CA2064805C

CA2064805C - Method and apparatus for controlling dynamic convergence of a plurality of electron beams of a color cathode ray tube

Info

Publication number: CA2064805C
Application number: CA002064805A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Hsing-Yao Chen; Richard M. Gorski; Eugene A. Babicz
Original assignee: Zenith Electronics LLC
Current assignee: Zenith Electronics LLC
Priority date: 1989-08-11
Filing date: 1990-08-10
Publication date: 2002-03-19
Anticipated expiration: 2010-08-10
Also published as: EP0485515B1; EP0739028A2; DE69032405T2; EP0739028A3; JPH05502132A; DE69032405D1; CA2064805A1; BR9007589A; EP0485515A1; WO1991002373A1; US5027043A

Abstract

For use particularly in a color cathode ray tube electron gun, means for diverting an electron beam from a straight line path. The beam diverting means has general utility, but is disclosed as part of a quadrupole lens for correcting astigmatism introduced by an associated self-converging yoke. The beam bending feature in the dynamic quadrupole compensates for convergence error undesirably introduced by the dynamic focus voltage.

Description

W(' '1/02373 PC~~~~(r r2ethod and apparatus far controlling dynamic converaence of a plurality of electron beams of a color cathode rav_ tube 2nis invention relates generally to color cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and is particularly directed to the control of multiple electron beams incident upon the ~'~ ~ ~faceplate ~of a color CRT. . _ .
~. .. - ~ ..
-" w Most color CRTs employ an in-line electron gun - arrangement for directing a plurality of electron beams on tfie phosphorescing inner screen of its glass faceplate.
The in-line electron gun approach offers various advantages over earlier "delta'° electron gun arrangements particularly in simplifying the electron beam positioning oontrol system as well as essentially eliminating the tendency of the electron beams to drift. However, in-line color CRT's employ a self-converging deflection yoke which applies a nonuniform magnetic field to the electron beams, resulting in an undesirable astigmatism in and defocusing of the electron beam spot displayed on the CRT's -w- faceplate. In order to achieve three electron beam 'convergence at the screen edges and corners, the. ...
self-converging yoke applies~a dynamic quadrupole~magnetic field to the beams which over-focuses the beams in the vertical direction and under-focus them in the horizontal -direction. This is an inherent operating characteristic w of the in-line yoke design.
One approach to eliminate this astigmatism and deflection defocus employs a quadrupole lens with the CRT's focusing electrode which is oriented 90~ from the self-converging yoke's quadrupole field. A dynamic voltage, synchronized with electron beam deflection, is applied to the quadrupole lens to compensate for the astigmatism caused by the deflection system. This dynamic voltage also allows for dynamic focusing of the electron beams over the entire CRT screen. The astigmatism of the electron beam caused by the quadrupole lens tends to offset the astigmatism caused by the color CRT's self-converging deflection yoke and generally improves the performance of the CRT.
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Vs' 91 /02373 P~~~~0~~6 . .. _2.: ' _._ An articles entitled.!!Progressive-Scanned 33-in.
1109 Flat-Square Color CRT" by Suzuki et al published in SID 87 Digest, at~ page 166,x -discloses a dynamic .. _. . .
astigmatism and focus (DAFa gun wherein spot. astigmatism .and deflection defocusing.. is simultaneously corrected ~~ using a' single dynamic_voltage. The electron. gun employs ~' a quadrupole lens to which the dynamic. voltage is applied and which includes a plurality of generally vertically . - elongated apertures-in a first section of a focusing electrode and a second pair of aligned, generally horizontally oriented elongated apertures in a second .-. --section of the focusing electrode., Each electron beam first transits a vertically aligned aperture, followed by passage through a generally horizontally aligned aperture in the single quadrupole lens for applying astigmatism correction to the electron beam.
An article entitled ''Quadrupole Lens. For Dynamic Focus and: Astigmatism Control in an Elliptical Aperture __.-ins Gun" by Shiral et al,. also published in SID 87 :Digest;. at page 162,..discloses a quadrupole lens ;_~
w. - arrangement comprised_ of~ three closely spaced electrodes, -..=.where the center electrode.is provided with a plurality of keyhole apertures and the outer electrodes are provided .~ with a plurality of square recesses each with a circular ' aperture~in alignment with each of the respective electron beams. A dynamic voltage Vd is applied to the first and third electrodes so as to form a quadrupole field to compensate for the astigmatism caused by the self-converging yoke deflection system.- Although this allows for a reduction in the dynamic voltage applied to the quadrupole, this voltage still exceeds.l KV ~.n this approach. While these two articles describe improved approaches for beam focusing and astigmatism compensation, they too suffer from performance limitations particularly in the case of those CRTs having a flat faceplate and foil tension shadow mask, where the flat geometry imposes . . :.--- ~_~ r..,.~ ~.., ._ _._ :.r =: ~..~ i : a ss . .- c~.. ': ... a ' W 1/02373 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PCT/U590/04556 --~ substantially greater challenges, than those encountered with a curved faceplate.r __-,..
-- -- An electron guri employing'a guadrupole lens to which a dynamic voltage is applied generally also includes -'a: Beam Farming Region (EFR) refraction lens design intended to correct for the lack of dynamic convergence of the red and blue outer electron beams. The horizontal beam landing locations of the red and blue beams in color CRTs having an in-line electron gun arrangement change ... with variations in the focus voltage applied to the electron gun. While the dynamic quadrupole lens compensates fox astigmatism caused by the self-converging electron beam deflection yoke, prior art quadrupole lens arrangements do not address the lack of horizontal convergence of the two outer electron beams.
In a more general sense, this invention addresses -:...~ the problem of how to electrically. converge off-axis beams .w-in a.three-beam color cathode ray tube, particularly a ..~:~ color cathode ray tube of the-type having"an in-line gun.
There exists a number of techniques in the prior art:for electrically converging off-axis electron beams in -=a color cathode ray tube. Orie technique offsets the axes of apertures in facing electrodes. Offsetting the axes of the cooperating apertures creates an asymmetrical field which bends an electron beam in a direction dependent upon the asymmetry and strength of the field. Examples of electron guns having such offset-aperture-type beam bending are U.S. Patent Nos. 3,772,554: 4,771,216 and ' - 4,058,753.
A second approach is to use coaxial apertures, but angle the gap between the facing electrodes to produce the necessary asymmetrical field. Examples of electron guns having such "angled gap" technique for producing the necessary asymmetrical field are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4, 7 1,216 and 4,058,753.
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V~~ 91!02373 ~ Q ~ ~ $ ~ ;) PCT/US90/04556, _.._.._.. A third approach: is. to. create the asymmetrical field for the off-axis beam or beams by creating a .
... wedge-shaped gap between the addressing electrodes. , ....::Examples of this third approach for electrically ,.
converging off-axis_beams are disclosed in U.S. Patent . _- Nos. 3,772,554 and 4,05$,753. - ; - _" .
. : :.. Each of these~three approaches suffers from -:: difficulties in mandrelling the electrodes during assembly. One aspect of the present invention is to provide improved means in aw electron gun for refracting . or bending an electron beam, useful for converging off.-axis beams in a~ color CRT gun.
As discussed above, certain modern high performance electron guns have a dynamic quadrupole lens to compensate for beam astigmatism introduced by an .: ~ associated self-converging yoke. Incorporation of such ... dynamic quadrupole.astigmatism correctors in electron guns of, the type- having a~ common focusing field for all three :: ~r beams, introduces convergence. errors. due to the converging ..,. :effect produced by such common lens~on the off-axis beam.
.....,. . :. .- In one. sense, this invention concerns improved Quadrupolar lenses independent of their application or ~_~.. particular implementation, and more particularly concerns . w a~ way to bend an electron beam passing, through a :: quadrupolar lens field. Dynamic control of beam angle as a function of potentials applied to the quadrupolar lens is achievable using the present invention.
In accordance with a further aspect of this invention, means are provided for correcting or reducing , such convergence errors. As will be explained, this is accomplished by unbalancing the quadrupolar.lens fields through which the off-axis beams pass. The unbalancing is .. accomplished in a preferred embodiment by the creation of w an asymmetrical field component which has a refractive effect on the oft-axis beams, causing them to converge or diverge as a function of the strength and degree of ~~u~Ti T UTE ~~~~"i°
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r W 1/02373- ~ ~ ~ ~ S O j pCT/US90/04556 ---~~--~ asymmetry-of the asymmetrical fields applied to the off-axis beams. As will also be explained in more detail hereinafter, in a preferred-embodiment the asymmetrical -. '~= fields are produced by providing an aperture pattern in -.. ~-'one or more of the facing electrodes employed to create the.-quadrupolar lens field'for the off-axis beams which is -- shaped to create an asymmetry in the field affecting the --- off-axis (outer) beams.
-In one embodiment to be described (FIGS: 17-20), a'novel electrode has a center opening and two outer -w . - openings'arranged in-line along an electrode axis orthogonal to the gun axis. The outer openings have profile distortions which are symmetrical about the electrode axis and a vertical axis through the center opening, but asymmetrical about respective vertical axes through the outer beam openings. In one preferred embodiment, the opening profile distortions each take the ----=form of an inwardly~or outwardly extending opening.
-- ~~---'enlargement (a notch;'. for' example) . In. another.:..
arrangement (FIG. 22, to be described) the asymmetrical -- field is.produced in an electrode having a horizontal aperture extending across all three beams, the terminal portions of which are vertically larger than the center portions of the horizontal aperture so as to create the aforediscussed opening enlargement and asymmetrical field.
This aspect of the invention may be employed in unipotential (Finzel) type quadrupolar lenses, or quadrupolar lenses of the bipotential or other type. The profile distortion provided to create the field asymmetry for the off-axis beams may be located in any or all of the electrodes which constitute the quadrupolar lens: If the profile distortion is located in the electrode or electrodes having relatively higher voltage, the profile enlargement extends away from the center beam opening; if located in the electrode or electrodes haying lower applied potential, the opening enlargement which creates S'L°r~S'3'1T~JTE S's-EGET
s W 1/02373 . ~ PCT/US90/U4556 r _6_ 20v~8~5 the asymmetrical:.field extends inwardly_toward.the center _ _ _ .. _ ~ beam opening .. : . . . .. _ _ ..
-. .. _ - --. . ... ~ ~ In a broader context; as noted above, the _. ~ invention concerns a. quadrupolar lens for an._electron gun _.-. having the capability of: bending.a beam passing through w_ .__:the..lens;:independent of.the application.or manner of _... . implementing the quadrupolar lens.._.In,this context-, the invention concerns the provision of a,quadrupolar~lens . having at~least two facing apertured electrodes, one adapted to receive a relatively higher excitation potential, the electrodes being_constructed and arranged such that a quadrupolar field component is created therebet~~een for the beam when different excitation potentials are applied to the facing electrodes. The quadrupolar field component such as to cause the beam to be diverted from a straight line path as a function of the .: different applied potentials . The unbalancing,, as described, is preferably by provision of an.asymmetrical field component in.the.quadrupolar lens.which, in.turn, is preferably created by the provision of an aperture pattern _....-in.one or both of the. facing. electrodes, all as outlined _~....above and as will be described. in detail~hereinafter.
._. ~ Such a.quadrupole lens: with beam bending capability may be employed in electron guns in general, but not limited to the type described above and to be described hereinafter wherein the quadrupole lens provides astigmatism correction to offset astigmatism produced by an associated self-converging yoke.
In still a broader context, this invention provides an improved means for electrically bending or diverting the path of an electron beam,~independent of its use in a quadrupolar or any other particular type of lens. In the background of. the invention set forth above, mention is made of three types of electron-refractive devices which each create an asymmetrical field in the path of an electron beam to divert it from a straight line dI~BST! 1 ~.Jl~E ~r"~C~T

WC !02373 PC'1'/US90/04556 _~_ 20~~80~
path: ~ One employs offset- apertures, another- an~._angled - ~- - electrode gap, and- aw third a_ wedge-shaped gap between the operative electrodes. Applicants here provide a fourth - -~saay -- namely, by the provision of an~aperture-pattern in one or more of both of the facing electrodes) which is so shaped relative to the aperture pattern in. the. facing ~~ =electrode as to create an asymmetrical pattern in the facing electrode as to create an asymmetrical_field -'influencing the passed electron beams. Thus the beam bender of the present invention may be used in v - substitution for any of the above three. types of beam benders in any application in which they are found, as well as other applications which call for electrical beam divergence. The present invention has the advantage over the aforediscussed three types of-beam benders found in the prior art in that it is more easily mandrelled during electron'gun assembly than any of those arrangements.
----In this most general context, the,invention may -bethought of as comprising means for-generating a beam of electrons, and beam bending means for producing an -- - asymmetrical field in the path of the beam for diverting the beam from a straight line path.. The beam bending means comprises at least two facing electrodes adapted to receive different excitation potentials and having coaxial beam-passing openings, at least one of the openings being symmetrical about a first electrode axis, but asymmetrical about an orthogonal second axis to thereby produce the said asymmetrical field.
Such a beam bender may be adapted for dynamic convergence by employing it in the off-axis beams and applying a varying potential to one or both of the operative facing electrodes to cause the strength of the asymmetrical field to vary as a function of the applied voltage. In application to a three beam in-line gun color CRT having dynamic convergence, a variable voltage ~UB~TITUTE SN~~~'~' .. > , VI )x/02373 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PCf/USIO/04556 _g_ ~'-'correlated with the deflection of,the-beam across the -'- "= ~-~ screen mzy: be. applied to one or. all of the electrodes.
'==-" ~ - - ~ ~ - Thus;- one feature of the present invention ~- ---'involves~dynamically: compensating for astigmatism and beam focusing errors in an in-line,.multi-beam color CRT
'without introduction of convergence errors. - , ' v= ~~ ~ Another'feature of the present invention.is to provide a quadrupole lens adapted for use in virtually any of the more common in-line color CRTs and which affords precise control of electron beam convergence/divergence.
.Another feature of the present invention is to compensate for the non-uniform magnetic field of a self-converging deflection yoke in a color CRT by dynamically controlling horizontal and vertical divergence/convergence of the CRT electron beams.
A still further feature of the present invention -=is to allow for a reduction in the dynamic focusing voltage provided to a quadrupole electron beam focusing - - --~~c= lens. for a color CRT and minimize problems: involving additional high voltage application through a CRT neck pin.
---- ~- Another feature'of the present invention is to ~" correct for outer electron beam (typically the red and , - blue beams) dynamic misconvergence in in-line color CRTs - -'having dynamic astigmatism compensation.
Further features and advantages of the present - invention will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where like reference characters identify like elements throughout the various figures, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a dynamic quadrupo7.e lens for an in-line color CRT in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of the .
variation over time of the dynamic voltage applied to the quadrupole lens of the present invention;
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1 WO X02373 PC1'/US90/04556 2~~ ~~0:~ ._ _g_ FIG~~ 3 is~ a- simplified planar view of_ a phosphor --~= screen on the inner surface of-a CRT glass faceplate .
illustrating various deflection positions of the electron -- :. ; beams thereon;. - . : _ . .. _ . - :. .
_.FIGS.-4a' and 4b are sectional views of an -- electron beam respectively illustrating vertical-convergence/horizontal divergence (negative astigmatism effect) and vertical divergence/horizontal convergence (positive astigmatism effect) effected by the dynamic quadrupole lens of the present invention; -.
FIG. 5 is a simplified sectional view illustrating the electrostatic potential lines and - electrostatic force applied to an electron in the space between two charged electrodes; _ .
FIGS. 6 through 12 illustrate additional embodiments of a dynamic quadrupole lens for focusing a - plurality of electron beams in an in-line color CRT in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
-- - - - FIGS. l3a and lab respectively illustrate ;
sectional views of a prior art bipotential type.ML .
electron focusing lens and the manner in which the dynamic quadrupole lens of the present.invention may be incorporated in such a prior art electron beam focusing lens;
FIGS. 14a and and 14b are sectional views of a prior art Einzel-type ML electron focusing lens and the same focusing lens design incorporating a dynamic quadrupole lens in accordance with the present invention, respectively;
FIGS. 15a, 15b,.15c and 15d respectively illustrate sectional views of a prior art QPF-type ML
electron focusing lens and three versions of such a QPF-type ML lens incorporating a dynamic quadrupole lens in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 16a and 16b respectively illustrate sectional views of a prior BU-type ML electron focusing a~'U "-~...~''v0i'6TUTE ~~-REcT

W ~l%02373 IPCf/US90/04556 -l0-2~6~~~~~
-'~ lens and.' the same- type 'of.~ electrow focusing lens inco~orating~the inventive.dynamic quadrupole lens of the - -" present invention; ~ _ FIG. 17 is a perspective view of-an electron, beam miscbnvergence correction arrangement in accordance with the present invention as employed in'a dynamic quadrupole lens~for an in-line color CRT:
FIG.'18 is a lengthwise sectional view of. an electron beam misconvergence correction arrangement as shown in FIG. 17: ~ . --~'FIG. 19 is a plan view of an offset keyhole electrode design for use in an in-line multi-electron beam focusing arrangement in an electron gun in accordance with the present invention;
--~- FIG. 20 is an end-on view_of the focusing electrode of FIG. 19:
-- --- -~ FIG. 21 is a perspective view of an electron beam misconvergence correction arrangement incorporating generally circular, notched outer apertures~in a center electrode in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention:
FIG. 22 is a.plan view of another embodiment of an electrode in accordance with the present invention, where the electrode has a higher voltage than an adjacent focusing electrode;
FIG. 23 is a schematic illustration of a focusing lens structure in a three-beam in-line gun wherein the outer electron beams are electrically converged by the present invention; and .
'FTG. 24 is a simplified schematic diagram of yet another embodiment of the present invention wherein an asymmetric field component is formed by distorting the outer beam apertures in a pair of adjacent focusing .
electrodes maintained at different voltages.
- Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a perspective view of a dynamic quadrupole lens 20 for use in an in-line O' ' . _.' : i V.: . , '-~ ' '. "'w".L._ W(. . /02373 PCT/US90/04556 -11- 2Q~~~~~
-~'~electron gun in a color CRT. The manner. in which. the dynamic quadrupole lens of the presentv invention may be -- = integrated into various existing electron gun arrangements is illustrated in FIGS. 13a and 13b through-l6a.and 16b, -= and is described in detail below.. Various alternative - --= embodiments of the'dynamic.c,~uadrupole lens, of. the present ---~ invention are illustrated in FTGS, l0.through 16 and are discussed below. Details of the.embodiment_of the dynamic - ~ quadrupole lens 20 illustrated in FIG. 1 are.discussed in the following paragraphs, with the principles of the present invention covered in this discussion applicable to each of the various embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 6 through 12. The present invention may be used to correct for astigmatism in CRTs having electron guns with a focusing field common to all three.beams such as the Combined Optimum Tube and Yoke (COTY) CRTs, as well as =non°COTY.CRTs as described below: A COTY-type main lens =-is<used in an in-line. electron gun and_allows the three ~ ~=electron guns to have a larger vertical lens. while sharing -=the horizontal open space in the main lens,for_,improved -~ .-.: spot size. . The terms "electrode", "grid"- and "plate" are ~~- used interchangeably.in the following discussion.
The-dynamic quadrupole lens 20~includes first, second, and third electrodes 28, 30 and 32 arranged in mutual alignment. The first electrode 28 includes an elongated aperture 28a extending a substantial portion of the length of the electrode. Disposed along the length of the aperture 28a in a spaced manner are three enlarged portions of the aperture.
The second electrode 30 includes three keyhole-shaped apertures 30a, Sob and 30c arranged in a spaced manner along the length of the electrode. As in the case of the first electrode 28, the third electrode 32 includes an elongated aperture 32a extending along a substantial portion of the length thereof and including three spaced enlarged portions. Each. of the ~~~~~~~~TE 5~~~~

V1 _ X1/02373 PCf/US90/04556 -12- 20~!~~~
aforementioned keyhole-shaped apertures. 30a, 30b and 30c w has a longitudinal-axis which is aligned generally w ~ vertically as shown in FIG: 1, or generally.transverse to w the longitudinal axes of the apertures in the.first and third electrodes 28 and 32.. With the first,_second, and w w ~- third electrodes 28w; ~ 30. and 32 arranged generally- parallel -~ and in linear alignment, the respective apertures of the --v-~ electrodes are adapted to allow the transit. of three electron beams 22, 24 and 26, each shown in.the_figure as a dashed line. ~ - ._.
- The second electrode 30 is coupled to a constant voltage source 34 and is charged to a fixed potential VFW: The first and third electrodes 28, 32 are coupled to.a variable voltage source 36 for applying a dynamic voltage VFZ to these electrodes. .The terms "voltage"
and "potential" are used.interchangeably.in the following discussion. The present invention is described~in detail -~in the following paragraphs. with. the dynamic and static w w----woltagesrapplied as indicated, although the principles of - 'this invention also encompass applying a-dynamic voltage ~to~the second intermediate electrode 30. while, maintaining the first and third electrodes:28,.32 at a fixed voltage.
--- Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a graphic representation of the relative.voltages at which the second electrode 30 and the first and third electrodes 28, 32 are maintained.over time. As shown in FIG. 2, the VFW voltage is maintained at a constant value, while the VFZ voltage varies in a periodic manner with electron .
beam sweep. The manner in which the VF2 dynamic voltage varies with electron beam sweep can be explained with reference to FIG. 3 wnich is a simplified planar view of a CRT faceplate 37 having a phosphorescing screen 38.on the inner surface thereof. The dynamic focusing voltage VFZ
applied to the first and third electrodes 28, 32 varies in a periodic manner between a.minimum value at point A and a maximum value at point C as shown in FIG. 2. The minimum VVO yl/02373 PC?/US90/04556 -J 'value at point A corresponds to the electron beams °w--positioned-along a vertical centerline of:the_CRT screen 38 such as shown at point..A' as the electron:beams are w deflected horizontally across the screen..~As the electron beams are-further deflected toward the right-in FIG.. 3 in v~ tlae vicinity of point B,' the dynamic voltage VFZ
increases to the value of the fixed focus voltage VFj as shown at point B in FIG: 2. Further deflection of the electron beams toward the right edge of the CRT screen 38 at point C' occurs as the dynamic focus voltage VFZ
increases to its~maximum value at point C in FIG. 3 which 'is greater than VFW. The dynamic voltage VFZ then decreases to the value of the fixed focus voltage VFW as the electron beams~are deflected leftward in FIG. 3 toward point B' which is intermediate the, center and lateral edge locations on the CRT screen 38. The dynamic voltage VFZ
w varies relative to=the fixed-voltage VF~.in a similar -~ manner when the electron-beams are deflected to. the: left w'-- ~-of point A' in FIG. 3 to cover the.'other half.'of the CRT
screen. In some color CRTs currently in.use, such as v those of~the COTY type,:the dynamic focus.voltage is varied in a periodic manner but does not~ga below the fixed focus voltage VFW. This type of dynamic focus voltage is labeled VF2, in FIG: 2 and is shown in dotted line form therein. The dynamic focus voltage is applied to the first and third electrodes 28, 32 synchronously with the deflection yoke current to change the ~quadrupole fields applied to the electron beam so as to either converge or diverge the electron beams, depending upon their position on the CRT screen, in correcting for deflection yoke-produced astigmatism and beam defocusing w effects as described below.
Referring to FIGS. 4a and 4b, there is shown the manner in which the spot of an electron beam 4o may be controlled by the electrostatic field of a quadrupole lens. The arrows in FIGS. 4a and.4b indicate the '~'~' ~uS a 1 j 1JT'E Si"'~c,~

p~-rn m4ninass6 1 91/02373_ -14- ~~0~~80~
direction of the forces exerted_upon an..electron beam by .. : the electrostatic field: In_ .FIG. 4a,: ,the quadrupole lens is horizontally diverging and: vertically converging --= causing a.negative astigmatism ofythe electron.beam 40.
~This~negative astigmatism.corrects for the, positive astigmatism of the. beam introduced_by a COTY-type main lens..- Negative astigmatism correction. is"introduced when the beam is positioned in the vicinity of the vertical - ' center-of the CRT screen in a COTY-type main lens. In FIG. 4b,-the quadrupole lens is vertically diverging and -.:.horizontally converging for introducing a positive astigmatism correction in the electron beam. Positive astigmatism correction compensates for the negative astigmatism of the electron beam spot_caused by the self-converging magnetic deflection yoke as the electron beam. is deflected adjacent to a lateral edge of the CRT's screen. Positive and negative astigmatism correction is _:...~applied to the~electron beams in a..COTY-type of CRT. In a non-COTY-type of CRT, only positive astigmatism is._applied in the electron beams. The manner. in which the present invention compensates~for astigmatism in both types of CRTs is discussed in detail below.-Operation of the dynamic.quadrupole lens 20 for .
.:an in-line color CRT as~shown in FIG. 1 will now be described with reference to, Table I. Table I briefly _ summarizes the effect of the electrostatic field of the dynamic quadrupole lens 20 applied to an electron beam directed through the lens. The electrostatic force :.applied to the electrons in an electron beam by the electrostatic field of the dynamic quadrupole lens is shown in FIG. 5.
Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown a simplified illustration of the manner in which an electrostatic field, represented by the field vector E, applies a force, represented by the force vector F, to an electron. An electrostatic field is formed between two charged Sll~STiTIJTE S1-i~E"~' V1'C~ 91/02373 ~ PCT/US90/04556 -15- 20~~~aj electrodes, with the upper electrode charged to a voltage w---of- V~~ and the lower electrode charged to a voltage of v Va,' where V~ is greater than. V2. The electrostatic w field vector E-is directed toward the lower electrode, while the force vector F is directed toward the upper electrode because of the electron's negative charge. FIG.
provides a simplified illustration of. the electrostatic force applied to an electron, or an electron beam, directed through apertures in adjacent charged electrodes which are maintained at different voltages. It can be seen that the relative width of the two apertures in the electrodes as well as the relative polarity of the two electrodes determines whether the electron beam is directed away from the A-A' axis (divergence), or toward the A-A' axis (convergence). -With reference to FIG. 1 in combination with Table I, the horizontal slots 28a, 32a in the first and third~electrodes 28, 32 cause vertical divergence-of the electron beam when they are maintained at a voltage greater than-the second electrode 30 such as when the electron beams are positioned adjacent to a~lateral edge of the CRT screen. With the second electrode 30 ~inaintained at a lower voltage VFW than.the other two electrodes when the electron beams are located adjacent the CRT screen's lateral edge, as shown at point C in FIG.
2, the vertically aligned apertures of the second electrode effect a horizontal convergence of the electron beams which reinfarces the vertical divergence correction of the other two electrodes. This combination of vertical divergence and horizontal convergence of an electron beam 40 is shown in FIG. 4b and represents a positive astigmatism correction which compensates for the negative astigmatism introduced in the electron beam by the CRT's self-converging magnetic deflection yoke.
When the electron beams are positioned between the center and a lateral edge of the CRT screen, all three ~~~~~1'~~~~E SM~~T

V1 ~ 91/02373 PCT/US90/04556 -16- 2~~ ~~~~
".=~= 'electrodes are at~ the' same voltage and. the dynamic .-.
quadrupole lens does not introduce either an astigmatism or~a foct~.s correction factor in the electron beams.. In nori-COTY CRTs,: the three electrodes are also maintained at the same voltage~when.the electron beams are positioned on a~vertical center portion. of the CRT screen as. shown -=''-graphically in FIG..2 for the dynamic.focus.voltage.
VFZ.:~ In this case, because all three electrodes are --wagain maintained~at the same voltage, the dynamic -=quadrupole lens does not introduce a correction.factor in the electron beams to compensate for deflection yoke - astigmatism and defocusing effects. In COTY-type CRTs, the dynamic focusing voltage VFZ applied to; the first and third electrodes 28, 30 is less than the fixed voltage VFW of the second electrode 30 in the vicinity of the !center of the CRT screen. With the polarity of the =electrodes changed, the first.and third electrodes,28, 32 ---- introduce a vertical convergence in the_electron beams as shown in Table I: The second.electrode.30, now~at,a higher voltage than the other two electrodes,-.introduces a -. -horizontal divergencevby virtue of its generally.-vertically aligned apertures... The vertical. convergence effected by the first and third electrodes,28, 32_ and the horizontal divergence caused by. the second electrode 30 introduces a negative astigmatism correction in the electron beams as shown in~FIG. 4a. The negative astigmatism correction compensates for the positive astigmat~.sm effects of a COTY-type main lens on the electron beams in the center of the CRT screen.
Although the first and third electrodes 28, 32 are each shown with a single elongated, generally horizontally aligned aperture, the present invention also contemplates providing each of these electrodes with a plurality of spaced, aligned apertures each having a horizontally oriented longitudinal axis and adapted to pass a respective one of the electron beams. In addition, ~UB~TiTtJTE SHIES' WO _ ./02373 PC1~/US90/04556 -m- 2~~~~~
while the operation of the present invention has thus-far been described with the dynamic quadrupole lens positioned after electron beam cross over, or between cross over. and 'the~CRT screen; the dynamic quadrupole lens may also, be positioned before beam cross over, or between the_electron beam' source'.and cross oven=' The effect- of the dynamic quadrupole lens on the electron beams is reversed in these two arrangements as ~-shown in Table I . w _.
- '- Referring to FIGS. 6 through 12,' there are shown various alternative embodiments of the dynamic quadrupole lens of the present invention. In the dynamic quadrupole lens 50 of FIG. 6, the first and third electrodes 51 and 53 include respective elongated, generally rectangular apertures 51a and 53a through which the three electron beams are directed. The second electrode 52 includes a plurality of spaced, generally rectangular shaped .
-aperture; 52a, 52b and 52c. Each of the rectangular ~' apertures 52a, 52b and 52c is aligned lengthwise in a - 'generally vertical direction. - -~. - ._-" ' The dynamic quadrupole.lens 60 of FIG. 8 is similar to that of FIG. 6 in that the-first and third electrodes 6l~and 63 each include a respective.
rectangular, horizontally oriented aperture 6la~and 63a.
However, in the dynamic quadrupole lens 60 of FIG. 8, the second electrode 62 includes three circular apertures 62a, 62b and 62c. Where circular.~apertures are employed, the second electrode 62 will not function as a quadrupole lens element, although the first and third electrodes 61 and 63 'will continue to so operate. The three apertures 62a, 62b and 62c may also be elliptically shaped with their major axes oriented generally vertically, in which case the second electrode 62 will function as a quadrupole lens element to converge or diverge the electron beams, as the case may be.
The dynamic quadrupole lens 55 of FIG. 7 is a combination of the lenses shown in FIGS. 1 and 8 in that SIJ~'~T1T~J'y''~ ~i-~c~"C

W ~ 91/02373 : PCT/US90/04556 -18- ' ~fl~~~8~
-- ' the". second- electrode 57~. includes three circular, or ~'ellipticzlly shaped, apertures 57a,.-57b and 57c,_while the first and third electrodes 56 and 58 each include _ respective elongated, horizontally oriented apertures,56a w and 58a. Each of the apertures 56a and.58a includes a plurality of spaced enlarged portions through which a -v~respective one of the electron beams,is directed. The dynamic quadrupole lenses 65 and 70 respectively shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 also include three spaced electrodes in alignment with three electron beams, wherein the _ electrodes include various combinations of apertures previously described and illustrated. In FIG. 9, the first and third electrodes 66 and 67 are each shown with a plurality of spaced elongated apertures having their longitudinal axes in common alignment with the in-line ' electron beams. ..
Referring~to FIG. 11, there is shown yet another embodiment of a dynamic quadrupole lens 75 in accordance with the principles of the present invention. -The.. dynamic quadrupole lens 75-includes_first and third electrodes 76 and.--78o which: are each in the general form of an open.
frame through which the electron beams. pass, and a second electrode 77 having three spaced, generally vertically oriented apertures through each of which a respective one of the electron beams is directed. The first and third electrodes 76 and 78 do not include an aperture through which electron beams are directed, or may be considered to have an infinitely large aperture disposed within a charged electrode. Any any rate, it has been found that it is the dynamic focusing voltage applied to the first and third electrodes 76 and 78 which functions-in combination with the charge on the second electrode 77, and the apertures therein, to provide electron beam convergence/divergence control in compensating for electron beam astigmatism and defocusing. The dynamic quadrupole lens 80 of FIG. 12 is similar to that shown in .~ .~ _19- 2os:~~o "=w=~-FIG. ll, except~that the=three apertures in the second electrode 82 are generally rectangular in shape and -.
operate in conjunction with the first and third =-~rdynamically charged electrodes 8l,and 83.
_.~ _ ..'.: - The dynamic quadrupole lens 75 operates in' the ~-following manner. In.a COTY-type CRT, the second -'electrode 77 will be at a. higher voltage than the first and third electrodes 76,~78.when the electron beams. are positioned near. the. center: of the CRT. screen. The second . electrode. 77 will thus. cause a horizontal, divergence ... resulting in a negative astigmatism correction as shown in FIG. 4a. The first. and third electrodes 76, 78 cause a vertical convergence of the electron beams to further effect negative astigmatism correction.. When the electron beams are adjacent to a lateral edge of the CRT screen, the second electrode 77 will be at a lower voltage than :.~: the.first and third electrodes 76,, 78 resulting in ~'horiiontal convergence and vertical,divergence of the electron beams as shown in Table I and as illustrated in FIG. 4b as a positive astigmatism correction. Thus, ~~ = electron beam astigmatism and defocusing are'corrected for by the dynamic guadrupole lenses.of FIGS. 11 and 12, ~. although the compensating effects of this electrode arrangement are not as great as in the previously discussed embodiments wherein all three electrodes are provided with apertures.
Referring to FIG. 13a, there is shown a conventional bipotential type main lens (ML) electron gun 90. The bipotential type ML electron gun 90 includes a cathode I; which provides electrons to the combination of a control grid electrode G1, a screen grid electrode G2, a first accelerating and focusing electrode G3, and a second accelerating and focusing electrode G4. A focusing voltage VFW is applied to the first accelerating and focusing electrode G3, and an accelerating voltage VA es SUs.~-,,~Tt'i'UTE ~,~i''~' W~. X1/02373 PCT/US90/04556 2~6~80 applied~~to~the second'accelerating.and~focusing_electrode G4. ~. . - . _.. ~~ ~~ . __-:.-' FIG. lab shows-the manner in which a dynamic quadrupole lens 92'may be incorporated in a:conventional ~bipotential type ML~ electron gun.-- The dynamic c,~uadrupole lens 92~includes adjacent plates of a G3y electrode._and ~-a~G33 electrode to which a"dynamic-focusing voltage.VF2 is appliEd. The dynamic quadrupole lens 92 further includes a~ G32 electrode,- or-= grid,. which is. maintained at~a fixed~voltage VFl. The cathode as well as various .
w '~ other'control grids which are illustrated in FIG. 13a have been omitted from FIG. 13b, as well as the remaining figures, for simplicity. Thus, a bipotential type ML
v electron gun may be converted to. an electron gun employing the dynamic quadrupole lens of the.present invention by separating its first accelerating and focusing electrode G3 into~two components and inserting a third fixed voltage electrode G32~between the two accelerating and focusing w- electrode components G33~ and G3y. .- . . -. .
-- Referring to FIG. 14a,.there is shown a ~~ " conventional Einzel-type ML electron gun 94 which includes G3-,~ G4~'and G5 accelerating and focusing electrodes., .
' 'w - Referring to FIG. 14b; there is shown. the manner in which a dynamic quadrupole lens 96 in accordance with the present invention may be incorporated in a conventional Ei.nzel-type ML electron gun. In the electron gun arrangement of FIG. 14b, the G4 electrode is divided into two lens components G4~ and G43, and a.third focusing electrode G42 is inserted between the adjacent charged plates of the G4~ and G43 electrodes. A fixed focus voltage VF1 is applied to the G42 electrode, while a dynamic focus voltage VF2 is applied to the G4~ and G43 electrodes. The dynamic quadrupole lens 96 within the Einzel-type ML electron gun thus includes adjacent charged plates of the G4~ and G43 accelerating and focusing electrodes in combination with an intermediate ~U~~ i ! i U~'E ~i"i~~°T

-21- 2a6~~0 - .'~G42 ~ electrodes which. is maintained at a fixed focus voltage VF1. .. . - .._ - -.. ~ . .
Referring to. FIG.. 15a,. there is shown a conventional QPF type ML electron gun 98.. The QPF type ML
=°electron gun 98-includes G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 -electrodes.--A fixed focus voltage VF is applied to the G3 and G5 electrodes.' . .
w ~ - FIG. 15b illustrates the manner in which a dynamic quadrupole lens 100 in accordance with the present - - --. inventiorf may be incorporated= iw, the G4 electrode of a QPF
type ML electron gun. In the arrangement-of, FIG. 15b, the G4 electrode is comprised of G4~, G42 and G43 electrodes. The G2 and G42 electrodes are maintained at a voltage VG2p while the G4~ and G43 electrodes are - maintained at a voltage VG2~ . The. VG2o voltage is fixed, while the VG2~ voltage varies synchronously with electron beam sweep across the CRT screen. ._ r--- -- - : Referring to FIG. 15c, there is shown the manner in which a dynamic quadrupole lens 102.in accardance with the present.invention may. be incorporated~in the G5 electrode of a conventional QPF type ML electron gun. In - .-.the arrangement of FIG. 15c, the G5 accelerating and focusing electrode of a conventional QPF type ML electron gun has been divided into.three control electrodes GS~, G5Z and G53. A fixed focus voltage VF1 is applied to the G3 and G52 electrodes, while a dynamic focus voltage VF2 is applied to the G5~ and G53 electrodes. A VG2 voltage is applied to the G2 and G4 electrodes. The dynamic quadrupole lens 102 is comprised of the G5z electrode in combination with the adjacent plates of the G5' and G53 electrodes. In FIG. 15d, the G3 electrode is shown coupled to the VF2 focus voltage rather than the VF1 focus voltage as in FIG. 15c. In the arrangement of FIG: 15d, two spatially separated quadrupoles each apply an astigmatism correction to. the electron beams. A first quadrupole is comprised of the upper plate of the G3 5~~~ i iTlITE St-l~E~' W~ , (/02373 ~ . PCT/US90/04556 electrode, ~ the= lower plate- of: the G5' . electrode,: and: the G4 electrode disposed therebetween. A dynamic focus..
voltage VF2 is'- provided to. the G3,. G5; ~ and_ G5~
''~ 'electrodes. The second quadrupole is comprised,of the upper plate of the G5~ electrode, the lower plate_ of_. the -- G53~ electrode, and the G5z electrode disposed .
therebetween. The G53 and G6 electrodes_form an-.
electron beam focusing region','while the combination of -w ~ ehectrodes G2 and G3 provide a convergence..correction for - the two outer electron beams as the beams are swept across the CRT~screen with changes in the electron beam focus voltage. This is. commonly referred to as a FRAT (focus refraction alignment test) lens.
Referring to FIG. 16, there is shown a conventional BU type ML electron gun 104. The BU type ML
electron gun 104 includes G3, G4, G5 and G6 electrodes.
An anode voltage VA is applied to the G4 and G6.. _..
- electrodes, while a dynamic focus voltage.VF is applied to v ~ the G3 and G5 electrodes : -. _ .- . . _ - FIG. 16b'shows the manner in which a dynamic ww quadrupole lens 106 in~accordance:with the present ~.
invention may be incorporated in a conventional BU type ML
=-~electron gun. The G5 electrode of the prior art BU type ML electron gun is reduced to two electrodes G5~ and G53 with a thixd electrode G52 inserted therebetween.
The dynamic quadrupole lens .106 thus is comprised of adjacent plates of the G5~ and G53 electrodes in combination with the G52 electrode. A fixed focus voltage VF1 is applied to the G3 and G52 electrodes, while the anode voltage VA is applied to the G4.and G6 electrodes. A dynamic focusing voltage VF2 is applied - -w to the GS~ and G53 electrodes in the electron gun.
A further preferred embodiment of the invention ~.is disclosed in FIGS. 17-20. Referring to FIG. 17, there is shown a perspective view of a dynamic quadrupole lens WG /02373 ~CT/US90/04556 2os~so _ _ -23---~320=for use in an in-line electron gun-in a color_CRT
incorporating a second electrode.130 in accordance with the'present invention.:_.The dynamic c~uadrupole lens 120 ineludes first, second and third-.electrodes 128, 130 and = = 132 arranged in mutual alignment:_=.The first-electrode 128 _- 'includes an elongated aperture 128a extending_a ' substantial portion of the length of the electrode., Disposed along the length of the aperture 128a in a spaced manner are three openings in the form of enlarged portions of the aperture. As in the case of the first electrode 128, the third electrode 132 also includes an elongated aperture 132a extending along a substantial portion of the length thereof and including three spaced openings in the form of enlarged portions of the aperture 132x. The first and third electrodes 128 and 132 are aligned so that first, second and third electron beams 122,:.124 and 126 respectively transit the corresponding enlarged portions of the elongated apertures 128a and 132a within th,e,first -'and third electrodes. The first and third electrodes 128, .- 132 are coupled to a variable voltage source 136 for applying a dynamic voltage VF2 to these electrodes.
The second electrode~130 is disposed intermediate the first and third electrodes 128, 132 and. includes three keyhole-shaped apertures 130a, 130b and 130c arranged in a spaced manner along the length of the electrode. Each of the aforementioned keyhole-shaped apertures 130a, 130b and 130c has a longitudinal axis which is aligned generally vertically as shown in FIG. 17, or generally transverse to the longitudinal axes of the apertures in the first and third electrodes 128 and 132. With the first, second and third electrodes 128, 130 and 132 arranged generally parallel in a linear alignment, the respective apertures of the electrodes are adapted to allow the transit of the three electron beams 122, 124 and 126, each shown in the figure as a dashed line. The second electrode 30 is ~ ~.,~ s i~i 1 E.~ i ~ e~., ~ ~ ~ 1 -24- 2~~~80 coupled to a constant voltage source 134 and is charged to v - a fixed potential VF, . -- ?' - ~- Referring- also to- FIGS. 19~ and. 20,- additional -w- details of the second electrode 130 which concern an --r ~=aspect of this invention will now be described. Each of the three keyhole-shaped apertures 130a, 130b and-130c in the second electrode 130 includes an enlarged center --_=portion through which a respective one of the electron -- -~~-beams is directed. As shown in the figures, the two outer '~~~-keyhole-~~.haped apertures 130a and 130c are provided with --~= respective opening profile distortions or opening --- = enlargements in the form of notches 130d and 130e on inner portions thereof and are in the general form of an offset keyhole. The opening enlargements (here notches) 130d and 130e in the offset keyhole-shaped apertures 130a and 130c - unbalance the horizontal focusing strength of the two - -=outer offset keyholes to produce an asymmetrical field - ~ component having a refraction lens effect, where the -~- ~ strength of the refraction lens on the.two outer electron ~meams is proportional to the dynamic drive voltage VpyW
applied to the first and third electrodes 128 and 132.
- =.The refraction lens effect of the notched inner portions -- ~ -of the tWO outer keyhole-shaped apertures 130a and 130c - moves the outer (here red and blue) electron beams inwardly or outwardly along the horizontal direction across the CRT's faceplate to reduce or cancel the dynamic . - outer beam misconvergence effect caused by the use of a 'common focusing field for all three beams. The outer electron beams are horizontally displaced either inwardly or outwardly depending upon the voltages on the first and third electrodes 128 and 132 relative to the voltage of the second electrode 130.
Referring to FIG. 18, there is shown a sectional view of the arrangement of FIG. 17 including a quadrupole focusing type main lens (ML) electron gun 140 incorporating the focusing electrode 130 of the present S~L..~~:~T! Y ~1TE ~'~C~' N'C '/02373 PCT/US90/0A556 invention. In the arrangement of FIG. 18, the first, second and~third electrodes 128, 130 and 132 form a w dynamic quadrupole to compensate for electron beam astigmatism and defocusing caused by the electran beam deflection yoke: A fixed focusing voltage VFW is applied to the second electrode 130 while a dynamic focusing voltage VF2+VpvW as applied to the first and third electrodes 128 and 132: A cathode K emits electrons which are controlled by various grids including a screen grid electrode G2. The electrons are then directed to a first accelerating and focusing electrode G3._ The G3 electrode is comprised of a G3 lower section, a G3 upper section, and the aforementioned dynamic quadrupole region disposed~therebetween. The respective apertures 128a, 130a and 132a in the first; second. and third electrodes 128,' 130 and 132 are aligned to allow the transit of each of'the three electron beams as discussed above and shown w in FIG:-17. A second accelerating and focusing electrode G4~is disposed adjacent to the G3 upper portion, with a COTY-type main lens (ML) dynamic focus region (or stage) ''formed by the G3 and G4-electrodes.
While a second electrode 130 having a pair of outer keyhole-shaped apertures 130a and 130c each with an 'ina~er notch is disclosed and illustrated herein as forming a portion of a dynamic quadrupole electron beam focusing lens, as noted above, the opening profile distortion feature of the present invention is not limited to use in a dynamic quadrupole lens and may be used simply by itself in virtually any type of conventional electron gun. Even when not used in a dynamic quadrupole lens, the offset keyhole design of the inventive focusing electrode 130 exerts a refractive lens effect on the off-axis (outer) electron beams, with the strength of the refraction (asymmetrical) lens being proportional to the dynamic focusing voltage applied to the main lens focusing stage, to horizontally displace the outer (here red and blue) SU~'v',~Ti !~"U"f.E ~f"1~E7' W~ 91/02373 PCT/US90/04556 _ . -26-.. 2~6480j beams so as to reduce or cancel, the dynamic red/blue misconvergence effect of the mufti-beam electron gun.
When not employed in a-quadrupole._electron beam_focusing lens; the inventive electrode 130 is disposed_intermediate the G3 lower and upper electrode portions, with the,first and third electrodes..l2~,:.~132,absent from such an electron beam.focusing arrangement. _.
FIG. 21 is a perspective view of another..
. embodiment of an electron beam misconvergence correction arrangement 150 including_first, second. and third...
electrodes 152, 154 and 156. The second,(middle) -~ electrode. 154 includes three generally circular. spaced ~. apertures 154a, 154b and 154c. The outer, two apertures 154a and 154c include respective inwardly opening enlargements in the form of directed notches 154d and ~154e: These notches provide an unbalanced horizontal .focusing field to produce the refraction lens effect,., _...: where the strength of the_refraction lens on the two outer electron beams is proportional to the dynamic drive ..
voltage applied.to the first and third electrodes 152 and 156. This electrode 160-is introduced for use in a lens arrangement wherein it receives the higher applied potential. .~ - _ -.
Referring to FIG. 22, there. is shown a plan view of an electrode 160 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The electrode 160 is adapted for use in a dual quadrupohe electron beam facusing arrangement as described above for the first and third electrodes, where the first and third electrodes are maintained at a higher voltage than a second, middle electrode. A dynamic focusing voltage is applied to the electrode 160 which includes an elongated aperture 162 therein. As in previous embodiments, the elongated aperture 162 is provided with a plurality of spaced beam-passing openings in the form of openings (enlarged portions) 162a, 162b and 162c along the length thereof.
~°.~~~Tl°~'~T~ vri:E'1°

W( './02373 PCT/US90/04556 -27_ 20~~8~~
An electron beam is. directed through each of the openings 162a, 162b and 162c along the-length of the elongated.
aperture 162 in the electrode 160:- With the electrode 160 maintained at a higher voltage than an adjacent, middle 'electrode (not sho~in), the elongated aperture 162 is ' provided with a pair~of extensions 162e and 162d,.each at respective end of the elongated aperture:162. The end extensions 162e and 1624 of the elongated aperture 162 .
provide an unbalanced horizontal focusing field effect on the two outer electron beams to correct the focus-convergence interaction between the red and blue beams arising~from changes in the magnitude of the dynamic focus voltage. The difference between electrode 160 and previously described embodiments is in the width (or height) of the extensions 162e and.162d relative to the width of the elongated aperture 162. In a preferred embodiment of electrode 160; the-extensions 162e, 162d each have a width of Y~= 0.115 mil, while the.width of aperture 162 is 0.065 mil. The greater widths_of the extensions- 3.62d, 162e oii each end of they elongated aperture 162 weakens the electrostatic field:exerted on the~two outer electron beams allowing for reduced outer electron'beam deflection in correcting~the y focus-convergence interaction arising from changes in the focus voltage.
As suggested above, the present invention can be viewed in a broad context as providing means for , electrically refracting or bending an electron beam in various applications in electron guns not limited to the preferred embodiments described above. FIG. 23 is a schematic illustration of the use of a focusing lens structure in a three-beam in-line gun in which the outer beams are electrically converged by use of the present invention. Specifically, FIG. 23 illustrates a pair of facing electrodes 170, 172 for converging three electron beams 174, 176 and 178. Electrode 170 has apertures 180, ~ U C~ ~'T'1't'~'~°~ ~ ~' L ~'1' W 1/02373 PCf/US90/04556.
_. -28~~~~~~
. ~: 182v and 184 which .cooperate with .apertures 186, .. 188 and 190 in adjacent electrode 172., Electrode 172_is adapted to receive a relatively lower potential.._and.electrode 170 is'adapted,to receive a relatively, higher potential., In accordance with the present.invention,,.the electrode 172 receiving the relatively lower potential has an aperture pattern so configured s,o ~as to create symmetrical field components for the outer beams 174, 178 _ which have the effect of bending or refracting the_outer beams 174, 178 toward a distant common point. .
... As explained in more detail,and claimed in our - co-pending application, serial No. (DF-6269), a dynamic voltage may be applied to one or both of the,electrodes 170, 172.to cause the beam convergence angle to vary as a function of beam deflection. .
In accordance with the prevent invention, the asymmetrical field component acting upon the.outer.beams r174;:.178.is produced. by enlarging, the apertures 186,_:190 in a'direction toward the center.aperture_188.__The opening enlargements-are shown as,taking the form of :rounded protuberances 192, 194; respectively,__in,.the, _.. profile of. the. apertures 186,,190. Many other opening distortion geometries may be utilized in accordance with the present invention, dependent upon the nature and degree of unbalancing of the fields on the outer beams which is desired.
FIG. 24 illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention wherein the asymmetrical field component is formed by distorting the_openings for the outer beams .
in both electrode 196 receiving a relatively higher voltage and electrode 198 receiving a relatively lower voltage. Specifically, the electrode 196 has outer beam passing openings 200, 202 which have.opening enlargements 204, 206 extending outwardly away from the center beam .. opening 208. The electrode.198 adapted_to receive the ...
lower potential has outer beam apertures 210 and 212 ~L~w~~j t ~T~ ~i~~F~

Wf 1/02373 PCT/US90/04556 -29- 2~~yJ~~
having opening enlargements 2'14, 216 which-extend inwardly toward the center beam opening 218.- The FIG. 24 embodiment illustrates that opening enlargements may be employed in both the high voltage and lower voltage electrodes as well as in~either alone and that these opening enlargements~may,assume various forms.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, _it will be obvious to those skilled in the~.'art.ythat changes Vand modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects. For example'; while the present invention has been described as applying a dynamic voltage to first and third electrodes and a fixed voltage to a second electrode spaced therebetween,~this invention talso:_contemplates applying a dynamic voltage_ to the second i electrode while maintaining_the~spacedyf,irst and~third . electrodes at a fixed voltage. Therefore,, the=aim in the appended'claims is to cover all such changes~and modifications as'fall within the true~spirit and scope of L the invention. The matter set forth: in the foregoing ' description~and accompanying drawings is offered by way of ',illustration only, and not as a limitation. The actual . ._ . . .. . ..... . .._. ... r".. ~. . "... :.. .. .... . _ .. ,. .. ~. .
.....: .,. ...,. .
. scope of the invention is intended to be defined in the following claims when viewed in their proper perspective based on the prior art.
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Claims

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. A three-beam in-line electron gun for a color cathode ray tube, comprising:
means for generating three beams of electrons aligned in a common plane-a center beam and two outer beams; and beam bending means for producing asymmetrical fields in the paths of said outer beams for diverting said outer beams from respective straight line paths toward a common point of convergence, comprising at least two facing electrodes, a first electrode being adapted to receive a relatively higher excitation potential and a second electrode a relatively lower excitation potential, said second electrode having a center opening and two outer openings arranged in line along an electrode horizontal axis orthogonal to the gun axis, said outer openings having inwardly extending enlargements which are symmetrical about said electrode horizontal axis and a vertical axis through the center opening, but asymmetrical about respective vertical axes through the outer openings to thereby produce said asymmetrical fields for said outer beams.

2. An electron gun defined by claim 1 wherein both of said electrodes have outer beam openings having opening distortions in the form of opening enlargements, the opening enlargements in the second electrode extending inwardly toward said center opening, and the opening enlargements in the first electrode extending outwardly away from said center opening.

3. A three-beam in-line electron gun for a color cathode ray tube, comprising:
means for generating three beams of electrons aligned in a common plane-a center beam and two outer beams;
beam bending means for producing asymmetrical fields in the paths of said outer beams for diverting said outer beams from respective straight line paths toward a common point of convergence, comprising at least two facing electrodes, a first electrode being adapted to receive a relatively higher excitation potential and a second electrode a relatively lower excitation potential, said second electrode having a center opening and two outer openings arranged in line along an electrode horizontal axis orthogonal to the gun axis, said outer openings having inwardly extending enlargements which are symmetrical about said electrode horizontal axis and a vertical axis through the center opening, but asymmetrical about respective vertical axes through the outer openings to thereby produce said asymmetrical fields for said outer beams; and means for modulating the strength of said asymmetric field components acting on said outer beams as a function of beam deflection angle.

4. An electron gun including at least two facing apertured electrodes, one adapted to receive a relatively higher excitation potential and the other a relatively lower excitation potential, said electrodes being constructed and arranged such that a quadrupolar field component is created therebetween when different excitation potentials are applied to said facing electrodes, said electrodes including means for unbalancing the quadrupolar field component such as to cause an electron beam to be diverted from a straight line path as a function of the difference between said different excitation potentials.

5. The electron gun defined by claim 4 wherein said means for unbalancing comprises a distortion in the profile of one or both of associated coaxial beam-passing openings in said facing electrodes.

6. The electron gun defined by claim 5 wherein said profile distortion is such that the distorted opening is symmetrical about a first electrode axis, but asymmetrical about an orthogonal second electrode axis.

7. A three-beam in-line color CRT including quadrupole lens means for influencing said electron beams, comprising at least two facing apertured electrodes, one adapted to receive a relatively higher excitation potential and the other a relatively lower excitation potential, said electrodes having apertures configured such that quadrupolar field components are created therebetween for said beams when different excitation potentials are applied to said facing electrodes, the electrode aperture configuration being such as to unbalance the outer beam quadrupolar field components to cause said outer beams to converge or diverge from a straight line path as a function of the difference between said different excitation potentials.

8. The electron gun defined by claim 7 wherein said means for unbalancing comprises a distortion in the profile of one or both of associated coaxial beam-passing openings in said facing electrodes.

9. The electron gun defined by claim 8 wherein said profile distortion is such that the distorted opening is symmetrical about a first electrode axis, but asymmetrical about an orthogonal second electrode axis.

10. A three-beam in-line color CRT electron gun including an electron lens for influencing said electron beams, comprising at least two facing electrodes, a first electrode being adapted to receive a relatively higher excitation potential and a second electrode a relatively lower excitation potential, at least one of said electrodes having a center opening and two outer openings arranged in a line along an electrode axis orthogonal to the gun axis, said outer apertures having inwardly extending enlargements which are symmetrical about said electrode axis and a vertical axis through the center opening, but asymmetrical about respective vertical axes through the outer openings.

11. A three-beam in-line color CRT gun having an axis and including a quadrupole lens for influencing said electron beams, comprising:
at least two facing electrodes, one adapted to receive a relatively higher excitation potential and the other a relatively lower excitation potential, said electrodes including respective openings each having a profile which interacts with an opening in a facing electrode such as to create a quadrupolar field therebetween when different excitation potentials are applied to said facing electrodes, a first one of said electrodes having a center opening and two outer openings arranged in a line along an electrode axis extending orthogonal to the gun axis, said outer openings having profile distortions which are symmetrical about said electrode axis and a vertical axis through the center aperture, but asymmetrical about respective vertical axes through the outer openings to create asymmetrical outer beam fields.

12. The electron gun defined by claim 11 wherein said dynamic quadrupolar lens is of the unipotential type comprising three electrodes, and wherein said first one of said electrodes is the center electrode.

13. The apparatus by claim 11 wherein said one of said electrodes is said first electrode adapted to receive said higher potential and its outer beam openings have said profile distortions in the form of an opening enlargement extending outwardly away from said center opening.

14. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said one of said electrodes is said second electrode adapted to receive said lower potential and its outer beam apertures have said profile distortions in the form of an opening enlargement extending inwardly toward said center aperture.

15. In a three-beam in-line electron gun system for a color cathode ray tube having a screen and a self-converging yoke which imparts an undesirable astigmatism to the beams in off-center regions of the screen, an apparatus comprising:
an electron beam source for developing three electron beams;
focusing means for focusing said three electron beams at the screen of the tube, said focusing means being so constructed and arranged that changes in focusing field strength undesirably alter beam convergence;
correcting lens means located within or coupled to said focusing means for developing an astigmatic field component in the path of each of said beams when said lens means is appropriately excited; and means for modulating the strength of said astigmatic field component as a function of beam deflection angle to at least partially compensate for said yoke-induced astigmatism in said off-center regions of the screen, said modulating of said astigmatic field component also modulating said focusing field strength and undesirably creating errors in the convergence of said beams, said correcting lens means including electrode means having a beam passing opening pattern shaped to create asymmetrical outer beam field effective to at least partially compensate for said deflection-related beam convergence errors.

16. The apparatus defined by claim 15 wherein said correcting lens means comprises a dynamic quadrupole lens of the unipotential type comprising first, center and third electrodes.

17. The apparatus defined by claim 16 wherein said center electrode is adapted to receive a lower potential than said first and third electrodes, and wherein said center electrode has a center opening and two outer openings arranged in a line along an electrode axis orthogonal to the gun axis, said outer openings having profile distortions which are symmetrical about said electrode axis and a vertical axis through the center opening, but asymmetrical about respective vertical axes through the outer openings.

18. The apparatus defined by claim 17 wherein said aperture distortions each take the form of a notch extending inwardly toward said center aperture.

19. An apparatus as defined by claim 18 wherein said first and third electrodes are adapted to receive a common excitation potential higher than that received by said center electrode, and wherein each of said first and third electrodes have a center opening and two outer openings arranged in a line along the electrode axis orthogonal to the gun axis, said outer openings having profile distortions which are symmetrical about said electrode axis and a vertical axis through the center opening, but asymmetrical about respective vertical axes through the outer openings.

20. The apparatus defined by claim 19 wherein said distortions in said outer openings of said first and third electrodes each take the form of an outwardly extending notch.

21. For use in a color cathode ray tube system having a color tube with a cathodoluminescent screen, a system adapted for use with a deflection yoke having an asymmetrical yoke field for self-converging said beams which undesirably astigmatizes said beams in off-center regions of the screen, said system comprising:
an in-line electron gun for developing three electron beams for exciting said screen, said gun including, for each of said beams, means including cathode means for developing said beam, focus lens means including focus electrode means for receiving said electron beam and forming a focused electron beam spot at the screen of the tube, said focus lens means having a plurality of electrode means spaced along a lens axis;
beam correcting means incorporated in said focus electrode means for developing in the path of said beam when said beam correcting means is appropriately excited, an astigmatic field component; and system signal generating means for developing a signal having amplitude variations correlated with a scan of the beams across the screen and means for applying said signal to said beam correcting means to cause, as a function of beam deflection angle, the strength of said astigmatic field component to vary to produce a dynamic astigmatism-correction effect to at least partially compensate for the beam-astigmatizing effect of said yoke, said focus lens means being so constructed and arranged that operation of said beam correcting means causes undesired deflection-related misconvergence of said beams as they are swept;
said beam correcting means including misconvergence compensation means for at least partially compensating for said undesired beam misconvergence, comprising at least two facing electrodes, a first electrode being adapted to receive a relatively higher excitation potential and a second electrode a relatively lower excitation potential, at least one of said electrodes having a center opening and two outer openings arranged in a line along an electrode axis orthogonal to the gun axis, said outer openings having profile distortions which are symmetrical about said electrode axis and a vertical axis through the center opening, but asymmetrical about respective vertical axes through the outer openings.

22. The electron gun defined by claim 21 wherein said misconvergence compensation means comprises an asymmetric dynamic quadrupolar lens of the unipotential type comprising first, center and third electrodes, the center electrode being adapted to receive a relatively lower excitation potential than the first and third electrodes, the center electrode having its outer apertures with said profile distortions.

23. The apparatus defined by claim 22 wherein said center electrode outer beam openings have said opening distortion in the form of an opening enlargement extending inwardly toward said center aperture.

24. For use in a color cathode ray tube system having a color tube with a cathodoluminescent screen, a system adapted for use with a deflection yoke having an asymmetrical yoke field for self-converging said beams which undesirably astigmatizes said beams in off-center regions of the screen, said system comprising:

an in-line electron gun for developing three electron beams for exciting said screen, said gun including, for each of said beams, means including cathode means for developing said beam, focus lens means including focus electrode means for receiving said electron beam and forming a focused electron beam spot at the screen of the tube, said focus lens means having a plurality of electrode means spaced along a lens axis;
dynamic quadrupole beam correcting means incorporated in said focus electrode means for developing in the path of said beam when appropriately excited an astigmatic field component, comprising three spaced electrodes, a center electrode adapted to receive a relatively lower excitation potential and two outer electrodes adapted to receive relatively higher excitation potentials, said electrodes having openings effective when said electrodes are excited to create a quadrupolar field therebetween;
system signal generating means for developing a signal having amplitude variations correlated with a scan of the beam across the screen and means for applying said signal to said gun to simultaneously cause, as a function of beam deflection angle, the strength of the focusing field and the strength of said astigmatic field component to vary to produce a dynamic astigmatism-correction effect to at least partially compensate for the beam-astigmatizing effect to said yoke, said focus lens means being so constructed and arranged such that operation of said beam correcting means causes undesired deflection-related misconvergence of said beams as they are swept;
said beam correcting means including means for at least partially compensating for said undesired beam misconvergence, comprising at least two facing electrodes, a first electrode being adapted to receive a relatively higher excitation potential and a second electrode a relatively lower excitation potential, at least one of said electrodes having a center opening and two outer openings arranged in line along an electrode axis orthogonal to the gun axis, said outer openings having profile distortions which are symmetrical about said electrode axis and a vertical axis through the center opening, but asymmetrical about respective vertical axes through the outer openings.

25. For use in a color cathode ray tube (CRT) wherein first, second and third inline electron beams are directed onto a phosphorescing screen in the CRT, with said second beam disposed intermediate said first and third beams, an electron gun comprising:
cathode means for generating electrons;
crossover means for receiving electrons from said cathode means and for forming a beam crossover;
first focusing means driven by a dynamic voltage for focusing the inline electron beams on the phosphorescing screen, wherein a misconvergence is present among the electron beams on the phosphorescing screen; and second focusing means disposed adjacent to said first focusing means for displacing the first and third electron beams horizontally toward the second beam for reducing said misconvergence and bringing said electron beams into convergence on the phosphorescing screen, wherein said second focusing means includes first and third outer apertures and a second middle aperture through which respective one of the electron beams are directed, and wherein said first and third outer apertures each include an inwardly directed notch.

26. The electron gun of claim 25 wherein said first focusing means includes first and third space electrodes and said second focusing means includes a second electrode disposed intermediate said first and third electrodes.

27. The electrode of claim 26 wherein said first and third electrodes each include respective aligned, elongated apertures through which the three inline electron beams are directed.

28. The electron gun of claim 27 wherein the apertures in said first and third electrodes are generally horizontal and the first, second and third apertures in said second electrode are generally keyhole-shaped.

29. The electron gun of claim 28 wherein said first, second and third keyhole-shaped apertures in said second electrode are aligned generally vertical.

30. The electron gun for claim 29 wherein each of the keyhole-shaped apertures in said second electrode includes an enlarged center portion through which a respective electron beam is directed and further includes a cut-out notch extending inwardly toward the second aperture in said second electrode.

31. The electron gun of claim 30 wherein said first and third electrodes are a G3 lower and a G3 upper electrode, respectively, and said second electrode is a G3 middle electrode.

32. The electron gun of claim 31 wherein said second electrode is maintained at a fixed voltage.

33. The electron gun of claim 25 wherein said second focusing means includes electrostatic asymmetrical quadrupole field means for exerting a horizontal electrostatic force on the first and third outer electron beams.

34. The electron gun of claim 33 wherein said electrostatic quadrupole field means comprises first and third dynamically charged, spaced electrodes and a second statically charged electrode disposed therebetween.

35. The electron gun of claim 34 wherein said first and third dynamically charged electrodes each include a respective, elongated, horizontal slot through which the three electron beams are directed in a spaced manner.

36. The electron gun of claim 35 wherein each of said elongated slots includes three spaced enlarged portions, through each of which a respective one of the electron beams is directed.

37. The electron gun of claim 35 wherein said second electrode includes first, second and third parallel, generally vertically aligned apertures, through each of which a respective one of the electron beams is directed, and wherein said second aperture is disposed intermediate said first and third apertures.

38. The electron gun of claim 37 wherein each of said first and third apertures includes a cut-out notch extending inwardly toward said second slot in said second electrode.

39. The electron gun of claim 38 wherein each of said apertures is in the general form of a keyhole having an enlarged generally circular center portion, and wherein the cut-out notches extend inwardly from the center circular portion of the first and third slots.

40. The electron gun of claim 25 wherein each of said apertures is generally circular.

41. The electron gun of claim 34 further comprising a first fixed voltage source for providing a fixed voltage VF1 to said second statically charged electrode and a second variable voltage source for providing a variable voltage VF2 to said first and third dynamically charged electrodes.

42. The electron gun of claim 41 wherein said variable voltage VF2 varies periodically with time and assumes values greater and less than the fixed voltage VF1 for alternately changing the relative polarity of said dynamically and statically charged electrodes.

43. The electron gun of claim 42 wherein said variable voltage VF2 is greater than said fixed voltage VF1 when the electron beams are positioned toward a lateral edge of the CRT screen, and wherein said variable voltage VF2 is less than said fixed voltage VF1 when the electron beams are positioned in the area of the center of the CRT screen.

44. The electron gun of claim 41 wherein said second variable voltage VF2 varies periodically between values greater than and equal to said fixed voltage VF1.

45. The electron gun of claim 44 wherein said first variable voltage VF2 is greater than said second fixed voltage VF1 when the electron beams are positioned adjacent to a lateral edge of the CRT screen, and wherein said first variable voltage VF2 equals said second fixed voltage VF1 when the electron beams are positioned adjacent to the center of the CRT screen.

46. The electron gun of claim 39 wherein said first and third dynamically charged electrodes each includes a respective elongated slot having a longitudinal axis generally aligned with the inline electron beams, and wherein the electron beams are directed through each of said elongated slots.

47. The electron gun of claim 46 wherein each of said elongated slots includes a plurality of enlarged portions arranged in a spaced manner along the length thereof, and wherein each enlarged portion of a slot is aligned with and passes a respective electron beam.

48. The electron gun of claim 33 wherein said electrostatic quadrupole field means is disposed between said beam crossover and the CRT screen.

49. The electron gun of claim 33 wherein said electrostatic quadrupole field means is disposed between said cathode means and said beam crossover.

50. For use in focusing a plurality of electron beams on a phosphorescing screen of a color cathode ray tube (CRT), wherein said electron beams are aligned in an inline array and are focused on said phosphorescing screen by a dynamic focus voltage which causes misconvergence of said electron beams, an electron gun comprising:
an electron beam source for generating and directing a plurality of electron beams in a common direction;
a first dynamically charged electrode having at least one aperture therein through which the electron beams are directed;
a second statically charged electrode having a plurality of apertures therein through each of which a respective one of the electron beams is directed, wherein said second electrode includes first and third outer apertures and a second aperture intermediate said first and third apertures, and wherein said first and third apertures include respective notched portions extending inward toward said second aperture for moving said first and third electron beams in a generally horizontal direction and eliminating misconvergence between the electron beams; and a third dynamically charged electrode having at least one aperture therein through which the electron beams are directed, wherein said second electrode is disposed intermediate said first and third electrodes.

51. In an electron gun for accelerating and focusing a plurality of inline electron beams on a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen and including a focusing electrode, the improvement comprising:
a first dynamically charged electrode incorporated in a first portion of said focusing electrode and having at least one elongated aperture for passing one or more of the electron beams;
a third dynamically charged electrode incorporated in a second portion of said focusing electrode and having at least one elongated aperture for passing one or more of the electron beams, wherein said first and third electrodes are arranged in spaced relation along the electron beams so as to divide the focusing electrode into first and second focusing electrode portions; and a second statically charged electrode disposed along the electron beams between said first and third electrodes so as to form first and second electrostatic quadrupole fields respectively therewith, wherein said second electrode includes a plurality of spaced elongated apertures each adapted for passing a respective one of the electron beams and wherein the apertures in said first and third electrodes are aligned generally transverse to the apertures in said second electrode, and wherein a pair of outer apertures in said second electrode each include a respective inner cut-out portion for horizontally deflecting a pair of outer electron beams toward a center electron beam and causing said electron beams to converge on a phosphorescing screen of the CRT.

52. For use in a color cathode ray tube system having a color tube with a cathodoluminescent screen, the system comprising:
an inline electron gun for developing first and third outer electron beams and a second center electron beam for exciting said screen, said gun including, for each of said beams, means including cathode means for developing said beam, focus lens means for receiving said electron beam and forming a focused electron beam spot at the screen of the tube, said focus lens means having a plurality of electrode means spaced along a lens axis including focus electrode means;
yoke means for deflecting said electron beams, said yoke means having an asymmetrical field for self-converging said beams which undesirably astigmatizes said beams in off-center regions of the screen;
beam correcting means incorporated in said focus electrode means for developing in the path of said beam when appropriately excited a first astigmatic accelerating field component and a second astigmatic decelerating field component;
system signal generating means for developing a signal having amplitude variations correlated with a scan of the beam across the screen and means for applying said signal to said beam correcting means to cause, as a function of beam deflection angle, the strength of said first and second astigmatic field components to vary to produce a dynamic astigmatism-correction effect to at least partially compensate for the beam-astigmatizing effect of said yoke; and convergence correcting means incorporated in said focus electrode means for horizontally deflecting said two outer electron beams toward said second center electron beam on the cathodoluminescent screen in correcting for misconvergence of the electron beams, said convergence correcting means including an electrode having first and second offset keyhole-shaped slots through which said first and third outer electron beams are directed for exerting an asymmetrical electrostatic field on said first and third outer electron beams.

53. For use in a color cathode ray tube system having a color tube with a phosphor screen, the system comprising:
a three-beam, in-line gun for exciting said screen, said gun including;
cathode means and focus lens means for developing a center beam and two outer beams and for forming three focused electron beam spots at the screen of the tube, and electrostatic quadrupole-developing means configured and arranged to develop a horizontally unbalanced quadrupole field in the path or each of said outer beams when appropriately excited; and system signal generating means for developing a signal having amplitude variations correlated with the scan of the beams across the screen and for applying said signal to said electrostatic quadrupole-developing means to cause said beams to converge and diverge as a function of the strength of said signal, said quadrupole-developing means including electrode means having outer beam apertures shaped to create field-strength-dependent asymmetrical outer beam fields whose strength varies as said signal varies.

54. The system defined by claim 53 wherein said quadrupole-developing means comprises at least two facing electrodes, one adapted to receive a relatively higher excitation potential and the other a relatively lower excitation potential, the outer apertures of said electrode each having a profile which interacts with an aperture in a facing second electrode having an orthogonally different profile such as to create a quadrupolar field therebetween when different excitation potentials are applied to said first and second electrodes, at least a first one of said electrodes having a center aperture and two outer apertures arranged in a line along an electrode, an axis extending orthogonal to the gun axis, said outer apertures of said first electrode having profile distortions which are symmetrical about said electrode axis and a vertical axis through the center aperture, but asymmetrical about respective vertical axes through the outer apertures to create asymmetrical outer beam fields.