CA2049332C - Active sound and/or vibration control - Google Patents

Abstract

An active sound or vibration control system for compensating noise or vibration arising from a periodic source of changing periodicity, wherein sensors (6) sense the existing noise and vibration, the sensor signals are sampled several times per cycle by an ADC (8) triggered by a signal output from a sensor (3) detecting the position of the source in its cycle, the sampled signals are transformed into compensation actuator drive signal values by a series of transform and adaptation modules (11 to 13, 15) based on algorithms dependent on the frequency of the source, and the drive signal values are stored in a memory means (1) continually updated by the values derived from the sampled sensor signals.

Description

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Title: Active Sound and/or Vibration control Field of invention This invention relates gem rally to systems for controlling sound or vibration, and more especially to active control systems which use a plurality of actuators .,.... _~o produce a cr~n-trolling- sounc or vibration field anr~ a-..-plurality of sensors to measure the residual field.
In contrast to previous systems aimed at controlling periodic sound or vibration, the system of the invention can be used even when the fundamental period of vibration is changing rapidly. For example, it can be used to control the engine noise in the interior of a vehicle.
The improved method in accordance with the invention uses orthogonal trans'ormations to :educe a multichannel control system to a series of single channel systems and provides a method by which the output of each such system can be adapted to maintain good performance of the control system even when the fundamental frequency of the vibration or sound source is changing.
8ackqround to the invention The principles of active sound and vibration control have been known for many years and there is a wealth of published literature. Most parent specifications in this field relate to methods applicable to particular WO 90/13108 ~ ~ , ;. ~, -~ v~ P~/G890/00617 J

situations. The method and system described herein relate to the control o' periodic or almost periodic sound and vibration. The two main approaches to this problem are:
(i) Wave shaping or filtering, eg US Patent No.
x,506,380 and published UK Patent Application No.
2,201.858. where a reference signal containing one or more frequencies of the unwanted sound and vibration is filtered to produce the signals to send to actuators which in turn produce the desired sound or vibration.
" (ii)'cVaveform synthesis, where a waveform generator is triggered by a signal derived from the source, eg UK
Patent Specification No. 1,517,322.
The two methods are equivalent only if the vibration source is exactly periodic. If the source characteristics are changing in time it is usual to use an adaptive control system in which sensors in the region to be controlled sense the residual sound or vibration and pass th a information to a processor which alters the filter coefficients or the synthesized waveform so as to provide better control. Published UK Patent Application No.
2,201,858 describes methods nor adapting filter coefficients. v:~ Patent Specification No. 1,577,322 recognises the need for adaption and a later patent specification, UK Patent No. 2,107,960, describes a simple technique for such a system using a single actuator and sensor. This latter patent specification does not explain how to control vibration where the period is changing, except to suggest that in this case the transform technique should produce frea_uency components from the lowest expected frequency to the highest, rather than just at freauencies corresponding to one harmonics of the source.
A further GB Patent Specification No. 2,122,052, White et al., uses a waveform synthesis technique for vibration control. In this method a sensor and actuator are placed at each of a number of locations. This results in a system with equal numbers of sensors and actuators and a method for adapting the waveform is presented for this special case. In most applications, however, the sources and sensors are not co-located and usually more sensors than sources are used in an effort to obtain a better measure of the resulting sound or vibration.
Brief Description of the Drawings The present invention will be described in conjunction with the drawings in which:
Figs. 1-3 illustrate equations described in the specification;
Fig. 4 illustrates an active sound and vibration control system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
Summarv of the Invention In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided an active sound or vibration cancelling apparatus for cancelling sound or vibration from a source thereof, comprising: a. a source of sensing means, having an output, - 3a -for producing a source signal related to the phase of unwanted sound or vibration at the source; b. a distributed plurality of sound or vibration sensors, each having an output; c. a distributed plurality of sound or vibration producing actuators; d. analogue-to-digital converter means for sampling output signals of said sound or vibration sensors in dependence on the source signal, said converted means having an output; and e. processing means responsive to the output of said analogue-to-digital converter means to produce drive signals for said sound or vibration producing actuators to effect cancellation of noise or vibration from said source thereof; f. wherein said processing means uses data in the form of singular values representing a singular value decomposition of a matrix representing transfer functions between said plurality of actuators and said plurality of sensors to calculate said drive signals.
The Invention The theoretical background to the present invention will now be described. The numbered mathematical equations referred to are set out in accompanying drawings.
The signal from each of a plurality of sensors is sampled using an analogue to digital converter (ADC) triggered by a signal related to the position of the source in its cycle.
The data may be averaged over several cycles to improve accuracy. This gives an almost periodic sequence to which an orthogonal transform, such as the discrete Fourier transform, - 3b -can be applied. This process is well known for the analysis of periodic signals, and is referred to as "order ratio analysis" or "order locked analysis".
The sample signal from the i-th sensor is given by equation (3.1), where Ii~(nT) is the response at sensor i, due to an impulse at the j-th controller output, x~(m) is the m-th value of the j-th controller output, yi(n) is the ,., y ,.w_..:. , i..:
G".:.~ , . _ ø ._ n-th value of sensor signal in the absence of any control and T is the sampling interval. 3 is the number of controller outputs. A slightly more complicated expression must be used if the length of the impulse response is comparable with the time over which the sampling period changes significantly. If ri is sampled N
times per cycle, then since x~ is periodic, equation (3.~) is applicable, where NT is the fundamental period.
Equation (3.1) can then be written a$ equation (3.3), where equation (3.4) defines the cyclic impulse response.
a ----_ _,- .. .- An orthogonal transform can be. used to simplify equation (3.3).
An example of this is a discrete Fourier transform defined by equation (3.5), where f=1/NT is the fundamental frequency.
Equation (3.3) then becomes equation (3.6).
It is to be noted that, since Ri, Yi and X~ are sampled an exact number of times per cycle, they do not depend on the frequency, f. Equation (3.6) shows that each harmonic, k, of the system can be considered separately.
The control problem is to find the components X~(k) which produce the desired values of Ri(k). This problem is complicated because all of the control outputs, X~(k) interact to produce each sensor signal. It is possible, however, to use a technique which transforms the set of coupled equations (3.6) into a set of independent equations. The technique employs a singular value decomposition of the transfer function matrix Ai~(kf) for each kf. This gives equation (3.7), where the asterisk .,lr;~G1 1 . . . , ... .r - S -denotes complex conjugation. The matrices with complex components Uim and Vmj represent orthogonal transformations and so have the properties given by equations (3.8) and (3.9), where ~I is the number of sensors and d~ m is the itronecker delta. The term Dm(kf) is the m-th singular value at frequency kf. It is a real quantity. The method of decomposition is described in "Numerical recipes - the art of scientific computing" by w Press and others, Cambridge University Press, 1986, pages 52 to 64. Equation (3.&) can be multiplied by U*,.
:~ i and summed over i to give equation (3.10), to which equations (3.10:1) andw(3.10.2~) and (3.10.3) are .-applicable.
These quantities are called the principal components of the corresponding signals. Equation (3.10) is a single equation for the component X~(kf) of the desired controller output, which can be solved directly if YQ and R~ are known or, since Y may be changing, can be solved iteratively using standard adaption algorithms. If the explicit dependence on ~, and kf is dropped, equation (3.10) reduces to equation (3.11).
If the aim is to make R as small as possible, one algorithm, at the n-th step, results in equation (3.12), where a is a real convergence factor.
Using equation (3.11) end (3.12) gives equation (3.12.1), and from equation (3.11), equation (3.12.2) results.
These can be combined to give equation (3. I3) and this shows that the algorithm is stable provided equation (3.14) is applicable, whereby optimal convergence is obtained when uD = 1.

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;fence it is desirable that actuation (3.15) applies, that is. a different convergence factor is used for each frequency and each principal component.
In order to implement this algorithm it is necessary to measure the transfer functions Aik(kf) at a number of different frequencies, kf, This can be done durin:~ an initial start-up or calibration phase and if necessary can be adapted using a parameter estimator as described in UK
Patent Application 8825074.1. The transformation matrices U(kf) and v(kf) and the sincular values D~(kf) a're calculated from the measurec transfer functions and stored for each frequency. During operation the frequency f (or, equivalently, the period T) is measured so that the appropriate transformation matrices and singular values can be used. Since kf is unlikely to correspond exactly to a value for which the transfer function was measured, the nearest value is used, alternatively interpolation between nearby values could be used to obtain more accuracy, In order to mai:,~ain a given accuracy the former method uses more memory and the latter uses more computation time.
Once X (kf) has been found, equations (3.9) and (3.10.3) can be used to give equatio~ (3.16).
It is then possible to apply an inverse discrete Fourier transform to obtain x~(n). These control signals are sent to digital to analogue conve_ters (DACs), then filtered and amplified to provide the drive signals for the actuators.
In some applications it is c~si:able that the actuators wo 9oo3~os PcricB9oioo6m ;. , , are not driven too hard, and it is important that the signals to the DAC's are within the correct range. One particular method of limiting the drive amplitudes is to use a minimisation constraint, a in the algorithm given by equation (3.17). The constraint \ can be adapted after each iteration, that is ,\ is increased if any of the drive signals x~ is too large or reduced if that' are all in the desired range.
Description of embodiment The invention is exemplified ~~~ita rs~e:ence to the accompanying drawings, in which the single figure following the invention shows one embodiment of apparatus for implementing the method.
Digital values are stored in a memory device (1), which may for example be a FIFO device. These values are sent to a set of digital to analogue converters (DACs) (2) which are triggered V times per cycle by a train of electrical pulses from a sensor (3). These pulses relate to the position of the sourca in its cycle. The analogue signals from the DACs are passed through signal conditioners (4) to provide the drive signals for a number of actuators (5). The resul;.ing sound or vibration field is measured by sensors (6). The signals from these sensors are used to adapt the values stored in the memory device (1) so that the sensor signals approach the desired values. The sensor signals are passed through signal conditioners (7) and then sampled in synchrony with the source using analogue to dicital converters (8) which are triggered by signals from the position sensor (3). These sampled values are placed it memory device (9) and may be averaged over a number of complete cycles to reduce the :, ;..
_ g _ effects of signals unrelated to the source. A transform module (10), which may use a discrete Fourier transform, produces components related to the harmonic frequencies of the source for each sensor. The components from the different sensors are then combined in the transform module (11) so as to produce the principal components of sensor signals. Baeh of these inde;~endent components is modified in the adaption module (12) to produce the principal components of the new drive Signals. These are combined with transform module (13) to produce the frequency components of each drive signal which are then converted to time values via an inverse transform module (15). The new time values then replace those in the memory device (1). The transform modules (11) and (13) and the adaption modules (12) require knowledge of the period or frequency of the source. This may be obtained from the position signal via a frequency counter (14) which contains a real time clock. This method can be used in aircraft cabins where the source of the noise is the propellers or propfans.
An important application of the method of active control described above is in the control of engine related noise in vehicles. A control system for controlling the "boom"
in automobile interiors is described in published UK
Patent Application 2,201,858. It uses the wave shaping or filtering technique described above. The system is designed to adapt on a time scale comparable with delays associated with the propagation time of sound from the actuators to the sensors. In an automobile interior, however there is sound from many sources which are not related to the engine; for example, road noise, wind noise, sound from the in-car entertainment system. This noise contaminates the sensor signals and degrades the WO 90/13108 PC'T/G890/00617 -.
_ g _ performance of the system.
The method of this invention uses averaging of the synchronously sampled signals over several cycles. This reduces the level of contamination and improves the performance of the system. However, the time taken for averaging reduces the ability of the system to track changes in the sound field due to changes in engine speed and load. Therefore, for a given level of contaminating noise, there will be an optimum number of cycles for averaging which will depend upon the rate of change of engine speed and load. The rate of change,o,f engine speed may be obtained from the position signal and engine load may be obtained from additional sensors, such as a pressure sensor in the inlet manifold or throttle position sensor. This information cari be used to control the rate of adaption so that optimal performance of the system can be obtained. This enables good performance to be obtained over a whole range of conditions rather than just at "boom" where the unwanted sound is much louder than the contaminating noise. Most modern automobile engines use computer controlled engine management systems. Some of the sensors could be used both for the active control system and the engine management system. Additionally, the same microprocessor could be used to control both systems.

Claims (4)

Claims:

1. An active sound or vibration cancelling apparatus for cancelling sound or vibration from a source thereof, comprising:
a. a source of sensing means, having an output, for producing a source signal related to the phase of unwanted sound or vibration at the source;
b. a distributed plurality of sound or vibration sensors, each having an output;
c. a distributed plurality of sound or vibration producing actuators;
d. analogue-to-digital converter means for sampling output signals of said sound or vibration sensors in dependence on the source signal, said converted means having an output; and e. processing means responsive to the output of said analogue-to-digital converter means to produce drive signals for said sound or vibration producing actuators to effect cancellation of noise or vibration from said source thereof;
f. wherein said processing means uses data in the form of singular values representing a singular value decomposition of a matrix representing transfer functions between said plurality of actuators and said plurality of sensors to calculate said drive signals.

2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said processing means produces said drive signals with reference to a look up table containing data representing the relevant transfer functions between said actuators and said sensors for a plurality of discrete source frequencies.

3. An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said processing means interpolates between the look up table data when said table does not contain data for a given current source fundamental frequency.

4. An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said data comprises transfer function data at harmonics of discrete source fundamental frequencies.