CA2058194A1 - Immobilized d-amino acid oxidase and its use for the preparation of medicaments - Google Patents
Immobilized d-amino acid oxidase and its use for the preparation of medicamentsInfo
- Publication number
- CA2058194A1 CA2058194A1 CA002058194A CA2058194A CA2058194A1 CA 2058194 A1 CA2058194 A1 CA 2058194A1 CA 002058194 A CA002058194 A CA 002058194A CA 2058194 A CA2058194 A CA 2058194A CA 2058194 A1 CA2058194 A1 CA 2058194A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- units
- amino acid
- support material
- acid oxidase
- carbon atoms
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 108010003989 D-amino-acid oxidase Proteins 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 102000004674 D-amino-acid oxidase Human genes 0.000 title claims abstract 10
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical group CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 102000016938 Catalase Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 108010053835 Catalase Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethenol Chemical group OC=C IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 23
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000004423 acyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 1-acyloxyvinyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008574 D-amino acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004255 ion exchange chromatography Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- IXUSDMGLUJZNFO-BXUZGUMPSA-N (7R)-7-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanic acid Chemical class S1CC(COC(=O)C)=C(C(O)=O)N2C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CCCC(O)=O)[C@@H]12 IXUSDMGLUJZNFO-BXUZGUMPSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930186147 Cephalosporin Natural products 0.000 claims 1
- 229940124587 cephalosporin Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001780 cephalosporins Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 102100026908 D-amino-acid oxidase Human genes 0.000 description 29
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- HOKIDJSKDBPKTQ-GLXFQSAKSA-N cephalosporin C Chemical compound S1CC(COC(=O)C)=C(C(O)=O)N2C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CCC[C@@H](N)C(O)=O)[C@@H]12 HOKIDJSKDBPKTQ-GLXFQSAKSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 description 9
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000008057 potassium phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920002684 Sepharose Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 7
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241001480015 Trigonopsis variabilis Species 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical group CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 4
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 4
- ODIGIKRIUKFKHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (n-propan-2-yloxycarbonylanilino) acetate Chemical group CC(C)OC(=O)N(OC(C)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ODIGIKRIUKFKHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 3
- BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Epichlorohydrin Chemical compound ClCC1CO1 BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108010093096 Immobilized Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 3
- ATDGTVJJHBUTRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanogen bromide Chemical compound BrC#N ATDGTVJJHBUTRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-WFVLMXAXSA-N DEAE-cellulose Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1C(CO)OC(O)C(O)C1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-WFVLMXAXSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium azide Chemical compound [Na+].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940088623 biologically active substance Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- SHFJWMWCIHQNCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydron;tetrabutylazanium;sulfate Chemical compound OS([O-])(=O)=O.CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC SHFJWMWCIHQNCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000007833 oxidative deamination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-phenylenediamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1N GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HMYBDZFSXBJDGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-bis(ethenyl)imidazolidin-2-one Chemical compound C=CN1CCN(C=C)C1=O HMYBDZFSXBJDGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZEVSDGEBAJOTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-2-[5-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidin-5-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]ethanone Chemical compound N1N=NC=2CN(CCC=21)C(CC=1OC(=NN=1)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)=O KZEVSDGEBAJOTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHZUNHXTRRNKST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3-dimethylpenta-1,4-diene Chemical compound C=CC(C)(C)C=C BHZUNHXTRRNKST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSHGZXNAXBPPDL-HZGVNTEJSA-N 7beta-aminocephalosporanic acid Chemical compound S1CC(COC(=O)C)=C(C([O-])=O)N2C(=O)[C@@H]([NH3+])[C@@H]12 HSHGZXNAXBPPDL-HZGVNTEJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005526 G1 to G0 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008575 L-amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000286904 Leptothecata Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101710132772 Peroxidase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000000370 acceptor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940117913 acrylamide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000004279 alanine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012870 ammonium sulfate precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011942 biocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008366 buffered solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000287 crude extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000032 diagnostic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940039227 diagnostic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019800 disodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006911 enzymatic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002768 hydroxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930182817 methionine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012038 nucleophile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002924 oxiranes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000466 oxiranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- HZWLVUKHUSRPCG-OOARYINLSA-M sodium;(6r,7r)-3-(acetyloxymethyl)-7-[[(5r)-5-azaniumyl-5-carboxylatopentanoyl]amino]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].S1CC(COC(=O)C)=C(C([O-])=O)N2C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CCC[C@@H]([NH3+])C([O-])=O)[C@@H]12 HZWLVUKHUSRPCG-OOARYINLSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000005253 yeast cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
- C12N11/18—Multi-enzyme systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
- C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
- C12N11/04—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier entrapped within the carrier, e.g. gel or hollow fibres
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N11/00—Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
- C12N11/02—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier
- C12N11/08—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer
- C12N11/082—Enzymes or microbial cells immobilised on or in an organic carrier the carrier being a synthetic polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
- C12N9/0012—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7)
- C12N9/0014—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (1.4)
- C12N9/0022—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (1.4) with oxygen as acceptor (1.4.3)
- C12N9/0024—D-Amino acid oxidase (1.4.3.3)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P35/00—Preparation of compounds having a 5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] octane ring system, e.g. cephalosporin
- C12P35/06—Cephalosporin C; Derivatives thereof
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
- Y10S435/911—Microorganisms using fungi
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Immobilizing And Processing Of Enzymes And Microorganisms (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
HOE 90/F 385 Immobilized D-amino acid oxidase and its use for the preparation of medicaments The invention relates to an enzyme-coated support material comprising D-amino acid oxidase and a support material. The support is a crosslinked copolymer, which comprises vinyl acetate units and/or vinyl alcohol units and units of a crosslinking agent. The D-amino acid oxidase-coated support can also be coated with catalase. The support material according to the invention can be used for the preparation of medicaments.
Description
20~819~
HOECHST AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT HOE 90/F 385 Dr.FI/sch Description Immobilized D-amino acid oxidase and its use for the preparation of medicaments D-amino acid oxidase (hereinafter DAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-amino acids to the correspond-ing ~-keto acids, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide.
In addition to the commercially available D~O from hog lQ kidneys, the enzyme is synthesized by bacteria, yeasts and molds. Trigonopsis variabilis stands out among these as the most potent DAO producer. In addition to the use of this enzyme for the separa~ion of racemates of D,L-amino acids and the quantitative determination of D-amino acids in various solution~, its ability to oxidatively deaminate cephalosporin C is particularly noteworthy. This catalytic property is used for the preparation of ~-ketoadipyl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid and glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid, which can be subsequently converted to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid by means of an acylase.
German Offenlegungsschrift 22 19 454 (US Patent 3 801 458) describes the conversion of cephaloæporin C
derivatives by means of activated cells of Trigonopsis variabilis CBS 40 95. "Activated~ here signifies that the yeast cells have been subjected to a phyRical and/or chemical process, so that the DAO in the cells is made available for catalyzing the oxidation of cephalosporin C, but is not liberated to a great extent.
The patent application WO 86 04 087 describes the purification and immobilization of DAO from Trigonopsis variabilis and the use of DAO for the oxidative deamin-ation of cephalosporin C. However, no detail are given about the operational stability, and the immobilization
HOECHST AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT HOE 90/F 385 Dr.FI/sch Description Immobilized D-amino acid oxidase and its use for the preparation of medicaments D-amino acid oxidase (hereinafter DAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-amino acids to the correspond-ing ~-keto acids, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide.
In addition to the commercially available D~O from hog lQ kidneys, the enzyme is synthesized by bacteria, yeasts and molds. Trigonopsis variabilis stands out among these as the most potent DAO producer. In addition to the use of this enzyme for the separa~ion of racemates of D,L-amino acids and the quantitative determination of D-amino acids in various solution~, its ability to oxidatively deaminate cephalosporin C is particularly noteworthy. This catalytic property is used for the preparation of ~-ketoadipyl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid and glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid, which can be subsequently converted to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid by means of an acylase.
German Offenlegungsschrift 22 19 454 (US Patent 3 801 458) describes the conversion of cephaloæporin C
derivatives by means of activated cells of Trigonopsis variabilis CBS 40 95. "Activated~ here signifies that the yeast cells have been subjected to a phyRical and/or chemical process, so that the DAO in the cells is made available for catalyzing the oxidation of cephalosporin C, but is not liberated to a great extent.
The patent application WO 86 04 087 describes the purification and immobilization of DAO from Trigonopsis variabilis and the use of DAO for the oxidative deamin-ation of cephalosporin C. However, no detail are given about the operational stability, and the immobilization
2~81~
yield is given as 40%.
It was the object of the present invention to impro~e the stability of D-amino acid oxidase. Surprisingly, it has now been found ~hat coupling D-amino acid oxidase to a support material made of a crosslinked copolymer, substantially comprising vinyl acetate units and/or vinyl alcohol uni~s and units of a crosslinking agent, forms a complex in which the enzyme DAO retains its activity for a long period.
The invention thus relates to an enæyme-coated support materiall comprising D-amino acid oxidase and a porous bead-shaped support material, where the support material is a crosslinked copolymer, substantially comprising vinyl acetate units and/or vinyl alcohol units and units of a crosslinking agent, where the units of the crosslinking agent are copolymerized compounds of the formulae O (I) R1 - N j C - N - R2 A /
and/or iCH2 = C~- B
X 2 (II) where R1 and R2 in formula (I) can be identical or different and are vinyl, 1-acyloxyvinyl, allyl or 2-acyloxyallyl, A i5 a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, B in formula (II) i8 a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and X is acyloxy, where the acyloxy group is a radical having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, the amount of crosslinking agent i6 1 to 60~ by weight, relative to the polymer, and the acyloxy groups of the vinyl acylate units are present as such, or some or all have been hydrolyzed to hydroxyl 20~8~94 groups, and the mean particle size of the beads is 2û to 800 ~m and the mean pore diameter is 2 to 10 000 nm.
It was surprising that the enzymes in an immobilized form following the coupling to the support mentioned show a storage stability of at least 6 months. In comparison with other known enzyme supports such as, for example, Eupergit (Rohm), vinyl-Sepharose (Kem-en-tec), BrCN-activated-Sepharose (Pharmacia), the support according to the invention showed a surprisingly high immobilization yield with DAO, and a longer operational stability. Particular preference is given to the use of the vinyl acetate-epoxy supports from Riedel de Haen, for example VA-Epoxy-~Biosynth.
The preparation of the porous, bead-shaped support materials used i6 disclosed in DE-A 33 44 912, to which reference is made here.
The coupling reaction between the enzyme~ used according to the invention and the support material is carried out in a known manner, such as is described for example in DE-A 24 07 340 or in the Gennan Patents 22 15 687, 24 21 789 and 25 S2 510.
The invention relates to the use of the support material according to the invention for the oxidative dçamination of cephalosporin C derivatives.
The term cephalosporin C derivatives means for example compounds such as those of the formula III
COOH
H2N-cH-(cH2)3coNHTf ~ (III) 0~ ~
COOH
in which X is an acetate group, a nucleophile radical, 20~81 9~
a heterocycle, a hydroxyl group or hydrogen r and salts thereof.
Cephalosporin C is a compound of the formula IV
R~H ~ ~ (IV~
d~ N_~ C~2 0 A c COOH
in which R is COOH
H2N - C - (CH2)3 ~ -~-Ketoadipyl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid i~ a compound of the formula Iv in which R i9 O O
HOOC - C - (CH2)3 - C -Glutary1-7-aminocephalosporanic acid i~ a compound of the formul~ IV in which R i8 O
HOOC - (Cll~)3 - C -7-Aminocephalosporanic acid i8 a compound of the formula IV in which R is hydrogen.
Furthermore the invention relates to a process for the preparation of the coated support materials, which comprises incubating a D-amino acid oxidase-containi.ng solution with a porous bead-shaped support material made of a crosslinked copolymer, substantially compri~ing vinyl acetate units and/or vinyl alcohol units and units of a crosslinking agent, where the units of the crosslinking agent are copolymerized compounds of the 2Q~81 94 .
formulae R1 - N j C j N - R2 (I) A
and/or [CH~ = C]- B
X 2 (II) where R1 and R2 in formula (I) can be identical or different and are vinyl, l-acyloxyvinyl, allyl or 2-acyloxyallyl, A i~ a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, B in formula (II) is a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and X is acyloxy, where the acyloxy group is a radical having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, the amount of crosslinking agent is 1 to 60% by weight, relative to the polymer, and the acyloxy groups of the vinyl acylate units are present as such, or some or all have been hydrolyzed to hydroxyl group~, and the mean particle size of the beads is 20 to 800 ~m and the mean pore diameter is 2 to 10 000 nm.
The vinyl acetate units of the support polymer preferably contain 2 to 18 carbon atoms, in particular 2 to 6 carbon atoms, in the acylate radical. Preferably, this is the acetate or propionate radical. Different acylate radicals can also be present in the polymer, i.e.
mixtures of the corresponding vinyl acylate~ can also be used for its preparation.
In the crosslinking agent according to the formula (I), A is preferably a branched or unbranched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having 2 to S carbon atoms, in particular 2 or 3 carbon atoms. Particular preference iB
given to the ethylene or propylene radical. If Rl/R2 of this formula (I) is 1-acyloxyvinyl or 2-acyloxyallyl, then the acyloxy group therein preferably contains 2 to - 6 - 2~81~
18 carbon atoms, in particular 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
Preferably acyloxy i8 the acetate or propionate radical.
The R1/R2 radicals are preferably vinyl. A preferred crosslinker unit in the polymer used according to the invention is correspondingly derived from N,N~-divinylethyleneurea. This crosslinker produces a particularly hydrolysis-resistant coupling. Another preferred representative is N,N'-divinylpropyleneurea.
In the crosslinking agent according to the formula (II), -10 B is preferably a divalent hydrocarbon radical, in particular a branched ox unbranched alkylene radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and preferably has the same meaning as described above for the radicals Rl and R2 in the formula (I). A preferred crosslinker of this type i8 for example 3,3-dimethylpentadiene 2,4-diacetate, which copolymerizes particularly easily with the vinyl acetate.
The amount of units of the crosslinking agent ~II) is generally 0 to 100%, in particular 0 to 60%, relative to the total amount of crosslinker units in the polymer.
The total amount of crosslinker units in the support polymer is within the ranges claimed and depends on the degree of crosslinking desired for the particular application. Thus for example in the application as a support material for enzyme reactions in an agitator vessel or for diagnostic agents a relatively low degree of crosslinking is advantageous, requiring a low content of crosslinking monomer units. Crosslinker contents below 0.1% by weight. lead in most cases to unusable products.
The lower limit can therefore be given as generally about 1% by weight. Crosslinker contents above 60% by weight are possible in principle, but do not as a rule give any further advantages.
According to the application the amount of crosslinker units is preferably 1 to 50~ by weight, and in particular 1 to 40~ by weight, relative to the polymer.
2 0 ~ 4 In the use according to the imJention as a support material for DAOI the lower lLmit is preferably 2.5~ by weigh~, and particularly preferably 10% by weight. If only crosslinker units according to formula (II) are present, their lower limit is preferably 2.5% by weight.
It can be advantageous if the support p~lymer additionally contains monomer units of a monomer copoly-merizable with vinyl acetate, where their amount generally does not exceed 10~ by weight, relative to the total polymer, and is preferably between 0.1 and 5% by weight. Examples ~f such monomers, which may be used as a mixture, are: N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinylene carbonate, (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylonitrile, (meth)acryl-amide, alkyl (meth)acrylates each having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, in the alkyl radical, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates having 2 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, N-vinyl-N-alkylacetamide, styrene, ~-methylstyrene and the like.
The crosslinked support polymer is preferably in the form of beads, of predominan~ly spherical shape, which have a mean particle size in the dry, unswollen state of 20 to B00 ~m, preferably 50 to 300 ~m, and which preferably have a narrow particle size distribution. The optimum particle size in each case depends principally on the specific application. For a column procedure not carried out under pressure, for example, the particle size selected within the limits mentioned previously will be correspondingly larger than that for a process carried out under pressure. The beads of the polymer used according to the invention are predominantly macroporous.
The mean pore diameter is generally in the range from 2 to 10 000 nm, preferably 5 to 200 nm and in particslar 20 to 200 nm.
The acylate groups of the vinyl acetate unit& in the polymer used according to the invention are present as such or all or some have preferably been hydrolyzed ~o OH
- 8 - 2~819~
group~. At least 10~ by weight of the acyloxy groups are replaced by hydroxyl groups. However, the degree of hydrolysis is generally more ~han 50%, preferably more than 70% and in particular 90 to 100%. Crosslinked S polymers obtained by hydrolysis (polyvinyl alcohol~
preferably have at least some of the OH groups occupied by so-called spacer groups (with reference to spacers see below).
The copolymer in the form of a polyvinyl acetate gel is not hydrophilic; for use in water the ester group mu~t be hydrolyzed. This can be achieved in known manner by alkali, by swelling the product in an alcohol, e.g.
methanol, and adding aqueous alkali such as sodium hydroxide solution, or by transesterification of the alcohol-swollen product using cataly~ic amounts of acid or base and continuous removal, e.g. by distillation, of the ester formed (cf. German Patent 15 17 935). The hydrolysis can be terminated at any stage as required, so that the degree of hydrophilicity of the gel can be adjusted according to the application.
If the bead-shaped crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol gel is used as support for the DAO, which is to be attached to the support by a covalent bond, it is in many cases expedient previously to modify the gel with spacers.
Spacers are taken to mean compounds that react with the support polymer and also with the biologically active substance, and to a certain extent form a bridge between the two. The reaction of the bead polymer with the spacer can be accomplished directly or preferably after previous hydrolysis of the acylate groups. The degree of conversion depends inter alia on the bulkiness of the spacer and the accessibility of ~he acylate group and/or of the resulting secondary hydroxyl groups. Spacers which can be used are, according to the in~ention, homo- and heterobifunctional compounds known for this purpose, whose second functional group is responsible for the coupling to the biologically active substance to be 2~5~19~
g immobilized (cf. the German ~'atents 24 21 789 and 25 52 510, and also Ullmans Encyclopadie der technischen Chemie lUllmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry], 4th Edition, Vol. 10, page 540 and ~Characterization of immobilized biocatalysts~, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1979, p.53).
The spacers used are for example compounds which intro-duce the following groups:
-(CH2)n-NH2; n = 2-12 10(C~2)n-NH2; n = 1-8 ~ (CH2)n-CH ~ CH2;
n = 1-8 NH
- (CH2)n-CH --CH2;
O n = 1-8 ~(C~2jn-C\ ; X = H, OH, halogen X N3, OR
,~ 0~
15-(CH2)n~C ~ ; n = 1-6 OR R = alkyl radical having -CH2 ~ Y ; 1-6 carbon atoms ~ = NH2, N2, NCO
Preferred spacers are those that result in hydrolysis-resistant chemical compounds, such as epichlorohydrin or its homolog (~ epoxy-~-haloalkanes). The reaction with polyvinyl alcohols (polyvinyl acylates) is carried out in the absence or presence of a solvent, prefsrably in the presence of a catalyst. The length of reaction is 20~ 9~
depending on the temperature, which can be between room temperature and the reflux temperature of the epichlorohydrin (ll3-ll5~c) _ generally between 30 minutes and 24 hours. The cata]yst can be for example NaOH (in powder form) or aqueous alkalis, dimethylfoxmamide, triethylamine and other acid acceptors.
~he reaction between the DAO and the suppoxt material is carried out between 0 and ~40C, preferably at room temperature. The coupling reaction is preferably carried out at a fairly neutral pH, for example at a pH of from 5 to 9, preferably in the presence of phosphate buffers having an ionic strength of from 0.5 to 1.5 M.
D-amino acid oxidase can be isolated for example from hog kidneys, bacteria, yeasts or molds. Preference iB given to the use of the DAO from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis CBS 4095. Coupling to the enzyme support can be performed with purified, partially purified or crude DAO-containing cell extracts. The purification of DAO can be performed by conventional procedures, e.g. by ammonium sulfate precipitation, or ion exchange or gel permeation chromatography. Preference is given to the use of DAO-containing enzyme solutions obtained by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography.
Furthermore, catalase can also be coupled to the enzyme support by means of the DAO. The catalase can be isolated for example from animals, bacteria, yeasts or molds.
Preference is given to the use of the catalase from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis CBS 4095. Coupling to the enzyme support can be performed with purified, partially purified or crude catalase-containing cell extracts. The catalase can be coupled to the enzyme support simulta-neously with the DAO, or before or af~er the DAO. Enzyme supports coated only with DAO or only with catala~e can also be mixed.
- 11- 205~94 using examples. Percentages given are by weight.
Example 1 The cultures of Trigonopsis variabilis CBS 4095 were grown first in shaken flasks and subsequently in stirred fermenters containing the medium described by Sentheshanmuganathan and Nickerson (J. Gen. Microbiol.
27, 465, 1962), and using either methionine or alanine as nitrogen source.
For DAO determination 0.4 g of cells is frozen, then thawed at acid pH, e.g. about pH 3-4; the freezing can be carried out at a temperature below -10C, e.g. about -20C. Freezing should be performed for a period sufficient to permeabilize the cells, e.g. at least 1 hour at -20C.
The activity is determined photometrically using the following assay system:
Solutions:
1) buffer 100 mM PPB; pH 7.3; air-saturated 2) o-phenylenediamine 0.02% in H2O
yield is given as 40%.
It was the object of the present invention to impro~e the stability of D-amino acid oxidase. Surprisingly, it has now been found ~hat coupling D-amino acid oxidase to a support material made of a crosslinked copolymer, substantially comprising vinyl acetate units and/or vinyl alcohol uni~s and units of a crosslinking agent, forms a complex in which the enzyme DAO retains its activity for a long period.
The invention thus relates to an enæyme-coated support materiall comprising D-amino acid oxidase and a porous bead-shaped support material, where the support material is a crosslinked copolymer, substantially comprising vinyl acetate units and/or vinyl alcohol units and units of a crosslinking agent, where the units of the crosslinking agent are copolymerized compounds of the formulae O (I) R1 - N j C - N - R2 A /
and/or iCH2 = C~- B
X 2 (II) where R1 and R2 in formula (I) can be identical or different and are vinyl, 1-acyloxyvinyl, allyl or 2-acyloxyallyl, A i5 a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, B in formula (II) i8 a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and X is acyloxy, where the acyloxy group is a radical having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, the amount of crosslinking agent i6 1 to 60~ by weight, relative to the polymer, and the acyloxy groups of the vinyl acylate units are present as such, or some or all have been hydrolyzed to hydroxyl 20~8~94 groups, and the mean particle size of the beads is 2û to 800 ~m and the mean pore diameter is 2 to 10 000 nm.
It was surprising that the enzymes in an immobilized form following the coupling to the support mentioned show a storage stability of at least 6 months. In comparison with other known enzyme supports such as, for example, Eupergit (Rohm), vinyl-Sepharose (Kem-en-tec), BrCN-activated-Sepharose (Pharmacia), the support according to the invention showed a surprisingly high immobilization yield with DAO, and a longer operational stability. Particular preference is given to the use of the vinyl acetate-epoxy supports from Riedel de Haen, for example VA-Epoxy-~Biosynth.
The preparation of the porous, bead-shaped support materials used i6 disclosed in DE-A 33 44 912, to which reference is made here.
The coupling reaction between the enzyme~ used according to the invention and the support material is carried out in a known manner, such as is described for example in DE-A 24 07 340 or in the Gennan Patents 22 15 687, 24 21 789 and 25 S2 510.
The invention relates to the use of the support material according to the invention for the oxidative dçamination of cephalosporin C derivatives.
The term cephalosporin C derivatives means for example compounds such as those of the formula III
COOH
H2N-cH-(cH2)3coNHTf ~ (III) 0~ ~
COOH
in which X is an acetate group, a nucleophile radical, 20~81 9~
a heterocycle, a hydroxyl group or hydrogen r and salts thereof.
Cephalosporin C is a compound of the formula IV
R~H ~ ~ (IV~
d~ N_~ C~2 0 A c COOH
in which R is COOH
H2N - C - (CH2)3 ~ -~-Ketoadipyl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid i~ a compound of the formula Iv in which R i9 O O
HOOC - C - (CH2)3 - C -Glutary1-7-aminocephalosporanic acid i~ a compound of the formul~ IV in which R i8 O
HOOC - (Cll~)3 - C -7-Aminocephalosporanic acid i8 a compound of the formula IV in which R is hydrogen.
Furthermore the invention relates to a process for the preparation of the coated support materials, which comprises incubating a D-amino acid oxidase-containi.ng solution with a porous bead-shaped support material made of a crosslinked copolymer, substantially compri~ing vinyl acetate units and/or vinyl alcohol units and units of a crosslinking agent, where the units of the crosslinking agent are copolymerized compounds of the 2Q~81 94 .
formulae R1 - N j C j N - R2 (I) A
and/or [CH~ = C]- B
X 2 (II) where R1 and R2 in formula (I) can be identical or different and are vinyl, l-acyloxyvinyl, allyl or 2-acyloxyallyl, A i~ a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, B in formula (II) is a divalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and X is acyloxy, where the acyloxy group is a radical having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, the amount of crosslinking agent is 1 to 60% by weight, relative to the polymer, and the acyloxy groups of the vinyl acylate units are present as such, or some or all have been hydrolyzed to hydroxyl group~, and the mean particle size of the beads is 20 to 800 ~m and the mean pore diameter is 2 to 10 000 nm.
The vinyl acetate units of the support polymer preferably contain 2 to 18 carbon atoms, in particular 2 to 6 carbon atoms, in the acylate radical. Preferably, this is the acetate or propionate radical. Different acylate radicals can also be present in the polymer, i.e.
mixtures of the corresponding vinyl acylate~ can also be used for its preparation.
In the crosslinking agent according to the formula (I), A is preferably a branched or unbranched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having 2 to S carbon atoms, in particular 2 or 3 carbon atoms. Particular preference iB
given to the ethylene or propylene radical. If Rl/R2 of this formula (I) is 1-acyloxyvinyl or 2-acyloxyallyl, then the acyloxy group therein preferably contains 2 to - 6 - 2~81~
18 carbon atoms, in particular 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
Preferably acyloxy i8 the acetate or propionate radical.
The R1/R2 radicals are preferably vinyl. A preferred crosslinker unit in the polymer used according to the invention is correspondingly derived from N,N~-divinylethyleneurea. This crosslinker produces a particularly hydrolysis-resistant coupling. Another preferred representative is N,N'-divinylpropyleneurea.
In the crosslinking agent according to the formula (II), -10 B is preferably a divalent hydrocarbon radical, in particular a branched ox unbranched alkylene radical having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and preferably has the same meaning as described above for the radicals Rl and R2 in the formula (I). A preferred crosslinker of this type i8 for example 3,3-dimethylpentadiene 2,4-diacetate, which copolymerizes particularly easily with the vinyl acetate.
The amount of units of the crosslinking agent ~II) is generally 0 to 100%, in particular 0 to 60%, relative to the total amount of crosslinker units in the polymer.
The total amount of crosslinker units in the support polymer is within the ranges claimed and depends on the degree of crosslinking desired for the particular application. Thus for example in the application as a support material for enzyme reactions in an agitator vessel or for diagnostic agents a relatively low degree of crosslinking is advantageous, requiring a low content of crosslinking monomer units. Crosslinker contents below 0.1% by weight. lead in most cases to unusable products.
The lower limit can therefore be given as generally about 1% by weight. Crosslinker contents above 60% by weight are possible in principle, but do not as a rule give any further advantages.
According to the application the amount of crosslinker units is preferably 1 to 50~ by weight, and in particular 1 to 40~ by weight, relative to the polymer.
2 0 ~ 4 In the use according to the imJention as a support material for DAOI the lower lLmit is preferably 2.5~ by weigh~, and particularly preferably 10% by weight. If only crosslinker units according to formula (II) are present, their lower limit is preferably 2.5% by weight.
It can be advantageous if the support p~lymer additionally contains monomer units of a monomer copoly-merizable with vinyl acetate, where their amount generally does not exceed 10~ by weight, relative to the total polymer, and is preferably between 0.1 and 5% by weight. Examples ~f such monomers, which may be used as a mixture, are: N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinylene carbonate, (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylonitrile, (meth)acryl-amide, alkyl (meth)acrylates each having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, in the alkyl radical, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates having 2 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, N-vinyl-N-alkylacetamide, styrene, ~-methylstyrene and the like.
The crosslinked support polymer is preferably in the form of beads, of predominan~ly spherical shape, which have a mean particle size in the dry, unswollen state of 20 to B00 ~m, preferably 50 to 300 ~m, and which preferably have a narrow particle size distribution. The optimum particle size in each case depends principally on the specific application. For a column procedure not carried out under pressure, for example, the particle size selected within the limits mentioned previously will be correspondingly larger than that for a process carried out under pressure. The beads of the polymer used according to the invention are predominantly macroporous.
The mean pore diameter is generally in the range from 2 to 10 000 nm, preferably 5 to 200 nm and in particslar 20 to 200 nm.
The acylate groups of the vinyl acetate unit& in the polymer used according to the invention are present as such or all or some have preferably been hydrolyzed ~o OH
- 8 - 2~819~
group~. At least 10~ by weight of the acyloxy groups are replaced by hydroxyl groups. However, the degree of hydrolysis is generally more ~han 50%, preferably more than 70% and in particular 90 to 100%. Crosslinked S polymers obtained by hydrolysis (polyvinyl alcohol~
preferably have at least some of the OH groups occupied by so-called spacer groups (with reference to spacers see below).
The copolymer in the form of a polyvinyl acetate gel is not hydrophilic; for use in water the ester group mu~t be hydrolyzed. This can be achieved in known manner by alkali, by swelling the product in an alcohol, e.g.
methanol, and adding aqueous alkali such as sodium hydroxide solution, or by transesterification of the alcohol-swollen product using cataly~ic amounts of acid or base and continuous removal, e.g. by distillation, of the ester formed (cf. German Patent 15 17 935). The hydrolysis can be terminated at any stage as required, so that the degree of hydrophilicity of the gel can be adjusted according to the application.
If the bead-shaped crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol gel is used as support for the DAO, which is to be attached to the support by a covalent bond, it is in many cases expedient previously to modify the gel with spacers.
Spacers are taken to mean compounds that react with the support polymer and also with the biologically active substance, and to a certain extent form a bridge between the two. The reaction of the bead polymer with the spacer can be accomplished directly or preferably after previous hydrolysis of the acylate groups. The degree of conversion depends inter alia on the bulkiness of the spacer and the accessibility of ~he acylate group and/or of the resulting secondary hydroxyl groups. Spacers which can be used are, according to the in~ention, homo- and heterobifunctional compounds known for this purpose, whose second functional group is responsible for the coupling to the biologically active substance to be 2~5~19~
g immobilized (cf. the German ~'atents 24 21 789 and 25 52 510, and also Ullmans Encyclopadie der technischen Chemie lUllmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry], 4th Edition, Vol. 10, page 540 and ~Characterization of immobilized biocatalysts~, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1979, p.53).
The spacers used are for example compounds which intro-duce the following groups:
-(CH2)n-NH2; n = 2-12 10(C~2)n-NH2; n = 1-8 ~ (CH2)n-CH ~ CH2;
n = 1-8 NH
- (CH2)n-CH --CH2;
O n = 1-8 ~(C~2jn-C\ ; X = H, OH, halogen X N3, OR
,~ 0~
15-(CH2)n~C ~ ; n = 1-6 OR R = alkyl radical having -CH2 ~ Y ; 1-6 carbon atoms ~ = NH2, N2, NCO
Preferred spacers are those that result in hydrolysis-resistant chemical compounds, such as epichlorohydrin or its homolog (~ epoxy-~-haloalkanes). The reaction with polyvinyl alcohols (polyvinyl acylates) is carried out in the absence or presence of a solvent, prefsrably in the presence of a catalyst. The length of reaction is 20~ 9~
depending on the temperature, which can be between room temperature and the reflux temperature of the epichlorohydrin (ll3-ll5~c) _ generally between 30 minutes and 24 hours. The cata]yst can be for example NaOH (in powder form) or aqueous alkalis, dimethylfoxmamide, triethylamine and other acid acceptors.
~he reaction between the DAO and the suppoxt material is carried out between 0 and ~40C, preferably at room temperature. The coupling reaction is preferably carried out at a fairly neutral pH, for example at a pH of from 5 to 9, preferably in the presence of phosphate buffers having an ionic strength of from 0.5 to 1.5 M.
D-amino acid oxidase can be isolated for example from hog kidneys, bacteria, yeasts or molds. Preference iB given to the use of the DAO from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis CBS 4095. Coupling to the enzyme support can be performed with purified, partially purified or crude DAO-containing cell extracts. The purification of DAO can be performed by conventional procedures, e.g. by ammonium sulfate precipitation, or ion exchange or gel permeation chromatography. Preference is given to the use of DAO-containing enzyme solutions obtained by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography.
Furthermore, catalase can also be coupled to the enzyme support by means of the DAO. The catalase can be isolated for example from animals, bacteria, yeasts or molds.
Preference is given to the use of the catalase from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis CBS 4095. Coupling to the enzyme support can be performed with purified, partially purified or crude catalase-containing cell extracts. The catalase can be coupled to the enzyme support simulta-neously with the DAO, or before or af~er the DAO. Enzyme supports coated only with DAO or only with catala~e can also be mixed.
- 11- 205~94 using examples. Percentages given are by weight.
Example 1 The cultures of Trigonopsis variabilis CBS 4095 were grown first in shaken flasks and subsequently in stirred fermenters containing the medium described by Sentheshanmuganathan and Nickerson (J. Gen. Microbiol.
27, 465, 1962), and using either methionine or alanine as nitrogen source.
For DAO determination 0.4 g of cells is frozen, then thawed at acid pH, e.g. about pH 3-4; the freezing can be carried out at a temperature below -10C, e.g. about -20C. Freezing should be performed for a period sufficient to permeabilize the cells, e.g. at least 1 hour at -20C.
The activity is determined photometrically using the following assay system:
Solutions:
1) buffer 100 mM PPB; pH 7.3; air-saturated 2) o-phenylenediamine 0.02% in H2O
3) peroxidase 1 mg/ml in buffer
4) enzyme or permeabilized cells optimal: 0.5-1.0 units/ml
5) substrate 150 mM Na - CPC (100%) in buffer AssaY procedure:
= 405 nm (maximum) ~ = 4020 l/mol*cm v = 30C
2~5819~
Volume: Fin~l concentration:
1) 2.00 ml 83 mM
2) 0.50 ml 0.0034%
3) 0.10 ml 0.034 mg/ml 4) 0.05 ml wait 2 min 5) 0.30 ml 15.25 mM
2.95 ml Calculation:
10 Units = AE * dilution * total volume ml min * ~ * d * sample volume Under the conditions described above an enzyme activity in the fermenter of 200 U/l is achieved.
In the activity determinations using immobilized enzyme, samples are taken at intervals and the decrease in CPC
concentration is determined by HPLC. The mobile phase comprises 40 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 4.3) and 20% of MeOH with 10 mg/l of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. The stationary phase is 6Lichrospher 100 RP 18 (5 ~m).
Example 2 Synthesis of the supports a) Suspension polymerization Under a nitrogen atmosphere in a 1.4 l gla~s flask having a stirrer, reflux condenser and thermometer an organic phase comprising a solution of 60.0 g of vinyl acetate, 40.0 g of N,N'-divinylethyleneurea, 80.0 g of 2-ethyl-hexanol, 20.0 g of Polyglykol B 11/50 (Hoechst AG) and 2.0 g of azoisobutyronitrile Porofor N (Bayer AG), was suspended with stirring in an aqueous phase comprising 3.2 g of Na2HPO4, 8.0 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (molecular weight approximately 360 000) and 800 ml of water. The 20~8~94 _ 13 -polymerization was started by heating to 75C in a heating bath. After two hour0 the temperature was increased to 85C and after a further two hours the polymerization was completed. The suspension obtained wa~
cooled to 25~C, filtered off with suction and stirred for 30 minutes four times with l l of water each time, three times with 1 l of methanol each time and twice with 1 l of acetone each time, filtered off with suction and dried overnight at 50C and 200 mm Hg in a vacuum drying oven under nitrogen. The yield was 75 g. Cloudy beads with a glossy surface were obtained. The bulk density was 300 g/1. This gives a bulk volume of 3.3 ml/g.
b) Partial hydrolysis 50 g of dry product and 150 ml of methanol and a solution of 17.5 g of NaOH in 150 ml of water were stirred for 3 hours at 30C, filtered off with suction, neu~ralized in S00 ml of methanol with acetic acid, stirred once with 500 ml of methanol and twice each with 500 ml of acetone, filtered off with suction, sieved and dried. The yield was 34.4 g ~= 68.8% by weight) based on the polymer. The beads were cloudy and had a glossy surface. The bulk density was 353 g/l (calculated bulk volume 2.8 ml/g).
Sieving distribution: >300 ~m 19.0 g (55.2~ by weight), 200-300 ~m 8.9 g (25.9% by weight), 100-200 ~m 6.1 g ~17.9~ by weight) and 50-100 ~m 0.4 g ~1.2~ by ~eight).
Degree of hydrolysis (IR, molar basis): 73%.
c) Attachment of the spacer 10.0 g of the dry 50-200 ~m sie~e fraction were swollen for 4 hours in 100 ml of epichlorohydrin at 25C, then heated for 4 hours with gentle stirring to 115C, and, after cooling to 25C, filtered off with 6uction. Then the mixture was stirred twice with 200 ml of acetone each time for 30 minutes, filtered off with suction and kept overnight in a drying oven under reduced pressure at 50C
under nitrogen.
9.8 g of dry product was obtained having a bulk density of 315 g/l and an epoxide equivalent of 350 ~moltg.
- 14 _ 2058 ~ ~
Example 3 To 10 g of wet cells produced as in Example 1 having an activity of 30 U/g are added the 3ame weight of 20 mM
potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, giving a 6uspension.
The mixture i8 ground in ~ cooled Dyno mill at a residence time of 3 x 5 min. The yield of activity in the supernatant after centrifugation at 13 000 g is 60 to 80%; on average that is 210 U. The slightly cloudy crude extract is dialyzed against a 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8Ø Sufficient DEAE-cellulose from Whatman i~
then added to bind the DAO completely. The bound enzyme is subsequently poured into a column and the DAO is eluted with increasing ionic str~ngth (0-0.5 N NaCl). The active fractions are combined, concentrated by ultrafil-tration and rebuffered with 1 M potassium phosphatebuffer (pH = 8.0). On average, the DAO ~olution purified in this manner contains 25 U/ml.
Example 4 5 ml of a solution obtained according to Example 3 are added to 1 g of VA-Epoxy Biosynth~ from Riedel de Haen and allowed to stand in a sealed container for 3 days at room temperature. During this time the enzyme binds covalently to the oxirane group-containing support. The immobilized enzyme i8 then washed with 1 X NaCl solution. The mean binding efficiency i8 0.83. Small amounts are in the washing water. The immobilized enzyme contain~
approximately 32 U/g (wet we~ght, wwt). It is stored in a 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer, containing 0.02% of sodium azide, at 4 degrees Celsius.
Example 5 As Example 2, but the support used is Eupergit from Rohm, Darmstadt. Result in Table 1.
Example 6 2 ml of DAO solution are dialyzed against a 50 mM potas-sium phosphate buffer (pH=8.6). The buffered solution 20~8~ 9~
_ 15 -having a total of 60 U is incubated at room temperature (RT) for 18 h with 2 ml of vinyl-Sepharose suspension (60%) to effect immobilization. 1.2 ml of Sepharose containing 22 U/ml are obtained (see Table 1), corresponding to an immobilization yield of 43~. 10 U are present in the washing water, 80 that a value ~ of O.Sl is calculated.
Example 7 l ml of DAO solution containing 3.2 U, which had been dialyzed against 0.5 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.7, are added to 0.2 g of CNBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia) at RT. After 90 min the coupling is completed, and the support is washed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Excess binding groups are inactivated with glycine. Result see Table 1.
Example 8 The enzyme immobilized as in Example 4 is stored under th0 condition~ given in Example 4 and its activity was measured each month. In 6 months the activity does not decrease by more than 5%.
Example 9 Sodium cephalosporin C (40 mM) is dissolved at pH 7.3 in 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer, and the Eolution i6 thermostated to 30C with stirring and treated with oxygen. 2~ (w/w) of immobilized DAO are added to this and the mixture is maintained at the initial pH by means of an autotitrator. After completion of the reaction, the solution is drained off and the reactor is refilled. The enzyme remains in the vessel. The number of reactions i8 120. The reaction time is selected 80 that complete conversion is possible. This is 1 hour up to about 40 reactions, then 1.5 up to 90, and finally 2 h.
- 16 - ~0~819~
~able 1: Comparison of enzyme supports Binding efficiencyU/g td at 30 , ] twwt) pH=7.3 Eupergit 0.71 29 ~20 (Rohm) VA-Epoxy O.83 32 ~40 (Riedel de Haen) Vinyl-Sepharose 0.51 22 ~15 (Kem-en-tec) BrCN-activated Sepharose 0.7 6 ~6 (Pharmacia)
= 405 nm (maximum) ~ = 4020 l/mol*cm v = 30C
2~5819~
Volume: Fin~l concentration:
1) 2.00 ml 83 mM
2) 0.50 ml 0.0034%
3) 0.10 ml 0.034 mg/ml 4) 0.05 ml wait 2 min 5) 0.30 ml 15.25 mM
2.95 ml Calculation:
10 Units = AE * dilution * total volume ml min * ~ * d * sample volume Under the conditions described above an enzyme activity in the fermenter of 200 U/l is achieved.
In the activity determinations using immobilized enzyme, samples are taken at intervals and the decrease in CPC
concentration is determined by HPLC. The mobile phase comprises 40 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 4.3) and 20% of MeOH with 10 mg/l of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. The stationary phase is 6Lichrospher 100 RP 18 (5 ~m).
Example 2 Synthesis of the supports a) Suspension polymerization Under a nitrogen atmosphere in a 1.4 l gla~s flask having a stirrer, reflux condenser and thermometer an organic phase comprising a solution of 60.0 g of vinyl acetate, 40.0 g of N,N'-divinylethyleneurea, 80.0 g of 2-ethyl-hexanol, 20.0 g of Polyglykol B 11/50 (Hoechst AG) and 2.0 g of azoisobutyronitrile Porofor N (Bayer AG), was suspended with stirring in an aqueous phase comprising 3.2 g of Na2HPO4, 8.0 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (molecular weight approximately 360 000) and 800 ml of water. The 20~8~94 _ 13 -polymerization was started by heating to 75C in a heating bath. After two hour0 the temperature was increased to 85C and after a further two hours the polymerization was completed. The suspension obtained wa~
cooled to 25~C, filtered off with suction and stirred for 30 minutes four times with l l of water each time, three times with 1 l of methanol each time and twice with 1 l of acetone each time, filtered off with suction and dried overnight at 50C and 200 mm Hg in a vacuum drying oven under nitrogen. The yield was 75 g. Cloudy beads with a glossy surface were obtained. The bulk density was 300 g/1. This gives a bulk volume of 3.3 ml/g.
b) Partial hydrolysis 50 g of dry product and 150 ml of methanol and a solution of 17.5 g of NaOH in 150 ml of water were stirred for 3 hours at 30C, filtered off with suction, neu~ralized in S00 ml of methanol with acetic acid, stirred once with 500 ml of methanol and twice each with 500 ml of acetone, filtered off with suction, sieved and dried. The yield was 34.4 g ~= 68.8% by weight) based on the polymer. The beads were cloudy and had a glossy surface. The bulk density was 353 g/l (calculated bulk volume 2.8 ml/g).
Sieving distribution: >300 ~m 19.0 g (55.2~ by weight), 200-300 ~m 8.9 g (25.9% by weight), 100-200 ~m 6.1 g ~17.9~ by weight) and 50-100 ~m 0.4 g ~1.2~ by ~eight).
Degree of hydrolysis (IR, molar basis): 73%.
c) Attachment of the spacer 10.0 g of the dry 50-200 ~m sie~e fraction were swollen for 4 hours in 100 ml of epichlorohydrin at 25C, then heated for 4 hours with gentle stirring to 115C, and, after cooling to 25C, filtered off with 6uction. Then the mixture was stirred twice with 200 ml of acetone each time for 30 minutes, filtered off with suction and kept overnight in a drying oven under reduced pressure at 50C
under nitrogen.
9.8 g of dry product was obtained having a bulk density of 315 g/l and an epoxide equivalent of 350 ~moltg.
- 14 _ 2058 ~ ~
Example 3 To 10 g of wet cells produced as in Example 1 having an activity of 30 U/g are added the 3ame weight of 20 mM
potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, giving a 6uspension.
The mixture i8 ground in ~ cooled Dyno mill at a residence time of 3 x 5 min. The yield of activity in the supernatant after centrifugation at 13 000 g is 60 to 80%; on average that is 210 U. The slightly cloudy crude extract is dialyzed against a 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8Ø Sufficient DEAE-cellulose from Whatman i~
then added to bind the DAO completely. The bound enzyme is subsequently poured into a column and the DAO is eluted with increasing ionic str~ngth (0-0.5 N NaCl). The active fractions are combined, concentrated by ultrafil-tration and rebuffered with 1 M potassium phosphatebuffer (pH = 8.0). On average, the DAO ~olution purified in this manner contains 25 U/ml.
Example 4 5 ml of a solution obtained according to Example 3 are added to 1 g of VA-Epoxy Biosynth~ from Riedel de Haen and allowed to stand in a sealed container for 3 days at room temperature. During this time the enzyme binds covalently to the oxirane group-containing support. The immobilized enzyme i8 then washed with 1 X NaCl solution. The mean binding efficiency i8 0.83. Small amounts are in the washing water. The immobilized enzyme contain~
approximately 32 U/g (wet we~ght, wwt). It is stored in a 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer, containing 0.02% of sodium azide, at 4 degrees Celsius.
Example 5 As Example 2, but the support used is Eupergit from Rohm, Darmstadt. Result in Table 1.
Example 6 2 ml of DAO solution are dialyzed against a 50 mM potas-sium phosphate buffer (pH=8.6). The buffered solution 20~8~ 9~
_ 15 -having a total of 60 U is incubated at room temperature (RT) for 18 h with 2 ml of vinyl-Sepharose suspension (60%) to effect immobilization. 1.2 ml of Sepharose containing 22 U/ml are obtained (see Table 1), corresponding to an immobilization yield of 43~. 10 U are present in the washing water, 80 that a value ~ of O.Sl is calculated.
Example 7 l ml of DAO solution containing 3.2 U, which had been dialyzed against 0.5 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.7, are added to 0.2 g of CNBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia) at RT. After 90 min the coupling is completed, and the support is washed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Excess binding groups are inactivated with glycine. Result see Table 1.
Example 8 The enzyme immobilized as in Example 4 is stored under th0 condition~ given in Example 4 and its activity was measured each month. In 6 months the activity does not decrease by more than 5%.
Example 9 Sodium cephalosporin C (40 mM) is dissolved at pH 7.3 in 20 mM potassium phosphate buffer, and the Eolution i6 thermostated to 30C with stirring and treated with oxygen. 2~ (w/w) of immobilized DAO are added to this and the mixture is maintained at the initial pH by means of an autotitrator. After completion of the reaction, the solution is drained off and the reactor is refilled. The enzyme remains in the vessel. The number of reactions i8 120. The reaction time is selected 80 that complete conversion is possible. This is 1 hour up to about 40 reactions, then 1.5 up to 90, and finally 2 h.
- 16 - ~0~819~
~able 1: Comparison of enzyme supports Binding efficiencyU/g td at 30 , ] twwt) pH=7.3 Eupergit 0.71 29 ~20 (Rohm) VA-Epoxy O.83 32 ~40 (Riedel de Haen) Vinyl-Sepharose 0.51 22 ~15 (Kem-en-tec) BrCN-activated Sepharose 0.7 6 ~6 (Pharmacia)
Claims (9)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An enzyme-coated support material comprising D-amino acid oxidase and a porous bead-shaped support material, where the support material is a crosslinked copolymer, substantially comprising vinyl acetate units and/or vinyl alcohol units and units of a crosslinking agent, where the units of the crosslinking agent are copolymerized compounds of the formulae (I) and/or (II) where R1 and R2 in formula (I) can be identical or different and are vinyl, 1-acyloxyvinyl, allyl or 2-acyloxyallyl, A is a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, B in formula (II) is a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and X is acyloxy, where the acyloxy group is a radical having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, the amount of crosslinking agent is 1 to 60% by weight, relative to the polymer, and the acyloxy groups of the vinyl acylate units are present as such, or some or all have been hydrolyzed to hydroxyl groups, and the mean particle size of the beads is 20 to 800 µm and the mean pore diameter is 2 to 10 000 nm.
2. A support material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the D-amino acid oxidase originates from yeasts or molds.
3. A support material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which contains D-amino acid oxidase and catalase.
4. A process for the preparation of a coated support material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which comprises incubating a D-amino acid oxidase-containing solution with a porous bead-shaped support material made of a crosslinked copolymer, substantially comprising vinyl acetate units and/or vinyl alcohol units and units of a crosslinking agent, where the units of the crosslinking agent are copolymerized compounds of the formulae (I) and/or (II) where R1 and R2 in formula (I) can be identical or different and are vinyl, 1-acyloxyvinyl, allyl or 2-acyloxyallyl, A is a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, B in formula (II) is a divalent hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and X is acyloxy, where the acyloxy group is a radical having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, the amount of crosslinking agent is 1 to 60% by weight, relative to the polymer, and the acyloxy groups of the vinyl acylate units are present as such, or some or all have been hydrolyzed to hydroxyl groups, and the mean particle size of the beads is 20 to 800 µm and the mean pore diameter is 2 to 10 000 nm.
5. The process as claimed in claim 4, wherein a D-amino acid oxidase-containing solution obtained from molds or yeasts is used.
6. The process as claimed in claim 4 or 5, wherein a D-amino acid oxidase-containing solution purified by ion exchange chromatography is used.
7. The process as claimed in one or more of claims 4 to 6, wherein D-amino acid oxidase- and catalase-contain-ing solutions are used.
8. The process as claimed in one or more of claims 3 to 7, wherein the incubation is performed at a temperature between 0°C and +40°C.
9. A process for the preparation of glutaryl-7-amino-cephalosporanic acid derivatives or .alpha.-ketoadipyl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives, wherein a coated support material as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 3 and cephalosporin derivatives are used.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4041755 | 1990-12-24 | ||
DEP4041755.7 | 1990-12-24 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2058194A1 true CA2058194A1 (en) | 1992-06-25 |
Family
ID=6421427
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002058194A Abandoned CA2058194A1 (en) | 1990-12-24 | 1991-12-20 | Immobilized d-amino acid oxidase and its use for the preparation of medicaments |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5599702A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0492495A3 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH04365484A (en) |
KR (1) | KR920012449A (en) |
AU (1) | AU660438B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2058194A1 (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ284454B6 (en) |
MX (1) | MX9102792A (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ241116A (en) |
TW (1) | TW198064B (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA9110119B (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE4342770A1 (en) * | 1993-12-15 | 1995-07-06 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Carrier-fixed enzymes |
US5980883A (en) * | 1996-10-02 | 1999-11-09 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Polymer gel for medical use |
KR20030076721A (en) * | 1997-09-09 | 2003-09-26 | 바이오케미 게젤샤프트 엠베하 | Esterase free enzymes |
CN1531539A (en) | 2001-04-19 | 2004-09-22 | ��ŷ�����¶����ǹɷ�����˾ | Enzymatic process for preparing cephalosporanic acid derivatives using 2-ketoacid derivatives |
EP1754534A1 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2007-02-21 | MERCK PATENT GmbH | Crosslinked hydrophile polymer |
ES2528426T3 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2015-02-09 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Crosslinked Hydrophilic Polymer |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1385685A (en) * | 1971-04-21 | 1975-02-26 | Glaxo Lab Ltd | Cephalosporin derivatives |
DE2911192A1 (en) * | 1979-03-22 | 1980-10-02 | Boehringer Sohn Ingelheim | INNOVATIVE IMMOBILIZED GLUCOSE OXIDASE CATALASE PREPARATION AND ITS USE FOR ENZYMATIC GLUCOSE OXIDATION |
DE3404021A1 (en) * | 1983-05-28 | 1984-11-29 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | MACROPOROUS PEARL POLYMERISATES, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF AND THEIR USE |
DE3344912A1 (en) * | 1983-12-13 | 1985-06-20 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | CROSSLINKED POLYMERISATES, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF AND THEIR USE |
SE8500157D0 (en) * | 1985-01-11 | 1985-01-11 | Mosbach Klaus | ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A D-AMINO ACID OXIDASE ACTIVE AGAINST CEPHALOSPORIN C FROM THE YEAST TRIGONOPSIS VARIABILIS |
DE3629177A1 (en) * | 1986-08-28 | 1988-03-17 | Hoechst Ag | CROSSLINKED POLYMERISATES AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
DE3818851A1 (en) * | 1988-06-03 | 1989-12-14 | Hoechst Ag | NEW TRANSAMINASE, THEIR MANUFACTURE AND ITS USE |
DE4028119C1 (en) * | 1990-09-05 | 1991-12-05 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt, De | |
IT1252308B (en) * | 1990-12-21 | 1995-06-08 | Antibioticos Spa | ENZYMATIC PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF 7- AMINOCEPHALOSPORANIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES |
-
1991
- 1991-11-29 TW TW080109397A patent/TW198064B/zh active
- 1991-12-20 NZ NZ241116A patent/NZ241116A/en unknown
- 1991-12-20 AU AU89895/91A patent/AU660438B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-12-20 CA CA002058194A patent/CA2058194A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-12-20 JP JP3337430A patent/JPH04365484A/en active Pending
- 1991-12-20 EP EP19910121931 patent/EP0492495A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-12-20 CZ CS913995A patent/CZ284454B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-12-23 ZA ZA9110119A patent/ZA9110119B/en unknown
- 1991-12-24 MX MX9102792A patent/MX9102792A/en unknown
- 1991-12-24 KR KR1019910024113A patent/KR920012449A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1995
- 1995-05-17 US US08/443,017 patent/US5599702A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Publication number | Publication date |
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TW198064B (en) | 1993-01-11 |
MX9102792A (en) | 1992-06-01 |
KR920012449A (en) | 1992-07-27 |
ZA9110119B (en) | 1992-09-30 |
EP0492495A3 (en) | 1993-06-16 |
JPH04365484A (en) | 1992-12-17 |
AU8989591A (en) | 1992-06-25 |
US5599702A (en) | 1997-02-04 |
CS399591A3 (en) | 1992-11-18 |
NZ241116A (en) | 1993-11-25 |
AU660438B2 (en) | 1995-06-29 |
EP0492495A2 (en) | 1992-07-01 |
CZ284454B6 (en) | 1998-12-16 |
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