CA2078763C - Propelled pyrotechnic decoy flare - Google Patents
Propelled pyrotechnic decoy flare Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2078763C CA2078763C CA002078763A CA2078763A CA2078763C CA 2078763 C CA2078763 C CA 2078763C CA 002078763 A CA002078763 A CA 002078763A CA 2078763 A CA2078763 A CA 2078763A CA 2078763 C CA2078763 C CA 2078763C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- pellet
- pyrotechnic
- flare
- decoy flare
- cavity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 194
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 17
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 14
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920002449 FKM Polymers 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920002313 fluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000037452 priming Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003319 Araldite® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000416 bismuth oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrifluoroethylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)Cl UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibismuth;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Bi+3].[Bi+3] TYIXMATWDRGMPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003721 gunpowder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B27/00—Compositions containing a metal, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium or mixtures, intercompounds or hydrides thereof, and hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06C—DETONATING OR PRIMING DEVICES; FUSES; CHEMICAL LIGHTERS; PYROPHORIC COMPOSITIONS
- C06C15/00—Pyrophoric compositions; Flints
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
- F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
- F42B12/36—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information
- F42B12/56—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing discrete solid bodies
- F42B12/70—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect for dispensing materials; for producing chemical or physical reaction; for signalling ; for transmitting information for dispensing discrete solid bodies for dispensing radar chaff or infrared material
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S149/00—Explosive and thermic compositions or charges
- Y10S149/116—Flare contains resin
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
- Air Bags (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB9120801.7A GB9120801D0 (en) | 1991-10-01 | 1991-10-01 | Propelled pyrotechnic decoy flare |
| GB9120801.7 | 1991-10-01 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2078763A1 CA2078763A1 (en) | 1995-12-22 |
| CA2078763C true CA2078763C (en) | 2000-10-31 |
Family
ID=10702216
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002078763A Expired - Fee Related CA2078763C (en) | 1991-10-01 | 1992-09-21 | Propelled pyrotechnic decoy flare |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5561260A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| AU (1) | AU660915B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| CA (1) | CA2078763C (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| DE (1) | DE4244681A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| GB (1) | GB9120801D0 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| IT (1) | IT1265708B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| SE (1) | SE512248C2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
Families Citing this family (27)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2729749B1 (fr) * | 1993-07-29 | 1997-05-23 | Lacroix Soc E | Cartouche de leurrage infrarouge et dispositif de leurrage comportant une telle cartouche |
| US6427599B1 (en) | 1997-08-29 | 2002-08-06 | Bae Systems Integrated Defense Solutions Inc. | Pyrotechnic compositions and uses therefore |
| DE19964172B4 (de) * | 1999-10-09 | 2006-04-06 | Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg | Pyrotechnischer Satz zur Erzeugung von IR-Strahlung |
| US8122833B2 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2012-02-28 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Reactive material enhanced projectiles and related methods |
| USRE45899E1 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2016-02-23 | Orbital Atk, Inc. | Low temperature, extrudable, high density reactive materials |
| US20050199323A1 (en) * | 2004-03-15 | 2005-09-15 | Nielson Daniel B. | Reactive material enhanced munition compositions and projectiles containing same |
| US6478903B1 (en) * | 2000-10-06 | 2002-11-12 | Ra Brands, Llc | Non-toxic primer mix |
| WO2002048641A1 (en) * | 2000-12-13 | 2002-06-20 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Infra-red emitting decoy flare |
| US6878221B1 (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2005-04-12 | Olin Corporation | Lead-free nontoxic explosive mix |
| ES2220212B1 (es) * | 2003-05-19 | 2005-10-16 | Fabrica Nacional De La Marañosa | Bengala amplificadora de señal infrarroja para blancos aereos. |
| US8784583B2 (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2014-07-22 | Ra Brands, L.L.C. | Priming mixtures for small arms |
| US7363861B2 (en) | 2004-08-13 | 2008-04-29 | Armtec Defense Products Co. | Pyrotechnic systems and associated methods |
| US7617776B1 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2009-11-17 | Diffraction, Ltd. | Selective emitting flare nanosensors |
| DE102004047231B4 (de) * | 2004-09-28 | 2008-08-21 | Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh | Wirkkörper |
| US7377217B2 (en) * | 2004-10-18 | 2008-05-27 | The Boeing Company | Decoy device and system for anti-missile protection and associated method |
| US8146502B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2012-04-03 | Armtec Defense Products Co. | Combustible cartridge cased ammunition assembly |
| US7913625B2 (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2011-03-29 | Armtec Defense Products Co. | Ammunition assembly with alternate load path |
| US7988801B2 (en) | 2008-06-25 | 2011-08-02 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Perchlorate-free green signal flare composition |
| US8277583B2 (en) * | 2008-06-25 | 2012-10-02 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Perchlorate-free red signal flare composition |
| US9194669B2 (en) | 2011-11-04 | 2015-11-24 | Orbital Atk, Inc. | Flares with a consumable weight and methods of fabrication and use |
| FR2991666B1 (fr) * | 2012-06-07 | 2015-02-27 | Mbda France | Procede, dispositif et systeme de leurrage pour la protection d'un aeronef |
| DE102013010266A1 (de) | 2013-06-18 | 2014-12-18 | Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg | Scheinzielwirkkörper mit einer pyrotechnischen Wirkmasse |
| GB2520810B (en) * | 2013-11-22 | 2016-04-20 | Wallop Defence Systems Ltd | A countermeasure payload container |
| DE102014012657B4 (de) | 2014-08-22 | 2019-12-19 | Diehl Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg | Wirkkörper mit einer Wirkmasse und einer Umhüllung |
| CN105737393B (zh) * | 2016-03-08 | 2017-11-28 | 北京理工大学 | 一种化学加热器 |
| DE102017124351A1 (de) * | 2017-10-18 | 2019-04-18 | Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh | Täuschkörper |
| BE1025879B1 (fr) * | 2018-01-08 | 2019-08-06 | Mecar Sa | Utilisation d'un sel halogéné de tetraphenyl phosphonium comme agent fumigène et composition pyrotechnique fumigène incorporant un tel matériau |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4276100A (en) * | 1976-02-13 | 1981-06-30 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Process for disposing of decoy flare material |
| GB1534919A (en) * | 1976-03-11 | 1978-12-06 | Pains Wessex Ltd | Rocket motors |
| DE2619597A1 (de) * | 1976-05-04 | 1977-11-17 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Zuendvorrichtung fuer infrarotstrahler |
| FR2408812A1 (fr) * | 1977-10-25 | 1979-06-08 | Poudres & Explosifs Ste Nale | Ensemble de mise a feu electrique d'articles pyrotechniques au moyen d'un dispositif d'allumage par etincelles |
| US4860657A (en) * | 1978-05-05 | 1989-08-29 | Buck Chemisch-Technische Werke Gmbh & Co. | Projectile |
| GB2134228B (en) * | 1979-10-31 | 1985-05-15 | Secr Defence | Multi source cartridge |
| FR2504670A1 (fr) * | 1981-04-23 | 1982-10-29 | Lacroix E | Eclairant pyrotechnique de grande puissance |
| DE3515166A1 (de) * | 1985-04-26 | 1986-10-30 | Buck Chemisch-Technische Werke GmbH & Co, 7347 Bad Überkingen | Wurfkoerper zur darstellung eines infrarot-flaechenstrahlers |
| FR2583037B1 (fr) * | 1985-06-07 | 1987-11-13 | France Etat Armement | Compositions fumigenes coulables efficaces dans l'infrarouge |
| US4881464A (en) * | 1989-03-06 | 1989-11-21 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Signal or rescue flare of variable luminosity |
| US5056435A (en) * | 1989-11-29 | 1991-10-15 | Jones Leon L | Infrared illuminant and pressing method |
| CA2027254C (en) * | 1990-10-10 | 1996-08-06 | John Louis Halpin | Flame-stabilized pyrophoric ir decoy flare |
| US5129323A (en) * | 1991-05-24 | 1992-07-14 | American Cyanamid Company | Radar-and infrared detectable structural simulation decoy |
-
1991
- 1991-10-01 GB GBGB9120801.7A patent/GB9120801D0/en active Pending
-
1992
- 1992-09-11 US US07/941,871 patent/US5561260A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-09-21 CA CA002078763A patent/CA2078763C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-09-28 IT IT92RM000708A patent/IT1265708B1/it active IP Right Grant
- 1992-09-29 DE DE4244681A patent/DE4244681A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-09-29 AU AU27344/92A patent/AU660915B1/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-09-30 SE SE9202835A patent/SE512248C2/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE9202835L (sv) | 1999-04-15 |
| ITRM920708A1 (it) | 1994-03-28 |
| GB9120801D0 (en) | 1995-03-08 |
| US5561260A (en) | 1996-10-01 |
| DE4244681A1 (de) | 1995-08-17 |
| SE512248C2 (sv) | 2000-02-21 |
| AU660915B1 (en) | 1995-07-13 |
| CA2078763A1 (en) | 1995-12-22 |
| IT1265708B1 (it) | 1996-12-02 |
| ITRM920708A0 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) | 1992-09-28 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |