CA1263524A - Heat transfer fluids - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT

This invention is directed to a method for controlling the overall heat transfer coefficient of a heat transfer fluid. The method is characterized by (A) providing (1) a surfactant compound having a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to an ionic, hydrophilic moiety and (2) an amount of an electrolyte having a moiety that is capable of associating with the surfactant ion to form a viscoelastic surfactant, wherein said surfactant compound and said amount of electrolyte provide the desired heat transfer fluid;
(B) preparing a viscoelastic surfactant composition by admixing (1) and (2) of step (A); and (C) incorporating into the heat transfer fluid the viscoelastic surfactant composition prepared in step (B) in an amount sufficient to reduce the amount of friction experienced by the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer apparatus.

Description

35~

A METHOD FOR CONTROLLING TH~ OVERALL HEAT
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF A HEAT E~CHANGE FLUID

The present invention relates to a method for controlling the heat transfer coefficient of a heat exchange fluid for use in transfer applications.

In many heating and cooling applications heat is transferred between a heating source and a heat sink by continuously circulating a fluid around a closed loop between the source and -the sink. It is desirable to reduce the amount of pipe flow fraction (i.e., drag) of the fluid being recirculated and thus reduce the amount of pumping energy employed during the transfer of the fluid between the source and the sink, expand capacity for an existing system, or lower capi-tal costs for construction of a new system.

Heretobefore, various alternatives have been proposed in an attempt to expand the capacity of an existing heat transfer system or to reduce the amount of energy employed in continuously circulating fluids in heat transfer applications. It is disclosed that polymeric materials can be added to fluids in order to ~35~4 reduce the amount of circulation energy. See, for example, C~o and Hartnett, Advances ln Heat Transfer, 15, pg. 59 (1981). Unfor-tunately, such polymeric drag reduction additives significantly reduce the heat transfer coefficient of the aqueous fluids which are employed. In addition, polymeric drag reduction addi-tives are mechanically degraded due to the shearing action of pumps, and the like.

This invention is directed to a me-thod for controlling the overall heat transfer coefficient of a heat exchange fluid characterized (A) by incorporating in the heat exchange fluid a functionally effective amount of a viscoelastic surfactant composition which comprises (1) a surfactant compound having a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to an ionic, hydrophilic moiety and (2) an electrolyte having a moiety that is capable of associating with the surfactant ion to form a viscoelastic surfactant and (B) by providing a flow rate and a temperature of the heat exchange fluid such that the heat transfer fluid has the desired overall heat transfer coefficient. Optionally, a further amount of an electrolyte having a moiety that is capable of associating with the surfactant ion is incorporated in the viscoelastic surfactant composition. For purposes of this invention, a viscoelastic surfactant is a compound having ~1) an ion capable of acting as a surfactant and (2) a stoichiometric amount of a counterion that associates with the surfactant ion to render it viscoelastic as defined hereinafter. The further amount of electrolyte can be -the same or different from that counterion associated with the surfactant ion. The resulting viscoelastic surfactant is employed in an amount sufficient to reduce the amount 5~

of friction experienced by the heat transfer fluid in the hea-t -transfer apparatus. The fluids employed in this invention are highly shear s-table and do not experience any loss of friction reduction activi-ty with continued pumping, as compared to polymeric drag reduction additives which undergo irreversible mechanical degradation and rapid loss of friction reduction activity with continued pumping.

Surprisingly, the presence of the additional electrolyte in an aqueous liquid containing the visco-elastic surfactant in accordance with the practice of this invention significantly further reduces the fric-tion both over velocities and temperatures experienced by the fluid containing the viscoelastic surfactant as the liquid is employed in heat transfer applications.
The admixture of the aqueous liquid, electrolyte and viscoelastic surfactant is significantly more shear stable than an aqueous liquid containing a polymer capable of providing the aqueous liquid with the same degree of friction reduction.

In another aspect, the present invention is a method for imparting shear stable heat transfer proper~
ties to fluids through the use of a nonionic visco-elastic surfactant. This method comprises contacting said aqueous liquid with a functionally effective amount of a surfactant compound having a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to a nonionic, hydrophilic moiety (hereinafter a nonionic surfactant), which compound is capable of exhibiting a viscoelastic char-acter. The nonionic viscoelastic surfactant is employedin an amount sufficient to reduce the amount of friction experienced by the heat transfer fluid as it is employed in the heat transfer apparatus.

The method of this invention is useful in those processes where fluids are employed in general lubricating and heat transfer applications such as various closed-loop recirculating systems. O~
particular interest are district heating applica-tions and hydronic heating, cooling applications, and the like.

As used herein, the term "fluid" refers to those fluid materials which can be employed in heat transfer applications. Heat transfer 1uids can be organic or aqueous in nature. Most preferably, the fluid is an aqueous liquid. As used herein, the term "aqueous liquid" refers to those liquids which contain water. Included within the term are aqueous liquids containing inorganic e1ectrolytes, such as aqueous solutions of inorganic salts, aqueous alkaline or aqueous acidic solutions, depending upon the particular surfactant and electrolyte employed, e.g., an aqueous solution of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide. Other exemplary aqueous liquids include mixtures of water and a water-miscible liquid such as lower alkanols, e.g., methanol, ethanol or propanol;
glycols and polyglycols, provided that such water--miscible liquids are employed in amounts that do not deleteriously affect the viscoelastic properties of the aqueous liquid. Also included are emulsions of immiscible liquids in the aqueous liquid, aqueous slurries of solid particulates such as corrosion inhibitors, biocides or other toxicants. In general, however, water and aqueous alkaline, aqueous acidic or aqueous inorganic salt solutions (i.e., brine solutions) are most beneficially employed as the aqueous liquid herein. Advantageously, the electrolyte concen-tration 1~352~

is less than 75, preferably less than 15, more preferably less than 5, especially less than 1, percent by weight of the solution. Most preferably, -the aqueous liquid is ~ater.

The term "viscoelastic" as it applies to liquids, means a viscous liquid having elastic proper-ties, i.e., the liquid at least partially returns to its original form when an applied stress is released.
The property of viscoelasticity is well-known in the art and reference is made to H. A. Barnes et al., Rheol. Acta, 1975 14, pp. 53-60 and S. Gravsholt, Journal _ Coll. and Interface Sci., 57 (3) pp. 575-6 (1976). These references contain a definition of viscoelasticity and tests to determine whether a liquid possesses viscoelastic properties. See also, N. D.
Sylvester et al., Ind. ~ Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 1979, 1~, p. 47. Of the test methods specified by these references, one test which has been found to be most useful in determining the viscoelasticity of an aqueous solution consists of swirling the solution and visually observing whether the bubbles created by the swirling recoil after the swirling is stopped. Any recoil of the bubbles indicates viscoelasticity.

Surfactant compounds within the scope of this invention include compounds broadly classified as surfactants which, through the proper choice of counter-ion structure and environment, give viscoelasticity.
The term "surfactant" is taken to mean any molecule having a characteristic amphiphatic structure such that it has the property of forming colloidal clus-ters, commonly called micelles, in solution.

5;~

In general, ionic surfactant compounds comprise an ionic hydrophobic molecule having an ionic, hydro-philic moiety chemically bonded to a hydrophobic moiety (herein called a surfactant ion) and a counterion sufficient to satisfy the charge of the surfactant ion.
Examples of such surfactant compounds are represented by the formula:

Rl(Y~)X or Rl( ze )A~

wherein R1(Y~) and Rl(Ze) represent surfactant ions having a hydrophobic moiety represented by R1 and an ionic, solubilizing moiety represented by the cationic moiety (Y~) or the anionic moiety (Ze) chemically bonded thereto. X~ and A~ are the counterions associ-ated with the surf~ctant ions.

In general, the hydrophobic moiety (i.e., Rl) of the surfactant ion is hydrocarbyl or inertly substi-tuted hydrocarbyl wherein the term "inertly substituted"
refers to hydrocarbyl radicals havlng one or more substituent groups, e.g., halo groups such as -F, -Cl or -Br or chain linkages, such as a silicon linkage (-Si-), which are inert to the aqueous li~uid and components contained therein. T~pically, the hydro-carbyl radical is an aralkyl group or a long chain alkyl or inertly substituted alkyl, which alkyl groups are generally linear and have at least 12, advantageously at least 16, carbon atoms. Representative long chain alkyl and alkenyl groups include dodecyl (lauryl), tetradecyl ~myristyl), hexadecyl (cetyl), octadecenyl (oleyl), octadecyl (stearyl) and the derivatives of tallow, coco and soya. Preferred alkyl and alkenyl i35;~

groups are generally alkyl and alkenyl groups having from 14 to 24 carbon atoms, with octadecyl, hexadecyl, erucyl and tetradecyl being the most preferred.

The cationic, hydrophilic moieties (groups), i.e., (Y~), are generally onlum ions wherei~ the term "onium ions" refers to a cationic group which is essen-tially completely ionized in water over a wide range of p~, e.g., pH values from 2 to 12. Representative onium ions include quaternary ammonium groups, i.e., -N~(R)3;
tertiary sulfonium groups, i.e., -S~(R)2; and quaternary phosphonium groups, i.e., -P~(R)3, wherein each R is individually a hydrocarbyl or inertly substituted hydrocarbyl. In addition, primary, secondary and tertiary amines, i.e., -NH2, -NHR or -N(R)2, can also be employed as the ionic moiety if the pH o~ the aqueous liquid being used is such that the amine moieties will exist in ionic form. A pyridinium moiety can also be employed. Of such cationic groups, the surfactant ion of the viscoelastic surfactant is preferably prepared having guaternary ammonium, i.e., -N~(R)3; a pyridinium moiety; an aryl- or alkaryl pyridinium; or imadazolinium moiety; or tertiary amine, -N(R)2, groups wherein each R is independently an alkyl group or hydroxyalkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atom~, with each R preferably being methyl, ethyl or hydroxyethyl.

Representative anionic, solubilizing moieties (groups) (Ze) include sulfate groups, i.e., -OS03e ether sulfate groups, sulfonate groups, i.e., -S03 , carboxylate groups, phosphate groups, phosphonate groups, and phosphonite groups. Of such anionic groups, the surfactant ion of the viscoelastic surfactants is preferably prepared having a carboxylate or sulfate ~ bi3S~

group. For purposes of this invention, such anionic solubilizing moie-ties are less preferred than cationic moieties.

Fluoroaliphatic species suitably employed in the practice of this invention include organic compounds represented by the formula:

RfZl wherein Rf is a saturated or unsaturated fluoroaliphatic moiety, preferably containing a F3C- moiety and Zl is an ionic moiety or potentially ionic moiety. The fluoroaliphatics can be perfluorocarbons. Suitable anionic and cationic moieties will be described hereinafter. The fluoroaliphatic moiety advantageously contains from 3 to 20 carbons wherein all can be fully fluorinated, preferably from 3 to 10 of such carbons.
This fluoroaliphatic moiety can be linear, branched or cyclic, preferably linear, and can contain an occasional carbon-bonded hydrogen or halogen other than fluorine, and can contain an oxygen atom or a trivalent nitrogen atom bonded only to carbon atoms in the skeletal chain.
More preferable are those linear perfluoroaliphatic moieties represent~d by the formula: CnF2n+l wherein n is in the range of 3 to 10. Most preferred are those linear perfluoroaliphatic moieties represented in the paragraphs below.

The fluoroaliphatic species can be a cationic perfluorocarbon and is preferably selected from a member of the group consisting of CF3(CF2)rSO2N~(CH2)SN R'3~ ;
RFCH2CH2SCH2CH2N~R 3X and CF3(CF2)rCONH(CH2)sN R"3X ;
wherein Xe is a counterion described hereinafter, R" is 1~352~
g lower alkyl containing between 1 and ~ carbon atoms, r is 2 to 15, preferably 2 to 6, and s is 2 to 5. Examples of other preferred cationic perfluorocarbons, as well as methods of preparation, are those listed in U.S~
Patent No. 3,775,126.

The fluoroaliphatic species can be an anionic perfluorocarbon and is preferably selected from a member of the group consisting of CF3(CF2) SO2OeA~, CF3(CF2)pCOO A , CF3(CF~)~S02NH(CH2)~S020eA~ and CF3(CF2)pSO2NH~CH2)qCOO A ; wherein p is from 2 to lS, preferably 2 to 6, q is from 2 to 4, and A is a counterion described hereinafter. Examples of other preferred anionic perEluorocarbons, as well as methods of preparation, are illustrated in U.S. Patent No.
3,172,910.

The counterions (i.e., X~ or A~) associated with the surfactant ions are most suitably ionically charged, organic materials having ionic character opposite that of the surfactant ion, which combination of counterion and surfactant ion imparts viscoelastic properties to an aqueous liquid. The organic material having an anionic character serves as the counterion for a surfactant ion having a cationic, hydrophilic moiety, and the organic material having a cationic character serves as the counterion for the surfactant ion having an anionic, hydrophilic moiety. In general, the preferred counterions exhibiting an anionic charac-ter contain a carboxylate, sulfonate or phenoxide group wherein a "phenoxide group" is ArO~ and Ar represents an aromatic ring or inertly substituted aromatic ring.
Representative of such anionic counterions which, when employed with a cationic surfactant ion, are capable of 352~

imparting viscoelastic properties -to an aqueous liquid include various aromatic carboxylates such as o-hydroxybenzoate; m- or p-chlorobenzoate, methylene bls-salicylate and 3,4-, 3,5- or 2,4-dichlorobenzoate;
aromatic sulfonates such as ~-toluene sulfonate and naphthalene sulfonate; and phenoxides, particularly substituted phenoxides; where such counterions are soluble; or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinate.
Alterna-tively, the cationic counterions can contain an onium ion, most preferably a quate~nary ammonium group.
Representative cationic counterions containing a guaternary ammonium group include benzyl trimethyl ammonium or alkyl trimethyl ammonium wherein the alkyl group is advantageously octyl, decyl, dodecyl, or erucyl; and amines such as cyclohexyl amine. It is highly desirable to avoid stoichiometric amounts of surfactant and counterion when the alkyl group of the counterion is large. The use of a cation as the counter-ion is generally less preferred than the use of an anion as the counterion. Inorganic counterions, whether anionic or cationic, can also be employed.

The particular surfactant ion and the counterion associated therewith are selected such that the combination imparts viscoelastic properties to an aqueous liquid. Of the aforementioned surfactant ions and counterions, those combinations which form such viscoelastic surfactants will vary and are easily determined by the test methods hereinbefore described.
Of the surfactants which impart viscoelastic properties to an agueous liquid, the preferred surfactant compounds include those represented by the formula:

~i3~

cH3 tCH2~ N~R xe R

wherein n is an integer from 13 to 23, preferably an integer from 15 to 21; each R is independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, or alkylaryl, or a hydroxyalkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably each R is independently methyl, hydroxyethyl, ethyl or benzyl, and Xe is o-hydroxy benzoate, _- or ~-halobenzoate or an alkylphenate wherein the alkyl group is advantageously from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In addition, each R can form a pyridinium moiety.
lS Especially preferred surfactant ions include cetyltrimethylammonium, oleyltrimethylamrnonium, erucyltrimethylammonium and cetylpyridinium.

Other preferred surfactant compounds include those represented by the formula:

R
'~R e CF3 - ( CF2 ~ n- S02NH ( CH2 ) m, x R

wherein n is an integer from 5 to 15, preferably from 3 to 8; m is an integer from 2 to 10, preferably from 2 to 5; R is as previously defined, most preferably methyl; and x9 is as previously defined.

~3S~4 The viscoelastic surfactants are easily prepared by admixing the basic form of the desired cationic surfactant ion (or acidic form of the desired anionic surfactant ion) with a stoichiometric amount of the acidic form of the desired cationic counterion (or basic form of the desired anionic counterion). Alter-natively, stoichiometric amounts of the salts of the cationic surfactant ion and the anionic counterion (or equimolar amounts of the anionic surfactant ion and cationic counterion) can be admixed to form the visco-elastic surfactant. See, for example, -the procedures described in U.S. Patent 2,541,816.

In general, surfactant compounds having a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to a nonionic, hydrophilic moiety are those nonionic surfactants which exhibit a viscoelastic character, and are typically described in U.S. ~atent No. 3,373,107; and those alkylphenyl ethoxylates as are described by Shinoda in Solvent Properties of Surfactant Solutions, Marcel Dekker, Inc. (1967). Preferred nonionic surfactants are those tertiary amine oxide surfactants which exhibit viscoelas-tic character. In general, the hydrophobic moiety can be represented as the previously described Rl. It is understood that the nonionic surfactant can be employed in the process of this invention in combina-tion with an additional amount of an electrolyte as described hereinafter. It is also desirable to employ an additive such as an alkanol in the aqueous liquid to which the nonionic surfactant is added in order to render the surfactant viscoelastic.

Other ~iscoelastic surfactants which can be employed in the pxocess of this invention are described s by D. Saul et al., J. Chem. Soc, ~araday Trans., 1 (197~) 70(1), pp. 163-170.

The viscoelastic surfactant (whether ionic or nonionic in character) is employed in an amount sufficient to impart viscoelastic properties to the fluid, wherein the viscoelasticity of the fluid is measured by the techniques described herein. In general, such amount of viscoelastic surfactant is sufficient to measurably reduce the friction exhibited by the fluid as it is employed in heat transfer applications. The specific viscoelastic surfactant employed and the concentration thereof in the fluid are dependent on a variety of factors including solution composition, temperature, and shear rate to which the flowing fluid will be subjected. In general, the concentration of any specific viscoelastic surfactant most advantageously employed herein is easily determined by experimentation. In general, the viscoelastic surfactants are preferably employed in amounts ranging from 0.01 to 10 weight percent based on the wei~ht of the surfactant and fluid. The viscoelastic surfactant is more preferably employed in amounts from 0.05 to 1 percent based on the weight of the fluid and the viscoelastic surfactant.

In one highly preferred aspect of the practice of this invention, an electrolyte having an ionic character opposite to that of the surfactant ion and capable of being associated as an organic counterion with said surfactant ion is employed in an additional amount to further reduce the friction exhibited by the fluid containing the viscoelastic surfactant and to increase the temperature to which the fluid will maintain 52~

drag reduction. Such electrolytes most suitably employed herein include those containing organic ions which, when associated with the surfactant ions of the surfactant compound, form a viscoelas-tic surfactant. The organic electrolyte, when present in an excess of tha-t which stoichiometrically associates with the surfactant ion, is capable of further reducing friction of the fluid and to increase the temp~rature to which the fluid will maintain drag reduction. Such organic electrolyte is soluble in the fluid containing the viscoelastic surfactant The concentration of the organic electrolyte required in the fluid to impart the further reduction in friction and increase the temperature to which the fluid will maintain drag reduction is dependent on a varie-ty of factors including the particular fluid, viscoelas-tic surfactant and organic elec-trolyte employed, and the achieved reduction in drag. In general, the concentration of the organic electrolyte will advanta-geously range from 0.1 to 20, preferably from 0.5 to 5, moles per mole of the viscoelastic surfactant.

In general, the organic ions are formed by the dissociation of corresponding organic electrolytes, including salts and acids or bases of a suitable organic ion. For example, an organic electrolyte which, upon dissociation, forms an anion will further reduce the friction of a fluid containing a viscoelastic surfactant having a cationic surfactant ion. Examples of such anionic organic electrolytes include the alkali metal salts of various aromatic carboxylates such as the 3SZ~

alkali metal aromatic carboxylates, e.g., sodium salicylate and potassium salicylate and disodium methylene-bis(salicylate~; alkali metal ar-halobenzoates, e.g., sodium ~-chlorobenzoate, potassium m-chlorobenzoate, sodium 2,~-dichlorobenzoate and potassium 3,5-dichloro-benzoate; aromatic sulfonic acids such as p-toluene sulfonic acid and the alkali metal salts thereof;
napthalene sulfonic acid; substituted phenols, e.g., ar,ar-dichlorophenols, 2,4,5-trichlorphenol, t butyl-phenol, t-butylhydroxyphenol, and ethylphenol.

A cationic organic electrolyte which, upon dissociation, forms a cation is also useful in further reducing the friction of a fluid containing a visco-elastic surfactant having an anionic surfactant ion.
While cationic organic electrolytes are less preferred than the aforementioned anionic organic electrolytes, examples of suitab:le cationic electrolytes include the quaternary ammonium salts such as alkyl t~imethyl-ammonium halides and alkyl triethylammonium halides wherein the alkyl group advantageously contains 4 to 22 carbons and the halide advantageously is chloride; aryl and aralkyl trimethyl ammonium halides such as phenyl trimethyl and benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride; and alkyl trimethyl phosphonium halides. Also desirable is cyclohexyl amine. It is highly desirable to avoid stoichiometric amounts of surfactant and counterion when the alkyl group of the counterion is large ~i.e., greater than 8).

Preferably, the organic electrolyte is the same or gPnera-tes the same ion associated with the surfactant ion of the viscoelastic surfactant contained by the aqueous liquid, e.g., alkali metal salicylate is 12~i3~Z'~

advantageously employed as the additional organic electrolyte when the viscoelastic surfactant is origi-nally prepared having a salicylate or p-toluene sulfon-ate counterion. Therefore, the most preferred organic electrolytes are the alkali metal salts of an aromatic carboxylate, for example, sodium salicylate or sodium p-toluene sulfonate. Moreover, it is also understood that the electrolyte can be different from the counter-ion which is employed.

It is also possible to employ a water-insoluble active ingredient such as an oil or other organic ingredient emulsified in water at a concentration of 0.05 to 80 percent. Viscoelastic surfactants (whether ionic or nonionic in character) employed in such emulsions tend to lose their viscoelasticity. This is believed to be due to the fact that the oil penetrates the micelles and destroys the aggregates required for viscoelasticity. Viscoelastic surfactants containing excess organic electrolyte are capable of withstanding the addition of oil to aqueous liquids for longer periods of time than those viscoelastic surfactants without the excess organic electrolyte. However, fluorinated viscoelastic surfacta~ts are able to with-stand the addition of oil to the aqueous liquid in amounts up to 80 weight percent, most preferably up to 20 weight percent for a longer period of time.

The fluids which exhibit reduced friction when used in industrial heat transfer applications are prepared by admixing the desired amounts of the visco-elastic surfactant and organic electrolyte to form afluid solution. Alternatively, the nonionic surfactant lZ~35Z~

is contacted with the fluid to form an aqueous liquid solution. The resulting solutions are stable and can be stored for long periods of time. The fluids also comprise additives in order that said liquids can be employed for numerous industrial purposes. Examples of industrial uses include distric-t heating or hydronic heating in buildings.

The fluids employed in the process of this invention can exhibit heat transfer coefficients over a flow rate/temperature range which are lower than fluids not containing the viscoelastic additives. However, the 1uids employed in this invention exhibit heat transfer coefficients similar to that of a fluid not containing the viscoelastic additives at or above a critical temperature or critical mass flow rate. Thus, it is possible to provide a high heat transfer coefficient in a high temperature heat exchange region, while providing drag reduction and a low heat transfer coefficient in the distribution lines.

The critical -temperature and critical mass flow rate can depend on the surfactant ion structure and the counterion concentration of the viscoelastic surfactant. For example, longer alkyl chain length surfactant ions and/or an excess of counterion can be employed to provide a fluid having a higher cri-tical temperature and critical mass flow rate than in comparable fluid formulations. Thus, it is possible to design heat transfer fluids which can be designed to match the particular flow ra-te requirements and temperature of a wide variety of heat transfer applications.

~26~5~

The fluids employed in the process of this invention can be employed under conditions in which previously known heat transfer fluids ha~e been employed.
Preferred applications include those processes where heat exchange apparatus is operated between -40C and 150C. For example, compositions can be designed in order to match the temperature conditions and flow rate requirements in order to achieve heat transfer in a hot exchanger in a heating plant. However, the compositions have the desired drag reduc-tion and lower heat transfer coefficient in the cooler distribution lines.

The following examples are presented to illustrate the invention and should not be construed to limit its scope. All percentages and parts are by weight unless otherwise noted.

In order to determine the friction exhibited under flow conditions and the heat transfer proper-ties of aqueous compositions, a pipe flow test loop is prepared. The test loop comprises a pumping system, a heating and cooling system and a testing system.

A centrifugal pump is responsible for pumping the fluid around the loop. Its maximum output is approximately 150 gal./min. (O.OOg46 m3/sec.) and the dead head pressure is around 75 psi (517 kPa) gage.
The rest of the loop consists of a heat exchanger, a mass flow meter, a test section, and a 20-gal. (0.076 m3) expansion tank with a 3-inch (76 mm) bypass. The loop is about 70 feet (21.3 m) long and is stainless steel.
Except for the bypass and the lines to and from the 20-gal. (O.076 m3) tank which are 3 inches (76 ~m) in J,~35~

diameter, all the lines are 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter.
All of the valves in this loop are ball valves except for three butterfly valves in the 3 inch (76 mm) lines around the 20-gal. (0.076 m3 ) tank. The centrifugal pump is capable of handling slurries and the loop itself is built with long radius bends to reduce abra-sion. A convenient sample size for testing in the loop is 100 liters (about 30 gallons or 0.1 m3).

In order to prevent cavitation in the pump during start-up and air entrapment, a 2 inch (51 mm) diameter 3 feet (0.9 m) extension has been placed in the 20-gal. (0.076 m3) tank. When the system is being filled the test fluid is pulled by vacuum all the way around the loop and then into the tank. Once the system is filled there are no air legs in the lines.
The valve on the b~pass is closed half way when running to divide the flow between the by-pass and the expansion tank and allow air bubbles to escape in the-tank.

Heating and cooling the pipe flow test loop are done by 400 lb. steam regulated to 100 psi (689 kPa) gage and tap water using two heat exchangers. The first heat exchanger heats or cools an intermediate heat transfer fluid with the steam or tap water. The intermediate heat transfer fluid is pumped to the second main heat exchanger which heats or cools the test fluid. The intermediate heat transfer fluid is water containing a corrosion inhibitor. Temperature probes are placed at the inlets and outlets of the main heat exchanger to gather heat transfer data. A solenoid valve is placed in the water/steam drain iine in order to increase the pressure and, therefore, increase the temperature in the water/steam loop. Tempera-tures of 12~35~

between 35C and 120C in the main pipe flow test loopcan be reached with this procedure.

The testing system comprises of the instru-mentation discussed herein and a 20 feet (6.1 m) long test section. This test section has 4-2 mm diameter pressure taps drilled 45 cm apart near the center of the pipe. They do not disturb the flow field in the pipe. The entrance length from the last disturbance before the pressure taps (the flow control valve) exceeds S0 times the diameter of the pipe in order -that the taps should be in fully developed turblent flow.
The two important instruments on the pipe flow test loop are the Micro Motion Mass Flow Meter Model C200 (Micro Motion Inc.l Boulder, Colorado) and the Signature Differential Pressure Transmitter ~odel 240B 30B ~Bristol Babcock Inc.l Waterbury, Connecticut).

Examples 1 though '~7 Example 1 is an aqueous composition containing 0.2 percent of a viscoelastic surfac-tant of cetyltrimethyl-ammonium salicylate prepared by admixing equimolar amounts of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and sodium salicyate.

Example 2 is an agueous composition containing 0.2 percent of cetyltrimethylammonium salicylate and 0.2 percent of sodium salicylate~

Examples 1 and 2 are employed as test fluids in the pipe flow test loop. The test fluids are initially at 40C, 50C and 60C. The intermediate heat transfer fluid is at 70C. The temperatures of the intermediate heat transfer fluid entering and leaving the annulus of 3s~

the main heat exchanger and the temperature of the test fluid entering and leaving the main heat exchangers are measured at the different mass flow rates. The overall heat transfer coefficient of the test fluids is calculated using the equations:

Q=UA~Tlm=mcp~t wherein: Q = heat transferred in BTU to the test fluid m = mass flow rate in lb/(hr~ft2) [Kg/(sec~mZ)]
Cp = heat capacity of the fluid in BTU/lb F
~t = temperature rise of the test fluid passing through the main heat exchanger (t2 - tl), ln F
U = overall heat transfer coefficient in BT~/~lb F ft2) W/(m2 K) A = is area of heat exchanger in ft2 ~Tlm = logarithmic mean temperature drop in F
( T2 -tl ) - ( Tl t2 ) ln(T -t )-ln(Tl-t2) T /T = temperature of the intermediate heat l 2 transfer fluid entering/leaving the annulus of the main heat exchanger in F
t /t = temperature of the test fluid entering/-l 2 leaving the main heat exchanger.

Data concerning the effect of the temperature and the mass flow rate on the overall heat transfer coefficient U is presented in Table I.

t ~ ~ _ _ _ __ _ _ ~ _ _ o ~ o ~ ~ ~ Ln no o~o~ ~o~
' d1 Ln ~ ~ `D ~D ~D CO CO 0 S ~ ~
~3 N
. . . . N t`
;~ N Ln O ~0 ~`
~- t~ ~ ) o ~1 o _ ,___~ ~ ~_~
~ ~ Ln d1 ~ ~ Lr) o CO ~ C~
a) . .... . .... _ a~ dl Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln ~O dl r~ ~ ~ n o Ei ~ Ln Ln ~o o ~ ~ ~ N
~1 3 ~ r~ ~ d' di' L ~ Lfl ~ Ln Ln ~D ~` r` ~ ~
~ X Co~Ln ~oLn O ~ ~ O ~ ~ O ~` ~O O
C~
O O ~I Ci~ N O Ln ~1 ~ ~ ~ O C~ Lrl ~1 c:) C~l Ctl 00 ~1 ~ CO cn ~ ~I N d' d L~
n ~ r~ -n ô o3 ~o o -n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ r~ c~ ~ o ~ t- ~ o E~ . h ~ ___,~ _ ~ ___~ _ __,1 ,~
~ ~ $ ~
tlj , tl~ OO ~1~ ~ ~n Ln ~10 ~0 r` Ln ~I N ~1 a~ .~2 3 a~ N Ln ~ ~ N Lt) C` t` ~ ~) 'D ~ O
P:~ ~1 ~ r~l r-l ~1 1--l ~1 ~1 ~1 ~1 ~1 ~I r-l ~1 ~I N
,-1 ~ 1:~
~ E~ ,___~ ~_~_ S~ ~~1 ~ -- ~,lo-n~ oa),~
a~ ~ Ln~or-~ co ~<~-nco ~ON~) ~>~ ~ ~1 ~ CO e:l1 t` t` oo O O O 1~ C~ O O
O~ ~1 r~ co ~ o o ----~1 . ~ ~ _~
3 o ~ ~ ~ d~ o ,~ o o oo a) NLn}~o ~ ~Lnl~ao~ ~OOOD
E~

o o __ ~_ ~_ X X ~Ln~lLn~o r~Lo,l-n~ r~Ln,/Ln _~ _ t,~ I~ Ln N ~ ~t t` Ln N ~ tl'1 t` Ln N
~I ...... ...... ....
~3 O O ~I N N ~ O O ~--1 N N O O r-l N
OL~l. ___,___ _____ ____ m t~ Ln ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ Ln _ _ N Ln ~1 ~ ~I N ~ Ln ~1 ~ N ~n ,~
\ ~
; O O ~1 ~ N N O O ~1 ~I N O O r-l ~1 V ~
o ;:~
E~ o o o ~ u~ ~ n ~
E~
o 3S2~

The data in Table I illustrates that as (1) the mass flow rate is increased or as (2) the temperature, T1, is increased, the overall heat transfer coefficient U of the fluid containing the viscoelas-tic surfactant returns to that of water.

The heat transfer data in Table I follows the same trend with increasing temperatures or mass flow rate às pipe flow friction reduction data. As the temperature is increased or the mass flow rate is increased, a critical temperature or critical flow rate is reached after which the fluid properties return to those of the solvent (in this case water). The critical temperatures and critical flow rates for drag reduction are somewhat higher for pipe flow friction data than they are for the heat transfer data. Since the trends are the same, the pipe flow friction critical temperatures and critical flow rates can be used to predict the performance of the overall heat txansfer coefficient.

Example 3 is an aqueous composition containing 0.2 percent cetyltrimethylammonium salicylate and 0.25 percent sodium salicylate. Example ~ is an aqueous composition containing 0.2 percent hydrogenated tallow trimethylammonium salicylate. Example 5 is an aqueous composition containing 0.2 percent hydrogena-ted tallow trimethylammonium salicylate and 0.25 percent sodium salicylate. Example 6 is an aqueous composition containing 0.25 percent erucyltrimethylammonium salicylate, 0.125 percent cetyltrimethylammonium salicylate and 0.2 percent sodium salicylate. Example 7 is an aqueous composition containing 0.2 percent erucyltrimethyl-ammonium salicylate and 0.2 percent sodium salicylate.

1~635;~ ~

Fanning Friction Factors for Examp].es 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are calculated for each composition at different temperatures and at Reynolds Numbers between 60,000 and 965,000 using the equation:

_ D~P2 Fanning Friction Factor 4pLV2 wherein: D = diameter in cm of the circular conduit through which the liquid is passed ~P = pressure drop in dynes~cm2 of the liquid as it flows through the circular conduit p = density in g/cm3 of the aqueous liquid L = length in cm of conduit through which the liquid flows 15 . V = velocity in cm/sec of the aqueous liquid The minimum Fanning Friction Factors for each temperature are reported in Table II.

12635~
-25~

X o ~ O ~
W [~ ~ I r~ I ~ I
. , . I
,1 , I O ~ ~ ~D
~ ~D I ~ O O ~ ~
o o ~ ~ ,~ ,1 ~ ~ d1 ~C
o . Od' O ~ I ~ ,~

~0 O O ~

H ~1 H X ~I d~ O O
~1 ~ ~:ld' a:~ ~ o ~ I I I I I
.
E~
~ ~ ~ o ~ I I I I
~ ~1 0 ~1 ~I LO lS) Ll') O
o E-l u~ ~
~-~ O O O O O O O O O
d~ o ~1 E~ o 1~63S29~

The data in Table II illustrate that the surfactant ion and excess counterion can raise the critical temperature at which the minimum Fanning Friction Factor is observed.

The data in Tables I and II illustrate that the critical temperature and critical mass flow rate depend on both the surfactant ion structure and counterion concentration in the test fluid. Thus, viscoelastic surfactant formulations can be designed in order to match the temperature conditions and flo~ rate requirements in a wide variety o heat transfer applications.

Claims (5)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS
FOLLOWS:

1. A method for controlling the overall heat transfer coefficient of a heat transfer fluid characterized by (A) providing (1) a surfactant compound having a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to an ionic, hydrophilic moiety and (2) an amount of an electrolyte having a moiety that is capable of associating with the surfactant ion to form a viscoelastic surfactant, wherein said surfactant compound and said amount of electrolyte provide the desired heat transfer fluid; (B) preparing a viscoelastic surfactant composition by admixing (1) and (2) of step (A); and (C) incorporating into the heat transfer fluid the viscoelastic surfactant composition prepared in step (B) in an amount sufficient to reduce the amount of friction experienced by the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer apparatus.

2. The method of Claim 1 characterized by incorporating a further amount of an electrolyte having a moiety that is capable of associating with the surfactant ion.

3. The method of Claim 1 characterized in that the viscoelastic surfactant composition is employed in an amount from 0.01 to 10 weight percent based upon the weight of the heat transfer fluid containing the surfactant composition.

4. The method of Claim 2 characterized in that the further amount of the electrolyte is from 0.1 to 20 moles per mole of the viscoelastic surfactant composition.

5. The method of Claim 3 characterized in that the temperatures of the heat transfer fluid is between -40°C and 150°C.