CA1291065C - Ionizing chamber for gaseous oxygen - Google Patents
Ionizing chamber for gaseous oxygenInfo
- Publication number
- CA1291065C CA1291065C CA 508081 CA508081A CA1291065C CA 1291065 C CA1291065 C CA 1291065C CA 508081 CA508081 CA 508081 CA 508081 A CA508081 A CA 508081A CA 1291065 C CA1291065 C CA 1291065C
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- cathode
- ionization chamber
- electrodes
- chamber defined
- anode
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Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An ionization chamber for producing oxygen ions, prefer-ably positive oxygen ions, without substantial ozone formation.
The housing can be composed of polyvinyl chloride or another insulating material and the ionization electrodes can include a cathode wire closed to the inlet and an anode wire downstream from the cathode wire, the wires extending transverse to the oxygen flow direction.
An ionization chamber for producing oxygen ions, prefer-ably positive oxygen ions, without substantial ozone formation.
The housing can be composed of polyvinyl chloride or another insulating material and the ionization electrodes can include a cathode wire closed to the inlet and an anode wire downstream from the cathode wire, the wires extending transverse to the oxygen flow direction.
Description
IZING CHAMBER FOR GASE~ OXYGEN
SPECIFICATION
Field of the Invention My present invention relates l:o an ioni.zat:ion charnber for the ionization of gaseous oxygen and, mol.e pa)-ti.cular].y, t:o a chamber for generating ions in a medium conl:ailli.ng ~ or medicinal, therapeutic or general well-being improvement.
Background of the Invention Ionization chambers for a flowing medi.um 1:o be i.oniæed are, of course, known and generally comprise an elonya1:ed cylindrical housing traversed longitudinally by 1:he ga~s st:ream and, therefore, having an inlet end for the ga.s .st]-eam to be i.oni~ed, an outlet end for the gas stream to be discharged, and, within tl-is chamber an anode and a catho~le generally connected to a direct current source.
The anode in a conventional ionizati.on chamber of this type generally is a wire extending centrally th~ough this chambe~
in the longitudinal direction, i~e. is usually disposed along the axis of the chamber and can be a rod if desired. The cathode, however, is usually a cylindrical sheil which is coaxial with the anode and can be formed by the housing wall itself. In either case the medium flows parallel to the anode and the cathode (See Holleman, Wiberg: "L,ehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie", Berlin, l964, page 178).
~ .
~ onization of a flowing medium oay be practiced for a v. .ety of reasons and hence the discussion he~e ~ill concen~rate on atmospheric air or pharmaceutical grade oxygen as the 1Owing medium to be ionized~ When room air, oxygen-enri.cl-ed air or.even pure oxygen is ionized, it contributes to a variety of therapeu-tic processes and also in general, to the well-being of persons subject to the ionized oxygen. Many investigations have showll that the ion concentration of room air has a significant effect upon the emotional states of individuals present in the room and, in general, with elevated ion concentrations, indivic~ualfi feel healthier, more active, and for the most part, satisfied and happy.
Excessively low ion concentrations, however, contri.bute to a general feeling of malaise (see ~eger: "LEXIKON DER TECHNIK", Band 6, "Lexikon der Energietechnik und Kraftmaschinen" DV~, Stuttgart, 1965, pages 90 and 91, keyword "Behaglichkeit (Wohlbefi.nden)").
Apart from the use of ioniza.tion devices in personnel--occupied rooms to impart a general feeling of well-being, a number of therapeutic uses for highly ionized gaseous oxygen have been developed, and indeed, respiration therapy using gaseous oxygen with ionization i5 of considerable si.gnificance Eor various ther-apeutic treatments.
lonization of gaseous oxygen utilizing the ionization chamber described above can give ion concentrations up to about 15,000 ions/cm3, However, simultaneo~sly with the generation of such ions, there is a significant production of ~one (O3). This is a crucial disadvantage, especially for medicinal applications of ionized oxygen or air, because ozone in significant concentrations has a corrosive effect on the respiratory organs.
Objects of -the Inventi,orl 129 l-t is, therefore, the principal obj~ct of th~ l-,res ln~entiOn to provide an ionization chamber in which high ion concentratlons of oxygen can be produced and in which, indeed, the carrier can have significantly increased oxygen ion concentra~i,on while avoiding the production of ozone.
Another object of this invention is to provide an improvc-~method of generating high concentrations of ionized oxygen in a gas stream with minimum formation of ozone.
It is also,an object of this invention to provide an improved method of producing oxygen ions in high concent~ations and an io~iZation chamber for this purpose whereby disadvantages of prior art ionization chambers can be avoided.
These objects and others which will become apparent hereinafter are attained, in accordance with the present disclosure, which provide an ionization chamber in the form of an elongated preferably cylindrlcal housing formed with an inlet end connected to a source of an oxygen-containing gas and an outlet end connected 2~ to means for discharging an ionized-oxygen stream and a pair of ; elongated electrodes electrically insulated from one another and extending in this chamb~r in spaced-apart relationship and transversely to the flow direction of the oxygen stream, these electrodes being connected to,a source of direct current so that one can be considered to be the anode while the other is a cathode. ~These electrodes are spaced apart in the direction of flow of the oxygen-containing gas in add~tion to being transverse to the flow direction.
9~
The t~:rm anoc~ and cath~d~ ~nd elcctrod~; c~cnerally can ,_. f~~
er to wires or rods.
Surprisin~ly I have found that with thi~ oriental:ion o~
the anode and cathode, ion concentrations of up ~o 1,500,000 (1.5 X 106) ions/cm3 can be achieved or that charge-carrier concentrations ~in m~re general terms) of such levels can be reached.
The difference between the oxygen ion concentrat:ion and the charge carrier concentration is a result of the act that while positively-charged oxygen atoms form true ions in a sense o~ an ion concentration, the negative charge carrier may be negative]y charged oxygen~ free electrons or free electrons associated with gas molecules or other atoms. There are, therefore; additional charge carriers which may be present.
~or the ionization of oxygen, generally, it is the ; positive ions which are significant for medicinal or therapeutic purposes.
It has been found, surprisingly, that with the ionization chamber described an especially strong ionization in terms Of the high production of positive ions can be achiev2d without ozone formation.
Apparently with the arrangement described of the anode and the cathode, the interaction between the oxygen molecule and the electric field is sufficientl~ intense to obtain a maximum ionization effect but the energy level and time of contact are insufficient to brin~ about the formation of atomic oxygen which is a necessary precursor (by its combination with 2) in the formation of OZone~
~.2~
I have already indicated tha~ it is of paramount importance that the ionization chamber produce a high concentration of positively ionized oxygen.
For this resul~ I have found it to be advantageous to provide the anode behind the cathode in the direction of flow of the medium, i.e. downstream from the cathode.
Apparently this ensures that free electrons or negative charges can be collected upon and conducted away from the anode at a downstream location while the positive oxygen ions, because of their large mass and hence momentum are not drawn back to the cathode in spite of the electrical field gradient which exerts an electrostatic force in this direction.
In other circumstances, when a supply of negatively ionized oxygen is required the locations of the cathode and anode should be reversed and the cathode should be provided downstream of the anode.
It has been found to be advantageous to provide the cathode as a reference electrode with a fixed re~erence potential, for example as a ground electrode (PE-electrode) and to vary only the potential with respPct to ground of the anode when variation is required.
There are, of course, numerous ways in which the principles set forth above can be realized. The anode and cathode, for example, can be simply stretched across the chamber as single wires in respective planes perpendicular to the a~is of the chamber and transverse to the flow direction. The anode and cathode can also be formed by arrays of wires lying in these planes and even a grid of wires.
, , S
F'or the ioni~atiol; o~ oxy~e~ ow~v~r, I hav~ fo~rld thllt:
~copper wire i~ pre~err~d.
One of the surprising things whi.ch ha.s been ].ea~n~d ~r~m this invention is that the question of ionization of oxygen withou~
ozone formation is only a question of the exchange effcct o~
interaction of the flowing action with the electric field.
The field strength of the electri.cal field is determined by the potential between anode and cathode on the one hand and the geometric structure of the anode and the cathode, namely the i.eld--line density on the other. It is possible that it is the latter factor which explains the surprising result, i.e. the prevention of oæone formation. Apparently the field lines and organiz~tion are such that even at potentials which would have gellerated ozone Witll the prior art ionization chamber, ozone formation is precluded here.
It has been found to be advanta~eous that the anode and cathode forming wires, preferably of copper, each be provided wit:h a coating of a lacquer..
The ignition potential of the ionization chamber described, i.e. the potential at which a breakdown occurs and : ~o ionization commences, can be reduced and ozone formation precluded even further when the anode and the cathode are disposed sub-stantially midway of the oxygen flow, i.e. in a plane perp0ndicular to the a~orementioned transverse plane along the axis 4f the chamber.
The ignition potential can also be reduced by stepping one or both o the elQctrodes, i.e. providing the anode and cathode substantially in the region of the center of the stream wi~h a ~, ;
o~
step in a plane perpendicular to the flow direction of the stream. The stepping can include on each wire only a single upwardly or downwardly extending step or two steps, i.e. upwardly and then downwardly or vice versa.
Naturally, the number of steps can be increased and can extend along the length of the wire, for example, has an undulating, corrugated or wave shape.
Apparently this modification from the rectilinear or straight line paths of the wires disrupts the field lines to the point that tha ignition potential is reduced.
Of course, since it is desirable to avoid high field intensities, it is important while providing the steps to observe the condition that the wires should be free from sharp edges or corners or points and that, the bends in the formation of such steps, should have a radius of curvature o~ at least 1.5 mm.
Additionally, the steps or bends of the anode and cathode should extend in opposite directions so that a projection o~ the outline of these steps in the flow direction of the gas forms a framelike opening. This has been found to give an exceptionally low ozone formation.
The distance between inlet opening and the proximal electrode, preferably the cathode, should be 30 between 5 and 20 mm, pre~erably between 10 and 15 mm.
This allows optimum utilization of the electric field in the ionization chamber. The spacing between the anode and the cathode should typically be between 10 and 50 mm and most advantageously between 20 and 30 mm.
, ~,. .
, ~, :
~l2~
The diameters of the electrode wires forming the anode and the cathode should be 0.2 to 1.0 mm, advantageously 0.3 to 0.7 mm and most preferably about 0.4 mm. This ensures an optimal construction without excessive electrical field strenyth although it should be noted that the field strength also is a function of the lacquer thickness which may be applied in a coating having a thickness of say 2 microns.
~0 Best results are obtained when the cathode is at ground potential and the anods is at a positive potential relative to ground (direct current) of ak most 10 kV.
The housing of the ionizakion chamber can be fabricated from an electrically nonconducting material, for example a synthetic resin such as poly vinylchloride ~PVC), a material which is particularly advantageous because of its high electrical dielectric strength, i.e.
resistance to breakdown, its reduced ; -8-~ ~3~fiS
tendency to sustain creepage currents along its surface, its , ~ .
limited antistatic characteristics and its es~cellent sur~ace ~inishin~ and shaping possibilities whi]e havinq a rela~ive}y low cost.
s From the choice of this material the conditions under which housing materials may be selected will also be apparent, i.e.
the housing material should suffer from a minimum of electrical creepage current, should have a high dielectric strength and limited antistatic characteristics.
The specific construction of the housing can enable it to be elongated in the flow direction or, in a particularly advantage-ous embodiment of the invention, to be formed with a cylindrical body closed at its ends by respective plates. The inlet opening and the outlet openin~ are formed in a cylindrical body opposite lS one another while the anode and cathode e~tend through ~he cylindrical body and are anchored in these plates, the electrodes being parallel generally to one another and to the axis of the cylindrical body.
A multiplicity of such ionization chambers can be assembled into a multicompartment ionization chamber and thus two such ionization chambers can be provided in the Porm of a double chamber although generally the number which will be assembled into a unit will be greater than two. The number of ionization chambers used will depend upon the use to which the assembly is to be put and because oE the field conditions, in general, a number of small ioniæation chambers is more effective than a single large ionization chamber. When the apparatus is divi~ed into a number of ionization chambers, the anodes and cathodes can each be made as a single conductor each extending through a number of chambers.
More particularly, in accordance with the invention, there is provided an ionization chamber for the ionization of gaseous oxygen in a gas stream, comprising a housing formed with an inlet for said stream and an outlet for ionized oxygen and traversed by said stream in a given direction between said inlet and said outlet, a pair of electrodes mounted in said housing and extending across said stream transverse to said flow direction with said electrodes spaced apart in said direction and at least one of said electrodes formed from a copper wire provided with a lacquer coating, and a direct current source connected across said electrodes whereby one of said electrodes forms an anode and another of said electrodes forms a cathode.
Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described, having reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein, Fig. 1 is a schematic cross section through an ionization chamber embodying the invention;
Fig. 2 is an elevational view through an ionization chamher according to another embodiment of the invention, particularly in axial section;
Fig. 3 is a seckion taken along the line III-III of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a section taken generally along the line IV-IV of Fig. 2;
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of another embQdiment of the invention;
Fig. 6 is a transverse cross sectional view through yet another embodiment; and Fig. 7 is a side elevational view of this latter embodiment.
. ~ " ~ ~
~;:
, ~ %9~6:Si Specific DescriPtion Fig. 1 shows the principles embodied in the present invention.
- lOa -~ "', ' .
..
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. . :
~ 2'3~
The ionization chambe~ illu~t~ated here is used for ionizing gaseous oxygen and comprise~ a hou~ing 1 compo~ed of polyvinyl chloride or a like insulating material and i~ connected with an inlet pi~e 4 for ~he gas stream at an inle~ opening 2. Another S pipe 4 is connected to ~he outlet open;ng 3 which is opposite the inlet opening.
Thus the gas flows in the direction of the aLrow.
Within the housing 1, I provide a pair o~ electrodes 5, 6 which are connected to a high voltage dc source S. The elect~ode6 ~0 include an anode 5 and a cathode 6. A~ is clear from this Figure, the anode 5 and the cathode 6 extend transversely to the direction of flow of the oxygen 6tream and are spaced apart in the d;rection of flow with the anode 5 being located further downstream than the cathode 6. Positive ion6 are di~charged f~om the outlet 3.
L5 Fig. 1 also ~hows that the anode and cathode can be wires which are preferably composed of copper, can be coated with a lacquer layer and can be a diameter of about 0.4mm.
In the particular arrangement shown, the cathode 6 is grounded as i8 one terminal of the high voltage direct current source S
~0 which is adjustable to apply a positive potential ranging between 0 ; ~o 10 kV relative to ground to the anode 5.
Fig6. 2-4 ~how an embodiment of the invention in which a : cylindrical body 1' forms the ionization chamber between a pair of plates 10 and 11, a pair of diametrically opposite fittings 2' and ~S
~1 2~ 5 3' forming the inlet and outlet openings, respec~ively, and being , . . ~
~onnectable to pipe sections 4' to which plastic or rubber tubes can be connected, the inlet 2 belng supplied by a pump, for example.
The anode 5' and the cathode 6' are represented only diagrammatical-ly in these Figures. The flow direction is again represented bythe arrows and it can be seen that the cathode 6' is located relatively upstream while the anode 5' is located relatively downstream and that both electrodes extend across the flow, i.e.
transversely to the flow.
The cathode 6' is preferably spaced about 10 mm from the inlet opening 2' and the anode 5' is preferably spaced about 20 mm from the cathode 6'. The housing l' and the plates lO, ll are here constituted of polyvinyl chloride. The cylindrical housing or body li has been represented at 9.
FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the invention which differs from that of FIGS. 2-4 in that the anode 5" and the cathode 6~ substantially in the middle of the flow of oxygen are bent to orm steps in vertical planes perpendicular to the flow direction, the bend of the cathode 6" being upwardly and then downwardly while the bend of the anode 5" is initially downwardly then upwardly, the steps being represented at 7 and 8. Each bend i5 carefull~ made to ensure that it has a radius oE curva~ure of at least 1.5 mm.
The steps introduce an inhomogeneity of the electrical field between the anode and cathode so that the discharge potential of the ionization chamber is reduced although the curvatures are such that excessively high field strengths do not develop and 020ne formation is reduced.
3L.~91~6~
It can be seen from FIG. 5 that the steps 7 and 8 lie in mutually parallel planes but are in opposlte dlrections s~ at projection of these steps on a plane in the direction of oxy~en flow defines a framelike opening in the ~orm o~ an elongated window. This has been found to be important for optimal ionization ~ithout the formation of ozone in a number o~ tests In the embodiments of FIGS. 2-5 the housing i.s basical]y formed by a cylindrical body closed with plates at its ends and having the inlets and outlets in the housing body so that the anode and cathode are generally parallel to one another and to the axi.s o~ the cylindrical body.
The electrodes can be isolated from the housing when the housing conductive with conventional polyurethane insulation for the cathode 6 or for the grounded electrode and with any high voltage insulation ~or the other electrode which may be at a positive or negative potential with respect to ground.
FIGS. 6 and 7 show an embodiment of the invention in which the cylindrical bodies 9' are joined together, e.g. by adhesive and closed at the respective ends by a pair of plates 10' and 11' which are spanned by the cathode and anode wires 6' n and 5~ n ~ respective-ly. As is also apparent Erom FIG. 6, each anode and cathode wire extends through a group of ioniæation chambers, i.e. through the individual cells of the ionization apparatus.
The plates 10' and 11' are supplied by manifolds or domes lOa' amd lla' connected to the pipes 4'~.
.
SPECIFICATION
Field of the Invention My present invention relates l:o an ioni.zat:ion charnber for the ionization of gaseous oxygen and, mol.e pa)-ti.cular].y, t:o a chamber for generating ions in a medium conl:ailli.ng ~ or medicinal, therapeutic or general well-being improvement.
Background of the Invention Ionization chambers for a flowing medi.um 1:o be i.oniæed are, of course, known and generally comprise an elonya1:ed cylindrical housing traversed longitudinally by 1:he ga~s st:ream and, therefore, having an inlet end for the ga.s .st]-eam to be i.oni~ed, an outlet end for the gas stream to be discharged, and, within tl-is chamber an anode and a catho~le generally connected to a direct current source.
The anode in a conventional ionizati.on chamber of this type generally is a wire extending centrally th~ough this chambe~
in the longitudinal direction, i~e. is usually disposed along the axis of the chamber and can be a rod if desired. The cathode, however, is usually a cylindrical sheil which is coaxial with the anode and can be formed by the housing wall itself. In either case the medium flows parallel to the anode and the cathode (See Holleman, Wiberg: "L,ehrbuch der anorganischen Chemie", Berlin, l964, page 178).
~ .
~ onization of a flowing medium oay be practiced for a v. .ety of reasons and hence the discussion he~e ~ill concen~rate on atmospheric air or pharmaceutical grade oxygen as the 1Owing medium to be ionized~ When room air, oxygen-enri.cl-ed air or.even pure oxygen is ionized, it contributes to a variety of therapeu-tic processes and also in general, to the well-being of persons subject to the ionized oxygen. Many investigations have showll that the ion concentration of room air has a significant effect upon the emotional states of individuals present in the room and, in general, with elevated ion concentrations, indivic~ualfi feel healthier, more active, and for the most part, satisfied and happy.
Excessively low ion concentrations, however, contri.bute to a general feeling of malaise (see ~eger: "LEXIKON DER TECHNIK", Band 6, "Lexikon der Energietechnik und Kraftmaschinen" DV~, Stuttgart, 1965, pages 90 and 91, keyword "Behaglichkeit (Wohlbefi.nden)").
Apart from the use of ioniza.tion devices in personnel--occupied rooms to impart a general feeling of well-being, a number of therapeutic uses for highly ionized gaseous oxygen have been developed, and indeed, respiration therapy using gaseous oxygen with ionization i5 of considerable si.gnificance Eor various ther-apeutic treatments.
lonization of gaseous oxygen utilizing the ionization chamber described above can give ion concentrations up to about 15,000 ions/cm3, However, simultaneo~sly with the generation of such ions, there is a significant production of ~one (O3). This is a crucial disadvantage, especially for medicinal applications of ionized oxygen or air, because ozone in significant concentrations has a corrosive effect on the respiratory organs.
Objects of -the Inventi,orl 129 l-t is, therefore, the principal obj~ct of th~ l-,res ln~entiOn to provide an ionization chamber in which high ion concentratlons of oxygen can be produced and in which, indeed, the carrier can have significantly increased oxygen ion concentra~i,on while avoiding the production of ozone.
Another object of this invention is to provide an improvc-~method of generating high concentrations of ionized oxygen in a gas stream with minimum formation of ozone.
It is also,an object of this invention to provide an improved method of producing oxygen ions in high concent~ations and an io~iZation chamber for this purpose whereby disadvantages of prior art ionization chambers can be avoided.
These objects and others which will become apparent hereinafter are attained, in accordance with the present disclosure, which provide an ionization chamber in the form of an elongated preferably cylindrlcal housing formed with an inlet end connected to a source of an oxygen-containing gas and an outlet end connected 2~ to means for discharging an ionized-oxygen stream and a pair of ; elongated electrodes electrically insulated from one another and extending in this chamb~r in spaced-apart relationship and transversely to the flow direction of the oxygen stream, these electrodes being connected to,a source of direct current so that one can be considered to be the anode while the other is a cathode. ~These electrodes are spaced apart in the direction of flow of the oxygen-containing gas in add~tion to being transverse to the flow direction.
9~
The t~:rm anoc~ and cath~d~ ~nd elcctrod~; c~cnerally can ,_. f~~
er to wires or rods.
Surprisin~ly I have found that with thi~ oriental:ion o~
the anode and cathode, ion concentrations of up ~o 1,500,000 (1.5 X 106) ions/cm3 can be achieved or that charge-carrier concentrations ~in m~re general terms) of such levels can be reached.
The difference between the oxygen ion concentrat:ion and the charge carrier concentration is a result of the act that while positively-charged oxygen atoms form true ions in a sense o~ an ion concentration, the negative charge carrier may be negative]y charged oxygen~ free electrons or free electrons associated with gas molecules or other atoms. There are, therefore; additional charge carriers which may be present.
~or the ionization of oxygen, generally, it is the ; positive ions which are significant for medicinal or therapeutic purposes.
It has been found, surprisingly, that with the ionization chamber described an especially strong ionization in terms Of the high production of positive ions can be achiev2d without ozone formation.
Apparently with the arrangement described of the anode and the cathode, the interaction between the oxygen molecule and the electric field is sufficientl~ intense to obtain a maximum ionization effect but the energy level and time of contact are insufficient to brin~ about the formation of atomic oxygen which is a necessary precursor (by its combination with 2) in the formation of OZone~
~.2~
I have already indicated tha~ it is of paramount importance that the ionization chamber produce a high concentration of positively ionized oxygen.
For this resul~ I have found it to be advantageous to provide the anode behind the cathode in the direction of flow of the medium, i.e. downstream from the cathode.
Apparently this ensures that free electrons or negative charges can be collected upon and conducted away from the anode at a downstream location while the positive oxygen ions, because of their large mass and hence momentum are not drawn back to the cathode in spite of the electrical field gradient which exerts an electrostatic force in this direction.
In other circumstances, when a supply of negatively ionized oxygen is required the locations of the cathode and anode should be reversed and the cathode should be provided downstream of the anode.
It has been found to be advantageous to provide the cathode as a reference electrode with a fixed re~erence potential, for example as a ground electrode (PE-electrode) and to vary only the potential with respPct to ground of the anode when variation is required.
There are, of course, numerous ways in which the principles set forth above can be realized. The anode and cathode, for example, can be simply stretched across the chamber as single wires in respective planes perpendicular to the a~is of the chamber and transverse to the flow direction. The anode and cathode can also be formed by arrays of wires lying in these planes and even a grid of wires.
, , S
F'or the ioni~atiol; o~ oxy~e~ ow~v~r, I hav~ fo~rld thllt:
~copper wire i~ pre~err~d.
One of the surprising things whi.ch ha.s been ].ea~n~d ~r~m this invention is that the question of ionization of oxygen withou~
ozone formation is only a question of the exchange effcct o~
interaction of the flowing action with the electric field.
The field strength of the electri.cal field is determined by the potential between anode and cathode on the one hand and the geometric structure of the anode and the cathode, namely the i.eld--line density on the other. It is possible that it is the latter factor which explains the surprising result, i.e. the prevention of oæone formation. Apparently the field lines and organiz~tion are such that even at potentials which would have gellerated ozone Witll the prior art ionization chamber, ozone formation is precluded here.
It has been found to be advanta~eous that the anode and cathode forming wires, preferably of copper, each be provided wit:h a coating of a lacquer..
The ignition potential of the ionization chamber described, i.e. the potential at which a breakdown occurs and : ~o ionization commences, can be reduced and ozone formation precluded even further when the anode and the cathode are disposed sub-stantially midway of the oxygen flow, i.e. in a plane perp0ndicular to the a~orementioned transverse plane along the axis 4f the chamber.
The ignition potential can also be reduced by stepping one or both o the elQctrodes, i.e. providing the anode and cathode substantially in the region of the center of the stream wi~h a ~, ;
o~
step in a plane perpendicular to the flow direction of the stream. The stepping can include on each wire only a single upwardly or downwardly extending step or two steps, i.e. upwardly and then downwardly or vice versa.
Naturally, the number of steps can be increased and can extend along the length of the wire, for example, has an undulating, corrugated or wave shape.
Apparently this modification from the rectilinear or straight line paths of the wires disrupts the field lines to the point that tha ignition potential is reduced.
Of course, since it is desirable to avoid high field intensities, it is important while providing the steps to observe the condition that the wires should be free from sharp edges or corners or points and that, the bends in the formation of such steps, should have a radius of curvature o~ at least 1.5 mm.
Additionally, the steps or bends of the anode and cathode should extend in opposite directions so that a projection o~ the outline of these steps in the flow direction of the gas forms a framelike opening. This has been found to give an exceptionally low ozone formation.
The distance between inlet opening and the proximal electrode, preferably the cathode, should be 30 between 5 and 20 mm, pre~erably between 10 and 15 mm.
This allows optimum utilization of the electric field in the ionization chamber. The spacing between the anode and the cathode should typically be between 10 and 50 mm and most advantageously between 20 and 30 mm.
, ~,. .
, ~, :
~l2~
The diameters of the electrode wires forming the anode and the cathode should be 0.2 to 1.0 mm, advantageously 0.3 to 0.7 mm and most preferably about 0.4 mm. This ensures an optimal construction without excessive electrical field strenyth although it should be noted that the field strength also is a function of the lacquer thickness which may be applied in a coating having a thickness of say 2 microns.
~0 Best results are obtained when the cathode is at ground potential and the anods is at a positive potential relative to ground (direct current) of ak most 10 kV.
The housing of the ionizakion chamber can be fabricated from an electrically nonconducting material, for example a synthetic resin such as poly vinylchloride ~PVC), a material which is particularly advantageous because of its high electrical dielectric strength, i.e.
resistance to breakdown, its reduced ; -8-~ ~3~fiS
tendency to sustain creepage currents along its surface, its , ~ .
limited antistatic characteristics and its es~cellent sur~ace ~inishin~ and shaping possibilities whi]e havinq a rela~ive}y low cost.
s From the choice of this material the conditions under which housing materials may be selected will also be apparent, i.e.
the housing material should suffer from a minimum of electrical creepage current, should have a high dielectric strength and limited antistatic characteristics.
The specific construction of the housing can enable it to be elongated in the flow direction or, in a particularly advantage-ous embodiment of the invention, to be formed with a cylindrical body closed at its ends by respective plates. The inlet opening and the outlet openin~ are formed in a cylindrical body opposite lS one another while the anode and cathode e~tend through ~he cylindrical body and are anchored in these plates, the electrodes being parallel generally to one another and to the axis of the cylindrical body.
A multiplicity of such ionization chambers can be assembled into a multicompartment ionization chamber and thus two such ionization chambers can be provided in the Porm of a double chamber although generally the number which will be assembled into a unit will be greater than two. The number of ionization chambers used will depend upon the use to which the assembly is to be put and because oE the field conditions, in general, a number of small ioniæation chambers is more effective than a single large ionization chamber. When the apparatus is divi~ed into a number of ionization chambers, the anodes and cathodes can each be made as a single conductor each extending through a number of chambers.
More particularly, in accordance with the invention, there is provided an ionization chamber for the ionization of gaseous oxygen in a gas stream, comprising a housing formed with an inlet for said stream and an outlet for ionized oxygen and traversed by said stream in a given direction between said inlet and said outlet, a pair of electrodes mounted in said housing and extending across said stream transverse to said flow direction with said electrodes spaced apart in said direction and at least one of said electrodes formed from a copper wire provided with a lacquer coating, and a direct current source connected across said electrodes whereby one of said electrodes forms an anode and another of said electrodes forms a cathode.
Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described, having reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein, Fig. 1 is a schematic cross section through an ionization chamber embodying the invention;
Fig. 2 is an elevational view through an ionization chamher according to another embodiment of the invention, particularly in axial section;
Fig. 3 is a seckion taken along the line III-III of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a section taken generally along the line IV-IV of Fig. 2;
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of another embQdiment of the invention;
Fig. 6 is a transverse cross sectional view through yet another embodiment; and Fig. 7 is a side elevational view of this latter embodiment.
. ~ " ~ ~
~;:
, ~ %9~6:Si Specific DescriPtion Fig. 1 shows the principles embodied in the present invention.
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The ionization chambe~ illu~t~ated here is used for ionizing gaseous oxygen and comprise~ a hou~ing 1 compo~ed of polyvinyl chloride or a like insulating material and i~ connected with an inlet pi~e 4 for ~he gas stream at an inle~ opening 2. Another S pipe 4 is connected to ~he outlet open;ng 3 which is opposite the inlet opening.
Thus the gas flows in the direction of the aLrow.
Within the housing 1, I provide a pair o~ electrodes 5, 6 which are connected to a high voltage dc source S. The elect~ode6 ~0 include an anode 5 and a cathode 6. A~ is clear from this Figure, the anode 5 and the cathode 6 extend transversely to the direction of flow of the oxygen 6tream and are spaced apart in the d;rection of flow with the anode 5 being located further downstream than the cathode 6. Positive ion6 are di~charged f~om the outlet 3.
L5 Fig. 1 also ~hows that the anode and cathode can be wires which are preferably composed of copper, can be coated with a lacquer layer and can be a diameter of about 0.4mm.
In the particular arrangement shown, the cathode 6 is grounded as i8 one terminal of the high voltage direct current source S
~0 which is adjustable to apply a positive potential ranging between 0 ; ~o 10 kV relative to ground to the anode 5.
Fig6. 2-4 ~how an embodiment of the invention in which a : cylindrical body 1' forms the ionization chamber between a pair of plates 10 and 11, a pair of diametrically opposite fittings 2' and ~S
~1 2~ 5 3' forming the inlet and outlet openings, respec~ively, and being , . . ~
~onnectable to pipe sections 4' to which plastic or rubber tubes can be connected, the inlet 2 belng supplied by a pump, for example.
The anode 5' and the cathode 6' are represented only diagrammatical-ly in these Figures. The flow direction is again represented bythe arrows and it can be seen that the cathode 6' is located relatively upstream while the anode 5' is located relatively downstream and that both electrodes extend across the flow, i.e.
transversely to the flow.
The cathode 6' is preferably spaced about 10 mm from the inlet opening 2' and the anode 5' is preferably spaced about 20 mm from the cathode 6'. The housing l' and the plates lO, ll are here constituted of polyvinyl chloride. The cylindrical housing or body li has been represented at 9.
FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the invention which differs from that of FIGS. 2-4 in that the anode 5" and the cathode 6~ substantially in the middle of the flow of oxygen are bent to orm steps in vertical planes perpendicular to the flow direction, the bend of the cathode 6" being upwardly and then downwardly while the bend of the anode 5" is initially downwardly then upwardly, the steps being represented at 7 and 8. Each bend i5 carefull~ made to ensure that it has a radius oE curva~ure of at least 1.5 mm.
The steps introduce an inhomogeneity of the electrical field between the anode and cathode so that the discharge potential of the ionization chamber is reduced although the curvatures are such that excessively high field strengths do not develop and 020ne formation is reduced.
3L.~91~6~
It can be seen from FIG. 5 that the steps 7 and 8 lie in mutually parallel planes but are in opposlte dlrections s~ at projection of these steps on a plane in the direction of oxy~en flow defines a framelike opening in the ~orm o~ an elongated window. This has been found to be important for optimal ionization ~ithout the formation of ozone in a number o~ tests In the embodiments of FIGS. 2-5 the housing i.s basical]y formed by a cylindrical body closed with plates at its ends and having the inlets and outlets in the housing body so that the anode and cathode are generally parallel to one another and to the axi.s o~ the cylindrical body.
The electrodes can be isolated from the housing when the housing conductive with conventional polyurethane insulation for the cathode 6 or for the grounded electrode and with any high voltage insulation ~or the other electrode which may be at a positive or negative potential with respect to ground.
FIGS. 6 and 7 show an embodiment of the invention in which the cylindrical bodies 9' are joined together, e.g. by adhesive and closed at the respective ends by a pair of plates 10' and 11' which are spanned by the cathode and anode wires 6' n and 5~ n ~ respective-ly. As is also apparent Erom FIG. 6, each anode and cathode wire extends through a group of ioniæation chambers, i.e. through the individual cells of the ionization apparatus.
The plates 10' and 11' are supplied by manifolds or domes lOa' amd lla' connected to the pipes 4'~.
.
Claims (17)
1. An ionization chamber for the ionization of gaseous oxygen in a gas stream, comprising a housing formed with an inlet for said stream and an outlet for ionized oxygen and traversed by said stream in a given direction between said inlet and said outlet, a pair of electrodes mounted in said housing and extending across said stream transverse to said flow direction with said electrodes spaced apart in said direction and at least one of said electrodes formed from a copper wire provided with a lacquer coating, and a direct current source connected across said electrodes whereby one of said electrodes forms an anode and another of said electrodes forms a cathode.
2. The ionization chamber defined in claim 1 wherein said anode is located downstream of said cathode.
3. The ionization chamber defined in claim 1 wherein said cathode is at a fixed reference potential and said anode is connected to said source and receives a variable potential relative to said cathode.
4. The ionization chamber defined in claim 3 wherein said cathode is connected to ground potential.
5. The ionization chamber defined in claim 1 wherein the electrodes linearly extending transversely to said given direction of the stream, the electrodes being located so as to be substantially in the middle of said stream and each one being formed with at least one offset step lying in a plane perpendicular to said given direction.
6. The ionization chamber defined in claim 5 wherein all bends of each electrode forming said step have radii of curvature of at least 1.5 mm.
7. The ionization chamber defined in claim 5 wherein said steps extend in opposite directions from one another.
8. The ionization chamber defined in claim 1 wherein the spacing between said cathode and said inlet is substantially from 5 to 20 mm.
9. The ionization chamber defined in claim 8 wherein the spacing of said anode from said cathode is substantially from
10 to 50 mm and said anode is located downstream of said cathode.
10. The ionization chamber defined in claim 9 wherein said electrodes are wires of a diameter of 0.2 to 1.0 mm.
10. The ionization chamber defined in claim 9 wherein said electrodes are wires of a diameter of 0.2 to 1.0 mm.
11. The ionization chamber defined in claim 10 wherein the spacing of said cathode from said inlet is between 10 and 15 mm, the spacing of said anode from said cathode is between 20 and 30 mm and the diameter of said electrodes is between 0.3 and 0.7 mm.
12. The ionization chamber defined in claim 11 wherein said diameter is substantially 0.4 mm.
13. The ionization chamber defined in claim 12 wherein said source has a potential sufficient to generate oxygen ions less than 10 kV and is a variable potential source.
14. The ionization chamber defined in claim 1 wherein said housing is composed of polyvinyl chloride.
15. The ionization chamber defined in claim 1 wherein said housing has a cylindrical body formed with said inlet and said outlet and closed at its end by a pair of plates and said body spanned by said electrode.
16. An assembly of ionization chambers as defined in claim 1 wherein a multiplicity of said chambers are assembled together in parallel to form respective cells.
17. An assembly as defined in claim 16 wherein a plurality of said cells are traversed by the same said electrodes.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 508081 CA1291065C (en) | 1986-05-01 | 1986-05-01 | Ionizing chamber for gaseous oxygen |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 508081 CA1291065C (en) | 1986-05-01 | 1986-05-01 | Ionizing chamber for gaseous oxygen |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1291065C true CA1291065C (en) | 1991-10-22 |
Family
ID=4133019
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 508081 Expired CA1291065C (en) | 1986-05-01 | 1986-05-01 | Ionizing chamber for gaseous oxygen |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1291065C (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT515876A1 (en) * | 2014-06-05 | 2015-12-15 | Engler Ivan Ddr | Plasma ionization chamber and method of operating the same |
-
1986
- 1986-05-01 CA CA 508081 patent/CA1291065C/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT515876A1 (en) * | 2014-06-05 | 2015-12-15 | Engler Ivan Ddr | Plasma ionization chamber and method of operating the same |
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