CA2042185A1 - Process for the preparation of a secondary amine - Google Patents
Process for the preparation of a secondary amineInfo
- Publication number
- CA2042185A1 CA2042185A1 CA002042185A CA2042185A CA2042185A1 CA 2042185 A1 CA2042185 A1 CA 2042185A1 CA 002042185 A CA002042185 A CA 002042185A CA 2042185 A CA2042185 A CA 2042185A CA 2042185 A1 CA2042185 A1 CA 2042185A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- source
- process according
- autoclave
- ruthenium
- catalyst system
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 125000000467 secondary amino group Chemical class [H]N([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 title claims description 16
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical class [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bipyridyl Chemical class N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical class N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Substances C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- JXLHNMVSKXFWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound N.OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C2=NON=C12 JXLHNMVSKXFWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005913 (C3-C6) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,10]phenanthroline Chemical class C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 125000003837 (C1-C20) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 29
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl heptene Natural products CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCN HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 238000001030 gas--liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 27
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 26
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 26
- WAIPAZQMEIHHTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cr].[Co] Chemical compound [Cr].[Co] WAIPAZQMEIHHTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 25
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- IYWJIYWFPADQAN-LNTINUHCSA-N (z)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one;ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O IYWJIYWFPADQAN-LNTINUHCSA-N 0.000 description 18
- PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5-Hexadiene Natural products CC=CCC=C PRBHEGAFLDMLAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexa-1,5-diene Chemical compound C=CCCC=C PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- -1 secondary amine compound Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- XWJBRBSPAODJER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,7-octadiene Chemical compound C=CCCCCC=C XWJBRBSPAODJER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000005902 aminomethylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- GGRQQHADVSXBQN-FGSKAQBVSA-N carbon monoxide;(z)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one;rhodium Chemical compound [Rh].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O GGRQQHADVSXBQN-FGSKAQBVSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetonate Chemical compound CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004423 acyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- FRPZMMHWLSIFAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10-undecenoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC=C FRPZMMHWLSIFAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FXNDIJDIPNCZQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,4-trimethylpent-1-ene Chemical compound CC(=C)CC(C)(C)C FXNDIJDIPNCZQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetone Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(C)=O YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 3
- KHAVLLBUVKBTBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N caproleic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=C KHAVLLBUVKBTBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229960002703 undecylenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ITQTTZVARXURQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylpyridine Chemical compound CC1=CC=CN=C1 ITQTTZVARXURQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FKNQCJSGGFJEIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylpyridine Chemical compound CC1=CC=NC=C1 FKNQCJSGGFJEIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005236 alkanoylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001925 cycloalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexene Chemical compound C1CCC=CC1 HGCIXCUEYOPUTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PAFZNILMFXTMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexylamine Chemical compound NC1CCCCC1 PAFZNILMFXTMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004663 dialkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003754 ethoxycarbonyl group Chemical group C(=O)(OCC)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007037 hydroformylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical compound CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMUQFGGVLNAIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinaldine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NC(C)=CC=C21 SMUQFGGVLNAIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 1755-01-7 Chemical compound C1[C@H]2[C@@H]3CC=C[C@@H]3[C@@H]1C=C2 HECLRDQVFMWTQS-RGOKHQFPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXPLCAKVOYHAJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-carboxypyridin-2-yl)pyridine-4-carboxylic acid Chemical group OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C(O)=O)=C1 FXPLCAKVOYHAJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IWTFOFMTUOBLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxypyridine Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=N1 IWTFOFMTUOBLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YNFBMDWHEHETJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-pyridin-2-yl-1h-benzimidazole Chemical compound N1=CC=CC=C1C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2N1 YNFBMDWHEHETJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSWXQAVRNLVYDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4,5,6,7,8-hexamethyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=C(C)C(C)=C2C(C)=C(C)C3=C(C)C(C)=CN=C3C2=N1 HSWXQAVRNLVYDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JIVLDFFWTQYGSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,7-dimethyl-[1,10]phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CC2=C(C)C=CN=C2C2=C1C(C)=CC=N2 JIVLDFFWTQYGSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HZZQDMGIGCTARB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-2,3-disulfonic acid Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C1=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C(S(=O)(=O)O)=NC(C2=NC=C3)=C1C=CC2=C3C1=CC=CC=C1 HZZQDMGIGCTARB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBPGPQJFYXNFKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyridine Chemical group CC1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C)C=2)=C1 NBPGPQJFYXNFKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMYLOBWDNFTLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,6-diphenyl-3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NN=C(C=2N=CC=CC=2)N=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 OTMYLOBWDNFTLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical group NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLZHNIAADXEJJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenylphosphonic acid Chemical class OP(O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QLZHNIAADXEJJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical class OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SIOXPEMLGUPBBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Picolinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=N1 SIOXPEMLGUPBBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propionic acid Chemical class CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical class [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical group O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005595 acetylacetonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004442 acylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003282 alkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000005576 amination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940111121 antirheumatic drug quinolines Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001769 aryl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004648 butanoic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NQZFAUXPNWSLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide;ruthenium Chemical group [Ru].[Ru].[Ru].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-] NQZFAUXPNWSLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- NISGSNTVMOOSJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentanamine Chemical compound NC1CCCC1 NISGSNTVMOOSJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229960004279 formaldehyde Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019256 formaldehyde Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003948 formamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000856 hastalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical class [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001841 imino group Chemical group [H]N=* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- HRUBXJBPLLZTAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-1-pyridin-2-ylmethanamine Chemical compound CN(C)CC1=CC=CC=N1 HRUBXJBPLLZTAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SJYNFBVQFBRSIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N norbornadiene Chemical compound C1=CC2C=CC1C2 SJYNFBVQFBRSIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N norbornene Chemical compound C1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1C=C2 JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004817 pentamethylene group Chemical class [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003003 phosphines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphite(3-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])[O-] AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008039 phosphoramides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003248 quinolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003284 rhodium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003304 ruthenium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BHRZNVHARXXAHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sec-butylamine Chemical compound CCC(C)N BHRZNVHARXXAHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003942 tert-butylamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCO UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXKWYPOMXBVZSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethyltin Chemical compound C[Sn](C)(C)C VXKWYPOMXBVZSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M toluene-4-sulfonate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003738 xylenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C227/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C227/04—Formation of amino groups in compounds containing carboxyl groups
- C07C227/10—Formation of amino groups in compounds containing carboxyl groups with simultaneously increasing the number of carbon atoms in the carbon skeleton
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C211/00—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C211/01—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C211/02—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
- C07C211/09—Diamines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C209/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C209/60—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by condensation or addition reactions, e.g. Mannich reaction, addition of ammonia or amines to alkenes or to alkynes or addition of compounds containing an active hydrogen atom to Schiff's bases, quinone imines, or aziranes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C213/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C213/02—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton by reactions involving the formation of amino groups from compounds containing hydroxy groups or etherified or esterified hydroxy groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C227/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C227/14—Preparation of compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton from compounds containing already amino and carboxyl groups or derivatives thereof
- C07C227/18—Preparation of compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton from compounds containing already amino and carboxyl groups or derivatives thereof by reactions involving amino or carboxyl groups, e.g. hydrolysis of esters or amides, by formation of halides, salts or esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G67/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing oxygen or oxygen and carbon, not provided for in groups C08G2/00 - C08G65/00
- C08G67/02—Copolymers of carbon monoxide and aliphatic unsaturated compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/02—Polyamines
- C08G73/0206—Polyalkylene(poly)amines
- C08G73/0213—Preparatory process
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A SECONDARY AMINE
A process for the preparation of an organic compound having at least one secondary amine group, which process comprises reacting ammonia or a primary amine with carbon monoxide, a hydrogen source and an olefinically unsaturated compound in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a source of cationic ruthenium, an aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand and a source of an anion other than a halide; and a catalyst system suitable for use in said process.
Preferred catalyst systems further comprise a source of cationic rhodium.
PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A SECONDARY AMINE
A process for the preparation of an organic compound having at least one secondary amine group, which process comprises reacting ammonia or a primary amine with carbon monoxide, a hydrogen source and an olefinically unsaturated compound in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a source of cationic ruthenium, an aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand and a source of an anion other than a halide; and a catalyst system suitable for use in said process.
Preferred catalyst systems further comprise a source of cationic rhodium.
Description
2(1 ~ 3S
PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A SECONDARY AMINE
The invention relates to a process ~or the preparation of a secondary amine, i.e. an organic compound eomprising at least one secondary amine group. Furthermore the invention relates to a catalyst system suitable for use in the preparation of said secondary amine compound.
It is known that the aminomethylation of olefins is catalyzed by various transition metals (J. Org.Chem., 47, 445 (1982)).
The overall aminomethylation reaction can be described as follows:
>C=C< + CO + 2 ~2 + HN< --> >CH-C<-CH2-N< ~ H20 , or:
>C=C< + 3CO -~ H20 + HN< --> >CH-C<-CH2-N< ~ 2C02 , if water is used as hydrogen source. The precursor amine should have at least one hydrogen atom attached to the amino nitrogen, and can be ammonia, or a primary or secondary amine. Through consecu-tive aminomethylation reactions primary, secondary or tertiary amines, or their mixtures can be prepared starting from ammonia, whereas the use of primary amine preeursors may produce seeondary and/or tertiary amines. Generally, the prior art proeesses lead to the formation of tertiary amines irrespeetive of the type of starting amine used. Furthermore, the aminomethylation process is rather liable to the occurrence of side reactions and the formation of unwanted side products, such as aldehyds or formamides.
US 4096150 discloses a process for the preparation of tertiary amines, wherein the catalyst system comprised a combination of on the one hand a Group VIII metal, and on the other hand at least one of a broad group of ligands including phosphites, phosphoramides, ethers, amines, heterocyclic bases, sulphides, and mixed donor atom ligands. Among many examples using various transition metals, Examples 9-12 use a Ru based catalyst, which is a nonionie ruthenium eomplex comprising coordinated ehloride atoms.
2~2~5 Some prior attempts have been directed at the preparation of secondary amines. US 4317932 discloses a process for the preparation of secondary amines using rhodium based catalysts.
However, quite severe reaction conditions were required, and primary and tertiary amine side product were formed to some extent.
Moreover, rhodium catalysts being active hydroformylation catalysts, may tend to form aldehyde side product as shown in the comparative example hereinafter.
In Chem. Ind. (Dekker) 22 (Catal. Org. React.) 381-90 (1985), Jachimowic~ et al. recommend the use of mixed Ru/Rh catalysts for the aminomethylation of diene polymers. Though apparently satisfactory amination could be achieved, no quantitative data on selectivity are provided. Moreover, the catalyst systems disclosed suffer from the disadvantage of comprising equivalent amounts of oxidation-sensitive phosphines, rendering them less robust and less readily recoverable under conditions of industrial use. In this connection, EP 240193 proposes the preparation of secondary amines in the presence of a catalyst combination of a ruthenium compound, optionally a rhodium compound and an phosphine, wherein the mole ratio of phosphine to ruthenium is greater than 80 to 1. Such a large excess of phosphine will be benefLcial in the recovery of spent catalyst by preventing any plating out of rhodium or ruthenium metal. ~owever, the presence of an excess of phosphine appeared to shift the predominant reaction to the formation of imines, so that a second reaction step using conventional hydrogenation catalysts was required to arrive at the desired secondary amines.
Although the versatility of the aminomethylation reaction is well established in the prior art, there remained to exist a need 3n for a specific catalyst system, which selectivity produces secondary amines and is usable under economic conditions.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that secondary amines can be obtained with a high conversion and selectivity using a particular ruthenium catalyst.
Accordingly the invention provides a process for the preparation of an organic compound containing at least one . ~. .
, secondary amine group, which process comprises reacting ammonia or a primary amine with carbon monoxide, a hydrogen source and an olefinically unsaturated compound in the presence of a catalyst system compris-lng a source of cationic ruthenium, an aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand and a source of an anion other than a halide.
It was further found that in the present catalyst system the ligand may be present in excess relative to ruthenium without adverse effect on the selectivity to the desired secondary amines, whereby the recovery of the catalyst is facilitated. This finding is particularly surprising in view of the contrary behaviour of phosphine ligands as shown in the comparati~e example hereinafter.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the present catalyst system additionally comprises a source of cationic rhodium, in particular for reactions wherein the substrate olefinically unsaturated compound contains a plurality of olefinic bonds.
The primary amine used in the process according to the invention may be aliphatic or aromatic, for example an alkylamine, a cycloalkylamine or an arylamine.
In this specification, unless otherwise stated, an alkyl group is preferably a Cl 20 alkyl group, more preferably a Cl 10 alkyl group, for example a methyl, ethyl, propyl group, or any of the isomeric butyl, pentyl or hexyl groups. A cycloalkyl group is preferably a C3 6 cycloalkyl group, for example a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group. An aryl group is preferably a C6 lO aryl group such as phenyl or naphthyl.
The alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl group in an alkylamine, a cyclo-alkylamine or an arylamine may be substituted or unsubstituted.
Examples of suitable substituents include amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, acylamino (e.g. alkanoylamino), acyl (e.g. alkanoyl), acyloxy (e.g. alkanoyloxy), carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, sulphonyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl. It will be appreciated that an amino substituent may take part in the reaction.
Examples of primary amines are propylamine, n-butylamine, 1,2-diaminoethane, H2N-CH2-CH2CH2-NtCH3)2, ethanolamine, methyl-amine, ethylamine, tert-butylamines, sec-butylamine, cyclopentyl-amine, cyclohexylamine, aniline, H2N-cH2-lc-cOOH~
2N ~ C~OEt, and H2N-cH2-cH2-so3H.
S The olefinically unsaturated compound used in the process according to the invention is an olefinic compo~md containing from 2 to lO0 carbon atoms, more preferably from 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
The olefinically unsaturated compound may contain l, 2 or more olefinic bonds, as for example in an alkene, a cycloalkene, an alkadiene and a cycloalkadiene. An alkene or alkadiene may contain terminal or internal double bonds. Preferably, the olefinic bonds in the olefinically unsaturated compound are not conjugated.
The olefinically unsaturated compound may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples of suitable substituents include alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, dialkylamino groups, acyl groups (e.g. alkanoyl), arylamino groups (e.g. alkanoylamino), aryloxy groups (e.g. alkanoyloxy), alkoxycarbonyl groups, hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups, acyl groups and acyloxy groups.
Examples of unsubstituted alkenes are ethene, propene, butene, isobutene, the lsomeric pentenes or hexenes, l-octene, diisobuty-lene, and of substituted alkenes are styrene, oleic acid, and 10-undecenoic acid. Examples of cycloalkenes are cyclohexene and norbornene.
Examples of alkadienes are 1,5-hexadiene, 1,7-octadiene and l,9-undecadiene. Examples of cycloalkadienes are norbornadiene and dicyclopentadiene.
The process according to the invention is conveniently carried out at a reaction temperature in the range of from 80 to 250 C, preferably from 100 to 200 C, more preferably from 110 to 180 C.
- 5 ^
The reaction pressure is conveniently in the range of from 2 to 150 bar, preferably 20 to 100 bar, more preferably 40 to 80 bar.
It will be appreciated that when the process is operated batchwise at a constant temperature, the pressure will fall during the course of the reaction.
A source of cationic ruthenium, and, when present, rhodium may be any material comprising ruthenium or rhodium which is capable of yielding cationic ruthenium or rhodium species. Examples of suitable sources include compounds of ruthenium or rhodium such as oxides; salts such as nitrates, sulphates, sulphonates (e.g trifluoromethanesulphonate or p-toluenesulphonate), phosphates, phosphonates (e.g. benzenephosphonates), carboxylates (e.g.
acetates, propionates or butyrates), and beta-carbonyl enolates te.g. benzoylacetonates or acetylacetonates such as Ru(acac)3, Rh(acac)(C0)2); carbonyls (e.g. triruthenium dodecacarbonyl) and hydrides (e-g-H2Ru4(CO)13, H4RU4(C0)12, or HRh(CO)(Ph3P)3)-The aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand used in the process according to the invention may be monodentate or multidentate containing a plurality of coordinative N-ring atoms. Preferably it is a bidentate ligand containing two coordinative nitrogen atoms.
It will be appreclated that the ligand should be inert. The ligand may comprise substituents on the the N~heterocyclic ring or rings, which substituents may be linked together to form condensed ring systems such as in quinoline The expression "aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand", as used in the present ~escription, reflects an organic ring compound containing at least one imino N-ring atom and a plurality of double bonds in the ring structure, such that the electron density is at least partly delocalized. The ring may be five, six or seven membered, and may, besides carbon and nitrogen atoms, contain further hetero atoms such as oxygen and sulphur. Two aromatic N-heterocyclic rings may be linked together to form a bidentate ligand such as in 2,2'-bipyridyl or l,10-phenanthroline.
Examples of aromatic N-heterocyclic ligands are pyridines, e.g. pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 2,6-dimethyl-. ~, . ~ , : , .
' ' - " ' ~..
2~ s pyridine, ~-ethylpyridine, 2-methoxypyridine, 2-dimethylamino-methylpyridine, 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid; quinolines, e.g.
quinoline or 2-methylquinoline; 2,2'-bipyridyls, e.g.
2,2'-bipyridyl, 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl, 6,6'-dimethyl, 2,2'-bipyridyl or 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridyl;
l,10-phenanthrolines, e.g. l,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline disulphonic acid, or 3,4,5,6,7,8-hexamethylphenanthroline. Further suitable ligands include 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole, 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine, and the monosodium salt of 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2~4-triazine-p,p'-disulphonic acid.
The source of an anion other than a halide may be a salt or an acid. It may also be a metal complex, for example a ruthenium or rhodium complex. The anion is preferably a nitrate, sulphate, sul-phonate, phosphate, phosphonate, carboxylate or beta-carbonyl enolate. Preferably the source of anion i~ a compl~x or salt of ruthenium or rhodium, or an acid.
The number of moles of aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand per gram atom of ruthenium is preferably in the range of from 0.5 to lO00, more preferably 0.75 to 50, especially l to 10.
The number of moles of anion per gram atom of ruthenium is preferably at least 0.5, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 100, especially from 2 to 50.
The number of gram atoms of ruthenium used per mole of olefinically unsaturated compound is not critical. It is preferably in the range of from 10 6 to 10 1 gram atoms ruthenium per mole of olefinically unsaturated compound.
Where a catalyst system is used which comprises a source of cationic ruthenium and a source of cationic rhodium, the ratio of the number of gram atoms of ruthenium to rhodium is preferably in the range of from 1:100 to 100:1, more preferably 1:10 to 100:1, even more preferably 1:1 to 10:1.
The CO to H2 ratio is conveniently in the range of from l:10 to lO:l, preferably 1:5 to 5:1. Most preferably it is 1:2.
.
.
. .
~ ~ .
, The process of the invention may be carried out in the presence or absence of a solvent. Typical examples of solvents are ethers such as diglyme or tetrahydrofuran; alcohols such as hexanol or tetraglycol; esters such as ethyl acetate; ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone; and hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, toluene and the xylenes.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst system which comprises a source of cationic ruthenium, a source of cationic rhodium, ~n aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand and a source of an anion, preferably other than a halide.
The invention will further be illustrated by means of the following not limitative examples. The examples were all carried out in a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave ("Hastelloy" is a trademark). The reaction mixtures obtained were analysed by means of standard gas-liquid chromatography techniques (GLC). The quoted conversions of a reactant represent the proportion (as %) of the converted reactant relative to the amount of reactant charged. The mentioned selectivities represent the proportion (as %) of a selected product relative to the total amount of converted products 50 ml diglyme (dimethylether of diethylene glycol), 20 ml l-octene , 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol ruthenium acetylacetonate (Ru(acac)3)/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl/2 mmol p-toluenesulphonic acid (pTsa) were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C, which temperature was maintained for l hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to the ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of 76~ with a selectivity of 95% into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. Less than 2% conversion of n-butylamine into 1l H-C-N-Bu had occurred.
H
~ `
' ~ ~
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.6 mmol pyridine/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically s~irred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C for 1 hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC
showed a conversion of l-octene of 75~ with a selectivity of 95%
into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. Less than 3% conversion n-butylamine into O
H-C-NH-Bu occurred.
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pre.ssurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C which temperature was maintained for 1.5 hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of 70~ with a selectivity of 70% into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. It appeared that less than 2%
of the n-butylamine was converted into the undesired l H-C-NH-Bu.
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl/2 mmol H3P04 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 50 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC
showed a conversion of l-octene of 80% with a selectivity of 85%
into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. Less than 2~ conversion of n-butylamine into , ;. .
,~
. , .
, .. . : ., o H-C-NH-Bu had occurred.
EXANPLE S
S0 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, and as Gatalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-b$pyridyl/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred autoclave. Then ammonia was introduced at a pressure of 4 bar. The autoclave was the pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to 150 C for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a co~version of l-octene of 65~ with a selectivity of 60~ into 10 (C8-CH2)2-N-H.
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.0025 mmol Rh(acac)(CO)2/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of lS0 C for l.S hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature.
Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of 95~ with a selectivity of 65~ into linear C8-CH2-NH-Bu. Less than 2%
conversion of n-butylamine into H-C-NH-Bu had occurred.
S0 ml diglyme, 20 ml diisobutylene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(CO)2/0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 140 C for S hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature.
Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of diisobutylene of 60 .-' with a selectivity of 85~ into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. The conversion into the undesired o H-C-NH-Bu was less than 10~.
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 20 ml H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-N(CH3)2 and as catalyst the catalyst of Example S were introduced into the magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of 91~ with a selectivity of 95~ into C8-cH2-NH-cH2-cH2-cH2-N(cH3)2- The linearity of the product was 66%.
50 ml hexanol-l as solvent, 20 ml l-octene, 20 ml H2N-CH2-CH2 OH and as catalyst the catalyst of Example 5 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C for 2 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC
showed a conversion of l-octene of 85% with a selectivity of 65 into C8-CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-OH.
50 ml diglyme, 10 ~ oleic acid, 10 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 5 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 1 hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of oleic acid of 90% with a total selectivity of 90% into N-butylamino-C18-COOH.
.
-' ': ' ~
, :. .
s 50 ml diglyme, 10 g 10-undecenoic acid, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(CO)2/0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/1.2 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave WAS pressurized to 60 bar wi~h a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 1 hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 10-undecenoic acid of 80~ with a selectivity of 90%
into secondary amino acids with a Bu-NH-(CH2)10-COOH content of 65%.
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 10 g H2N-CH2-C-cOO
lS and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 10 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 10 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of 50~ with a selectivity of 70~ into 50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 10 g H2N ~ COOEt and as catalyst 0.1 mmol ~h(acac)(CO)2/0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/1.2 mmol bipyridyl/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was : : :
. ::. - .
2~421~35 maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conYersion of l-octene of 80~ with a selectivity of 90~ into 8 2 ~ COOEt.
50 ml diglyme, 20 g oleic acid, 10 g H2N-CH2-CH2-S03H, 145 mmol triethylamine and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 12 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of oleic acid of 100~ with a selectivity of 70~ into secondary alkylaminosulphonate carboxylic acids and their ammonium salts.
50 ml diglyme, 10 ml 1,5-hexadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C, which temperature was maintained for S hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,5-hexadiene of 30~ with a selectivity of about 10~ into N-butylamino disubstituted octanes.
50 ml diglyme, 10 ml 1,5-hexadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(CO)2/0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient ' ' ' ~ ' ;. .
,.
.
: ~ .
s temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,5-hexadiene of 100% with a selectivity of 80% into N-butylamino disubstituted octanes with a content of linear Bu-NH-(CH2)8-NH-Bu of 60%.
50 ml diglyme, lO ml 1,7-octadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 16 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 2 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,7-octadiene of 100% with a selectivity of 95% into N-butylamino disubstituted decanes with a content of linear BU-NH-(cH2)lo-N~-Bu of ~0~.
50 ml diglyme, 7.5 ml 1,5-hexadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 16 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 3 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,5-hexadiene of 100% with a selectivity of 65% into N-butylamino disubstituted octanes. The content of the linear Bu-NH-(CH2)8-NH-Bu amounted to 60~.
EXAMPL~ 19 50 ml diglyme, 7.5 ml 1,5-hexadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(C0)2/1.2 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclavs was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 2~L8~
1,5-hexadiene oi 100~ with a selectivity of 83~ into N-butylamino disubstituted octanes. The content of the linear Bu-NH-(C~2~8-NH-Bu amounted to 60~i.
50 ml diglyme, 50 mmol 1,5-hexadiene, 50 mmol H2N-C~2-CH2-NH2 and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 16 were introduced into a magnetically stirred Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, whlch temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the auto-clave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,5-hexadiene of 99% into ~-NH-CH2-C6-CH2-NH-CH2CH2-)n polymer. It appeared tha~ the residual olefin content was 7%.
lS Comparative Example A
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene7 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 160 C, which temperature was maintained for 3 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of as low as 40~ with a selectivity of 80 into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. It appeared that 50~ of the n-butyl amine was converted into the undesired O
H-C-NH-Bu.
Comparative Example B
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurizsd to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C, which temperature was maintained for 3 hours. The contents of the auto-clave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by ': ' . , , .
. :
. :
GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of as low as 30% with a selectivity of 95~ into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. It appeared that 30~ of the n-butyl amine was converted into the undesired o H-C-Nnl-Bu.
It is seen by comparative examples A and B that in the absence of an aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand, substantial hydroformylation of .the amine substrate occurred as an undesired side reaction.
Comparative Example C
5G ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3, 0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl and 2 mmol HCl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of only about 10~. It appeared that about 30~ of the n-butyl amine was converted into the undesired o H-C-NH-Bu.
It is seen that high conversion and selectivity are not achieved when the catalyst system comprises halide atoms. By the excess of HCl, the acetylacetonate anions originating from the ruthenium catalyst precursor were converted into nonionic acetylacetone ~2,4-pentadione).
Comparative Example D
50 ml di~lyme, 7.5 ml 1,5-hexadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(CO)2/0.6 mmol triphenyl phosphine were introduced into a ma~netically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ~ ' :':
2~
ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,5-hexadiene of 100% with a selectivity o 40% to isomeric diamines and a selectivity of 60% to imines and diimines. It is seen that even using small amounts of triphenylphosphine, imines and diimines are formed to a substantial extent, such in conformity with the disclosure of EP 240193.
Comparative Example E
S0 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(C0)2 and 0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 165 ~C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of about 100%, but only traces of secondary amine were observed. The main reaction products were imines and aldehydes.
It is seen that a rhodium catalyst tends to favour the formation of aldehyde product.
.' .
~. :
PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A SECONDARY AMINE
The invention relates to a process ~or the preparation of a secondary amine, i.e. an organic compound eomprising at least one secondary amine group. Furthermore the invention relates to a catalyst system suitable for use in the preparation of said secondary amine compound.
It is known that the aminomethylation of olefins is catalyzed by various transition metals (J. Org.Chem., 47, 445 (1982)).
The overall aminomethylation reaction can be described as follows:
>C=C< + CO + 2 ~2 + HN< --> >CH-C<-CH2-N< ~ H20 , or:
>C=C< + 3CO -~ H20 + HN< --> >CH-C<-CH2-N< ~ 2C02 , if water is used as hydrogen source. The precursor amine should have at least one hydrogen atom attached to the amino nitrogen, and can be ammonia, or a primary or secondary amine. Through consecu-tive aminomethylation reactions primary, secondary or tertiary amines, or their mixtures can be prepared starting from ammonia, whereas the use of primary amine preeursors may produce seeondary and/or tertiary amines. Generally, the prior art proeesses lead to the formation of tertiary amines irrespeetive of the type of starting amine used. Furthermore, the aminomethylation process is rather liable to the occurrence of side reactions and the formation of unwanted side products, such as aldehyds or formamides.
US 4096150 discloses a process for the preparation of tertiary amines, wherein the catalyst system comprised a combination of on the one hand a Group VIII metal, and on the other hand at least one of a broad group of ligands including phosphites, phosphoramides, ethers, amines, heterocyclic bases, sulphides, and mixed donor atom ligands. Among many examples using various transition metals, Examples 9-12 use a Ru based catalyst, which is a nonionie ruthenium eomplex comprising coordinated ehloride atoms.
2~2~5 Some prior attempts have been directed at the preparation of secondary amines. US 4317932 discloses a process for the preparation of secondary amines using rhodium based catalysts.
However, quite severe reaction conditions were required, and primary and tertiary amine side product were formed to some extent.
Moreover, rhodium catalysts being active hydroformylation catalysts, may tend to form aldehyde side product as shown in the comparative example hereinafter.
In Chem. Ind. (Dekker) 22 (Catal. Org. React.) 381-90 (1985), Jachimowic~ et al. recommend the use of mixed Ru/Rh catalysts for the aminomethylation of diene polymers. Though apparently satisfactory amination could be achieved, no quantitative data on selectivity are provided. Moreover, the catalyst systems disclosed suffer from the disadvantage of comprising equivalent amounts of oxidation-sensitive phosphines, rendering them less robust and less readily recoverable under conditions of industrial use. In this connection, EP 240193 proposes the preparation of secondary amines in the presence of a catalyst combination of a ruthenium compound, optionally a rhodium compound and an phosphine, wherein the mole ratio of phosphine to ruthenium is greater than 80 to 1. Such a large excess of phosphine will be benefLcial in the recovery of spent catalyst by preventing any plating out of rhodium or ruthenium metal. ~owever, the presence of an excess of phosphine appeared to shift the predominant reaction to the formation of imines, so that a second reaction step using conventional hydrogenation catalysts was required to arrive at the desired secondary amines.
Although the versatility of the aminomethylation reaction is well established in the prior art, there remained to exist a need 3n for a specific catalyst system, which selectivity produces secondary amines and is usable under economic conditions.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that secondary amines can be obtained with a high conversion and selectivity using a particular ruthenium catalyst.
Accordingly the invention provides a process for the preparation of an organic compound containing at least one . ~. .
, secondary amine group, which process comprises reacting ammonia or a primary amine with carbon monoxide, a hydrogen source and an olefinically unsaturated compound in the presence of a catalyst system compris-lng a source of cationic ruthenium, an aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand and a source of an anion other than a halide.
It was further found that in the present catalyst system the ligand may be present in excess relative to ruthenium without adverse effect on the selectivity to the desired secondary amines, whereby the recovery of the catalyst is facilitated. This finding is particularly surprising in view of the contrary behaviour of phosphine ligands as shown in the comparati~e example hereinafter.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the present catalyst system additionally comprises a source of cationic rhodium, in particular for reactions wherein the substrate olefinically unsaturated compound contains a plurality of olefinic bonds.
The primary amine used in the process according to the invention may be aliphatic or aromatic, for example an alkylamine, a cycloalkylamine or an arylamine.
In this specification, unless otherwise stated, an alkyl group is preferably a Cl 20 alkyl group, more preferably a Cl 10 alkyl group, for example a methyl, ethyl, propyl group, or any of the isomeric butyl, pentyl or hexyl groups. A cycloalkyl group is preferably a C3 6 cycloalkyl group, for example a cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl group. An aryl group is preferably a C6 lO aryl group such as phenyl or naphthyl.
The alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl group in an alkylamine, a cyclo-alkylamine or an arylamine may be substituted or unsubstituted.
Examples of suitable substituents include amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, acylamino (e.g. alkanoylamino), acyl (e.g. alkanoyl), acyloxy (e.g. alkanoyloxy), carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, sulphonyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl. It will be appreciated that an amino substituent may take part in the reaction.
Examples of primary amines are propylamine, n-butylamine, 1,2-diaminoethane, H2N-CH2-CH2CH2-NtCH3)2, ethanolamine, methyl-amine, ethylamine, tert-butylamines, sec-butylamine, cyclopentyl-amine, cyclohexylamine, aniline, H2N-cH2-lc-cOOH~
2N ~ C~OEt, and H2N-cH2-cH2-so3H.
S The olefinically unsaturated compound used in the process according to the invention is an olefinic compo~md containing from 2 to lO0 carbon atoms, more preferably from 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
The olefinically unsaturated compound may contain l, 2 or more olefinic bonds, as for example in an alkene, a cycloalkene, an alkadiene and a cycloalkadiene. An alkene or alkadiene may contain terminal or internal double bonds. Preferably, the olefinic bonds in the olefinically unsaturated compound are not conjugated.
The olefinically unsaturated compound may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples of suitable substituents include alkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, dialkylamino groups, acyl groups (e.g. alkanoyl), arylamino groups (e.g. alkanoylamino), aryloxy groups (e.g. alkanoyloxy), alkoxycarbonyl groups, hydroxyl groups, alkoxy groups, acyl groups and acyloxy groups.
Examples of unsubstituted alkenes are ethene, propene, butene, isobutene, the lsomeric pentenes or hexenes, l-octene, diisobuty-lene, and of substituted alkenes are styrene, oleic acid, and 10-undecenoic acid. Examples of cycloalkenes are cyclohexene and norbornene.
Examples of alkadienes are 1,5-hexadiene, 1,7-octadiene and l,9-undecadiene. Examples of cycloalkadienes are norbornadiene and dicyclopentadiene.
The process according to the invention is conveniently carried out at a reaction temperature in the range of from 80 to 250 C, preferably from 100 to 200 C, more preferably from 110 to 180 C.
- 5 ^
The reaction pressure is conveniently in the range of from 2 to 150 bar, preferably 20 to 100 bar, more preferably 40 to 80 bar.
It will be appreciated that when the process is operated batchwise at a constant temperature, the pressure will fall during the course of the reaction.
A source of cationic ruthenium, and, when present, rhodium may be any material comprising ruthenium or rhodium which is capable of yielding cationic ruthenium or rhodium species. Examples of suitable sources include compounds of ruthenium or rhodium such as oxides; salts such as nitrates, sulphates, sulphonates (e.g trifluoromethanesulphonate or p-toluenesulphonate), phosphates, phosphonates (e.g. benzenephosphonates), carboxylates (e.g.
acetates, propionates or butyrates), and beta-carbonyl enolates te.g. benzoylacetonates or acetylacetonates such as Ru(acac)3, Rh(acac)(C0)2); carbonyls (e.g. triruthenium dodecacarbonyl) and hydrides (e-g-H2Ru4(CO)13, H4RU4(C0)12, or HRh(CO)(Ph3P)3)-The aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand used in the process according to the invention may be monodentate or multidentate containing a plurality of coordinative N-ring atoms. Preferably it is a bidentate ligand containing two coordinative nitrogen atoms.
It will be appreclated that the ligand should be inert. The ligand may comprise substituents on the the N~heterocyclic ring or rings, which substituents may be linked together to form condensed ring systems such as in quinoline The expression "aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand", as used in the present ~escription, reflects an organic ring compound containing at least one imino N-ring atom and a plurality of double bonds in the ring structure, such that the electron density is at least partly delocalized. The ring may be five, six or seven membered, and may, besides carbon and nitrogen atoms, contain further hetero atoms such as oxygen and sulphur. Two aromatic N-heterocyclic rings may be linked together to form a bidentate ligand such as in 2,2'-bipyridyl or l,10-phenanthroline.
Examples of aromatic N-heterocyclic ligands are pyridines, e.g. pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 2,6-dimethyl-. ~, . ~ , : , .
' ' - " ' ~..
2~ s pyridine, ~-ethylpyridine, 2-methoxypyridine, 2-dimethylamino-methylpyridine, 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid; quinolines, e.g.
quinoline or 2-methylquinoline; 2,2'-bipyridyls, e.g.
2,2'-bipyridyl, 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl, 6,6'-dimethyl, 2,2'-bipyridyl or 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridyl;
l,10-phenanthrolines, e.g. l,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline disulphonic acid, or 3,4,5,6,7,8-hexamethylphenanthroline. Further suitable ligands include 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole, 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine, and the monosodium salt of 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2~4-triazine-p,p'-disulphonic acid.
The source of an anion other than a halide may be a salt or an acid. It may also be a metal complex, for example a ruthenium or rhodium complex. The anion is preferably a nitrate, sulphate, sul-phonate, phosphate, phosphonate, carboxylate or beta-carbonyl enolate. Preferably the source of anion i~ a compl~x or salt of ruthenium or rhodium, or an acid.
The number of moles of aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand per gram atom of ruthenium is preferably in the range of from 0.5 to lO00, more preferably 0.75 to 50, especially l to 10.
The number of moles of anion per gram atom of ruthenium is preferably at least 0.5, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 100, especially from 2 to 50.
The number of gram atoms of ruthenium used per mole of olefinically unsaturated compound is not critical. It is preferably in the range of from 10 6 to 10 1 gram atoms ruthenium per mole of olefinically unsaturated compound.
Where a catalyst system is used which comprises a source of cationic ruthenium and a source of cationic rhodium, the ratio of the number of gram atoms of ruthenium to rhodium is preferably in the range of from 1:100 to 100:1, more preferably 1:10 to 100:1, even more preferably 1:1 to 10:1.
The CO to H2 ratio is conveniently in the range of from l:10 to lO:l, preferably 1:5 to 5:1. Most preferably it is 1:2.
.
.
. .
~ ~ .
, The process of the invention may be carried out in the presence or absence of a solvent. Typical examples of solvents are ethers such as diglyme or tetrahydrofuran; alcohols such as hexanol or tetraglycol; esters such as ethyl acetate; ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone; and hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, toluene and the xylenes.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a catalyst system which comprises a source of cationic ruthenium, a source of cationic rhodium, ~n aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand and a source of an anion, preferably other than a halide.
The invention will further be illustrated by means of the following not limitative examples. The examples were all carried out in a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave ("Hastelloy" is a trademark). The reaction mixtures obtained were analysed by means of standard gas-liquid chromatography techniques (GLC). The quoted conversions of a reactant represent the proportion (as %) of the converted reactant relative to the amount of reactant charged. The mentioned selectivities represent the proportion (as %) of a selected product relative to the total amount of converted products 50 ml diglyme (dimethylether of diethylene glycol), 20 ml l-octene , 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol ruthenium acetylacetonate (Ru(acac)3)/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl/2 mmol p-toluenesulphonic acid (pTsa) were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C, which temperature was maintained for l hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to the ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of 76~ with a selectivity of 95% into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. Less than 2% conversion of n-butylamine into 1l H-C-N-Bu had occurred.
H
~ `
' ~ ~
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.6 mmol pyridine/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically s~irred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C for 1 hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC
showed a conversion of l-octene of 75~ with a selectivity of 95%
into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. Less than 3% conversion n-butylamine into O
H-C-NH-Bu occurred.
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pre.ssurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C which temperature was maintained for 1.5 hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of 70~ with a selectivity of 70% into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. It appeared that less than 2%
of the n-butylamine was converted into the undesired l H-C-NH-Bu.
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl/2 mmol H3P04 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 50 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC
showed a conversion of l-octene of 80% with a selectivity of 85%
into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. Less than 2~ conversion of n-butylamine into , ;. .
,~
. , .
, .. . : ., o H-C-NH-Bu had occurred.
EXANPLE S
S0 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, and as Gatalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-b$pyridyl/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred autoclave. Then ammonia was introduced at a pressure of 4 bar. The autoclave was the pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to 150 C for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a co~version of l-octene of 65~ with a selectivity of 60~ into 10 (C8-CH2)2-N-H.
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.0025 mmol Rh(acac)(CO)2/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of lS0 C for l.S hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature.
Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of 95~ with a selectivity of 65~ into linear C8-CH2-NH-Bu. Less than 2%
conversion of n-butylamine into H-C-NH-Bu had occurred.
S0 ml diglyme, 20 ml diisobutylene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(CO)2/0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 140 C for S hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature.
Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of diisobutylene of 60 .-' with a selectivity of 85~ into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. The conversion into the undesired o H-C-NH-Bu was less than 10~.
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 20 ml H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-N(CH3)2 and as catalyst the catalyst of Example S were introduced into the magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of 91~ with a selectivity of 95~ into C8-cH2-NH-cH2-cH2-cH2-N(cH3)2- The linearity of the product was 66%.
50 ml hexanol-l as solvent, 20 ml l-octene, 20 ml H2N-CH2-CH2 OH and as catalyst the catalyst of Example 5 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C for 2 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC
showed a conversion of l-octene of 85% with a selectivity of 65 into C8-CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-OH.
50 ml diglyme, 10 ~ oleic acid, 10 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 5 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 1 hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of oleic acid of 90% with a total selectivity of 90% into N-butylamino-C18-COOH.
.
-' ': ' ~
, :. .
s 50 ml diglyme, 10 g 10-undecenoic acid, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(CO)2/0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/1.2 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave WAS pressurized to 60 bar wi~h a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 1 hour. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 10-undecenoic acid of 80~ with a selectivity of 90%
into secondary amino acids with a Bu-NH-(CH2)10-COOH content of 65%.
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 10 g H2N-CH2-C-cOO
lS and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 10 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 10 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of 50~ with a selectivity of 70~ into 50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 10 g H2N ~ COOEt and as catalyst 0.1 mmol ~h(acac)(CO)2/0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/1.2 mmol bipyridyl/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was : : :
. ::. - .
2~421~35 maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conYersion of l-octene of 80~ with a selectivity of 90~ into 8 2 ~ COOEt.
50 ml diglyme, 20 g oleic acid, 10 g H2N-CH2-CH2-S03H, 145 mmol triethylamine and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 12 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of oleic acid of 100~ with a selectivity of 70~ into secondary alkylaminosulphonate carboxylic acids and their ammonium salts.
50 ml diglyme, 10 ml 1,5-hexadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C, which temperature was maintained for S hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,5-hexadiene of 30~ with a selectivity of about 10~ into N-butylamino disubstituted octanes.
50 ml diglyme, 10 ml 1,5-hexadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(CO)2/0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient ' ' ' ~ ' ;. .
,.
.
: ~ .
s temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,5-hexadiene of 100% with a selectivity of 80% into N-butylamino disubstituted octanes with a content of linear Bu-NH-(CH2)8-NH-Bu of 60%.
50 ml diglyme, lO ml 1,7-octadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 16 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 2 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,7-octadiene of 100% with a selectivity of 95% into N-butylamino disubstituted decanes with a content of linear BU-NH-(cH2)lo-N~-Bu of ~0~.
50 ml diglyme, 7.5 ml 1,5-hexadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 16 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 3 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,5-hexadiene of 100% with a selectivity of 65% into N-butylamino disubstituted octanes. The content of the linear Bu-NH-(CH2)8-NH-Bu amounted to 60~.
EXAMPL~ 19 50 ml diglyme, 7.5 ml 1,5-hexadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(C0)2/1.2 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclavs was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 2~L8~
1,5-hexadiene oi 100~ with a selectivity of 83~ into N-butylamino disubstituted octanes. The content of the linear Bu-NH-(C~2~8-NH-Bu amounted to 60~i.
50 ml diglyme, 50 mmol 1,5-hexadiene, 50 mmol H2N-C~2-CH2-NH2 and as catalyst the same catalyst as in Example 16 were introduced into a magnetically stirred Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, whlch temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the auto-clave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,5-hexadiene of 99% into ~-NH-CH2-C6-CH2-NH-CH2CH2-)n polymer. It appeared tha~ the residual olefin content was 7%.
lS Comparative Example A
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene7 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3 were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 160 C, which temperature was maintained for 3 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of as low as 40~ with a selectivity of 80 into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. It appeared that 50~ of the n-butyl amine was converted into the undesired O
H-C-NH-Bu.
Comparative Example B
50 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/2 mmol pTsa were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurizsd to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C, which temperature was maintained for 3 hours. The contents of the auto-clave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by ': ' . , , .
. :
. :
GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of as low as 30% with a selectivity of 95~ into C8-CH2-NH-Bu. It appeared that 30~ of the n-butyl amine was converted into the undesired o H-C-Nnl-Bu.
It is seen by comparative examples A and B that in the absence of an aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand, substantial hydroformylation of .the amine substrate occurred as an undesired side reaction.
Comparative Example C
5G ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3, 0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl and 2 mmol HCl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 150 C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of only about 10~. It appeared that about 30~ of the n-butyl amine was converted into the undesired o H-C-NH-Bu.
It is seen that high conversion and selectivity are not achieved when the catalyst system comprises halide atoms. By the excess of HCl, the acetylacetonate anions originating from the ruthenium catalyst precursor were converted into nonionic acetylacetone ~2,4-pentadione).
Comparative Example D
50 ml di~lyme, 7.5 ml 1,5-hexadiene, 20 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.2 mmol Ru(acac)3/0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(CO)2/0.6 mmol triphenyl phosphine were introduced into a ma~netically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 130 C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ~ ' :':
2~
ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of 1,5-hexadiene of 100% with a selectivity o 40% to isomeric diamines and a selectivity of 60% to imines and diimines. It is seen that even using small amounts of triphenylphosphine, imines and diimines are formed to a substantial extent, such in conformity with the disclosure of EP 240193.
Comparative Example E
S0 ml diglyme, 20 ml l-octene, 25 ml n-butylamine and as catalyst 0.1 mmol Rh(acac)(C0)2 and 0.3 mmol 2,2'-bipyridyl were introduced into a magnetically stirred 250 ml Hastelloy C
autoclave. The autoclave was pressurized to 60 bar with a 1:2 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and was then heated to a temperature of 165 ~C, which temperature was maintained for 5 hours. The contents of the autoclave were then cooled to ambient temperature. Product analysis by GLC showed a conversion of l-octene of about 100%, but only traces of secondary amine were observed. The main reaction products were imines and aldehydes.
It is seen that a rhodium catalyst tends to favour the formation of aldehyde product.
.' .
~. :
Claims (19)
1. A process for the preparation of an organic compound having at least one secondary amine group, which process comprises reacting ammonia or a primary amine with carbon monoxide, a hydrogen source and an olefinically unsaturated compound in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a source of cationic ruthenium, an aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand and a source of an anion other than a halide.
2. Process according to claim 1, wherein said primary amine is a C1-20 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl or C6-10 arylamine.
3. Process according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said olefinically unsaturated compound contains from 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
4. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the reaction temperature is in the range of from 100 to 200 °C.
5. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the reaction is carried out at a pressure in the range of from 2 to 100 bar.
6. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the source of cationic ruthenium is an oxide, salt, hydride or carbonyl.
7. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand is an optionally substituted pyridine, quinoline, 2,2'-bipyridyl, or 1,10-phenanthroline.
8. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand is a bidentate ligand containing a plurality of coordinative N-ring atoms.
9. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the anion is a nitrate, sulphate, sulphonate, phosphate, phosphonate, carboxylate or beta-carbonyl enolate.
10. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the number of moles of the aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand per gram atom of ruthenium is in the range of from 1 to 5.
11. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the catalyst system further comprises a source of cationic rhodium.
12. Process according to claim 11, wherein the ratio of the number of gram atoms ruthenium to the number of gram atoms rhodium is in the range of from 1:1 to 10:1
13. Process according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the olefinically unsaturated compound contains 2 or more olefinic bonds.
14. A catalyst system, which comprises a source of cationic ruthenium, a source of cationic rhodium, an aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand and a source of an anion.
15. Catalyst system according to claim 14, wherein the ratio of the number of gram atoms of ruthenium to the number of gram atoms of rhodium is in the range of from 1:10 to 100:1.
16. Catalyst system according to claim 15, wherein said range is from 1:1 to 10:1.
17. Catalyst system according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the source of cationic ruthenium and the source of cationic rhodium is an oxide, salt, hydride or carbonyl.
18. Catalyst system according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein the aromatic N-heterocyclic ligand is an optionally substituted pyridine, quinoline, 2,2'-bipyridyl or 1,10-phenanthroline.
19. Catalyst system according to any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein the anion is a nitrate, sulphate, sulphonate, phosphate, phosphonate, carboxylate or beta-carbonyl enolate.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB909010784A GB9010784D0 (en) | 1990-05-14 | 1990-05-14 | Process for the preparation of a secondary amine |
GB9010784.8 | 1990-05-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CA2042185A1 true CA2042185A1 (en) | 1991-11-15 |
Family
ID=10675971
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002042185A Abandoned CA2042185A1 (en) | 1990-05-14 | 1991-05-13 | Process for the preparation of a secondary amine |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0457386B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2984950B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100192155B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2042185A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69105812T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2066334T3 (en) |
GB (1) | GB9010784D0 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2053333T3 (en) * | 1990-07-26 | 1994-07-16 | Searle & Co | POLYMERIC SYSTEM FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS. |
ATE135678T1 (en) * | 1991-11-07 | 1996-04-15 | Shell Int Research | SECONDARY AMINE AND A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
DE69208024T2 (en) * | 1991-11-07 | 1996-06-05 | Shell Int Research | Secondary amines and their production |
ATE133652T1 (en) * | 1991-11-07 | 1996-02-15 | Shell Int Research | METHOD FOR PRODUCING SECONDARY AMINES |
DE69306825T2 (en) * | 1992-02-19 | 1997-05-07 | Shell Int Research | Polymer dispersant |
EP0603146B1 (en) * | 1992-12-14 | 1998-02-04 | Monsanto Company | Controlled functional density poly(secondary amines) and method for preparation thereof |
US5559193A (en) * | 1993-12-20 | 1996-09-24 | Monsanto Company | Controlled functional density polyamines and method for preparation thereof |
DE19548145A1 (en) * | 1995-12-21 | 1997-06-26 | Basf Ag | Fuel or lubricant compositions containing secondary polyisobutenamines |
DE19737053A1 (en) * | 1997-08-26 | 1999-03-04 | Hoechst Ag | One-step process for the production of amines |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2211002A5 (en) * | 1972-12-20 | 1974-07-12 | Rhone Progil | |
US4317932A (en) * | 1980-02-22 | 1982-03-02 | W. R. Grace & Co. | Preparation of secondary amines |
CA1176661A (en) * | 1980-04-28 | 1984-10-23 | David M. Gardner | Preparation of amines from olefins using certain transition metal catalysts |
EP0145191A3 (en) * | 1983-11-10 | 1985-07-10 | Texaco Development Corporation | A process for selective preparation of secondary and tertiary aralkyl amines |
US4705898A (en) * | 1986-04-04 | 1987-11-10 | Texaco Inc. | Preparation of disecondary amines from diolefins and primary amines |
-
1990
- 1990-05-14 GB GB909010784A patent/GB9010784D0/en active Pending
-
1991
- 1991-05-03 EP EP91201059A patent/EP0457386B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-05-03 ES ES91201059T patent/ES2066334T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-05-03 DE DE69105812T patent/DE69105812T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-05-11 KR KR1019910007627A patent/KR100192155B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-05-13 CA CA002042185A patent/CA2042185A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-05-13 JP JP3135373A patent/JP2984950B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0457386A2 (en) | 1991-11-21 |
DE69105812D1 (en) | 1995-01-26 |
GB9010784D0 (en) | 1990-07-04 |
KR910019958A (en) | 1991-12-19 |
ES2066334T3 (en) | 1995-03-01 |
EP0457386A3 (en) | 1992-09-16 |
EP0457386B1 (en) | 1994-12-14 |
KR100192155B1 (en) | 1999-06-15 |
JP2984950B2 (en) | 1999-11-29 |
JPH04226946A (en) | 1992-08-17 |
DE69105812T2 (en) | 1995-06-14 |
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