CA2026024A1 - Beads for tires - Google Patents
Beads for tiresInfo
- Publication number
- CA2026024A1 CA2026024A1 CA 2026024 CA2026024A CA2026024A1 CA 2026024 A1 CA2026024 A1 CA 2026024A1 CA 2026024 CA2026024 CA 2026024 CA 2026024 A CA2026024 A CA 2026024A CA 2026024 A1 CA2026024 A1 CA 2026024A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- wire
- assembly
- bead
- tire
- diameter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/06—Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof (e.g. produced by casting, moulding, compression moulding, injection moulding, centrifugal casting)
- B29D30/48—Bead-rings or bead-cores; Treatment thereof prior to building the tyre
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C15/00—Tyre beads, e.g. ply turn-up or overlap
- B60C15/04—Bead cores
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
- Tires In General (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract BEADS FOR TIRES
A bead wire assembly (212) for a truck tire (10) comprising some 33-45 turns of continuous steel wire filament (213) having a round cross-section of a diameter of at least 1.65 mm. The wire filament is drawn down to its required diameter without patenting of the drawn wire and has a tensile strength of at least 1900 MPa. The assembly has an hexagonal cross-section and the wire may be coated in elastomeric compound prior to winding the steel filament around an annular template to form the bead assembly.
A bead wire assembly (212) for a truck tire (10) comprising some 33-45 turns of continuous steel wire filament (213) having a round cross-section of a diameter of at least 1.65 mm. The wire filament is drawn down to its required diameter without patenting of the drawn wire and has a tensile strength of at least 1900 MPa. The assembly has an hexagonal cross-section and the wire may be coated in elastomeric compound prior to winding the steel filament around an annular template to form the bead assembly.
Description
BEADS FOR TIRES
The present invention relates to beads for pneumatic tires. A typical tire comprises a pair of beads for mounting the tire on a rim, and a carcass ply extending between the two beads. The beads include rings of wire which are substantially inextensible and the carcass is generally folded around the wire rings so that said rings resist internal inflation pressures within the tire.
Various types of bead wire assemblies are known, for example, single rings of large diameter wire, rings of braided wires, packed configurations of single filament wire, and a number of wrappings of flat belts of wires. The packed configurations of single filament wire are generally obtained by taking a continuous single filament steel wire of the appropriate diameter and wrapping the wire around an annular template so as to place a predetermined number of bundled together spiral turns on the ~emplate so as to form a bead wire assembly of the desired section. The steel wire can be pre-coated with rubber compound if so desired. The section through the bead wire assembly can be hexagonal, rectangular, circular, etc.
The method of making bead wire assemblies as described above is a relatively low cost method of bead wire manufacture.
In a typical prior art truck tire (295/75R22.5) a hexagonal section bead wire assembly comprises round section single filament steel cord of a diameter of 1.27 mm (.050 inches) which is wrapped around the template about 75 times to give a bead of the required strength.
The present invention relates to beads for pneumatic tires. A typical tire comprises a pair of beads for mounting the tire on a rim, and a carcass ply extending between the two beads. The beads include rings of wire which are substantially inextensible and the carcass is generally folded around the wire rings so that said rings resist internal inflation pressures within the tire.
Various types of bead wire assemblies are known, for example, single rings of large diameter wire, rings of braided wires, packed configurations of single filament wire, and a number of wrappings of flat belts of wires. The packed configurations of single filament wire are generally obtained by taking a continuous single filament steel wire of the appropriate diameter and wrapping the wire around an annular template so as to place a predetermined number of bundled together spiral turns on the ~emplate so as to form a bead wire assembly of the desired section. The steel wire can be pre-coated with rubber compound if so desired. The section through the bead wire assembly can be hexagonal, rectangular, circular, etc.
The method of making bead wire assemblies as described above is a relatively low cost method of bead wire manufacture.
In a typical prior art truck tire (295/75R22.5) a hexagonal section bead wire assembly comprises round section single filament steel cord of a diameter of 1.27 mm (.050 inches) which is wrapped around the template about 75 times to give a bead of the required strength.
2 ~ 2 ~ ~ 2 ~
This type of ~ead wire assembly has disadvantages in that when the steel wire is drawn down to the required diameter, an intermediate patenting process has to be applied to the steel wire.
According to the invention there is provided a bead wire assembly for a truck tire comprising a pluralitv of bundled together turns of a continuous steel wire filament having a round cross-section with a diameter of at least 1.65 mm, said wire being drawn down to that diameter without patenting of the wire between drawing, and a strength of at least 1900 MPa.
Also according to the invention there is provided a truck tire comprising a pair of axially spaced beads and a carcass ply extending between the beads, wherein the beads have a bead wire assembly as described above.
Further there is also provided a method of manufacture of a tire bead wire assembly wherein high tensile steel wire is drawn down to a filament diameter of 1.65 mm, and is then utilized to wind the bead wire assembly by wrapping said wire around an annular tempiate for a bead wire assembly of the desired cross-section, said bead wire having a strength of at least 1900 MPa, and being wound directly around the template without patenting between the drawing down and said winding.
The invention will be described by way of example and with reference to the following drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of one half of a pneumatic tire;
Figure 2 is a section of a prior art hexagonal bead wire assembly; and Figure 3 is a section of bead wire assembly according to the present invention.
2 ~
Figure 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a 295/75R22.5 radial carcass truck tire 10 which is symmetrical about the midcircumferential plane M-M of the tire. The midcircumferential plane M-M is a plane normal to the axis of rotation of the tire and which is located midway between the beads of the tire. The tire has a radial carcass ply 11 which extends from one bead 12 to the other bead 12 to reinforce the sidewalls 13 and crown region 14 of the tire. The term 'radial carcass' means a carcass ply in which the reinforcing cords make an angle of about 10 degrees with a plane containing the axis of rotation of the tire. The crown region 14 of the tire has a tread portion lS with a circumferentially extending belt reinforcement 16 which lS surrounds the carcass ply 11 and is located beneath the tread portion 15.
The bead 12 is illustrated with a bead wire asse~bly 23 having a hexagonal cross-section for mounting on a drop center tubeless type rim (DCT).
Each bead wire assembly 23 has a triangular cross-section apex 18 on its radially outer side. The terms 'radius' and 'radial' refer to distances from the axis of rotation of the tire unless otherwise specified. The apex 18 is made from a relatively soft rubber compound as is well known in the trade. The carcass ply 14 passes around each bead wire assembly 23 from the axially inner side to the axially outer side and has a respective ply turn-up 20 that lies adjacent the axially outer face of the apex 18.
Now with reference to Fig. 2, there is illustrated a prior art bead wire assembly 112 which can be inserted into the bead 12 of the tire shown in Fig. 1.
The bead wire assembly 112 comprising some 75 turns of a single continuous filament 1.27 mm (0.05") diameter t~ 2 steel wire 113 which is drawn down to that diameter with a patenting process.
The wire 113 has a tensile strength of approximately 2200 MPa and a yield strength of about 1850 MPa. The wire 113 is coated in rubber compound prior to winding of the bead assembly. The wire 113 is wrapped around an annular template to build up the shape of the bead required. The bead wire assembly 112 is an irregular hexagon, inclined at an angle of lS
degrees for engagement with a like tapered surface on a D.C.T. rim. A typical bead will have a wid~h Wl of 20.6 mm (0.81") and a thickness Tl of 8.12 mm (0.32").
~ow with reference to Fig. 3, there is illustrated a bead wire assembly 212, according to the invention and which can be inserted into the bead 12 of the tire shown in Fig. 1. The bead wire assembly 212 comprises between thirty-three and forty-five turns, and preferably some thirty-six turns, of a single continuous steel wire filament 213. The wire 213 has a tensile strength of at least 1900 MPa and preferably above 2100 MPa. The wire 213 has a diameter of at least 1.65 mm and preferably a diameter of 1.85 mm and is drawn down to that size without any patenting process.
Thus it can be seen that the physical properties of the wire 213 of the wire 113 in the prior art bead wire assembly 112. The wire may be coated with elastomer prior to winding. The overall shape, width W2, and thickness T2 of the bead assem~ly 212 are similar to that of the other bead assembly 112. The width W2 is 20.8 mm (0.82") and the thickness T2 is 7.9 mm (0.31").
If the properties of the two beads wire assemblies are compared as is shown in Table 1 below:
2~2~2~
TABEE I
Bead ~ of Wt Qf Wt-of Total ~urst Bull-type theor. Wire Coating Wt Streng. dozer streng streng Prior 951.33kg 0.063kg 1.393kg* 29.7bar 285KN
art (2.931b) (0.141b) (3.071b) (430psi) bead Fig 2 Bead 921.32kg 0.041kg 1.366kg* 29.3bar 288KN
of (2.931b) (0.09lb) (3.011b) (425psi) Fig 3 *Please note that the original measures were in lbs and that any discrepancy is caused by taking conversion factors to the nearest decimal place.
Theor. streng is the calculated strength of the bead assembly.
Burst strength is the hydraulic pressure at which a tire having the beads built therein burst when inflated.
Bulldozer strength is the load at which the bead wire assembly only burst when expanded radially.
Results on a number of test tires showed similar results in which the tires were tested for burst strength, and bead durability. Bead durability is tested on a 120" (330 cms) smooth flywheel under a constant speed until failure with increased load and under inflation. Each tire was inspected after each running to determine if there was a failure due to ply edge separation as shown in Table 2. The prior art tire of Fig. 2 was rated at 100.
2 ~ 2 TAB~E 2 Tire Burst Bead Type Strength Durability As shown in 30.l bar lO0 Fig. 2 (437 psi) As shown in 28.9 bar 97 Fig. 3 (419 psi) The results on the test tire having the bead according to the invention (as shown in Fig. 3) show that there is little fall off in the required properties of the tire against the prior art tire (Fig. 2) for the advantages gained.
The advantages of the new bead wire assembly include:
l. It is quicker to manufacture since there are less turns of wire, therefore costing less to manufacture on a time basis.
2. Further, due to less turns and larger wire diameter there is less chance of a dislocation of the bead wire in the bead assembly during winding or tire curing and this therefore increases the uniformity of the tires manufactured.
This type of ~ead wire assembly has disadvantages in that when the steel wire is drawn down to the required diameter, an intermediate patenting process has to be applied to the steel wire.
According to the invention there is provided a bead wire assembly for a truck tire comprising a pluralitv of bundled together turns of a continuous steel wire filament having a round cross-section with a diameter of at least 1.65 mm, said wire being drawn down to that diameter without patenting of the wire between drawing, and a strength of at least 1900 MPa.
Also according to the invention there is provided a truck tire comprising a pair of axially spaced beads and a carcass ply extending between the beads, wherein the beads have a bead wire assembly as described above.
Further there is also provided a method of manufacture of a tire bead wire assembly wherein high tensile steel wire is drawn down to a filament diameter of 1.65 mm, and is then utilized to wind the bead wire assembly by wrapping said wire around an annular tempiate for a bead wire assembly of the desired cross-section, said bead wire having a strength of at least 1900 MPa, and being wound directly around the template without patenting between the drawing down and said winding.
The invention will be described by way of example and with reference to the following drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of one half of a pneumatic tire;
Figure 2 is a section of a prior art hexagonal bead wire assembly; and Figure 3 is a section of bead wire assembly according to the present invention.
2 ~
Figure 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a 295/75R22.5 radial carcass truck tire 10 which is symmetrical about the midcircumferential plane M-M of the tire. The midcircumferential plane M-M is a plane normal to the axis of rotation of the tire and which is located midway between the beads of the tire. The tire has a radial carcass ply 11 which extends from one bead 12 to the other bead 12 to reinforce the sidewalls 13 and crown region 14 of the tire. The term 'radial carcass' means a carcass ply in which the reinforcing cords make an angle of about 10 degrees with a plane containing the axis of rotation of the tire. The crown region 14 of the tire has a tread portion lS with a circumferentially extending belt reinforcement 16 which lS surrounds the carcass ply 11 and is located beneath the tread portion 15.
The bead 12 is illustrated with a bead wire asse~bly 23 having a hexagonal cross-section for mounting on a drop center tubeless type rim (DCT).
Each bead wire assembly 23 has a triangular cross-section apex 18 on its radially outer side. The terms 'radius' and 'radial' refer to distances from the axis of rotation of the tire unless otherwise specified. The apex 18 is made from a relatively soft rubber compound as is well known in the trade. The carcass ply 14 passes around each bead wire assembly 23 from the axially inner side to the axially outer side and has a respective ply turn-up 20 that lies adjacent the axially outer face of the apex 18.
Now with reference to Fig. 2, there is illustrated a prior art bead wire assembly 112 which can be inserted into the bead 12 of the tire shown in Fig. 1.
The bead wire assembly 112 comprising some 75 turns of a single continuous filament 1.27 mm (0.05") diameter t~ 2 steel wire 113 which is drawn down to that diameter with a patenting process.
The wire 113 has a tensile strength of approximately 2200 MPa and a yield strength of about 1850 MPa. The wire 113 is coated in rubber compound prior to winding of the bead assembly. The wire 113 is wrapped around an annular template to build up the shape of the bead required. The bead wire assembly 112 is an irregular hexagon, inclined at an angle of lS
degrees for engagement with a like tapered surface on a D.C.T. rim. A typical bead will have a wid~h Wl of 20.6 mm (0.81") and a thickness Tl of 8.12 mm (0.32").
~ow with reference to Fig. 3, there is illustrated a bead wire assembly 212, according to the invention and which can be inserted into the bead 12 of the tire shown in Fig. 1. The bead wire assembly 212 comprises between thirty-three and forty-five turns, and preferably some thirty-six turns, of a single continuous steel wire filament 213. The wire 213 has a tensile strength of at least 1900 MPa and preferably above 2100 MPa. The wire 213 has a diameter of at least 1.65 mm and preferably a diameter of 1.85 mm and is drawn down to that size without any patenting process.
Thus it can be seen that the physical properties of the wire 213 of the wire 113 in the prior art bead wire assembly 112. The wire may be coated with elastomer prior to winding. The overall shape, width W2, and thickness T2 of the bead assem~ly 212 are similar to that of the other bead assembly 112. The width W2 is 20.8 mm (0.82") and the thickness T2 is 7.9 mm (0.31").
If the properties of the two beads wire assemblies are compared as is shown in Table 1 below:
2~2~2~
TABEE I
Bead ~ of Wt Qf Wt-of Total ~urst Bull-type theor. Wire Coating Wt Streng. dozer streng streng Prior 951.33kg 0.063kg 1.393kg* 29.7bar 285KN
art (2.931b) (0.141b) (3.071b) (430psi) bead Fig 2 Bead 921.32kg 0.041kg 1.366kg* 29.3bar 288KN
of (2.931b) (0.09lb) (3.011b) (425psi) Fig 3 *Please note that the original measures were in lbs and that any discrepancy is caused by taking conversion factors to the nearest decimal place.
Theor. streng is the calculated strength of the bead assembly.
Burst strength is the hydraulic pressure at which a tire having the beads built therein burst when inflated.
Bulldozer strength is the load at which the bead wire assembly only burst when expanded radially.
Results on a number of test tires showed similar results in which the tires were tested for burst strength, and bead durability. Bead durability is tested on a 120" (330 cms) smooth flywheel under a constant speed until failure with increased load and under inflation. Each tire was inspected after each running to determine if there was a failure due to ply edge separation as shown in Table 2. The prior art tire of Fig. 2 was rated at 100.
2 ~ 2 TAB~E 2 Tire Burst Bead Type Strength Durability As shown in 30.l bar lO0 Fig. 2 (437 psi) As shown in 28.9 bar 97 Fig. 3 (419 psi) The results on the test tire having the bead according to the invention (as shown in Fig. 3) show that there is little fall off in the required properties of the tire against the prior art tire (Fig. 2) for the advantages gained.
The advantages of the new bead wire assembly include:
l. It is quicker to manufacture since there are less turns of wire, therefore costing less to manufacture on a time basis.
2. Further, due to less turns and larger wire diameter there is less chance of a dislocation of the bead wire in the bead assembly during winding or tire curing and this therefore increases the uniformity of the tires manufactured.
3. It weighs less because the amount of elastomer coating within the bead has a lesser mass. This means that the bead wire assembly is cheaper to manufacture and furthermore the tire becomes more energy efficient in terms of the miles per gallon of fuel used by the vehicle since the tire has a smaller moment of inertia.
2~2~ ~2~
2~2~ ~2~
4. The patenting step is removed in the wire drawing process, again giving a cost saving in manufacture.
5. The bead wire bundle has a higher rigidity than for the prior art again helping to increase the uniformity of the tires.
The cost savings for a tire having a bead structure as shown in Fig. 3 when compared with a tire having a bead structure as shown in Fig. 2 is significant.
All these savings are achieved with no significant loss in bead wire assembly properties and tire durability.
The cost savings for a tire having a bead structure as shown in Fig. 3 when compared with a tire having a bead structure as shown in Fig. 2 is significant.
All these savings are achieved with no significant loss in bead wire assembly properties and tire durability.
Claims (10)
1. A bead wire assembly for a truck tire comprising a plurality of bundled together turns of a continuous steel wire filament having round cross-section with a diameter of at least 1.65 mm, said wire being drawn down to that diameter without patenting of the wire between drawing, and a strength of at least 1900 MPa.
2. A bead wire assembly as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the assembly has a hexagonal cross-section and comprises between 35 and 45 turns of said wire.
3. A bead wire assembly as claimed in claim 2 wherein the assembly comprises 36 turns of steel filament wire having a diameter substantially equal to 1.83 mm (0.072 inches).
4. A bead wire assembly as claimed in Claim 3 wherein the wire is coated in elastomeric compound prior to winding the bead.
5. A bead wire assembly as claimed in Claim 4 where said assembly is for a tire to be mounted on a drop center tire rim, wherein the wound assembly is inclined at an angle of 15 degrees.
6. A radial tire truck tire comprising a pair of axial spaced beads, and a carcass ply extending between the beads, wherein the beads each have a bead wire assembly therein comprising a plurality of bundled together turns of a continuous steel wire filament having a round cross-section with a diameter of at least 1.65 mm, said wire being drawn down to that diameter without patenting between drawing, and having a strength of at least 1900 MPa.
7. A radial truck tire as claimed in Claim 6 and having a burst strength of about 30 bar.
8. A radial truck tire as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the bead wire assembly comprises about 36 turns of said wire having a diameter of 1.85 mm and packed together in a close packed hexagonal configuration to give a hexagonal section bead wire assembly.
9. A method of manufacture of a tire bead wire assembly wherein high tensile steel wire is drawn down to a filament diameter of 1.65 mm or larger, and is then utilized to wind a bead wire assembly by wrapping said wire a plurality of turns around an annular template to form a bead wire assembly of the desired cross-section, said bead wire having a strength of at least 1900 MPa, being wound directly about the template without patenting between the drawing down and winding processes.
10. A method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the drawn down wire is coated with elastomeric compound prior to winding the bead wire assembly.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US464,083 | 1983-02-04 | ||
| US46408390A | 1990-01-12 | 1990-01-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2026024A1 true CA2026024A1 (en) | 1991-07-13 |
Family
ID=23842488
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2026024 Abandoned CA2026024A1 (en) | 1990-01-12 | 1990-09-24 | Beads for tires |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0489591U (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2026024A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2658126A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012080121A1 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2012-06-21 | Societe De Technologie Michelin | Tyre with improved beads |
| WO2012104196A1 (en) | 2011-01-31 | 2012-08-09 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Tyre with improved beads. |
| WO2012110612A1 (en) | 2011-02-17 | 2012-08-23 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Tyre with improved beads |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2695716B2 (en) * | 1991-09-17 | 1998-01-14 | 住友ゴム工業株式会社 | Radial tires for heavy loads |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5413108A (en) * | 1977-06-29 | 1979-01-31 | Sumitomo Rubber Ind | Bead structure of steel tire |
| JPS6010095B2 (en) * | 1979-05-11 | 1985-03-15 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | Steel heat treatment method |
| JPS57158105A (en) * | 1981-03-24 | 1982-09-29 | Toyo Tire & Rubber Co Ltd | Structure of bead core for automobile tire |
| JPS59193708A (en) * | 1983-03-17 | 1984-11-02 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Method for controlling temperature after cooling in forced water cooling after continuous rolling of bar, wire rod |
| JPH07115062B2 (en) * | 1985-11-06 | 1995-12-13 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | Method for manufacturing brass-plated ultrafine steel wire |
| JPS62142725A (en) * | 1985-12-16 | 1987-06-26 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | Manufacture of wire rod for high strength steel wire |
| JPS63111128A (en) * | 1986-10-30 | 1988-05-16 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | Manufacture of high tension high carbon steel wire rod having superior drawability |
-
1990
- 1990-09-24 CA CA 2026024 patent/CA2026024A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
1991
- 1991-01-08 FR FR9100165A patent/FR2658126A1/en active Pending
- 1991-01-11 JP JP341191U patent/JPH0489591U/ja active Pending
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012080121A1 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2012-06-21 | Societe De Technologie Michelin | Tyre with improved beads |
| CN103260905A (en) * | 2010-12-14 | 2013-08-21 | 米其林集团总公司 | Tyre with improved beads |
| CN103260905B (en) * | 2010-12-14 | 2015-09-02 | 米其林集团总公司 | There is the tire of the tyre bead of improvement |
| RU2566568C2 (en) * | 2010-12-14 | 2015-10-27 | Компани Женераль Дез Этаблиссман Мишлен | Tire with improved beads |
| WO2012104196A1 (en) | 2011-01-31 | 2012-08-09 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Tyre with improved beads. |
| RU2568513C2 (en) * | 2011-01-31 | 2015-11-20 | Компани Женераль Дез Этаблиссман Мишлен | Tire with perfected beads |
| WO2012110612A1 (en) | 2011-02-17 | 2012-08-23 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Tyre with improved beads |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2658126A1 (en) | 1991-08-16 |
| JPH0489591U (en) | 1992-08-05 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |