CA1287696C - Impact protection arrangement for type a transportation of concrete modules containing radioactive waste - Google Patents
Impact protection arrangement for type a transportation of concrete modules containing radioactive wasteInfo
- Publication number
- CA1287696C CA1287696C CA000528140A CA528140A CA1287696C CA 1287696 C CA1287696 C CA 1287696C CA 000528140 A CA000528140 A CA 000528140A CA 528140 A CA528140 A CA 528140A CA 1287696 C CA1287696 C CA 1287696C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cask
- metal
- impact
- monolithic
- volume
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F5/00—Transportable or portable shielded containers
- G21F5/02—Transportable or portable shielded containers with provision for restricted exposure of a radiation source within the container
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F5/00—Transportable or portable shielded containers
- G21F5/06—Details of, or accessories to, the containers
- G21F5/08—Shock-absorbers, e.g. impact buffers for containers
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Buffer Packaging (AREA)
- Vibration Dampers (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An individual, discrete impact absorbing member 20 of a solid, soft light metal is fitted to each of the six corners, at each end of the radioactive waste shipping cask 10 and laps the sides 12, ends 14 and 16, and truncat-ed corners 18 of the cask for adequate distances and with adequate thicknesses to provide a volume of the metal in excess of the volume of the metal subject to being crushed in specified drop tests for a Class A shipping package.
An individual, discrete impact absorbing member 20 of a solid, soft light metal is fitted to each of the six corners, at each end of the radioactive waste shipping cask 10 and laps the sides 12, ends 14 and 16, and truncat-ed corners 18 of the cask for adequate distances and with adequate thicknesses to provide a volume of the metal in excess of the volume of the metal subject to being crushed in specified drop tests for a Class A shipping package.
Description
~ 2~)t769~;
1 53,053 IMPACT PROTECTION ARRANGEMENT FOR TYPE A
TRANSPORTATION OF CONCRETE MODULES
CONTAINING RADIOACTIVE WASTE
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
Canadian Patent Application S.N. 529,612, filed February 12, 1987, (W.E. 52,613) is a related application in the ~enqe that this invention uses the underlying concepts of that invention.
BACKGROUND 0~ THE INVENTION
The cross-referenced patent application discloses an impact protection arrangement particularly useful for type B radioactive waste casks. As noted in that applica-tion, the requirements for withstanding impact forces andother conditions such as internal and external heat are relatively severe for the type B casks. Such type B casks are typically cylindrical and constructed of steel. The essence of the invention of thàt application is the use of impact sXirts in the form of shallow caps fitted to each end of the cask, with each skirt comprising a one-piece member of a solid, soft, light metal material such as aluminum.
The invention of the cross-referenced patent application is based in part on the fact that most materi-als exhibit a pseudo material property sometimes called "dynamic flow pressure" which is defined as the energy necessary to displace a unit volume of the material. The dynamic flow pressure of most light and/or soft metals is relatively constant over a wide range of displacement of 2~7695;
2 53,0~3 the metal and has a value slightly higher than the compres-sive yield strength of the metal which permits the absorbed energy to be substantially directly related to the dis-placement of the metal.
.5 That cross-referenced application also points out that both the soft metal material and the geometry of the skirt are factors in striving for a situation of relatively constant deceleration in which the deceleration forces are a function of crush distance, rather than the deceleration forces being proportional to displacement.
Canadian Patent 1,231,468 issued January 12, 1988 discloses a hexagonal concrete cask or module used for on-site storage and off-site disposal of radioactive waste to be transported as type A shipping packages.
lS The impact protection requirements for type A
cas~s are not nearly as severe as for the type B casks since the free drop is only from one foot (0.3 m) rather than 30 feet (9 m).
It i8 the aim of this invention to provide an impact protection arrangement for type A casks of the general character disclosed in the last noted patent application, and which is relatively lightweight and inexpensive, is reusable, and which uses impact protection blocks which are all of the same design and so can be obtained rom a single mold pattern.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the invention, an impact absorbing arrangement for a radioactive waste material shipping cask of a generally right, regular, polygon, shape in cross-section, such as hexagonal, and having side faces and end faces and truncated corners between the side faces is provided, the arrangement comprising an individual, discrete, impact-absorbing member fitted to each truncated-corner-end-corner, each member including an impact-absorbing portion being a one-piece, monolithic block of a ~oft, light metal, such as aluminum, configured to lap the cask end face, and truncated face and two adjacent side .~
1~
1 53,053 IMPACT PROTECTION ARRANGEMENT FOR TYPE A
TRANSPORTATION OF CONCRETE MODULES
CONTAINING RADIOACTIVE WASTE
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
Canadian Patent Application S.N. 529,612, filed February 12, 1987, (W.E. 52,613) is a related application in the ~enqe that this invention uses the underlying concepts of that invention.
BACKGROUND 0~ THE INVENTION
The cross-referenced patent application discloses an impact protection arrangement particularly useful for type B radioactive waste casks. As noted in that applica-tion, the requirements for withstanding impact forces andother conditions such as internal and external heat are relatively severe for the type B casks. Such type B casks are typically cylindrical and constructed of steel. The essence of the invention of thàt application is the use of impact sXirts in the form of shallow caps fitted to each end of the cask, with each skirt comprising a one-piece member of a solid, soft, light metal material such as aluminum.
The invention of the cross-referenced patent application is based in part on the fact that most materi-als exhibit a pseudo material property sometimes called "dynamic flow pressure" which is defined as the energy necessary to displace a unit volume of the material. The dynamic flow pressure of most light and/or soft metals is relatively constant over a wide range of displacement of 2~7695;
2 53,0~3 the metal and has a value slightly higher than the compres-sive yield strength of the metal which permits the absorbed energy to be substantially directly related to the dis-placement of the metal.
.5 That cross-referenced application also points out that both the soft metal material and the geometry of the skirt are factors in striving for a situation of relatively constant deceleration in which the deceleration forces are a function of crush distance, rather than the deceleration forces being proportional to displacement.
Canadian Patent 1,231,468 issued January 12, 1988 discloses a hexagonal concrete cask or module used for on-site storage and off-site disposal of radioactive waste to be transported as type A shipping packages.
lS The impact protection requirements for type A
cas~s are not nearly as severe as for the type B casks since the free drop is only from one foot (0.3 m) rather than 30 feet (9 m).
It i8 the aim of this invention to provide an impact protection arrangement for type A casks of the general character disclosed in the last noted patent application, and which is relatively lightweight and inexpensive, is reusable, and which uses impact protection blocks which are all of the same design and so can be obtained rom a single mold pattern.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the invention, an impact absorbing arrangement for a radioactive waste material shipping cask of a generally right, regular, polygon, shape in cross-section, such as hexagonal, and having side faces and end faces and truncated corners between the side faces is provided, the arrangement comprising an individual, discrete, impact-absorbing member fitted to each truncated-corner-end-corner, each member including an impact-absorbing portion being a one-piece, monolithic block of a ~oft, light metal, such as aluminum, configured to lap the cask end face, and truncated face and two adjacent side .~
1~
3 53,053 faces for adequate distances and being Of adequate thick-ness to provide a volume of said metal in excess of the volume of said metal subject to being crushed in specified drop tests.
DRAWING DESCRIPTION
Eigure 1 is a somewhat schematic side view of a hexagonal concrete cask provided with the impact protection arrangement of the invention;
Fig. 2 is an end view of the cask and arrangement of Fig. l;
Fiq. 3 is a fragmentary enlarged detail view of a part of the cask end with a single impact protection block applied to a corner of the cask;
Fig. 4 is a cross-section corresponding to one taken along the line IV-IV of Fig. 3; and Fig. 5 is an isometric view of a single discrete block with a small portion of the cask to which it is fit, and including directional arrows to indicate the direction o drop with the cask in different orientations.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the drawing, a concrete radioactive waste cask generally designated 10 and of the general type disclosed in Canada Patent 1,231,468 (and to which reference is to be had for details thereof) has sides 12 and opposite ends 14 and 16. As configured as an example for purposes of this application, the cask is a hexagonally-shaped prism with truncated corners 18. That is, at each corner between two ad~acent sides 12, the corner is truncated.
Discrete impact protection blocXs generally designated 20 are fitted to each corner formed between ad;acent sides 12 and the ends 14 and 16. Thus, for the hexagonally-shaped cask of Figs. 1 and 2, six blocks are required at each end for a total of 12 blocXs.
The six blocks 20 at each end of the cask are attached to each other by steel L's 22 which, at each block location, are interposed between the block and cask to help ~r . .
~ ~2.'37~9~;
DRAWING DESCRIPTION
Eigure 1 is a somewhat schematic side view of a hexagonal concrete cask provided with the impact protection arrangement of the invention;
Fig. 2 is an end view of the cask and arrangement of Fig. l;
Fiq. 3 is a fragmentary enlarged detail view of a part of the cask end with a single impact protection block applied to a corner of the cask;
Fig. 4 is a cross-section corresponding to one taken along the line IV-IV of Fig. 3; and Fig. 5 is an isometric view of a single discrete block with a small portion of the cask to which it is fit, and including directional arrows to indicate the direction o drop with the cask in different orientations.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the drawing, a concrete radioactive waste cask generally designated 10 and of the general type disclosed in Canada Patent 1,231,468 (and to which reference is to be had for details thereof) has sides 12 and opposite ends 14 and 16. As configured as an example for purposes of this application, the cask is a hexagonally-shaped prism with truncated corners 18. That is, at each corner between two ad~acent sides 12, the corner is truncated.
Discrete impact protection blocXs generally designated 20 are fitted to each corner formed between ad;acent sides 12 and the ends 14 and 16. Thus, for the hexagonally-shaped cask of Figs. 1 and 2, six blocks are required at each end for a total of 12 blocXs.
The six blocks 20 at each end of the cask are attached to each other by steel L's 22 which, at each block location, are interposed between the block and cask to help ~r . .
~ ~2.'37~9~;
4 53,~53 spread the impact load (Fig. 4). The blocks and L's in effect form a ring for each end of the cask. The rings at each end of the cask in turn are secured to each other by the use of rods 24 wit~ turn buckles 26 providing adjust-able tension means connecting each bl~ck at one end of thecask to the axially aligned block at t~e opposite end of the cask. This permits the removal of the rings when the casks go into storage, and the subsequent reuse of the rings.
One of the single discrete blocks 20 is shown in somewhat more detail in Fig. 3 and includes a center part 28 which fits the truncated corner, and opposite wing parts 30 and 32 which fit to the sides 12.
Fig. S is intended to aid in understanding the orientation of the cask 10 and blocks 20 for various drops.
The numbered arrows indicate the direction of drop with the cas~ in the various orientations. Arrow 34 is for a flat end drop. Arrow 36 is for a side drop on a flat side.
Arrow 38 is or a corner drop on a side corner. Arrow 40 20 i8 for a corner drop on a corner. Arrow 42 is for a side drop on a corner.
Various values related to the impact protection can be determined mathematically using the same general approach found in the cross-referenced patent application, 529,612 to which reference should be had as to the method of going about the determination of the mathematical values.
The general approach is to first determine the potential energy to the absorbed upon impact, based on the gross weight of the package and the fall distance, the crush volume and the displacement distance of the cru~hed volume, the crush area, and from this the deceleration force and the deceleration may be determined, and then the percent displacement relative to the thickness of the material which absorbs the impact is found.
~5 As an example of the design basis for a specific set of blocks 20, it i8 assumed that the gross package ~$~
~ ~3769~.;
53,053 weight is S0,000 lbs. (2.27 E + 4 kg) and it is subjected to a free drop from one foot (0.3 m). The potential energy is 58,333 foot-pounds (79,100 J) which includes an allow-ance of two inches (0.05 m) for crush distance. The blocks are of cast aluminum, having a dynamic flow pressure of about 15,000 psi (103 E + 6 Pa). This results in a crush volume of 46.7 inches2 (3.01 E - 2 m2) in every case and irrespective of the orientation of the package for the drop.
The dimensions of the block for the example are as follows. All parts of the block 28, 30, 32 overlap the side 12 of the block in the area designated 44 in Fig. 4 by two inches (0.05 m) and has a three inch (0.07 m) depth from the outer side of the cask to the outer side of the block. The part 46 of the block overlapping the end 14 overlaps for 0.75 inches (0.02 m~ and has a depth of three inches (0.07 m) from the end of the cask to the outer end.
Each of the wings 30 and 32 have a lateral dimension along their longest sides of 4 inches (0.1 m) while the lateral dimension of the center part 28 at its longest side is 7.86 inches (0.2 m).
With the specified blocks and weight and drop distance, the values in the following table have been determined for drops in the specified orientations.
~ ~t~'769~i 6 53, 053 ~ _ o cor-- N N
0~_ O O ~
L .r~ t o o L O L
o o . r u~ _ O L~C`J r') 11 C 3 O O C~
O O N
C ~
L O Y :t on L U~ C~ ~ _ o O N
_ _ ~ O O
~n~o o ~
L ~3 `~
I~O U~
:~ N Y
~ ~ O O U~
0--_ O O
~ C-O ~ . O
U~ -V~ -- N a- 0 ~_ 3 ~ Y
L O _ o~
_ _ _ U~ C
O~
_~ ~n _ ~
CO C~ O E
~ ~ ~._ V t~
O ~ ~ ~ CL
~ ~o ~ O ~ -.~ ~ 2~ 2 n ~ o n ~e u~ o 69~;
7 53,053 It will be seen that the arrangement according to the invention provides deceleration values in g's which range from 8.4 to 17.2. This is accomplished using impact protection blocks 20 which do not project more than 3 inches (0.07 m) from the ends and sides. The system also provides such impact protection for the entire module by only protecting the twelve corners. Finally, the weight of both rings with the specified blocks plus the tie rods and turn buckles is only in the order of about 500 lbs. (226 kg).
One of the single discrete blocks 20 is shown in somewhat more detail in Fig. 3 and includes a center part 28 which fits the truncated corner, and opposite wing parts 30 and 32 which fit to the sides 12.
Fig. S is intended to aid in understanding the orientation of the cask 10 and blocks 20 for various drops.
The numbered arrows indicate the direction of drop with the cas~ in the various orientations. Arrow 34 is for a flat end drop. Arrow 36 is for a side drop on a flat side.
Arrow 38 is or a corner drop on a side corner. Arrow 40 20 i8 for a corner drop on a corner. Arrow 42 is for a side drop on a corner.
Various values related to the impact protection can be determined mathematically using the same general approach found in the cross-referenced patent application, 529,612 to which reference should be had as to the method of going about the determination of the mathematical values.
The general approach is to first determine the potential energy to the absorbed upon impact, based on the gross weight of the package and the fall distance, the crush volume and the displacement distance of the cru~hed volume, the crush area, and from this the deceleration force and the deceleration may be determined, and then the percent displacement relative to the thickness of the material which absorbs the impact is found.
~5 As an example of the design basis for a specific set of blocks 20, it i8 assumed that the gross package ~$~
~ ~3769~.;
53,053 weight is S0,000 lbs. (2.27 E + 4 kg) and it is subjected to a free drop from one foot (0.3 m). The potential energy is 58,333 foot-pounds (79,100 J) which includes an allow-ance of two inches (0.05 m) for crush distance. The blocks are of cast aluminum, having a dynamic flow pressure of about 15,000 psi (103 E + 6 Pa). This results in a crush volume of 46.7 inches2 (3.01 E - 2 m2) in every case and irrespective of the orientation of the package for the drop.
The dimensions of the block for the example are as follows. All parts of the block 28, 30, 32 overlap the side 12 of the block in the area designated 44 in Fig. 4 by two inches (0.05 m) and has a three inch (0.07 m) depth from the outer side of the cask to the outer side of the block. The part 46 of the block overlapping the end 14 overlaps for 0.75 inches (0.02 m~ and has a depth of three inches (0.07 m) from the end of the cask to the outer end.
Each of the wings 30 and 32 have a lateral dimension along their longest sides of 4 inches (0.1 m) while the lateral dimension of the center part 28 at its longest side is 7.86 inches (0.2 m).
With the specified blocks and weight and drop distance, the values in the following table have been determined for drops in the specified orientations.
~ ~t~'769~i 6 53, 053 ~ _ o cor-- N N
0~_ O O ~
L .r~ t o o L O L
o o . r u~ _ O L~C`J r') 11 C 3 O O C~
O O N
C ~
L O Y :t on L U~ C~ ~ _ o O N
_ _ ~ O O
~n~o o ~
L ~3 `~
I~O U~
:~ N Y
~ ~ O O U~
0--_ O O
~ C-O ~ . O
U~ -V~ -- N a- 0 ~_ 3 ~ Y
L O _ o~
_ _ _ U~ C
O~
_~ ~n _ ~
CO C~ O E
~ ~ ~._ V t~
O ~ ~ ~ CL
~ ~o ~ O ~ -.~ ~ 2~ 2 n ~ o n ~e u~ o 69~;
7 53,053 It will be seen that the arrangement according to the invention provides deceleration values in g's which range from 8.4 to 17.2. This is accomplished using impact protection blocks 20 which do not project more than 3 inches (0.07 m) from the ends and sides. The system also provides such impact protection for the entire module by only protecting the twelve corners. Finally, the weight of both rings with the specified blocks plus the tie rods and turn buckles is only in the order of about 500 lbs. (226 kg).
Claims (4)
1. An impact absorbing arrangement for a radioactive waste material shipping cask of right regular polygon shape, comprising a one-piece, monolithic block of a soft, light metal, configured to lap the cask end face and two adjacent side faces fitted over each corner formed between adjacent side faces and the end faces to provide a predetermined volume of said metal in excess of the volume of said metal necessary to absorb the impact of a predetermined drop by being crushed and a ring disposed on each end of the cask and formed from steel L's having two legs disposed at a right angle to one another and covering the junction of the sides and end of the cask, the rings being affixed to the monolithic blocks and to one another and being interposed between the monolithic blocks and the cask to spread the impact over a larger portion of the cask and to attach the monolithic blocks adjacent each corner of the cask.
2. An impact absorbing arrangement for a radioactive waste material shipping cask constructed of concrete and having the form of a hexagonally-shaped prism with truncated corners between each two adjacent side faces, the cask including end faces, the impact absorbing arrangement comprising a one-piece monolithic block of a soft, light metal fitted to overlap each corner formed between the end face, two adjacent side faces, and the truncated face, for adequate distances and being of adequate thickness to provide a volume of said metal in excess of the volume of said metal subject to be crushed in specified drop tests, and a ring disposed on each end of the cask and formed from steel L's having legs disposed at a right angle to one another and covering the juncture of the sides and end of the cask, the rings being affixed to the monolithic blocks and to one another and being 9 53,053 interposed between the monolithic blocks and the cask to spread the impact over a portion of the cask and to attach the monolithic blocks adjacent each corner of the cask.
3. An impact absorbing arrangement as defined in claim 1, wherein said cask is of a hexagonal shape.
4. An impact absorbing arrangement as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein said monolithic block is of aluminium.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US82703786A | 1986-02-07 | 1986-02-07 | |
| US827,037 | 1986-02-07 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1287696C true CA1287696C (en) | 1991-08-13 |
Family
ID=25248167
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000528140A Expired - Lifetime CA1287696C (en) | 1986-02-07 | 1987-01-26 | Impact protection arrangement for type a transportation of concrete modules containing radioactive waste |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0233070B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS62187295A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR870008336A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1287696C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3764969D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2018013B3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2971615A1 (en) * | 2011-02-11 | 2012-08-17 | Robatel Ind | Transport assembly, has package with top parts that are respectively covered by damping devices, where each device includes housing for receiving one of parts and is fixed on package |
| CN109903873A (en) * | 2019-02-25 | 2019-06-18 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | A kind of shipping container buffer and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB681041A (en) * | 1950-06-01 | 1952-10-15 | Nat Res Dev | Frameworks |
| US3044608A (en) * | 1960-09-27 | 1962-07-17 | Louis J Bachleder | Shock absorbing shipping container |
| US4116337A (en) * | 1976-04-29 | 1978-09-26 | N L Industries, Inc. | Impact absorbing means for shipping cask |
| US4234092A (en) * | 1978-04-17 | 1980-11-18 | Edwin Axel | Container |
| SE7811283L (en) * | 1978-10-31 | 1980-05-01 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | MODULE BUILDING DAMPING SYSTEM |
| DE3037328C2 (en) * | 1980-10-02 | 1982-12-23 | Transnuklear Gmbh, 6450 Hanau | Shock absorbers for containers for the transport and / or storage of radioactive material |
| US4413735A (en) * | 1981-04-21 | 1983-11-08 | Little Thomas J | Edge protector and method of making edge protectors |
| IT1152714B (en) * | 1982-10-11 | 1987-01-07 | Aginucleare Spa | IMPACT ABSORBER FOR NUCLEAR FUEL CONTAINERS AND / OR DANGEROUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES |
| ZA854673B (en) * | 1984-07-05 | 1986-02-26 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Nuclear waste packaging module |
| CA1247262A (en) * | 1986-02-21 | 1988-12-20 | Charles W. Mallory | Solid, soft, light metal impact skirts for radioactive waste and other shipping containers |
-
1987
- 1987-01-26 CA CA000528140A patent/CA1287696C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-05 JP JP62025550A patent/JPS62187295A/en active Pending
- 1987-02-06 ES ES87301075T patent/ES2018013B3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-06 KR KR870000941A patent/KR870008336A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1987-02-06 DE DE8787301075T patent/DE3764969D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-06 EP EP87301075A patent/EP0233070B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0233070A2 (en) | 1987-08-19 |
| EP0233070B1 (en) | 1990-09-19 |
| KR870008336A (en) | 1987-09-25 |
| DE3764969D1 (en) | 1990-10-25 |
| EP0233070A3 (en) | 1988-01-20 |
| ES2018013B3 (en) | 1991-03-16 |
| JPS62187295A (en) | 1987-08-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKLA | Lapsed |