, thrombomodulin. The activated form of human protein C (aPC) has potent anticoagulant activity due to its ability to inactivate factors Va and VIIIa. For purposes of the present disclosure, the term "human protein C" refers to both the zymogen and activated forms of the molecule. Protein C plays a critical role in the regulation of thrombin generation and may be effective in the treatment of a number of thrombotic diseases. Human Protein C is post-translationally modified by N-glycosylation at four sites on the molecule; specifically at position Asn 97 on the light chain, and at positions Asn 248, Asn 313, and Asn 329 on the heavy chain. While the full carbohydrate structures of plasma-derived HPC have not been reported, the oligosaccharides found on HPC
recombinantly-produced in 293 cells (rHPC) are quite distinct from those found on plasma-derived HPC. For example, rHPC has a five-fold higher fucose content and a two-fold lower NeuAc content in comparison to plasma-derived HPC. In addition, there are 2.6 moles of GalNAc per mole of rHPC while plasma-derived HPC contains no GalNAc.
The present invention is not limited to specific oligosaccharides linked to a peptide at an Asn residue.
Oligosaccharides may be linked to peptides via N-glycosylation or O-glycosylation. Oligosaccharides are also found within glycolipids and proteoglycans and may be added to membrane bound proteins via glypiation. For the X 8833 4 i~
purposes of this disclosure, the term "capable of being glycosylated" is not limited to N-glycosylation of an Asn residue, but rather includes all mechanisms by which peptides or lipids are glycosylated in VlVO.
The major oligosaccharides found on rHPC
produced in 293 cells display the profile shown in Figure 1 upon fingerprinting on the Dionex HPAE-PAD system. The oligosaccharide corresponding to major peak 1 is a neutral, biantennary oligosaccharide with both antennae containing the structure of GalNAc~(1-4)(Fuca(1-3))GlcNAca(1-2)-linked to the fucosylated chitobiose-trimannosyl core.
Several of the other ten oligosaccharides studied and disclosed herein also display the novel N-linked structure containing GalNAc. The predicted structures of the oligosaccharides of peaks 2, 7 and 11 also contain the novel structure on at least one branch of the fucosylated chitobiose-trimannosyl core. In addition, the structures of the oligosaccharides of peaks 15, 20 and 23 contain GalNAc residues in 1-4 linkage. These novel oligo-saccharide structures are produced by the 293 cell linebecause the cells contain the specific enzymes necessary for production of these substrates.
Human Kidney 293 cells appear to have both a(2-3) and a(2-6) sialyltransferases. The a (2-6) sialyltransferase is specific for sialylating GalNAc residues while the a(2-3) sialyltransferase is specific for sialylating Gal residues. The a(l-3) fucosyl-transferase expressed by 293 cells can act on a substratecontaining GalNAc. The action of the a(2-6) sialyl-transferase and the a(l-3) fucosyltransferase appear to be mutually exclusive on any individual branch of the oligosaccharide, therefore once the GalNAc is sialylated the a(1-3) fucosylation of the GalNAc residue in the same antenna is precluded. Conversely, once the GalNAc is X 8833 -5_ ~ 3;,~
fucosylated, the same GalNAc residue on the same antenna cannot be sialylated by the ~(2-6) sialyltransferase.
The 293 cells produce recombinant glycoproteins with less heterogeneity in the carbohydrate portion of the molecule because 293 cells express very high levels of a (1-6) fucosyltransferase activity. The linkage analysis of all 25 oligosaccharide peaks isolated from rHPC revealed only 4,6-linked GlcNAc with a reducing end. No 4-linked GlcNAc with a reducing end was cletected. From this it is apparent that the chitobiose cores of all the N-linked oligosaccharides were virtually 100% fucosylated. The elucidation of the 11 major oligosaccharides on 293 cell-derived rHPC accounts for the unusual glycosyl content of the rHPC as reported by Yan et al., 1990, BioTechnoloqv 8:655-660. The high fucose content of the molecule can be accounted for by the fact that the chitobiose core of all of the N-linked oligosaccharides are fucosylated and also by the fact that the GlcNAc residues in the antenna(e) of four of the 11 major N-linked oligosaccharides are fucosylated. With the exception of the oligosaccharide found in peak 2, the GalNAc residues in rHPC were all found in N-glycosylated oligosaccharides and were located only in the antennae position where normally only Gal is found in N-lin~ed complex type oligosaccharides. For purposes of this disclosure, the terms antenna and branch can include the plural antennae and branches and vice versa.
The action of the fucosyltransferase found in 293 cells and the resulting a~l-3)fucosylation of the GlcNAc residues of oligosaccharides made in the cell line demonstrate yet another facet of the present invention.
Structures containing ~(1-3)fucosylated GlcNAc are useful ligands for the binding of selectins. Selectins are a type of adhesion receptor of the immune system. The adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial lining is an integral step in the inflammatory response. Two types of selectins, CD62 and ELAM-l tEndothelial-Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule 1) are bound by oligosaccharides containing ~1-3)fucosylated GlcNAc. Cell adhesion assays demonstrate that the addition of peptides containing such novel oligosaccharides (or the addition of the oligosaccharides alone) can bind the selectins and therefore reduce or prevent cellular adhesion. If cellular adhesion is reduced or prevented, the inflammatory response can also be reduced or prevented.
The discovery that 293 cells contain the enzymatic machinery necessary to produce such selectin-recognition ligands adds an important and useful tool to the medical community for the treatment of disease states linked to cell adhesion and the inflammatory response.
Because of this discovery, glycoproteins and oligosaccharides produced in 293 cells may be used to treat inflammation or cell adhesion. Methods for using rHPC to - treat a variety of health disorders are disclosed in Bang et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,775,624. The novel glycoproteins produced by 293 cells are not limited to recombinantly produced proteins in that some glycoproteins produced constitutively by 293 cells may also display the novel structures. Furthermore, the invention is not limited to the use of glycopeptides to prevent or reduce cell adhesion and inflammation. The skilled artisan will realize that the oligosaccharides can be removed from the glycoproteins by a wide variety of well-known procedures. The oligosaccharides can then be placed into a pharmaceutically acceptable diluant and administered to a patient undergoing cell adhesion or infla~mation.
The skilled artisan will understand that the present invention is not limited to the production of the oligosaccharides of human protein C in 293 cells. Any peptide capable of being glycosylated can be transformed into 293 cells and expressed using techniques well known in the art. A list of such peptides inclucles, but is not limited to, human protein S, human thrombomodulin, derivatives of human protein C, tissue plasminogen activator and renin. The production of human protein S in 293 cells was disclosed in Yan, U.S. Patent No. 4,981,952.
The genes encoding several derivatives of human protein C
are disclosed in European Patent Application No.
91301450.2. The genes encoding natural and derivative forms of human thrombomodulin have been disclosed in European Patent Application No. 90308826.8 and Wen et al.,1987, Biochemistrv 26:4350. Any of these genes may be transformed into 293 cells which can then be cultured under conditions suitable for gene expression and peptide/oligosaccharide production.
The following examples are provided as a means - of illustrating the present invention and are not to be construed as a limitation thereon.
ExamDle 1 Production of Human Protein C in 293 Cells Recombinant human protein C (rHPC) was produced in Human Kidney 293 cells by technigues well known to the skilled artisan such as those set forth in Yan, U.S. Patent No. 4,981,952. The gene encoding human protein C is disclosed and claimed in Bang et al., U.S. Patent No.
- 4,775,624. The plasmid used to express human protein C in 293 cells was plasmid pLPC which is disclosed in Bang et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,992,373. The construction of plasmid pLPC is also described in European Patent Publication No. 0 445 939 and in Grinnell et al., 1987, sioTechnoloov 5:1189-1192. Briefly, the plasmid was ` transfected into 293 cells, then stable transformants were identified and subcultured. The clones which demonstrated ," ,,~ vi ,~, O"/i ~
x-8833 -8-the highest level of expression were then grown in a 2 core Opticell fermenter in anchorage-dependent mode. Serum free media was used for all fermentations. To prepare the serum free media, the following ingreclients were dissolved in 100 liters of high quality water:
Dulbecco Modified Eagle media (#200-2010) 1350 g Ham's F12 media (#63N3085) 478 g Sodium Bicarbonate 432 g Dextrose 468 g Ethanolamine 55 ml Sodium Selenite 0.5M 180 ml Vitamin K (1%) 180 ml L-Glutamine 81 g The solution was brought to 180 liters and the pH was adjusted to 7.2 with 3_ HCl. After fermentation at 37 degrees C, the human protein C can be separated from the culture fluid by the techniques of Yan, U.S. Patent No.
4,981,952. The human protein C so produced can be used in the unactivated zymogen form or can be activated by procedures well known to one skilled in the art.
Exam~le 2 Oliaosaccharide Structure of rHPC Produced in 293 Cells Many of the procedures used to elucidate the novel structure of the rHPC produced in 293 cells are described in Yan et. al., 1990, BioTechnoloqv 8:655-651.
The desalted and lyophilized rHPC was first reduced and carboxymethylated in 0.2M Tris buffer (pH8.6) containing 2mM EDTA and 6M guanidine HCl. This solution was thoroughly dialyzed against 50mM ammonium bicarbonate then lyophilized. ~rhe denatured rHPC was resuspended in sodium .
r~, phosphate buffer (pH 8.6) then 12 units of N-glycanase (Genzyme) were added for every 8-9 mg of rHPC. The solution was incubated at 37 degrees C for 72 hours then the enzymatically released N-linked oligosaccharides were separated from the deglycosylated rHPC on a Bio-gel P6 column equilibrated with 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate.
Fractions containing deglycosylated rHPC were monitored by OD280nm -The fractions containing the oligosaccharides, as monitored by glycosyl composition analysis, were pooled and lyophilized. The oligosaccharides were separated on the Dionex HPAE-PAD II system using a AS6 column (4.6 x 250mm) with an AG6 guard column which was equilibrated with 20 mM sodium acetate, 100 mM NaOH. After 3 minutes, the sodium acetate was increased to 60 mM in 20 minutes, further increased to 200mM in 120 minutes, increased to 400 mM in 40 minutes and again increased to 800mM in 5 minutes.
The NaOH concentration was kept constant at 100mM and the column flow rate was 1 ml/min. Post-column 0.3 M NaOH was flowed at 0.5 ml/min.
An anion micromembrane suppressor was placed after the PAD detector. 30mM sulfuric acid flowing at 9 ml/min through the anion micromembrane suppressor was sufficient to neutralize and partially desalt the eluant from the AG6-AS6 column. Each oligosaccharide peak was further desalted with an OnGuard H cartridge (Dionex) prepared according to manufacturer's directions.
About 1-10 ~g of desalted oligosaccharide was used as starting material to prepare PMAA derivatives for linkage analysis. The oligosaccharide was pre-reduced with 25 microliters of 10 mg/ml NaBH4 in lM NH4OH for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction was stopped with 20 microliters of glacial acetic acid, then the borate salts were removed by repeated coevaporation under nitrogen with 10% acetic acid in methanol. The reduced oligosaccharide ~i 'ii~ r'~ ~ æ~ ;J ~
was permethylated with a modified procedure of Ciucanu and Xerek, 1984, Carbohvdr. Res. 131:209-217 as described by Costello and Vath, 1990, Meth. Enzymol. 193:738-755. The permethylated oligosaccharide was hydrolyzed in 2M TFA at 100 degrees C for 2 hours, then dried with rotor-evaporation. Deuteroreduction was achieved by adding NaBD4 in 1_ NH40H at a concentration of 20 mg/ml at 40 degrees C
for 1.5 hours. The reaction was stopped by neutralization with glacial acetic acid. The borate salts were removed by 10 co-evaporation under nitrogen with 10% acetic acid in methanol. Acetylation was carried out by incubation with acetic anhydride at room temperature for 30 minutes. The final PMAA derivatives of the oligosaccharide were extracted with methylene chloride, concentrated by drying 15 under nitrogen and redissolved in 10-20 microliters of ethyl acetate.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out using a Hewlett Packard GC5890-MSD. The PMAA
derivatives were dissolved in ethyl acetate prior to 20 injection on a DB-5 column (0.25mm x 30m, J & W Scientific) at a helium flow rate of 1 ml/min. The sample was injected at a column temperature of 80 degrees C which was kept for 2 minutes, then increased to 150 degrees at 30 degrees C/minute, then again increased from 150 degrees C to 240 25 degrees C at 2 degrees/minute, and kept at 240 degrees C
for 10 minutes. The mass spectrometer was run at the EI
quadruple mode. The GC-MS was calibrated with standards for elution times.
The structure of the oligosaccharide of Peak 1 3Q was elucidated by glycosyl composition, linkage analysis and lH-NMR. The structures of the other ten major oligosaccharides were predicted on the basis of glycosyl composition and linkage analysis. The oligosaccharide structures thus elucidated are set forth below.
. .
~. ' "
The Carbohvdrate Structure of Peak, No. 1 Fufa(l~3) GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~(1~2)Mana(1~6) Fuca(1-~6) Mlan~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)51cNAc GalNAc~(1~4)GlcNAc~(1~2)Mana(1-~3) Fuca(1-~3) The Carbohvdrate Structu:re of Peak ~Q~ 2 Fufa(1~3) GalNAc~(1~4)GlcNAc,B(1~2)Mana(1~61) Fucal1~6) ~ Man~(1~4)GlcNAc~(1~4)GlcNAc GalNAc~ 2)Mana(1~3) The Carbohydr,,a~e Structure of Peak No~ 7 NeuAca(2-~6)GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~16) Fuca(1~6) ~ Manl~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)GlcNAc GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~(1-t2)Mana(1-~3) Fuca(1-~3) ."
.~
The Carbohydrate Structure of Peak 9 NeuAca(2-~6)GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana~ 6) Fucall-~6) ~ Mlan~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)GlcNAc GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~3) The CarbohYdrate Structure of Peak 11 NeuAca(2~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~(1~2)Mana(1-~6) Fuca(t~6) { Maln~ 4)GlcNAc~ >4)GlcNAc GalNAc~(1~4)GlclNAc~(1~2)Mana(1-~3) 0 Fuca(1-~3) The Carbohvdrate Structure of Peak 15 NeuAca(2-~6)GalNAc~(1~4)GlcNAc~(1~2)Mana( t-~ 6) Fuca(~ 6) ~ Man~ 4)GlcNAc-~(1~4)GlcNAc NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~3) The Carbohvdrate Structure of Peak 19 NeuAca(2-~6)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~6) Fuca(1-~6) { Man~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)GlcNAc NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~3) ~h~e CarbohYdx-ate Structure of Peak 20 NeuAca(2-~6)GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~(1~6)l Mlana(1~6) NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2) Fuca(1-~6) { I ~aln~ 4)GlcNAc-~ 4)GlcNAc NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~3) The Carbohvdrate Structure of~_eak 23 NeuAca(2-~6)GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~ 6) t Mlana(1l 6) NeuAcat2~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2) ¦ Fuca(1-~6) ~ Man~ 4)GlcNAc~(1~4)GlcNAc NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~(1~41~ l ~ 7 na(1-~3) NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2) The Carbohvdrate Structure of Peak 24 NeuAca(2-~6)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 6) t Mlana~1 l6) NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2) ¦ Fuca(l-~6) { Man~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)GlcNAc NeuAca(2~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~(114) ¦1 ~ Mana(1->3) NeuAca(2~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2) ll~s ~
The Carbohydrate Structure of Peak 25 NeuAea(2~3~Gal~(1~4)GlcNAc~ 6) ~ Mlna(1-~6) NeuAca(2~3)Gal~tl~4)GlcNAc~ 2) ¦ Fula(1~6) 1 Man~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)GleNAc NeuAca(2~3)Gal~ 4)GleNAe~
~ Mlna(1~3) 15 NeuAea(2-~3)Gal~(1-t4)GlcNAe~ 2) Example 3 In vi~ro Cell Adhesion Assavs Human Umbilical Vein Endothelium Cells ~H WEC) or Human Aortic Endothelium (HAE) were obtained from Clonetics (San Diego) and grown in the EBM medium supplied by Clonetics. Cells were plated in 96 well plates at a density to obtain confluent monolayers following overnight incubation at 37 degrees C. Monolayers were incubated with or without 20 nanograms Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) for 4 to 6 hours prior to the binding assay in a total volume of 100 to 150 microliters. To test for inhibition of binding, samples of protein C or its isolated carbohydrates were - added to triplicate wells in volumes up to 20 microliters in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) or water, and then incubated for an additional 20 to 25 minutes. Following incubations, tritium-labelled U937 cells were added in 50 microliter volumes at from 1 to 3 x 10(6) cells per well.
The U937 cells were tritium labelled by the addition of 3H-thymidine to a final concentration of 1 microcurie per milliliter, followed by 18 to 20 hours incubation. Cells were washed with PBS prior to use to remove excess label.
2 ~
After a 20 minute incubation of the labeled U937 cells with the endothelial cells, the wells were aspirated and washed four times with calcium-containing PBS. The monolayer and adherent U937 cells were solubilized by the addition of 0.25% SDS/0.1 N NaOH for 5 minutes with agitation. The level of binding was determined by scintillation counting of the solubilized cells.
Table I
Ex~eriment#aPC ~/ml % inhibitiona l(HUVECS)b 32 None l(HUVECS) 120 70(12)C
2(HAE) 120 None 2(HAE) 240 77(30) 3(HAE) 120 54(18) al00% inhibition is the difference between U937 binding in the presence and absence of pretreatment of the endothelial cells with TNF
bcell line Cnumbers in parenthesis indicate standard error .
~, ~ t ~ ~1 ~ ~ L
Table II
Ex~eriment# oliqosaccharide (~M) % inhibitiona l(HAE)b 5-75 None l(HAE) 11.5 22(0.5)C
l(HAE) 23 16(4) 2(H W ECS) 17.25 1gd 2(H W ECS) 34.5 63 alOO% inhibition is the difference between U937 binding in the presence and abse:nce of pretreatment of the endothelial cells with TNF
bCell line Cnumbers in parenthesis indicate standard error dno error calculated from single point determinations
METHOD EOR PRODUCING cARsoHyDRATEs The invention relates to molecular biology, particularly to methods for the production of novel carbohydrate structures in human kidney 293 cells. These novel carbohydrate structures can be used to treat inflammation and can also be used to reduce cell adhesion.
Human Kidney 293 cells are adenovirus-10 transformed cells useful in producing recombinant proteins.
The cells have been found to be particularly useful for producing blood protein products such as human protein C, human protein S and thronbomodulin, as well as tissue plasminogen activator, various derivative fcrms of human 15 protein C and renin. Human protein C produced in 293 cells demonstrates a glycosylation pattern which is markedly distinct from the glycosylation pattern found on plasma-derived human protein C. This invention relates to the fact that the human protein C molecules produced in 293 20 cells have now been shown to contain novel M-linked oligosaccharides which contain non-reducing terminal branches of GalNAc~ 4)(Fuca(1-3))GlcNAc. These structures are capable of binding with high affinity to certain selectins, which are cell adhesion receptors of the 25 human immune system. This specific ligand affinity demonstrates that the novel oligosaccharides produced by 293 cells are useful in the reduction of cell adhesion and tissue inflaImnation.
For purposes of the present invention, as 30 disclosed and claimed herein, the following terms are as defined below.
Asn - asparagine.
Gal - galactose.
Fuc - fucose.
GalNAc - N-acetylgalactosamine.
X-8833 -2~
GlcNAc - N-acetylglucosamine.
Man - Mannose.
NeuAc - N-acetylneuraminic acid.
Figure 1. shows a chromatograph of the major carbohydrates found on the human protein C molecules produced in 293 cells. The major peaks for which carbohydrate structures have been elucidated are marked with numbers.
The present invention comprises a method for producing peptides containing oligosaccharides with the structure GalNac~(1-4)(Fuca(1-3))GlcNAc by incubating Human Kidney 293 cells expressing a peptide capable of being glycosylated under conditions suitable for expression of the peptide, then recovering the peptide from the cell or cell culture supernatent. H~man Protein C molecules produced in 293 cells contain these structures on the non-reducing terminal branches of N-linked oligosaccharides.
The invention also comprises methods for further isolating the novel oligosaccharides from the peptide produced in 293 cells. The peptides and/or oligosaccharides so produced can be used to act as high affinity ligands of certain cell adhesion receptors. Such ligand specificity demonstrates that the peptides and novel oligosaccharides may be used to prevent or reduce cell adhesion and thereby prevent or reduce tissue inflammation.
Human Kidney 293 cells (ATCC CRL 1573) are transformed primary embryonal human kidney cells which contain and express the transforming gene of Adenovirus 5.
These cells have been used to express several important gene products and have been used by a number of different laboratories both in academia and industry. For example, Yan, U.S. Pa~tent No. 4,981,952 and Bang et. al., U.S.
Patent No. 4,992,373, both disclose the use of the 293 cell line to produce human protein C. It has now been X-8833 -3- ~' ,fl ~ B rl ~ ~
discovered that the 293 cell line contains the enzymatic machinery to create novel and useful oligosaccharides on peptides produced in the cell line. These novel oligosaccharides, as well as methods for making and using them, co~prise the present invention.
Human Protein C (HPC) circulates in the plasma as a zymogen of a serine protease. Protein C is activated by thrombin in complex with the endothelial cell surface receptor, thrombomodulin. The activated form of human protein C (aPC) has potent anticoagulant activity due to its ability to inactivate factors Va and VIIIa. For purposes of the present disclosure, the term "human protein C" refers to both the zymogen and activated forms of the molecule. Protein C plays a critical role in the regulation of thrombin generation and may be effective in the treatment of a number of thrombotic diseases. Human Protein C is post-translationally modified by N-glycosylation at four sites on the molecule; specifically at position Asn 97 on the light chain, and at positions Asn 248, Asn 313, and Asn 329 on the heavy chain. While the full carbohydrate structures of plasma-derived HPC have not been reported, the oligosaccharides found on HPC
recombinantly-produced in 293 cells (rHPC) are quite distinct from those found on plasma-derived HPC. For example, rHPC has a five-fold higher fucose content and a two-fold lower NeuAc content in comparison to plasma-derived HPC. In addition, there are 2.6 moles of GalNAc per mole of rHPC while plasma-derived HPC contains no GalNAc.
The present invention is not limited to specific oligosaccharides linked to a peptide at an Asn residue.
Oligosaccharides may be linked to peptides via N-glycosylation or O-glycosylation. Oligosaccharides are also found within glycolipids and proteoglycans and may be added to membrane bound proteins via glypiation. For the X 8833 4 i~
purposes of this disclosure, the term "capable of being glycosylated" is not limited to N-glycosylation of an Asn residue, but rather includes all mechanisms by which peptides or lipids are glycosylated in VlVO.
The major oligosaccharides found on rHPC
produced in 293 cells display the profile shown in Figure 1 upon fingerprinting on the Dionex HPAE-PAD system. The oligosaccharide corresponding to major peak 1 is a neutral, biantennary oligosaccharide with both antennae containing the structure of GalNAc~(1-4)(Fuca(1-3))GlcNAca(1-2)-linked to the fucosylated chitobiose-trimannosyl core.
Several of the other ten oligosaccharides studied and disclosed herein also display the novel N-linked structure containing GalNAc. The predicted structures of the oligosaccharides of peaks 2, 7 and 11 also contain the novel structure on at least one branch of the fucosylated chitobiose-trimannosyl core. In addition, the structures of the oligosaccharides of peaks 15, 20 and 23 contain GalNAc residues in 1-4 linkage. These novel oligo-saccharide structures are produced by the 293 cell linebecause the cells contain the specific enzymes necessary for production of these substrates.
Human Kidney 293 cells appear to have both a(2-3) and a(2-6) sialyltransferases. The a (2-6) sialyltransferase is specific for sialylating GalNAc residues while the a(2-3) sialyltransferase is specific for sialylating Gal residues. The a(l-3) fucosyl-transferase expressed by 293 cells can act on a substratecontaining GalNAc. The action of the a(2-6) sialyl-transferase and the a(l-3) fucosyltransferase appear to be mutually exclusive on any individual branch of the oligosaccharide, therefore once the GalNAc is sialylated the a(1-3) fucosylation of the GalNAc residue in the same antenna is precluded. Conversely, once the GalNAc is X 8833 -5_ ~ 3;,~
fucosylated, the same GalNAc residue on the same antenna cannot be sialylated by the ~(2-6) sialyltransferase.
The 293 cells produce recombinant glycoproteins with less heterogeneity in the carbohydrate portion of the molecule because 293 cells express very high levels of a (1-6) fucosyltransferase activity. The linkage analysis of all 25 oligosaccharide peaks isolated from rHPC revealed only 4,6-linked GlcNAc with a reducing end. No 4-linked GlcNAc with a reducing end was cletected. From this it is apparent that the chitobiose cores of all the N-linked oligosaccharides were virtually 100% fucosylated. The elucidation of the 11 major oligosaccharides on 293 cell-derived rHPC accounts for the unusual glycosyl content of the rHPC as reported by Yan et al., 1990, BioTechnoloqv 8:655-660. The high fucose content of the molecule can be accounted for by the fact that the chitobiose core of all of the N-linked oligosaccharides are fucosylated and also by the fact that the GlcNAc residues in the antenna(e) of four of the 11 major N-linked oligosaccharides are fucosylated. With the exception of the oligosaccharide found in peak 2, the GalNAc residues in rHPC were all found in N-glycosylated oligosaccharides and were located only in the antennae position where normally only Gal is found in N-lin~ed complex type oligosaccharides. For purposes of this disclosure, the terms antenna and branch can include the plural antennae and branches and vice versa.
The action of the fucosyltransferase found in 293 cells and the resulting a~l-3)fucosylation of the GlcNAc residues of oligosaccharides made in the cell line demonstrate yet another facet of the present invention.
Structures containing ~(1-3)fucosylated GlcNAc are useful ligands for the binding of selectins. Selectins are a type of adhesion receptor of the immune system. The adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial lining is an integral step in the inflammatory response. Two types of selectins, CD62 and ELAM-l tEndothelial-Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule 1) are bound by oligosaccharides containing ~1-3)fucosylated GlcNAc. Cell adhesion assays demonstrate that the addition of peptides containing such novel oligosaccharides (or the addition of the oligosaccharides alone) can bind the selectins and therefore reduce or prevent cellular adhesion. If cellular adhesion is reduced or prevented, the inflammatory response can also be reduced or prevented.
The discovery that 293 cells contain the enzymatic machinery necessary to produce such selectin-recognition ligands adds an important and useful tool to the medical community for the treatment of disease states linked to cell adhesion and the inflammatory response.
Because of this discovery, glycoproteins and oligosaccharides produced in 293 cells may be used to treat inflammation or cell adhesion. Methods for using rHPC to - treat a variety of health disorders are disclosed in Bang et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,775,624. The novel glycoproteins produced by 293 cells are not limited to recombinantly produced proteins in that some glycoproteins produced constitutively by 293 cells may also display the novel structures. Furthermore, the invention is not limited to the use of glycopeptides to prevent or reduce cell adhesion and inflammation. The skilled artisan will realize that the oligosaccharides can be removed from the glycoproteins by a wide variety of well-known procedures. The oligosaccharides can then be placed into a pharmaceutically acceptable diluant and administered to a patient undergoing cell adhesion or infla~mation.
The skilled artisan will understand that the present invention is not limited to the production of the oligosaccharides of human protein C in 293 cells. Any peptide capable of being glycosylated can be transformed into 293 cells and expressed using techniques well known in the art. A list of such peptides inclucles, but is not limited to, human protein S, human thrombomodulin, derivatives of human protein C, tissue plasminogen activator and renin. The production of human protein S in 293 cells was disclosed in Yan, U.S. Patent No. 4,981,952.
The genes encoding several derivatives of human protein C
are disclosed in European Patent Application No.
91301450.2. The genes encoding natural and derivative forms of human thrombomodulin have been disclosed in European Patent Application No. 90308826.8 and Wen et al.,1987, Biochemistrv 26:4350. Any of these genes may be transformed into 293 cells which can then be cultured under conditions suitable for gene expression and peptide/oligosaccharide production.
The following examples are provided as a means - of illustrating the present invention and are not to be construed as a limitation thereon.
ExamDle 1 Production of Human Protein C in 293 Cells Recombinant human protein C (rHPC) was produced in Human Kidney 293 cells by technigues well known to the skilled artisan such as those set forth in Yan, U.S. Patent No. 4,981,952. The gene encoding human protein C is disclosed and claimed in Bang et al., U.S. Patent No.
- 4,775,624. The plasmid used to express human protein C in 293 cells was plasmid pLPC which is disclosed in Bang et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,992,373. The construction of plasmid pLPC is also described in European Patent Publication No. 0 445 939 and in Grinnell et al., 1987, sioTechnoloov 5:1189-1192. Briefly, the plasmid was ` transfected into 293 cells, then stable transformants were identified and subcultured. The clones which demonstrated ," ,,~ vi ,~, O"/i ~
x-8833 -8-the highest level of expression were then grown in a 2 core Opticell fermenter in anchorage-dependent mode. Serum free media was used for all fermentations. To prepare the serum free media, the following ingreclients were dissolved in 100 liters of high quality water:
Dulbecco Modified Eagle media (#200-2010) 1350 g Ham's F12 media (#63N3085) 478 g Sodium Bicarbonate 432 g Dextrose 468 g Ethanolamine 55 ml Sodium Selenite 0.5M 180 ml Vitamin K (1%) 180 ml L-Glutamine 81 g The solution was brought to 180 liters and the pH was adjusted to 7.2 with 3_ HCl. After fermentation at 37 degrees C, the human protein C can be separated from the culture fluid by the techniques of Yan, U.S. Patent No.
4,981,952. The human protein C so produced can be used in the unactivated zymogen form or can be activated by procedures well known to one skilled in the art.
Exam~le 2 Oliaosaccharide Structure of rHPC Produced in 293 Cells Many of the procedures used to elucidate the novel structure of the rHPC produced in 293 cells are described in Yan et. al., 1990, BioTechnoloqv 8:655-651.
The desalted and lyophilized rHPC was first reduced and carboxymethylated in 0.2M Tris buffer (pH8.6) containing 2mM EDTA and 6M guanidine HCl. This solution was thoroughly dialyzed against 50mM ammonium bicarbonate then lyophilized. ~rhe denatured rHPC was resuspended in sodium .
r~, phosphate buffer (pH 8.6) then 12 units of N-glycanase (Genzyme) were added for every 8-9 mg of rHPC. The solution was incubated at 37 degrees C for 72 hours then the enzymatically released N-linked oligosaccharides were separated from the deglycosylated rHPC on a Bio-gel P6 column equilibrated with 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate.
Fractions containing deglycosylated rHPC were monitored by OD280nm -The fractions containing the oligosaccharides, as monitored by glycosyl composition analysis, were pooled and lyophilized. The oligosaccharides were separated on the Dionex HPAE-PAD II system using a AS6 column (4.6 x 250mm) with an AG6 guard column which was equilibrated with 20 mM sodium acetate, 100 mM NaOH. After 3 minutes, the sodium acetate was increased to 60 mM in 20 minutes, further increased to 200mM in 120 minutes, increased to 400 mM in 40 minutes and again increased to 800mM in 5 minutes.
The NaOH concentration was kept constant at 100mM and the column flow rate was 1 ml/min. Post-column 0.3 M NaOH was flowed at 0.5 ml/min.
An anion micromembrane suppressor was placed after the PAD detector. 30mM sulfuric acid flowing at 9 ml/min through the anion micromembrane suppressor was sufficient to neutralize and partially desalt the eluant from the AG6-AS6 column. Each oligosaccharide peak was further desalted with an OnGuard H cartridge (Dionex) prepared according to manufacturer's directions.
About 1-10 ~g of desalted oligosaccharide was used as starting material to prepare PMAA derivatives for linkage analysis. The oligosaccharide was pre-reduced with 25 microliters of 10 mg/ml NaBH4 in lM NH4OH for 2 hours at room temperature. The reaction was stopped with 20 microliters of glacial acetic acid, then the borate salts were removed by repeated coevaporation under nitrogen with 10% acetic acid in methanol. The reduced oligosaccharide ~i 'ii~ r'~ ~ æ~ ;J ~
was permethylated with a modified procedure of Ciucanu and Xerek, 1984, Carbohvdr. Res. 131:209-217 as described by Costello and Vath, 1990, Meth. Enzymol. 193:738-755. The permethylated oligosaccharide was hydrolyzed in 2M TFA at 100 degrees C for 2 hours, then dried with rotor-evaporation. Deuteroreduction was achieved by adding NaBD4 in 1_ NH40H at a concentration of 20 mg/ml at 40 degrees C
for 1.5 hours. The reaction was stopped by neutralization with glacial acetic acid. The borate salts were removed by 10 co-evaporation under nitrogen with 10% acetic acid in methanol. Acetylation was carried out by incubation with acetic anhydride at room temperature for 30 minutes. The final PMAA derivatives of the oligosaccharide were extracted with methylene chloride, concentrated by drying 15 under nitrogen and redissolved in 10-20 microliters of ethyl acetate.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was carried out using a Hewlett Packard GC5890-MSD. The PMAA
derivatives were dissolved in ethyl acetate prior to 20 injection on a DB-5 column (0.25mm x 30m, J & W Scientific) at a helium flow rate of 1 ml/min. The sample was injected at a column temperature of 80 degrees C which was kept for 2 minutes, then increased to 150 degrees at 30 degrees C/minute, then again increased from 150 degrees C to 240 25 degrees C at 2 degrees/minute, and kept at 240 degrees C
for 10 minutes. The mass spectrometer was run at the EI
quadruple mode. The GC-MS was calibrated with standards for elution times.
The structure of the oligosaccharide of Peak 1 3Q was elucidated by glycosyl composition, linkage analysis and lH-NMR. The structures of the other ten major oligosaccharides were predicted on the basis of glycosyl composition and linkage analysis. The oligosaccharide structures thus elucidated are set forth below.
. .
~. ' "
The Carbohvdrate Structure of Peak, No. 1 Fufa(l~3) GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~(1~2)Mana(1~6) Fuca(1-~6) Mlan~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)51cNAc GalNAc~(1~4)GlcNAc~(1~2)Mana(1-~3) Fuca(1-~3) The Carbohvdrate Structu:re of Peak ~Q~ 2 Fufa(1~3) GalNAc~(1~4)GlcNAc,B(1~2)Mana(1~61) Fucal1~6) ~ Man~(1~4)GlcNAc~(1~4)GlcNAc GalNAc~ 2)Mana(1~3) The Carbohydr,,a~e Structure of Peak No~ 7 NeuAca(2-~6)GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~16) Fuca(1~6) ~ Manl~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)GlcNAc GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~(1-t2)Mana(1-~3) Fuca(1-~3) ."
.~
The Carbohydrate Structure of Peak 9 NeuAca(2-~6)GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana~ 6) Fucall-~6) ~ Mlan~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)GlcNAc GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~3) The CarbohYdrate Structure of Peak 11 NeuAca(2~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~(1~2)Mana(1-~6) Fuca(t~6) { Maln~ 4)GlcNAc~ >4)GlcNAc GalNAc~(1~4)GlclNAc~(1~2)Mana(1-~3) 0 Fuca(1-~3) The Carbohvdrate Structure of Peak 15 NeuAca(2-~6)GalNAc~(1~4)GlcNAc~(1~2)Mana( t-~ 6) Fuca(~ 6) ~ Man~ 4)GlcNAc-~(1~4)GlcNAc NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~3) The Carbohvdrate Structure of Peak 19 NeuAca(2-~6)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~6) Fuca(1-~6) { Man~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)GlcNAc NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~3) ~h~e CarbohYdx-ate Structure of Peak 20 NeuAca(2-~6)GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~(1~6)l Mlana(1~6) NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2) Fuca(1-~6) { I ~aln~ 4)GlcNAc-~ 4)GlcNAc NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2)Mana(1-~3) The Carbohvdrate Structure of~_eak 23 NeuAca(2-~6)GalNAc~ 4)GlcNAc~ 6) t Mlana(1l 6) NeuAcat2~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2) ¦ Fuca(1-~6) ~ Man~ 4)GlcNAc~(1~4)GlcNAc NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~(1~41~ l ~ 7 na(1-~3) NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2) The Carbohvdrate Structure of Peak 24 NeuAca(2-~6)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 6) t Mlana~1 l6) NeuAca(2-~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2) ¦ Fuca(l-~6) { Man~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)GlcNAc NeuAca(2~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~(114) ¦1 ~ Mana(1->3) NeuAca(2~3)Gal~ 4)GlcNAc~ 2) ll~s ~
The Carbohydrate Structure of Peak 25 NeuAea(2~3~Gal~(1~4)GlcNAc~ 6) ~ Mlna(1-~6) NeuAca(2~3)Gal~tl~4)GlcNAc~ 2) ¦ Fula(1~6) 1 Man~ 4)GlcNAc~ 4)GleNAc NeuAca(2~3)Gal~ 4)GleNAe~
~ Mlna(1~3) 15 NeuAea(2-~3)Gal~(1-t4)GlcNAe~ 2) Example 3 In vi~ro Cell Adhesion Assavs Human Umbilical Vein Endothelium Cells ~H WEC) or Human Aortic Endothelium (HAE) were obtained from Clonetics (San Diego) and grown in the EBM medium supplied by Clonetics. Cells were plated in 96 well plates at a density to obtain confluent monolayers following overnight incubation at 37 degrees C. Monolayers were incubated with or without 20 nanograms Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) for 4 to 6 hours prior to the binding assay in a total volume of 100 to 150 microliters. To test for inhibition of binding, samples of protein C or its isolated carbohydrates were - added to triplicate wells in volumes up to 20 microliters in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) or water, and then incubated for an additional 20 to 25 minutes. Following incubations, tritium-labelled U937 cells were added in 50 microliter volumes at from 1 to 3 x 10(6) cells per well.
The U937 cells were tritium labelled by the addition of 3H-thymidine to a final concentration of 1 microcurie per milliliter, followed by 18 to 20 hours incubation. Cells were washed with PBS prior to use to remove excess label.
2 ~
After a 20 minute incubation of the labeled U937 cells with the endothelial cells, the wells were aspirated and washed four times with calcium-containing PBS. The monolayer and adherent U937 cells were solubilized by the addition of 0.25% SDS/0.1 N NaOH for 5 minutes with agitation. The level of binding was determined by scintillation counting of the solubilized cells.
Table I
Ex~eriment#aPC ~/ml % inhibitiona l(HUVECS)b 32 None l(HUVECS) 120 70(12)C
2(HAE) 120 None 2(HAE) 240 77(30) 3(HAE) 120 54(18) al00% inhibition is the difference between U937 binding in the presence and absence of pretreatment of the endothelial cells with TNF
bcell line Cnumbers in parenthesis indicate standard error .
~, ~ t ~ ~1 ~ ~ L
Table II
Ex~eriment# oliqosaccharide (~M) % inhibitiona l(HAE)b 5-75 None l(HAE) 11.5 22(0.5)C
l(HAE) 23 16(4) 2(H W ECS) 17.25 1gd 2(H W ECS) 34.5 63 alOO% inhibition is the difference between U937 binding in the presence and abse:nce of pretreatment of the endothelial cells with TNF
bCell line Cnumbers in parenthesis indicate standard error dno error calculated from single point determinations
Claims (9)
1. An oligosaccharide of the structure
2. An oligosaccharide of the structure
3. An oligosaccharide of the structure
4. An oligosaccharide of the structure X-8833-(EPO) 18
5. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising as an active ingredient an oligosaccharide as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 4, associated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents therefor.
6. An oligosaccharide as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 4 for use as an antiinflammatory agent.
7. An oligosaccharide as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 4 for use to prevent inflammation.
8. An oligosaccharide as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 4 for use to reduce cellular adhesion.
9. An oligosaccharide as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 4 for use to prevent cellular adhesion.
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| EP0565241A1 (en) | 1993-10-13 |
| CY1947A (en) | 1993-03-12 |
| EP0565241B1 (en) | 1996-04-24 |
| DK0565241T3 (en) | 1996-05-28 |
| GR3020406T3 (en) | 1996-09-30 |
| BR9301136A (en) | 1993-09-28 |
| NO930890D0 (en) | 1993-03-11 |
| DE69302317D1 (en) | 1996-05-30 |
| DE69302317T2 (en) | 1996-09-19 |
| HK132396A (en) | 1996-07-26 |
| NO930890L (en) | 1993-09-13 |
| AU661762B2 (en) | 1995-08-03 |
| JPH0625302A (en) | 1994-02-01 |
| NZ247105A (en) | 1994-11-25 |
| ES2088227T3 (en) | 1996-08-01 |
| FI931086A0 (en) | 1993-03-11 |
| FI931086A (en) | 1993-09-13 |
| ATE137241T1 (en) | 1996-05-15 |
| ZA931723B (en) | 1994-09-10 |
| KR930019696A (en) | 1993-10-18 |
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