CA1292905C - Energy absorbing guard rail terminal - Google Patents
Energy absorbing guard rail terminalInfo
- Publication number
- CA1292905C CA1292905C CA000582524A CA582524A CA1292905C CA 1292905 C CA1292905 C CA 1292905C CA 000582524 A CA000582524 A CA 000582524A CA 582524 A CA582524 A CA 582524A CA 1292905 C CA1292905 C CA 1292905C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- rails
- post
- guard rail
- posts
- pairs
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Landscapes
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
- Refuge Islands, Traffic Blockers, Or Guard Fence (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An energy absorbing guard rail terminal has pairs of spaced parallel rails with overlapping ends positioned on break-away posts with mounting bolts securing one of each pair of rails to said posts, spacer rods between said parallel rails and a box beam on some of said posts facing said spacer rods, multiple spaced openings in each of said rails aligned longi-tudinally for registration and splace bolts in said openings joining said overlapping ends of said rails, said splice bolts forming means for telescopic resistance between said overlapping rail ends.
An energy absorbing guard rail terminal has pairs of spaced parallel rails with overlapping ends positioned on break-away posts with mounting bolts securing one of each pair of rails to said posts, spacer rods between said parallel rails and a box beam on some of said posts facing said spacer rods, multiple spaced openings in each of said rails aligned longi-tudinally for registration and splace bolts in said openings joining said overlapping ends of said rails, said splice bolts forming means for telescopic resistance between said overlapping rail ends.
Description
lZ9290S
[MPROVEMENT IN ENERGY ABSORBING GUARD RAIL TERMINAL
Back~round of the Invention Technical Field:
This invention relates to energy absorbing guard rail terminals of the type which are used along the roadside and in the median between limited access highways to deflect vehicles from hazards which can be associated behind the barriers. Guard rails are typically defined of a W-shaped configuration mounted on a plurality of spaced posts so as to function primaxily intension when redirecting the impact of the vehicles.
Descri~tion of Prior Art:
Prior Art devices of this type have relied on a variety of different structural configurations design to redirect, t reflect and to absorb the kinetic energy of the vehicle upon impact, see for example U.S. Patents 4,655,434, Patent 4,452,431, Patent 4,678,166 and U.S. Patent 4,330,106.
In U.S. Patent 4,655,434 an absorbing guard rail terminal ~; is disclosed in which applicant's invention is an improvement thereon.
::
lZ9~:905 In U.S. Patent 4,452,431 a restorable fender panel is disclosed wherein a reusable impact attenuation device is provided to collapse under the impact of a vehicle in protecting stationery structures from damage.
Buffer elements are interposed between the diaphram panel members, thus absorbing the kinetic energy of the vehicle as the successive buffer elements are compressed therebetween.
In U.S. Patent 4,678,166 an eccentric loader guard rail terminal is disclosed for use at the upstream end of a con-ventional guard rail utilizing a plurality of joined together horizontally extending W~beam guard rails. The device is devised so as to utilize an eccentric lever means whereby as the impacting vehicle at the upstream end will facilitate buckling of the rails allowing the vehicle to pass behind the terminal preventing possible roll ovér or other destabillzing features associated with vehicle impact on a barrier.
In U.S. Patent 4,330,106 a guard rail construction is disclosed which utilizes a plurality o~ overlapping guard rail sections with each of the rail elements attached to the ad~oining Z0 or overlapping section by a bolt so that upon actual impact the i lZ92905 rail sections will move axially with respect to one another, but remain in full tensile strength and thus maintaining their redirectional characteristics.
Development of terminal designs is complicated by the need to minimize resistance for small car impacts while still providing the necessary strength for full size car impacts either on the end or downstream of the approach end.
The present invention is directed to improvements to an energy absorbing guard rail terminal which functions essentially as a crash cushion providing a series of spaced opening which are in line with splice bolts when two beams are overlapped.
This provides an energy absorbing mechanism as the rails are telescoped relative to each other by the æplice bolts shredding out the metal stripæ between the openings. The shredding of the material provides a unlform and controlled energy absorbtion mechanism. In addition the sections of the guard rails are staggered so that the upstream section will telescope first so as to mlnimize resistance for the small car impacts while still providing strength necessary to absorb full size car impacts.
Summarv_of the Invention .
~29Z905 An improvement to an energy absorbing guard rail terminal utilizing oppositely disposed overlapping guard rail sections on break away pDStS which will effectively absorb and dissipate the kinetic energy of a vehicle upon impact. The improvement is directed towards the improved break away post characteristics and initial resistance encountered in the telescopic collapsing action of the overlapping energy absorbing rail sections.
Descri~tion of the Drawin~s Figure 1 is a top plan view of the energy absorbing rail terminal of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a side elevational view of the structure of Figure 1, Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 3-3 of Figure 2;
Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 4-4 of Figure 2;
Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 5-5 of Figure 2;
Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 6-6 of Figure 2;
~Z905 Figure 7 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of the guard rail terminal showing the overlapping rail portions and attachment to a break away post;
Figure 8 is a side elevational view of the nose portion and associated post support; and Figure 9 is a perspective view of an enlarged portion of the guard rail terminal.
DescriDtion of the Preferred Embodiment An improvement to an energy absorbing guard rail terminal as illustrated in U.S. Patent 4,655,434 wherein the terminal comprises multiple pairs of oppositely disposed horizontally extending guard rails 10, 11 and 12 having overlapping ends supported from a plurality of longitudinally spaced vertical break away wooden posts 13 through 18. The guard rail pairs may be of any suitable metal, but preferably are of a conventional W-beam rail configuration.
An impact nose section 19 can best be seen in Figures 1, 2, and 3 of the drawings at the upstream vehicle approach end of the terminal. The nose section 19 comprises a three-part wrap around construction with a curved end piece 20 : :
129Z~05 secured to the post 13 by a fastener 21. Oppositely disposed nose panels 22 and 23 overlap and are secured to the free ends of the curved end piece 20 by a plurality of fasteners 24.
The remaining ends of the nose panels 22 and 23 are secured in overlapping relationship to the respective ends of the guard rail pairs 10 and the post 13, as best seen in Figure 4 of the drawings.
The post 13 to which the nose curved piece 20 is secured is comprised of a main body member 25 which is notched inwardly of its upstanding free end at 26 reducing the effective cross-sectional dimension of the post at the notch by approximately one-half. A metal support sleeve 27 is positioned on the post inwardly from the ~ree end o~ said post, acting as a reinforcement and spacer for a pair of wooden spacer blocks 28 secured to the support sleeve 27 and the post 13 by the fastener 21. Each of the posts 13-18 is positioned within a metal post tube 29 with a soil anchor plate 30 secured to the post and post tube below ground level GL. A cable assembly 31, best seen in Figures 1, 2, and 8 of the drawings has a steel cable 32 e~tending through an aperture in the notch portion of the post 13 with apertured 129~90~i retainer plate 33 positioned on the upstream side of the post 13 restingontha steel post tube 29 on the post main body member 25 and notch portion. Fastening nuts 34 are threadably engaged on a stud S swag to the end of the cable 32 restricting cable movement through the post. The other end of the cable 32 extends through an aperture in the post 14 at 35 and a spacer channel 36 that extends between the guard rails 10 abutting the post assembly 14 as seen in Figures 1, 2, 8, and 9 of the drawings. ~ pair of nuts 37 threadably secured to the end of a stud 38 swag connected to the end of the cable 32 as is well known in the art.
A post connection strut 39 extends between the posts 13 and 14 ~ust above the terminal end of steel post tubes 29 and ~ust below the cable 32 on the post 13 only.
The overlapping ends of the guard rail pairs 10, 11, and 12 are secured to one another via land shearing bolts 40.
configurations 41 illustrated in Figure 7 of the drawings to provide energy absorbing shredding of the metal strlps between a series of openings or slots in the guard rails upon impact. The slot configurations 41 are characterized by the first engagement slot 4Z in the rall 10 being of a substantially greater length than ;
the next engageable slot 43 so that during impact as the rails 10 telescope over the rails 11 the initial movement will be less restrictive providing a slight timing delay before shredding begins. It will be seen that only the upstream ends of each guard rail pairs are secured to the respective posts by fasteners extending through the spacer blocks 28 and posts providing the stabilization for the upstream rail ends for proper telescopic and shredding to occur.
It is critical that as the first set of guard rails 10 telescope over the second set of rails 11 that the second rails 11 remain secured to their respective posts to insure that the shredding action takes place and energy absorbtion of the shearing i8 utillzed. Once the impact movement has fully engaged the firæt set of rails 10 and the intermediate post 15 breaks away, then the post 16 breaks away and the second rail set 11 telescopes by shreddirg as hereinbefore described against the rail set 12 secured at its respective upstream end to the post 18. The kinetic energy generated by the impact vehicle (not shown) is thus dissipated by the successive energy absorbing nature of the ::
nose piece, rail configuration and break away posts.
~, ~
~: :
1292~05 Preferably the upstream rails 10 may be of a smaller gage metal than the downstream or falling rails 11 for proper per-formance .
Referring back to Figure 1 of the drawings, a connecting rods 44 will be seen extending transversely between the respective rail pairs 10 and 11 adjacent posts 15 and 17 only. Each of the rods 44 is fastened to the rail pairs via a keyhole opening in the rail.
Downstream from each connecting rod 44 a box beam 45 is mounted on the upstream side of each posts 16 and 18 respectively.
Each of the box beams engages, bends and releases the rod 44 upon impact as the rail pairs 10 and 11 telescope down over one another as hereinbefore described.
Referring now to Figure 7 of the drawings and the slot configurations 41, it will be seen that the spacing between said next engageable slot 43 can be progressively increased thereby gradually increasing the relative energy needed to shred the space material between the slots 43 thus proportionally dissipating the kinetic energy of the vehicle during impact.
~0 The progressive increase in spacing can be varied as well as the g_ duration of the progressive increase so as to match the desired energy absorbtion effect required during selected vehicle impact.
It is evident from the above description that it is important to utilize the combination of all the elements, that is the break away posts, the telescopic rail and the shredding effect between the rail pairs and the nose piece collapse and associated cable assembly to dissipate the kinetic energy and to provide a proper energy absorbing terminal as required. The connecting rods, mentioned above, maintain the rails parallel to one another during the initial telescopic action, but is removed upon impact with the next succeeding post having the box beam 45 secured thereto. This action allows for smooth transition of the telescopic rail sections pass the next adjacent break away post, thus instituting a further telescopic and shredding configuration as described. The improvements to the energy absorbing terminal as described in U.S. Patent 4,655,434 are characterized by changing the slots for the shearing bolts 40, decrease overall dimension of the first break away post 13,by the notch portion above ground level and the positioning of the cable 32 from the post 13 to the post 14 in combination with the fixed strut extending therebetween. Therefore I claim:
[MPROVEMENT IN ENERGY ABSORBING GUARD RAIL TERMINAL
Back~round of the Invention Technical Field:
This invention relates to energy absorbing guard rail terminals of the type which are used along the roadside and in the median between limited access highways to deflect vehicles from hazards which can be associated behind the barriers. Guard rails are typically defined of a W-shaped configuration mounted on a plurality of spaced posts so as to function primaxily intension when redirecting the impact of the vehicles.
Descri~tion of Prior Art:
Prior Art devices of this type have relied on a variety of different structural configurations design to redirect, t reflect and to absorb the kinetic energy of the vehicle upon impact, see for example U.S. Patents 4,655,434, Patent 4,452,431, Patent 4,678,166 and U.S. Patent 4,330,106.
In U.S. Patent 4,655,434 an absorbing guard rail terminal ~; is disclosed in which applicant's invention is an improvement thereon.
::
lZ9~:905 In U.S. Patent 4,452,431 a restorable fender panel is disclosed wherein a reusable impact attenuation device is provided to collapse under the impact of a vehicle in protecting stationery structures from damage.
Buffer elements are interposed between the diaphram panel members, thus absorbing the kinetic energy of the vehicle as the successive buffer elements are compressed therebetween.
In U.S. Patent 4,678,166 an eccentric loader guard rail terminal is disclosed for use at the upstream end of a con-ventional guard rail utilizing a plurality of joined together horizontally extending W~beam guard rails. The device is devised so as to utilize an eccentric lever means whereby as the impacting vehicle at the upstream end will facilitate buckling of the rails allowing the vehicle to pass behind the terminal preventing possible roll ovér or other destabillzing features associated with vehicle impact on a barrier.
In U.S. Patent 4,330,106 a guard rail construction is disclosed which utilizes a plurality o~ overlapping guard rail sections with each of the rail elements attached to the ad~oining Z0 or overlapping section by a bolt so that upon actual impact the i lZ92905 rail sections will move axially with respect to one another, but remain in full tensile strength and thus maintaining their redirectional characteristics.
Development of terminal designs is complicated by the need to minimize resistance for small car impacts while still providing the necessary strength for full size car impacts either on the end or downstream of the approach end.
The present invention is directed to improvements to an energy absorbing guard rail terminal which functions essentially as a crash cushion providing a series of spaced opening which are in line with splice bolts when two beams are overlapped.
This provides an energy absorbing mechanism as the rails are telescoped relative to each other by the æplice bolts shredding out the metal stripæ between the openings. The shredding of the material provides a unlform and controlled energy absorbtion mechanism. In addition the sections of the guard rails are staggered so that the upstream section will telescope first so as to mlnimize resistance for the small car impacts while still providing strength necessary to absorb full size car impacts.
Summarv_of the Invention .
~29Z905 An improvement to an energy absorbing guard rail terminal utilizing oppositely disposed overlapping guard rail sections on break away pDStS which will effectively absorb and dissipate the kinetic energy of a vehicle upon impact. The improvement is directed towards the improved break away post characteristics and initial resistance encountered in the telescopic collapsing action of the overlapping energy absorbing rail sections.
Descri~tion of the Drawin~s Figure 1 is a top plan view of the energy absorbing rail terminal of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a side elevational view of the structure of Figure 1, Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 3-3 of Figure 2;
Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 4-4 of Figure 2;
Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 5-5 of Figure 2;
Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 6-6 of Figure 2;
~Z905 Figure 7 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of the guard rail terminal showing the overlapping rail portions and attachment to a break away post;
Figure 8 is a side elevational view of the nose portion and associated post support; and Figure 9 is a perspective view of an enlarged portion of the guard rail terminal.
DescriDtion of the Preferred Embodiment An improvement to an energy absorbing guard rail terminal as illustrated in U.S. Patent 4,655,434 wherein the terminal comprises multiple pairs of oppositely disposed horizontally extending guard rails 10, 11 and 12 having overlapping ends supported from a plurality of longitudinally spaced vertical break away wooden posts 13 through 18. The guard rail pairs may be of any suitable metal, but preferably are of a conventional W-beam rail configuration.
An impact nose section 19 can best be seen in Figures 1, 2, and 3 of the drawings at the upstream vehicle approach end of the terminal. The nose section 19 comprises a three-part wrap around construction with a curved end piece 20 : :
129Z~05 secured to the post 13 by a fastener 21. Oppositely disposed nose panels 22 and 23 overlap and are secured to the free ends of the curved end piece 20 by a plurality of fasteners 24.
The remaining ends of the nose panels 22 and 23 are secured in overlapping relationship to the respective ends of the guard rail pairs 10 and the post 13, as best seen in Figure 4 of the drawings.
The post 13 to which the nose curved piece 20 is secured is comprised of a main body member 25 which is notched inwardly of its upstanding free end at 26 reducing the effective cross-sectional dimension of the post at the notch by approximately one-half. A metal support sleeve 27 is positioned on the post inwardly from the ~ree end o~ said post, acting as a reinforcement and spacer for a pair of wooden spacer blocks 28 secured to the support sleeve 27 and the post 13 by the fastener 21. Each of the posts 13-18 is positioned within a metal post tube 29 with a soil anchor plate 30 secured to the post and post tube below ground level GL. A cable assembly 31, best seen in Figures 1, 2, and 8 of the drawings has a steel cable 32 e~tending through an aperture in the notch portion of the post 13 with apertured 129~90~i retainer plate 33 positioned on the upstream side of the post 13 restingontha steel post tube 29 on the post main body member 25 and notch portion. Fastening nuts 34 are threadably engaged on a stud S swag to the end of the cable 32 restricting cable movement through the post. The other end of the cable 32 extends through an aperture in the post 14 at 35 and a spacer channel 36 that extends between the guard rails 10 abutting the post assembly 14 as seen in Figures 1, 2, 8, and 9 of the drawings. ~ pair of nuts 37 threadably secured to the end of a stud 38 swag connected to the end of the cable 32 as is well known in the art.
A post connection strut 39 extends between the posts 13 and 14 ~ust above the terminal end of steel post tubes 29 and ~ust below the cable 32 on the post 13 only.
The overlapping ends of the guard rail pairs 10, 11, and 12 are secured to one another via land shearing bolts 40.
configurations 41 illustrated in Figure 7 of the drawings to provide energy absorbing shredding of the metal strlps between a series of openings or slots in the guard rails upon impact. The slot configurations 41 are characterized by the first engagement slot 4Z in the rall 10 being of a substantially greater length than ;
the next engageable slot 43 so that during impact as the rails 10 telescope over the rails 11 the initial movement will be less restrictive providing a slight timing delay before shredding begins. It will be seen that only the upstream ends of each guard rail pairs are secured to the respective posts by fasteners extending through the spacer blocks 28 and posts providing the stabilization for the upstream rail ends for proper telescopic and shredding to occur.
It is critical that as the first set of guard rails 10 telescope over the second set of rails 11 that the second rails 11 remain secured to their respective posts to insure that the shredding action takes place and energy absorbtion of the shearing i8 utillzed. Once the impact movement has fully engaged the firæt set of rails 10 and the intermediate post 15 breaks away, then the post 16 breaks away and the second rail set 11 telescopes by shreddirg as hereinbefore described against the rail set 12 secured at its respective upstream end to the post 18. The kinetic energy generated by the impact vehicle (not shown) is thus dissipated by the successive energy absorbing nature of the ::
nose piece, rail configuration and break away posts.
~, ~
~: :
1292~05 Preferably the upstream rails 10 may be of a smaller gage metal than the downstream or falling rails 11 for proper per-formance .
Referring back to Figure 1 of the drawings, a connecting rods 44 will be seen extending transversely between the respective rail pairs 10 and 11 adjacent posts 15 and 17 only. Each of the rods 44 is fastened to the rail pairs via a keyhole opening in the rail.
Downstream from each connecting rod 44 a box beam 45 is mounted on the upstream side of each posts 16 and 18 respectively.
Each of the box beams engages, bends and releases the rod 44 upon impact as the rail pairs 10 and 11 telescope down over one another as hereinbefore described.
Referring now to Figure 7 of the drawings and the slot configurations 41, it will be seen that the spacing between said next engageable slot 43 can be progressively increased thereby gradually increasing the relative energy needed to shred the space material between the slots 43 thus proportionally dissipating the kinetic energy of the vehicle during impact.
~0 The progressive increase in spacing can be varied as well as the g_ duration of the progressive increase so as to match the desired energy absorbtion effect required during selected vehicle impact.
It is evident from the above description that it is important to utilize the combination of all the elements, that is the break away posts, the telescopic rail and the shredding effect between the rail pairs and the nose piece collapse and associated cable assembly to dissipate the kinetic energy and to provide a proper energy absorbing terminal as required. The connecting rods, mentioned above, maintain the rails parallel to one another during the initial telescopic action, but is removed upon impact with the next succeeding post having the box beam 45 secured thereto. This action allows for smooth transition of the telescopic rail sections pass the next adjacent break away post, thus instituting a further telescopic and shredding configuration as described. The improvements to the energy absorbing terminal as described in U.S. Patent 4,655,434 are characterized by changing the slots for the shearing bolts 40, decrease overall dimension of the first break away post 13,by the notch portion above ground level and the positioning of the cable 32 from the post 13 to the post 14 in combination with the fixed strut extending therebetween. Therefore I claim:
Claims (6)
1. An improvement to an energy absorbing guard rail terminal, the terminal comprising a plurality of pairs of transversely spaced parallel horizontally extending guard rails having overlapping ends, a plurality of break away support posts supporting said guard rails, mounting bolts securing the under-lapping rails to said posts, spacer rods between said parallel rails and a box beam on some of said posts facing said spacer rods, multiple spaced openings in each of said rails align longitudinally for registration of splice bolts therebetween, the improvement comprises a first break away post having a notch portion on its above ground portion, a cable and support assembly extending from said first post, means for spacing said guard rail pairs on said support post, means for decreased telescopic resistance between said underlapping rail ends and a three piece nose assembly secured between said first post and said cable support assembly.
2. The improvement to an energy absorbing guard rail terminal of claim 1 wherein said cable support assembly comprises the cable extending through the notched portion of said first post, threaded studs swagged on each of said cable ends, an apertured retainer plate positioned over one of said studs engaging said notched portion of said first post, fastening means securing said retainer plate on said stud, an apertured spacer channel secured between the first of said guard rail pairs and abutting said second of said posts, said cable extending through said second post and said spacer channel and secured by fasteners thereon.
3. The improvement to an energy absorbing guard rail terminal of claim 1 wherein said means for spacing said guard rail pairs transversely to on eanother comprises pairs of spaced support blocks secured respectively on either side of said free ends of said posts engaging said respective guard rail pairs.
4. The improvement ot an energy absorbing guard rail terminal of claim 1 wherein means for decreasing telescopic resistance between said overlapping guard rail pairs comprises enlarged first slot configurations registrable with said splice bolts for shredding material between said adjacent slots upon telescopice collapse of said overlapping guard rail pairs dissipating kinetic energy as sheared.
5. An improvement to an energy absorbing guard rail terminal, the terminal comprising a plurality of pairs of transversely spaced parallel horizontally extending guard rails having overlapping ends, a plurality of break away support posts supporting said guard rails, mounting both securing the underlapping rails to said posts, spaced rods between said parallel rails and a box beam on some of said posts facing said spacer rods, multiple spaced openings in each of said rails align longitudinally for registraton of splice bolts therebetween.
The improvement comprises a first break away post having a notch portion on its above ground portion, a cable and support assembly extending from said first post, means for spacing said guard rail pairs on said support posts, means for progressively increased telescopic resistance between said underlapping rail ends and a three piece nose assembly secured between said first post and said cable support assembly.
The improvement comprises a first break away post having a notch portion on its above ground portion, a cable and support assembly extending from said first post, means for spacing said guard rail pairs on said support posts, means for progressively increased telescopic resistance between said underlapping rail ends and a three piece nose assembly secured between said first post and said cable support assembly.
6. The improvement to an energy absorbing guard rail terminal of claim 5 wherein said means for increased telescopic resistance between said underlapping rail ends comprises engageable slots progressively spaced longitudinally of one another for increased spacing material between the slots.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000582524A CA1292905C (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1988-11-08 | Energy absorbing guard rail terminal |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000582524A CA1292905C (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1988-11-08 | Energy absorbing guard rail terminal |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1292905C true CA1292905C (en) | 1991-12-10 |
Family
ID=4139070
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000582524A Expired - Lifetime CA1292905C (en) | 1988-11-08 | 1988-11-08 | Energy absorbing guard rail terminal |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1292905C (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1706544B1 (en) * | 2003-12-09 | 2010-02-24 | Exodyne Technologies, Inc. | Energy attenuating safety system |
| US7871220B2 (en) | 2002-07-22 | 2011-01-18 | Exodyne Technologies Inc. | Energy attenuating safety system |
-
1988
- 1988-11-08 CA CA000582524A patent/CA1292905C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8414216B2 (en) | 1999-07-19 | 2013-04-09 | Exodyne Technologies Inc. | Energy attenuating safety system |
| US8714866B2 (en) | 1999-07-19 | 2014-05-06 | Trinity Industries, Inc. | Energy attenuating safety system |
| US9758937B2 (en) | 1999-07-19 | 2017-09-12 | Exodyne Technologies Inc. | Energy attenuating safety system |
| US7871220B2 (en) | 2002-07-22 | 2011-01-18 | Exodyne Technologies Inc. | Energy attenuating safety system |
| EP1706544B1 (en) * | 2003-12-09 | 2010-02-24 | Exodyne Technologies, Inc. | Energy attenuating safety system |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKLA | Lapsed |