CA1273202A - Fuel product - Google Patents

Abstract

Abstract of the Disclosure A coal fines log comprising a composite log made of a mixture of 90 to 98% coal particles having a size of roughly 10 microns, the log also containing paper and other cellulosic fibers such as bark in the range of 2 to 10% and grounded limestone is also provided in the log to neutralize the sulfur dioxide while burning. The log is contained in a hermetically sealed polyethylene envelope, the product so-formed is readily ignited and can sustain combustion over a relatively long period of time.

Description

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The present invention relates to improvements in fuels, and more particularly to an improved coal fuel product and a method for producing it.
With the ever increasing cost of petroleum fuels and dwindling oil reserves, the users of domestic and industrial fuels have been converting to alternative fuels. Such alternatives include natural gas, electricity, wood and coal. Natural gas, because of its gaseous state, is not readily transportable, and is therefore only practical for those users within easy access to a natural gas pipeline.
Likewise, electricity is only a viable alternative when produced hydroelectrically. Otherwise, it must be produced using conventional fuels such as oil, nuclear or bituminous coal. Hydroelectric power is limited as to the distance from its source. Wood as fuel is presently limited to a cottage-trade distribution and can be expensive.
Coal, which is very abundant and relatively inexpensive, can be easily transported in bulk by rail.
However, coal suffers from several disadvantages. Most 2Q coals have varying degrees of sulphur content. When burnt, coal gives off sulphur dioxide which combines with moisture in a chimney or smoke stack to produce sulphuric acid.
This acid is released to the atmosphere and comes down as acid rain.
me best coal, that is, the cleanest having the highest calorific value and lowest sulphur content, is anthracite coal. m is coal, however, is also the most expensive, and the hardest to ignite (a disadvantage :~

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as a domestic fuel).
Furthermore, all coals are handled or distri-buted in a very inconvenient manner. It may be delivered by truck to one's home, but a bin must be provided to store up to 3 tons of bri~uettes of anywhere from pellet size ~l cm) to chunks of several centimeters in size. Coal i9 also dusty and dirty.

It is an aim of the present invention to provide coal ai a fuel, suitable for domestic and commer-cial use, which overcomes many of the above disadvantages.
It is an aim of the present invention to utilize lower grade and thus cheaper coals, while neutralizing their sulphur content and presenting the coal fuel in a package which is clean and easily distributed and handled.
A fuel product in accordance with the presen~
invention comprises a composite log consisting of a mixture of betw~een 90% and 98~ coal particles having a size of up to -4 mesh, cellulosic fibers in the range of 2~ to 10%, grounded limestone particles in the range of 1% to 15% by weight, and a moisture content of less than 30%, the so-formed log being contained in a hermetically sealed envelope, with the envelope made of non-toxic combustible material.
, In a more specific embodiment, the composite log consists of 90 to 94% coal particles and 6 to 10%
used newqiprint fibers and a supplement of 1% to 5% by ' weight of limestone is present in the mixture. The moisture content is 10% or less, and the hermetic ~ 30 envelope is made of polyethylene.
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a composite log includes 90% of coal particle9, 5%
of shredded bark, preferably from conifer trees, and 5% of paper fibers, preferably of used newsprint, and a quantity of powdered limestone in an amount of 3%
to 5% by weight.
More specifically, the bark utilized would be selected from a group including pine, spruce, balsam and hemlock. More specifically, the coal is a highly volatile bituminous coal and is preferably ground to a size of -8 mesh.
A method of making a composite fuel log in accordance with the present invention includes the steps of preparing a slurry of water and paper fibers, grind-ing coal to a mesh size of between ~0 microns and 3 mm, adding the coal particles to the slurry to a proportion of between 2% and 10% paper fibers and 90~ to 98% coal particles, mixing the slurry, adding powdered limestone to the slurry in an amount of 1% to 15% by weight, pouring the slurry into an open-ended mold, applying suction at least to the open end of the mold to reduce the water content to at least 50% moisture content, removing - the so-formed log from the mold and drying the log to reduce the moisture content to below 3~% moisture content - and placing the log in a hermetically sealed envelope.
In a more specific version of the method in accordance with the present invention, the used paper fiber content is 6 to 10% and the coal particles are 94% while the limestone is added to an amount of 3%
- to 5% by weight thereof. The slurry is poured into a cylindrical mold, and a porous tube is inserted ~- along the central axis of the cylindrical mold, and suction is applied through the porous tube to ~ithdraw ,., ,~3 : -1;~73;~0~

water from the so-formed log to below 50% moisture content, removing the porous tube therefrom, leaving a concentric cylindrical bore in the log, removing the log from the mold and drying the log to reduce the moisture content 30% or less and enveloping the so-formed log in a polyethylene envelope and hermetically sealing the envelope.
Having thus generally described the nature of the invention, refererce will now be made to the accompanying drawings, showing by way of illustration, a preferred embodiment thereof, and in which:
Figure 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of an apparatus for making logs in accordance with the present invention, Figure 2 is a perspective view of a coal log in accordance with the present invention, Figure 3 i9 a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention, and Figure 4 is a longitudinal cross-section thereof.

In a specific example, 200 grams of newsprint was pulped in 3 liters of water by a 1 gallon Waring blender, a further 200 grams of shredded bark and 3 kilograms of coal were added into the slurry, and the heavy paste was beaten with a household mixer. me coal had been ground to 1 mm, and a bituminous coal from Minto, New Brunswick was selected. m e slurry so formed was poured into a cylindrical mold, 12 inches in length and 6 inches in diameter. A one-and-a-half inch diameter "Porex" tube ~ was inserted centrally of the cylinder, and suction was -~ 30 applied to the "Porex" tube for withdrawing water from the mold.

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When removed from the mold, the logs contained about 25% water.
The log was then air dried for one week in a laboratory with no application of external heat.
Virtually, all of the water was removed in this matter.
The bark utilized was a mixture of spruce and pine bark from a lumber mill in Doaktown, ~ew Brunswick. The bark was shredded in a laboratory Waring blender, then it was partially dried. It is contemplated that the bark can be successfully shredded by using a carding mill utilized for separating asbestos fibers and wool fibers. It has been found through experimentation that the fibrous material can be made solely from waste newspaper or with a mixture of newspaper and bark. However, the fibrous material cannot be composed solely of bark fibers. At least a small percentage of paper fiber is necessary in the mixture.
Most of the coals being utilized contain, as described previously, sulphur which, when burnt, will produce sulphur dioxide which can, upon contact with moisture, produce sulphuric acid or acid rain. In order to neutralize the sulphur, it has been found satisfactory to add crushed limestone in the slurry before being molded. The limestone can be in a ratio of up to 15% of the weight of the coal and fibers, but is preferably between 3% and 5% by weight. This apparently is sufficient to neutralize most of the sulphur in the coal when it is being burned.
The log described above was found to ignite quite readily and combustion was sustained. Other experiments have been made, and- it has been found that 3,~

a suitable size of log is of 4 inches in diameter and 15 inches in length with a central bore of 1 inch.
The polyethylene sealed envelope maintains the log dry and prevents the log from being in contact - with oxygen which might cause spontaneous combustion.
Other examples of the log have been made using -8 mesh particle size in terms of the coal, and it has been found that these logs burn quite readily.
The density of the logs has been found to be between .5 to .9 indicating that the logs are quite porous and, therefore, quite well adapted to sustain combustion.
A further embodiment for making the log is illustrated in Figure 1. The apparatus shown in Figure 1 is an extruder having a cone-shaped feeder 10 and a worm screw ~2 on a shaft 14 for advancing the paste of coal and fibers 16. An elongated tube 18 having perfora-tions 20 and being closed at one end is aligned concen-trically with the shaft 14 and extends axially of the extruder. The tube 18 is connected to a suction pump, not shown. The extruder also includes a die 22 and a molding tube 24. A cutting saw 26 is provided at the end thereof for cutting predetermined lengths of the so-formed log 28.
As can be seen from the drawing, the paste of coal and fibers is advanced by the screw 12 through the die 22 and the molding tube 24 and is then cut off by the saw 26 ~nto predetermined lengths. While the material is advancing in the die 22 and the tube 24, suction is applied so as to withdraw water from the so-formed log 28. The log 28 is then advanced on a conveyor for room temperature drying, and it can then 1~73;'0~
be passed into a drying room to reduce the moisture content of the log to below 10%~ The log is then packaged and shipped. It has been found that a preferred shape of the log is octagonal.
A further embodiment is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. As shown in these drawings, a trough-shaped feeder 110 is provided having a worm screw 112 passing through the bottom thereof. The worm screw 112 is added on a shaft 114 which is rotated by a motor 115 to pass the slurry or paste through an extruder pipe 124a and 124b. The pipes 124a and 124b are connected by a coupling 125. The end of pipe 124b is slit longitudinally to - allow a degree of expansion and the segments of the pipe so-formed 124b include holes 127. A coil spring 130 surrounds the end of the pipe 124b to provide radial pressure on the slit end of the pipe.
The coupling 125 is provided to allow different sizes of pipe 124b depending on the size of log to be supplied. As the slurry is passed by the worm screw 112, it advances through the extruder pipe 124a and 124b and is finally discharged in order to be processed with the log shown in Figures 1 and 2.
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Claims (2)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclu-sive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. A method of producing a composite fuel log com-prising the steps of preparing a slurry of water and used newsprint paper fibers; grinding coal to a mesh size of between 10 microns and 3 mm; adding the coal particles to the slurry to a proportion of between 1% and 10% paper fibers and 50% to 98% coal particles; mixing the coal slurry;
adding powdered limestone to the slurry in an amount of 1%
to 10% by weight; pouring the slurry into an open ended mould; applying negative pressure at least to the open end of the mould to reduce the water content to at least 50%
humidity; removing the so-formed log from the mould; and drying the log to reduce the moisture content below 30%
humidity and placing the log in a hermetically sealed envelope.

2. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein used news-paper fiber content is 6% and the coal particles is 94%
while the limestone being added is in an amount of 3% to 5%
by weight, pouring the slurry into a cylindrical mould and inserting a porous tube along the central axis of the cylin-drical mould and applying suction to the porous tube to withdraw water from the so-formed log to below 50% humidity, removing the porous tube therefrom thereby leaving a concen-tric cylindrical bore in the log, removing the log from the mould and drying the log to reduce the moisture content to below 10% humidity and enveloping the so-formed log in a polyethylene envelope and hermetically sealing the envelope.