CA2075189C

CA2075189C - Method and compositions for the synthesis of bch-189 and related compounds

Info

Publication number: CA2075189C
Application number: CA002075189A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Dennis C. Liotta; Woo-Baeg Choi
Original assignee: Emory University
Current assignee: Emory University
Priority date: 1990-02-01
Filing date: 1991-01-31
Publication date: 2004-11-30
Anticipated expiration: 2011-01-31
Also published as: AU2006207874A1; FI20050672L; FI20060622L; JP3530150B2; US20050004148A1; DK0872237T3; JP3844978B2; EP0513200B1; HU9202496D0; US5204466A; FI20060622A7; NO2008011I1; NO2008011I2; ES2076130T5; EP1772151A2; FI116222B; US6153751A; NO970386D0; EP0513200B2; RO108564B1

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method of preparing BCH-189 and various analogs of BCH-189 from inexpensive precursors with the option of introducing functionality as needed. This synthetic route allows the stereoselective preparation of the biologically active isomer of these compounds, .beta.-BCH-189 and related compounds. Furthermore, the steochemistry at the nucleoside 4' position can be controlled to produce enantiomerically-enriched .beta.-BCH-189 and its analogs.

Description

WO 91/11186 ~ ~ ~ S ~ pCT/US91/00685 .1 p,ND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Ty~''TCAh FIEhD
The present invention relates to methods and compositions for preparing antiviral nucleoside analogs, particularly BCH-189 (2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thia-cytidine).
More particularly, the invention relates to the selective synthesis of the B-isomer of BCH-189 and related compounds as well as the selective synthesis of enantiomerically-enriched BCH-189 and related compounds.
n a r~urunTlND ART
In 1981, documentation began on the disease that became known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), as well as its forerunner AIDS Related Complex (pgC). In 1983, the cause of the disease AIDS was established as a virus named the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1)~ Usually, a person infected with the virus will eventually develop AIDS: in all known cases of AIDS the final outcome has always been death.
The disease AIDS is the end result of an HIV-1 virus following its own complex life cycle. The virion life cycle begins with the virion attaching itself to the host human T-4 lymphocyte immune cell through the bonding of a glycoprotein on the surface of~the virion's protective coat with the CD4 glycoprotein on the lymphocyte cell. Once attached, the virion sheds its glycoprotein coat, penetrates into the membrane of the host cell, and uncoats its RNA. The virion enzyme, reverse transcriptase, directs the process of transcribing the RNA into single stranded DNA. The viral RNA is degraded and a second DNA strand is created. The now double-stranded DNA is integrated into the human cell's genes anti those genes are used for cell reproduction.

At this point, the human cell carries out its reproductive process by using its own RNA polymerase to transcribe the integrated DNA into viral RNA. The viral RNA is translated into glycoproteins, structural proteins, and viral enzymes, which assemble with the viral RNA
intact. When the host cell finishes the reproductive step, a new virion cell, not a T-4 lymphocyte, buds forth.
The number of HIV-1 virus cells thus grows while the number of T-4 lymphocytes decline.
l0 The typical human immune system response, killing the invading virion, is taxed because a large portion of the virion's life cycle is spent in a latent state within the immune cell. In addition, viral reverse transcriptase, the enzyme used in making a new virion cell, is not very specific, and causes transcription mistakes that result in continually changed glycoproteins on the surface of the viral protective coat. This lack of specificity decreases the immune system's effectiveness because antibodies specifically produced against one glycoprotein may be useless against another, hence reducing the number of antibodies available to fight the virus. The virus continues to grow while the immune response system continues to weaken. Eventually, the HIV
largely holds free reign over the body's immune system, allowing opportunistic infections to set in and ensuring that, without the administration of antiviral agents and/or immunomodulators, death will result.
3o There are three critical points in the virus's life cycle which have been identified as targets for antiviral drugs: (1) the initial attachment of the virion to the T-4 lymphocyte, or macrophage, site, (2) the transcription of viral RNA to viral DNA, and (3) the assemblage of the new virion cell during reproduction.

...~ 2 0 7 5 1 8 9 Inhibition of the virus at the second critical point, the viral RNA to viral DNA transcription process, has provided the bulk of the therapies used in treating AIDS. This transcription must occur for the virion to reproduce because the virion's genes are encoded in RNA;
the host cell reads only DNA. By introducing drugs that block the reverse transcriptase from completing the formation of viral DNA, HIV-1 replication can be stopped.
l0 Nucleoside analogs, such as 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (DDC), 2',3'-dideoxythymidinene (D4T), 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (DDI), and various fluoro-derivatives of these nucleosides are relatively effective in halting HIV replication at the reverse transcriptase stage. Another promising reverse transcriptase inhibitor is 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thia-cytidine (BCH-189), which contains an oxathiolane ring substituting for the sugar moiety in the nucleoside.
AZT is a successful anti-HIV drug because it sabotages the formation of viral DNA inside the host T-4 lymphocyte cell. When AZT enters the cell, cellular kinases activate AZT by phosphorylation to AZT
triphosphate. AZT triphosphate then competes with natural thymidine nucleosides for the receptor site of HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. The natural nucleoside possesses two reactive ends, the first for attachment to the previous nucleoside and the second for linking to the next nucleoside. The AZT molecule has only the first reactive end; once inside the HIV enzyme site, the AZT azide group terminates viral DNA formation because the azide cannot make the 3',5'-phosphodiester with the ribose moiety of the following nucleoside.
AZT's clinical benefits include increased longevity, reduced frequency and severity of opportunistic infections, and increased peripheral CD4 lymphocyte count.

V~1, LI, 1~5J J,VI1111 UttrilJL1 VU1LV1 1V11L J14 LUU UJU~ luV, J4~U 1, LU/LJ
~a 2 0 7 5 1 8 9 Tmmunosorbent assays for viral p24, an antigen used to track HIV-1 activity, show a significant decrease with use of RZT. However, AZT's benefits must be weighed against the severe adverse reactions of bone marrow suppression, nause8, myaJ-gia, insomnia, severe headaches, anemia, peripheral neuropathy, and seizuxes.
Furthermore, these adverse side effects occur immediately after treatment begins whereas a minimum of six weeks of therapy is necessary to realize AzT's ~o benefits.
Both DDC and D4T are potent inhibitors of HTV
replication with activities comparable (D4T) or supe-rior (DDC) to AZT. However, both DDC and D4T are con-verted to their 5' triphosphates less efficiently than ~s their natural analogs and are resistant to deaminases and phosphorylases. Clinically, both compounds are toxic. Currently, DDI is used in conjunction with AZT
to treat AIDS. However, DDZ'5 side effects include sporadic pancreatis and peripheral neuropathy. Initial zo tests oil 3'-fluoro-2'-3'~dideoxythymidine show that its anti-viral activity is comparable to that of AZT.
Recent tests on BCH-189 have shown that it possesses anti-HIV activity similar to AZT and DDC, Hut without the cell toxicity which causes the debilitating zs side effects of AZT and DDC. A sufficient quantity of BCH-189 is needed to allow clinical testing and treatment using the drug.
The commonly-used chemical approaches for synthesizing nuoleosides or nucleoside analogs can be 3o classified into two broad categories: (Z) those which modify intact nucleosides by altering the carbohydrate, the base, or both and (2) those which modify Carbohydrates and incorporate the base, or its synthetic precursor, at a suitable stage in the 3s synthesis. Because BCH-189 substitutes a sulfur atom for a Carbon atom in the 207~.~89 carbohydrate ring, the second approach is more feasible.
The most important factor in this latter strategy involves delivering the base from the 13-face of the carbohydrate ring in the glycosylation reaction because only the f3-isomers exhibit useful biological activity.
It is well known in the art that the stereoselective introduction of bases to the anomeric centers of carbohydrates can be controlled by capitalizing on the neighboring group participation of a 2-substituent on the carbohydrate ring CChem. Ber. 114:1234 (1981)).
However, BCH-189 and its analogs do not possess a 2-substitutent and, therefore, cannot utilize this procedure unless additional steps to introduce a functional group that is both directing and disposable are incorporated into the synthesis. These added steps would lower the overall efficiency of the synthesis.
It is also well known in the art that "considerable amounts of the undesired a-nucleosides are always formed during the synthesis of 2'-deoxyribosides"
CChem. er. 114:1234, 1244 (1981)). Furthermore, this reference teaches that the use of simple Friedel-Crafts catalysts like SnCl4 in nucleoside syntheses produces undesirable emulsions upon the workup of the reaction mixture, generates complex mixtures of the a and 13-isomers, and leads to stable o-complexes between the SnCl4 and the more basic silyated heterocycles such as silyated cytosine. These complexes lead to longer reaction times, lower yields, and production of the undesired unnatural N-3-nucleosides. Thus, the prior art teaches the use of trimethysilyl triflate or trimethylsilyl perchlorate as a catalyst during the coupling of pyrimidine bases with a carbohydrate ring to achieve high yields of the biologically active B-isomers. However, the use of these catalysts to synthesize BCH-189 or BCH-189 analogs does not produce the (3-isomer preferentially; these reactions result in approximately a 50:50 ratio of the isomers.
Thus, there exists a need for an efficient synthetic route to BCH-189 and its analogs. There also exists a need for a stereoselective synthetic route to the biologica~.ly active isomer of these compounds, (3-BCH-189 and related ~i-analogs. Furthermore, there exists a need for a stereoselective synthetic route to enantiomerically-enriched ~3-BCH-189 because the other enantiomer is inactive and, therefore, represent a 50~
impurity.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to the discovery of a surprisingly efficient synthetic route to BCH-189 and various analogs of BCH-189 from inexpensive precursors with the option of introducing functionality as needed. This synthetic route allows the stereoselective preparation of the biologically active isomer of these compounds, (3-BCH-189 and related compounds. Furthermore, the steochemistry at the nucleoside 4' position can be controlled to produce enantiomerically-enriched (3-BCH-189 and its analogs.
The term "BCH-189 analogs" is meant to refer to nucleosides that are formed from pyrimidine bases substituted at the 5 position that are coupled to substituted 1,3-oxathiolanes.
The method of the present invention includes ozonizing an allyl ether or ester having the formula CH2=CH-CH2-OR, in which R is a protecting group, such as an alkyl, silyl, or acyl group, to form a glycoaldehyde having the formula OHC-CH2-OR; adding thioglycolic acid to the glycoaldehyde to form a lactone of the formula 2-(R-oxy)-methyl-5-oxo-1,3-oxathiolane; converting the lactone w 207~.~8,~
to its corresponding carboxylate at the 5 position of the oxathiolane ring: coupling the acetate with a silyated pyrimidine base in the presence of SnCl4 to form the B-isomer of a 5'-(R-oxy)-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thia- nucleoside analog: and replacing the R protecting group with a hydrogen to form BCH-189 or an analog of BCH-189.
The invention can be used to produce BCH-189 or BCH-189 analogs that are enantiomerically-enriched at the to 4' position by selecting an appropriate R protecting group to allow stereoselective selection by an enzyme. For instance, the R protecting group can be chosen such that the substituent at the.2 position of the~oxathiolane lactone is butyryloxy to permit stereoselective enzymatic hydrolysis by pig liver esterase. The resulting optically active hydrolyzed lactone can then be converted to its corresponding diacetate and coupled with a silyated pyrimidine base as above.
Accordingly, one of the objectives of this invention is to provide an efficient method for preparing the B-isomer of BCH-189 and analogs of BCH-189 in high yields. Furthermore, it is an objective of this invention to provide a synthetic method to produce only one optical isomer, rather than a racemic mixture, of BCH-189 and analogs of BCH-189. A further object of this invention is to provide a synthetic route to produce B-BCH-189 that is enantiomerically-enriched.
3o Additionally, an objective of this invention is to provide intermediates from which BCH-189 or BCH-189 analogs can be synthesized of the formula 2-(R-oxymethyl)-5-acyloxy-1,3-oxathiolane, wherein R is a protecting group, such as alkyl, silyl, or acyl, and a method of preparing these compounds. Furthermore, it is an object of this invention to provide enantiomerically-enriched 2-acetoxymethyl-5-acetoxy-1,3-oxathiolane and 2-WO 91/11186 PGT/US91/0(1685 .Z~751x9 8 butoxymethyl-5-oxo-1,3-oxathiolane and methods of preparing these compounds.
Another objective of this invention is to provide intermediates from which BCH-189 or BCH-189 analogs can be synthesized of the formula:

N, Y
to O~N I
RO O
s wherein R is a protecting group, such as alkyl, sibyl, or acyl, and Y can be hydrogen, methyl, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxalkyl, carboxalkyl, thioalkyl, selenoalkyl, phenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, thioaryl, and selenoaryl, and methods of preparing these coumpounds.
Furthermore, this invention provides intermediates from which BCH-189 or BCH-189 analogs can be synthesized of the formula:
H O
2 5 'N I Y
RO O~N
~O
S
wherein R is a rotectin p g group, such as alkyl, silyl, or acyl, and Y can be hydrogen, methyl, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxalkyl, carboxalkyl, thioalkyl, selenoalkyl, phenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, thioaryl, and selenoaryl, and methods of preparing these coumpounds.

. 2071 89 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 illustrates one embodiment of a synthesis of BCH-189 and BCH-189 analogs according to the present invention;
Figure 2 illustrates one embodiment of the synthesis of BCH-189 according to the present invention;
Figure 3 illustrates one embodiment of the synthesis of 5-methylcytidine and thymidine derivatives of BCH-189 according to the present invention; and Figure 4 illustrates one embodiment of the synthesis of enantiomerically-enriched BCH-189 according to the present invention.
HEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
BCH-189 is a compound of the formula:

O
2 o HO
~O
~S
The process of the present invention for preparing BCH-189 and BCH-189 analogs is set forth in Fig. 1. An allyl ether or ester 1 is ozonized to give an aldehyde 2, which reacts with thioglycolic acid to give a lactone 3. The lactone _3 is treated with a reducing agent, followed by a carboxylic anhydride, to produce the carboxylate 4. This carboxylate is coupled with a silyated pyrimidine base in the presence of a Lewis acid that can catalyze stereospecific coupling, such as SnClq, to yield the ~i-isomer of the substituted nucleoside 5 in essentially a 100:0 ratio of (3:a isomers. The substituted nuc7_eoside 5 is deprotected to produce BCH-189 or BCH-189 analog 6.

This procedure can be tailored to produce BCH189 or BCH-189 analogs that are enantiomerically-enriched at the 4' position by selecting an appropriate R protecting group to allow 5 stereoselective enzymatic hydrolysis of 3 by an enzyme such as pig liver esterase, porcine pancreatic lipase, or subtilisin or other enzymes that hydrolyze _3 in a stereoselective fashion. The resulting optically active 3 can be converted to enantiomerically-enriched 10 carboxylate 4 and coupled with a silyated pyrimidine base as above to produce enantiomerically-enriched BCH-189 or BCH-189 analogs.
The protecting group R in _1 can be selected to provide protection for the corresponding alcohol until the final step in the synthesis is carried out (deprotection of S to form 6). Additionally, the protecting group can be selected, if desired, to provide an additional recognition site for an enzyme to be used later in an enantio-selective hydrolysis reaction. Any group that functions in this manner may be used. For instance, alkyl, silyl, and acyl protecting groups or groups that possess substantially the same properties as these groups can be used.
An alkyl protecting group, as used herein, means triphenylmethyl or an alkyl group that possesses substantially the same protecting properties as triphenylmethyl. A silyl protecting group, as used herein, means a trialkylsilyl group having the formula:
~--_Si--R2 wherein R1, R2, and R3 may be lower-alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, butyl, and alkyl possessing 5 carbon atoms or less; or phenyl. Furthermore, R1 may be f"'F~
r.~.~

identical to R2; R1, R2, and R3 may all be identical.
Examples of silyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to, trimethylsilyl and t-butyldiphenylsilyl.
An acyl group, as used herein to describe an acyl protecting group (as in 1) or to describe a carboxylate (as in 4), is a group having the formula:
. , ,_O
5?~//R~
wherein R' is a lower alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, butyl, and alkyl possessing 5 carbon atoms or less;
substituted lower alkyl wherein the alkyl bears one, two, or more simple substituents, including, but not limited to, amino, carboxyl, hydroxy, phenyl, lower-alkoxy, e.g., methoxy and ethoxy; phenyl;
substituted phenyl wherein the phenyl bears one, two, or more simple substituents, including, but not limited to, lower alkyl, halo, e.g., chloro and bromo, sulfato, sulfonyloxy, carboxyl, carbo-lower-alkoxy, e.g., carbomethoxy and carbethoxy, amino, mono- and di-lower alkylamino, e.g., methylamino, amido, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, e.g., methoxy and ethoxy, 7_ower-ahkanoyloxy, a . g . , acetoxy .
A silyated pyrimidine base, as used herein, means a compound having the formula:
N w Y
ZO~N
wherein X is either a trialkylsilyloxy or a trialkylsilylamino group, Z is a trialkylsilyl group, and Y is further described below. A trialkylsilyl ~>
~~.<~~

_~ 12 24~~18~
group, as used herein, means a group having the formula:
R~
~_.Si._R2 wherein R1, R2, and R3 may be lower-alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, butyl, and alkyl possessing 5 carbon atoms or less, or phenyl. Furthermore, R1 may be identical to R2; R1, R2, and R3 may all be identical.
Examples of trialkylsilyl groups include, but are not limited to, trimethylsilyl and t-butyldiphenylsilyl.
The silyated pyrimidine base may be substituted with various Y substituents, including, but not limited to, hydrogen, methyl, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, thioalkyl, selenoalkyl, phenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, thioaryl, and selenoaryl, at position 5 of the silyated pyrimidine base (Y substituent in Fig. 1) to modify the properties, such as transport properties or the rate of metabolism, of the BCH-189 analog.
Illustrative examples of the synthesis of BCH-189 or BCH-189 analogs according to the present invention are given in Figs. 2, 3, and 4 and the following descriptions.
Figure 2 shows the synthesis of BCH-189 starting with allyl alcohol 7. A NaH oil suspension (4.5 g, 60~, 110 mmol) was washed with THF twice (100 ml x 2) and the resulting solid suspended in THF (300 ml). The suspension was cooled to 0°C, allyl alcohol 7 (6.8 ml, 100 mmol) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at 0°C.
t-Butyl-diphenylsilyl chloride (25.8 ml, 100.8 mmol) was added dropwise at O° C and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at O° C. The solution was quenched with water (100 ml), and extracted with diethyl ether ~~-~e w 2~?5189 (200 ml x 2). The combined extracts were washed with water, dried over MgS04, filtered, concentrated, and the residue distilled under vacuum (90-100°C at 0.5-0.6 mm Hg) to give a colorless liquid 8 (28 g., 94 mmol, 94~). (1H NMR: 7.70-7.35 (10H, m, aromatic-H); 5.93 ( 1H, m, H2 ) ; 5 . 37 ( 1H, dt, Hl ) J=1 . 4 and 14 . 4 Hz; 5 . 07 (1H, dt, H1) J=1.4 and 8.7 Hz; 4.21 (2H, m, H3); 1.07 (9H, s, t-Bu)) The silyl allyl ether 8 (15.5 g, 52.3 mmol) was dissolved in CH2C12 (400 ml), and ozonized at -78°C. Upon completion of ozonolysis, DMS (15 ml, 204 mmol, 3.9 eq) was added at -78°C and the mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The solution was washed with water (100 ml x 2), dried over MgS04, filtered, concentrated, and distilled under vacuum (100-110°C at 0.5-0.6 mm Hg) to give a colorless liquid 9 ( 15. 0 g, 50 . 3 mmol, 96~ ) . ( 1H NMR: 9. 74 ( 1H, s, H-CO); 7.70-7.35 (10H, m, aromatic-H); 4.21 (2H, s, -CH2); 1.22 (9H, s, t-Bu)) Silyated glycoaldehyde 9 (15.0 g, 50.3 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (200 ml) and thioglycolic acid (3.50 ml, 50.3 mmol) was added all at once. The solution was refluxed for 2 hours while the resulting water was removed with a Dean-Stark trap. The solution was cooled to room temperature and washed~with saturated NaHC03 solution and the agueous washings were extracted with diethyl ether (200 ml x 2). The combined extracts were washed with water (100 ml x 2), dried over MgS04, filtered, and concentrated to give a colorless oil 10 (16.5 g, 44.3 mmol, 88$), which gradually solidified under vacuum. Recrystallization from hexane afforded a white solid 10(15.8 g, 84~). (1H
NMR: 7.72-7.38 (lOH, m, aromatic-H);

. ~~~'~~$

5.53 (1H, t, HZ) J=2.7 Hz; 3.93 (1H, dd, -CHZO) J=9.3 Hz;
3.81 (1H, d, 1H4) J=13.8 Hz; 3.79 (1H, dd, -CHZO); 3.58 (1H, d, 1H~): 1.02 (9H, s, t-Bu)) 2-(t-Butyl-diphenylsilyloxy)-methyl-5-oxo-1,2-oxathiolane ~_0 (5.0 g, 13.42 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (150 ml) and the solution was cooled to -78°C.
Dibal-H solution (14 ml, 1.0 M in hexanes, 14 mmol) was added dropwise, while the inside temperature was kept below -70°C all the time. After the completion of the addition, the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at -78°C.
Acetic anhydride (5 ml, 53 mmol) was added and the mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight.
Water (5 ml) was added to the mixture and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. The mixture was diluted with diethyl ether (300 ml), MgS04 (40 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred vigorously for 1 hour at room temperature. The mixture was filtered, concentrated, and the residue flash chromatographed with 20% EtOAc in hexanes to give a colorless liquid ~_1 (3.60 g, 8.64 mmol, 64%), which was a 6:1 mixture of anomers.
('H NMlt of the major isomer: 7.70-7.35 (lOH, m, aromatic-H); 6.63 (1H, d, H5) J=4.4 Hz; 5.47 (1H, t, H2); 4.20-3.60 (2H, m, -CH20); 3.27 (1H, dd, 1H,~) J=4.4 and 11.4 Hz; 3.09 (1H, d, 1H4) J=11.4 Hz; 2.02 (3H, s, CH3C0); 1.05 (9H, s, t-Bu); 'H NMFt of the minor isomer: 7.70-7.35 (lOH, m, aromatic-H); 6.55 (iH, d, H5) J=3.9 Hz; 5.45 (1H, t, HZ);

4.20-3.60 (2H, m, -CH20); 3.25 (1H, dd, 1H4) J=3.9 and 11.4 Hz: 3.11 (1H, d, 1H4) J=11.4 Hz: 2.04 (3H, s, CH3C0); 1.04 (9H, s, t-Bu)) 2-(t-Butyl-diphenylsilyloxy)-methyl-5-acetoxy-1,3-oxathiolane ,~1 (0.28 g, 0.67 mmol) was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (20 ml), and silylated cytosine 12 (0.20 g, 0.78 mmol) was added at once at room temperature.
The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes and to it was added SnCl4 solution (0.80 ml, 1.0 M solution in CH2Clz, 0.80 mmol) dropwise at room temperature. Additional cytosine 12 ( 0 . 10 g, 0 . 39 mmol ) and SnCl4 solution ( 0 . 60 ml ) were added in a same manner 1 hour later. After comple-tion of the reaction in 2 hours, the solution was con-s centrated, and the residue was triturated with triethy-lamine (2 ml) and subjected to flash chromatography (first with neat EtOAc and then 20$ ethanol in EtOAc) to give a tan solid 13 (100$ (3 configuration) (0.25 g, 0.54 mmol, 80$) . (1H NMR (DMSO-d6) : 7.75 (1H, d, H6) 10 J=7.5 Hz; 7.65-7.35 (lOH, m, aromatic-H); 7.21 and 7.14 (2H, broad, -NH2); 6.19 (1H, t, H5,); 5.57 (1H, d, H5);

5 . 25 ( 1H, t, H2, ) ; 3 . 97 ( 1H, dd, -CH24) J=3 . 9 and 11 . 1 Hz; 3.87 (1H, dd, -CH20); 3.41 (1H, dd, 1H4,) J=4.5 and 11.7 Hz; 3.03 (1H, dd, 1H4, ) J=?; 0.97 (9H, s, t-Bu) ) .
15 Silyether 13 (0.23 g, 0.49 mmol) was dis-solved in THF (30 ml), and to it was added n-Bu4NF
solution (0.50 ml, 1.0 M solution in THF, 0.50 mmol) dropwise at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was taken up with ethanol/triethylamine (2 ml/1 ml), and subjected to flash chromatography (first with EtOAc, then 20$ ethanol in EtOAc) to afford a white solid 14 in 100$ anomeric purity (BCH-189; 0.11 g, 0.48 mmol, 98$), which was further recrystallized from etha-nol/CHC13/Hexanes mixture. (1H NMR (DMSO-d6): 7.91 (1H, d, H6) J=7.6 Hz; 7.76 and 7.45 (2H, broad, -NH2); 6.19 (1H, t, H5,); 5.80 (1H, d, H5~) J=7.6 Hz; 5.34 (1H, broad, -OH); 5.17 (1H, t, H2,); 3.74 (2H, m, -CH20);
3.42 (1H, dd, 1H4,) J=5.6 and 11.5 Hz; 3.09 (1H, dd, 1H4,) J=4.5 and 11.5 Hz).
BCH-189 and its analogs can also be synthe-sized by coupling a silylated uracil derivative with 11. Silylated uracil derivative 15 (1.80 g, 7.02 mmol) was coupled with 11 (1.72 g, 4.13 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (50 ml) in the presence of SnCl4 (5.0 ml) as described above in the preparation of the cytosine derivative 6 ~ ~ ~~~ PCT/US91/00685 ~3_. The reaction was complete after 5 hours. Flash chromatography, first with 40% EtOAc in hexane and then EtOAc, afforded a white foam ~C (1.60 g, 3.43 mmol, 83%).
('H Nl~t: 9 . 39 ( 1H, broad, -NH) 7 . 90 ( 1H, d, Fib) J=7 . 9 Hz ;

7.75-7.35 (lOH, m, aromatic-H); 6.33 (1H, dd, H5,); 5.51 (1H, d, H5) J=7.9 Hz: 5.23 (1H, t, H2.): 4.11 (1H, dd, -CH20) J=3.2 and 11.7 Hz; 3.93 (1H, dd, -CHZO); 3.48 (1H, dd, 1H4. ) J=5 . 4 and 12 . 2 Hz ; 3 .13 ( 1H, dd, 1H4, ) J=3 . 2 and 12.2 Hz) The uracil derivative ~C can be converted to the cytosine derivative ~. The uracil derivative ~6 (0.20 g, 0.43 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of pyridine/dichloroethane (2 ml/10 ml), and the solution cooled to 0°C. Triflic anhydride (72 ~1, 0.43 mmol) was added dropwise at 0°C and the mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. Additional triflic anhydride (0.50 ul, 0.30 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred for 1 hour. TLC showed no mobility with EtOAc.
The reaction mixture was then decannulated into a NH3-saturated methanol solution (30 ml) and the mixture was stirred for 12 hours at room temperature. The solution was concentrated, and the residue subjected to flash chromatography to give a tanned foam ~ (0.18 g, 0.39 mmol, 91%), which was identical with the compound obtained from the cytosine coupling reaction.
Fig. 3 illustrates the synthesis of 5 methylcytidine and thymidine derivatives of BCH-189. The acetate 11 (0.93 g, 2.23 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (50 ml), was reacted with the silylated thymine derivative _17 (1.0 g, 3.70 mmol), and SnCl4 solution (4.0 ml) in a manner similar to that described for the preparation of cytosine derivative ~3. (~H NI~2: 8.10 (1H, broad,- NH) ; 7.75-7.30 3 5 ( 11H, m, 10 Aromatic H' s and lIib) ; 6 . 32 ( 1H, t, H~. ) J=5 . 4 Hz; 5.25 (1H, t, H4,) J=4.2 Hz; 4.01 (1H, dd, 1H5.) J=3.9 and 11.4 Hz; 3.93 (1H, dd, 1H5.) J=4.5 and 11.4 Hz; 3.41 ( 1H, dd, 1H2~ ) J=5 . 4 and 11. 7 Hz : 3 . 04 ( 1H, dd, 1HZ~ ) J=5 . 7 and 11.7 Hz; 1.75 (3H, s, CH3); 1.07 (9H, s, t-Bu)) The thymine derivative ~,$, (0.20 g, 0.42 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of pyridine/dichloroethane (2 ml/10 ml), and the solution cooled to 0°C. To it was added triflic anhydride (100 ~1, 0.60 mmol) dropwise at 0°C, and the mixture was allowed, with continuous stirring, to warm to room temperature. After reaching room temperature, it was stirred for 1 hour. TLC showed no mobility with EtOAc. The reaction mixture was then decannulated into the ~lIi3-saturated methanol solution (20 ml), and the mixture stirred for 12 hours at zoom temperature. The solution was concentrated, and the residue was subjected to flash chromatograhy to give a tanned foam ~9_ (0.18 g, 0.38 mmol, 90%) . ('H NMR: 7.70-7.30 (12H, m, 10 Aromatic H's, 1NH and Fib): 6.60 (1H, broad, 1NH) ; 6 . 34 ( 1H, t, H~ ~ ) J=4 . 5 Hz ; 5 . 25 ( 1H, t, H~~ ) J=3.6 Hz; 4.08 (iH, dd, 1H5~) J=3.6 and 11.4 Hz: 3.96 (1H, dd, 1H5~) J=3.6 and 11.4 Hz; 3.52 (1H, dd, 1H2~) J=5.4 and 12.3 Hz; 3.09 (iH, dd, 1H2~) J=3.9 and 12.3 Hz; 1.72 (3H, s, CH3) ; 1.07 (9H, s, t-Bu) ) Silylether ~ (0.18 g, 0.38 mmol) was dissolved in THF (20 ml), and an n-Bu~NF solution (0.50 ml, 1.0 M
solution in THF, 0.50 mmol) was added, dropwise, at room temperature. The mixture was~stirred for 1 hour and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was taken up with ethanol/triethylamine (2 ml/1 ml), and subjected to flash chromatography (first with EtOAc, then 20% ethanol in EtOAc) to afford a white solid ~0_ (0.09 g, 0.37 mmol, 97%), which was futher recrystallized from ethanol/CHC13/Hexanes mixture to afford 82 mg of pure compound (89%). (~H NMR: (in db-DMSO): 7.70 (1H, s, H6);
7.48 and 7.10 (2H, broad, NHZ); 6.19 (1H, t, H~.) J=6.5 Hz;
5.31 (1H, t, OH); 5.16 (1H, t, 1H4.) J=5.4 Hz; 3.72 (2H, m, WO 91/11186 ~ PCT/US91/00685 '~ ~'~ :~ ~.$
is 2H5~ ) 3 . 36 ( 1H, dd, ~ 1HZ, ) J=6. 5 and 14. 0 Hz : 3 . 05 (1H, dd, 1HZ, ) J=6. 5 and 14 . 0 Hz ; 1. 85 (3H, s, CH3) ) Silylether ~ (0.70 g, 1.46 mmol) was dissolved in THF (50 ml), and an n-Bu4NF solution (2 ml, 1.0 M
solution in THF, 2 mmol) was added, dropwise, at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was taken up with ethanol/triethylamine (2 ml/1 ml), and subjected to flash chromatography to afford a white solid ~ (0.33 g, 1.35 mmol, 92%). ('H NMR: (in d6-Acetone): 9.98 (1H, broad, NH) ; 7 . 76 ( 1H, d, Fib) J=1. 2 Hz ; 6 . 25 ( 1H; t, H4. ) J=5 . 7 Hz ;
5.24 (1H, t, H~,) J=4.2 Hz; 4.39 (1H, t, OH) J=5.7 Hz; 3.85 (1H, dd, 2H5~) J=4.2 and 5.7 Hz; 3.41 (iH, dd, 1H2~) J=5.7 and 12.0 Hz; 3.19 (1H, dd, 1H2,) J=5.4 and 12.0 Hz; 1.80 ( 3H, s, CH3) ) Fig. 4 illustrates the synthesis of enantiomerically-enriched BCH-189 and its analogs. Allyl butyrate ~2 (19.0 g, 148 mmol) was dissolved in CHzCl2 (400 ml), and ozonized at -78°C. Upon completion of ozonolysis, dimethyl sulfide (20 ml, 270 mmol, 1.8 eq) was added at -78°C and the mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The solution was washed with water (100 ml x 2), dried over MgS04, filtered, concentrated, and distilled under vacuum (70-80°C at 0.5-0.6 mm Hg) to give a colorless liquid 23 (17.0 g, 131 mmol, 88%). (~H NMR: 9.59 (1H, s, H-CO); 4.66 (2H, s, -CH20); 2.42 (2H, t, CH2C0) J=7.2 Hz; 1.71 (2H, sex, -CHZ);
0.97 (3H, t, CH3) J=7.2 Hz) (IR (neat) : 2990, 2960, 2900, 1750, 1740, 1460, 1420, 1390, 1280, 1190, 1110, 1060, 1020, 990, 880, 800, 760) Butyryloxyacetaldehyde ~3 (15.0 g, 115 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (200 ml) and mixed with thioglycolic acid (8.0 ml, 115 mmol). The solution was refluxed for 5 hours while the resulting water was removed with a Dean-WO 91/11186 ~ ~ PGT/US91/00685 Stark trap. The solution was cooled to room temperature and was transferred to a 500 ml separatory funnel. The solution was then washed with saturated NaHC03 solution.
These aqueous washing were extracted with diethyl ether (200 ml x 2) to recuperate any crude product from the aqueous layer. The ether extracts were added to the toluene layer and the resulting mixture was washed with water (100 ml x 2), dried over MgS04, filtered, concentrated, and distilled under vacuum (70-80°C at 0.5-0.6 mm Hg) to give a colorless oil ~ (19 g, 93 mmol, 81%). (~H NMR: 5.65 (1H, dd, H5) J=5.0 and 1.4 Hz: 4.35 (1H, dd, -CHZO) J=3.2 and 12.2 Hz; 4.29 (1H, dd, -CH20) J=5.7 and 12.2 Hz: 3.72 (1H, d, -CH2S) J=16.2 Hz: 3.64 (1H, d, -CHZS: 2.34.(2H, t, -CHZCO) J=7.2 Hz: 1.66 (2H, sex, -CH2) : 0.95 (3H, t, CH3) J=7.2 Hz) (IR (neat) : 2980, 2960, 2900, 1780, 1740, 1460, 1410, 1390, 1350, 1300, 1290, 1260, 1220, 1170, 1110, 1080, 1070, 1000, 950, 910, 830, 820, 800, 760).
Pig liver esterase solution (90 ~1) was added to a buffer solution (pH 7, 100 ml) at room temperature, and the mixture stirred vigorously for 5 minutes. The butyrate ~ (2.8 g, 13.7 mmol) was added, all at once, to the esterase/buffer solution and the mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into a separatory funnel. The reaction flask was washed with ether (10 ml) and the washing was combined with the reaction mixture in the funnel. The combined mixture was extracted with hexanes three times (100 ml x 3). The three hexane extracts were combined and dried over MgS04, filtered, and concentrated to give the optically active butyrate ~4 (1.12 g, 5.48 mmol, 40%).
Enantiomeric excess was determined by an NMFt experiment using a Tris[3-heptafluoropropyl-hydroxymethylene)-(+)-camphorato] europium (III) derivative as a chemical shift reagent; this procedure showed approximately 40%
enrichment for one enantiomer. The remaining aqueous 207a18g layer from the reaction was subjected to a continuous extraction with CH2C12 for 20 hours. The organic layer was removed from the extraction apparatus, dried over MgS04, filtered, and concentrated to give an oil (1.24 5 g), which was shown by NMR analysis to consist of pre-dominately the 2-hydroxymethyl-5-oxo-1,3-oxathiolane 25 with small amounts of butyric acid and the butyrate 24.
The lactone 25 (0.85 g, 4.16 mmol) was dis solved in toluene (30 ml), and the solution cooled to 10 -78°C. Dibal-H solution (9 ml, 1.0 M in hexanes, 9 mmol) was added dropwise, while the inside temperature was kept below -70°C throughout the addition. After the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred for 0.5 hours at -78°C. Acetic anhydride (5 ml, 53 mmol) was 15 added and the mixture, with continuous stirring, was allowed to reach room temperature overnight. Water (5 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and the resultant mixture was stirred for 1 hour. MgS04 (40 g) was then added and the mixture was stirred vigorously for 1 hour 20 at room temperature. The mixture was filtered, concen-trated, and the residue flash chromatographed with 20$
EtOAc in hexanes to give a colorless liquid 26 (0.41 g, 1.86 mmol, 45$) which was a mixture of anomers at the C-4 position.
The 2-Acetoxymethyl-5-acetoxy-1,3-oxathiolane 26 (0.40 g, 1.82 mmol) was dissolved in 1,2-dichlo-roethane (40 ml), and to it the silylated cytosine 12 (0.70 g, 2.74 mmol) was added, all at once, at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, and to it a SnCl4 solution (3.0 ml, 1.0 M solution in CH2C12, 3.0 mmol) was added, dropwise, at room tempera-ture. Additional SnCl4 solution (1.0 ml) was added after 1 hour. The reaction was followed by TLC. Upon completion of the coupling, the solution was concen-trated, the residue was triturated with triethylamine (2 ml) and subjected to flash chromatography (first with neat EtOAc then 20$ ethanol in EtOAc) to give T f' a tan solid 27 (0.42 g, 1.55 mmol, 86%). (1H NMR:
7.73 (1H, d, H6) J=7.5 Hz; 6.33 (1H, t, H4,) J=4.8 Hz;
5. 80 ( 1H, d, H5) J=7 . 5 Hz; 4 . 52 ( 1H, dd, 1H5. ) J=5. 7 and 12.3 Hz; 4.37 (1H, dd, 1H5.) J=3.3 and 12.3 Hz;
3.54 (1H, dd, HZ.) J=5.4 and 12.0 Hz; 3.10 (1H, dd, 1H3); 2.11 (3H, s, CH3)) The 5'-acetate of BCH-189 27 (140 mg. 0.52 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous methanol (10 ml), and to it was added sodium methoxide (110 mg, 2.0 mmol) in one portion. The mixture was stirred at room temperature until the hydrolysis aas c~~=plete. The hydrolysis took about 1 hour, and the saction was followed by TLC. Upon completion, the mixture was then concentrated, and the residue taken up with ethanol (2 ml). The ethanol solution was subjected to column chromatography using ethyl acetate first, then 20%
ethanol in EtOAc to afford a white foam (110 mg, 92%), which exhibited an NMR spectrum identical to that of authentic BCH-189, 14.

Claims

The embodiments of the invention, in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. A method of preparing a nucleoside composition comprising predominantly the .beta.-isomer of the nucleoside 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiapyrimidine having the formula:
wherein R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl, silyl or acyl group; and Y is a hydrogen or fluorine atom;
comprising the step of coupling a 1,3-oxathiolane of the structure:
wherein R' is an acyl group and R is an oxygen-protecting group, with a silylated pyrimidine base in the presence of SnC1 4, wherein the ailylated pyrimidine base has the fornula:
wherein X is a substituted silyloxy or tri-substituted silylamino group;

Y is a hydrogen or fluorine atom; and Z is a tri-substituted silyl group having the formula:
wherein R1, R2, and R3 are the same or different and each represent an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a phenyl group.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-protecting group is an alkyl, silyl or acyl group.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the silylated pyrimidine base has the formula:
wherein X is trialkylsilylamino:
Y is a hydrogen or fluorine atom; and Z is a trialkylsilyl group.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleoside has the formula:
wherein Y is a hydrogen or fluorine atom.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleoside has the formula:

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the nucleotide has the formula:

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of reacting a glycoaldehyde having the formula OHCCH2OR, wherein R is an oxygen protecting group with thioglycolic acid to produce a 5-oxo-1,3-oxathiolane.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
(i) reducinq the carbonyl group in 5-oxo-1,3-oxathiolane with a reducing anent to an alcohol;
and (ii) acylating the alcohol.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of diisobutylaluminium hydride, sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride, an NaBH4.

10: The method of claim 1, further comprising replacing R in the nucleoside with hydrogen.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the oxygen-protecting group is an,acyl group and wherein the aryl group is removed with sodium methoxide.

12. Enantiomerically-enriched 2-hydroxymethyl-5-oxo-1,3-oxathiolane.

13. Enantiomerically-enriched 2-acyloxymethyl-5-acyloxy-1,3-oxathiolane.

14. Enantiomerically-enriched 2-acetoxymethyl-5-acetoxy-1,3-oxathiolane.

15. A nucleoside having the formula:
wherein R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl, silyl or acyl group, and Y is a fluorine atom.

16. An enantiomerically-enriched .beta. nucleoside having the formula:
wherein R is a hydrogen atom or an acyl group; and Y is a fluorine atom.

17. A method of preparing a 1,3-oxathiolane having the formula:
wherein R is an oxygen protecting group; and R' is an acyl group;
comprising the steps of:
(a) ozonizing CH2CHCH2OR to form a glycoaldehyde having the formula OHCCH2OR, wherein R
is a protecting group;
(b) adding thioglycoclic acid to the glycoaldehyde to form a lactone having the formula:
and (c) reducing the lactone to form the 1,3-oxathiolane.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the reduction of the lactone is accomplished by an addition of reducing agent followed by addition of a carboxylic anhydride.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein said reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of diisobutylaluminum hydride, sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride, and NaBH4.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein said protecting group is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, silyl, and acyl.

21. A method of resolving the enantiomers of a nucleoside of the structure:
wherein Y is fluorine and R is an acyl group, comprising treating the nucleoside with an enzyme selected from the group consisting of pig liver esterase, porcine pancreatic lipase and subtilisin.

22. The method of claim 21 wherein the enzyme is pig liver esterase.

23. The method of claim 21 wherein the enzyme is porcine pancreatic lipase.

24. The method of claim 21 wherein the enzyme is subtilisin.

25. .beta.-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thia-5-fluorocytidine.

26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising as active ingredient .beta.-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thia-S-fluoro-cytidine together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.

27. Enantiomerically-enriched .beta.-isomer of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thia-5-fluorocytidine.

28. .beta.-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-this-5-fluorocytidine substantially in the form of one optical isomer.

29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising as active ingredient one optical isomer of .beta.-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thia-5-fluorocytidine (FTC), together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.

30. A compound of the formula:
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl oxygen-protecting group, a silyl oxygen-protecting group, and an acyl oxygen-protecting group, and R' is an acyl group.

31. A compound of the formula:
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl oxygen-protecting group, a silyl oxygen-protecting group, and an acyl oxygen-protecting group.