CA1266600A - Process for reversible thickening of a liquid - Google Patents
Process for reversible thickening of a liquidInfo
- Publication number
- CA1266600A CA1266600A CA000511639A CA511639A CA1266600A CA 1266600 A CA1266600 A CA 1266600A CA 000511639 A CA000511639 A CA 000511639A CA 511639 A CA511639 A CA 511639A CA 1266600 A CA1266600 A CA 1266600A
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- liquid
- surfactant
- viscosity
- viscoelastic
- viscoelastic surfactant
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Industrial liquids containing visco-elastic surfactant compositions can be reversibly thickened and broken. For example, a thickened industrial liquid can exhibit good solids carrying capacity, and after the viscosity of the liquid is broken, using techniques such as change in pH, addition of a hydrocarbon, change in temperature, etc., the solids can be easily removed therefrom.
Viscosity can be again provided to the industrial liquid without the necessity of adding substantial amounts of additional thickener.
Industrial liquids containing visco-elastic surfactant compositions can be reversibly thickened and broken. For example, a thickened industrial liquid can exhibit good solids carrying capacity, and after the viscosity of the liquid is broken, using techniques such as change in pH, addition of a hydrocarbon, change in temperature, etc., the solids can be easily removed therefrom.
Viscosity can be again provided to the industrial liquid without the necessity of adding substantial amounts of additional thickener.
Description
;~6~6~
PROCESS FOR REVERSIBLE
THICKENING OF A LIQUID
The present invention relates to a pro-cess for providing reversibly thickened liquids for use in various industrial applications.
In many industrial processes it would be useful to have a process for reversibly thick-ening a liquid. Examples of these processes are slurry pipeline transport of minerals, removal of the solids produced during the drilling of wells, removal of solids formed during the polishing and grinding of metals, etc. In processes such as these it is advantageous to incxease the viscos-ity of the liquid in order to enhance its solids carrying capacity and to prevent settling out of the solids before they reach their desired desti-nation. The most common method for increasing aliquid's solids carrying capacity is to add a polymer or dispersed solid such as a clay which .
, ~ 33,087A-F -1-i~!1, , ~ ~- .. . .
6~6~3 increases the viscosity of the liquid, particularly at low shear rates. However, in the processes mentioned above it is also necessary to remove the solids from the liquid either to reuse the liquid or to use the solids. This is often done by, for example, filtering the liguid from the solids, centrifuging the solids out of the liquid, or similar methods. Unfortunately, the additional viscosity which was useful in transporting the solids also makes the desired separation of the solids from the liquid more difficult. Furthermore, if the viscosity is reduced by the destruction or removal of the polymer or clay used to increase the viscosity of the liquid, additional polymer or clay is needed to restore the liquid's solid carrying capacity. ~lso, the liguid or solid can be contaminated and interfere with further use by the residue resulting from the use of polymer or clay.
In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, it would be highly desirable to provide a process for improving the solids carrying capacity of a liquid in a manner which can be easily and rapidly reversed in order to aid in the removal of solids from the liquid when desired and, after the solids have been removed, to easily and rapidly restore the solids carrying capacity of the liquid.
Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention is a method for reversibly altering the viscosity of a liquid, comprising the steps of con-tacting the liquid with a viscoelastic surfactant to increase the viscosity of the liquid, and breaking the viscosity of the liquid containing the viscoelastic 33,087A-F -2-.
, : .- -, - :
. . : - ~ .
_3- ~6~
surfactant in a manner such that the liquid does not need to be subjected to an increase in shear in order to reduce the viscosity of the liquid, and the vis-cosity of the liquid can subsequently be substantially restored.
Surprisingly, when a viscoelastic surfactant is employed to impart an increased viscosity to a liquid, the viscosity imparted by the viscoelastic surfactant can be effectively reduced (i.e., "broken") and thereafter, the viscosity can be subsequently restored to the liquid without additional amounts of the viscoelastic surfactant being employed. Alter-natively, once the viscosity of a liquid thickened with a soluble high molecular weight polymer has been broken, the viscosity of the liquid cannot be substantially restored without the use of additional amounts of polymer. In addition, the liquids employed in the present invention are highly shear stable and do not experience substantial or any loss of activity with continued pumping whereas polymeric thickened liquids undergo irreversible mechanical degradation and rapid loss of activity with continued pumping. Therefore, the method of the present invention is particul~rly useful for liquids employed in flowing systems con-~5 taining pumps, high velocity flows, sudden expansionsor contractions, grinding operations, polishing oper-ations, and the like.
A~ong many uses, thickened liquids of the invention are useful in industrial applications where it is desirable to employ a li~uid having a high solids carrying capacity. Specifically, the method of the 33,087A-F -3-....... .. , . .~ ., . - ~ -- . .
_3- ~6~
surfactant in a manner such that the liquid does not need to be subjected to an increase in shear in order to reduce the viscosity of the liquid, and the vis-cosity of the liquid can subsequently be substantially restored.
Surprisingly, when a viscoelastic surfactant is employed to impart an increased viscosity to a liquid, the viscosity imparted by the viscoelastic surfactant can be effectively reduced (i.e., "broken") and thereafter, the yiscosity can be subsequently restored to the liquid without additional amounts of the viscoelastic surfactant being employed. Alter-natively, once the viscosity of a liquid thickened with a soluble high molecular weight polymer has been broken, the viscosity of the liquid cannot be substantially restored without the use of additional amounts of polymer. In addition, the liquids employed in the present invention are highly shear stable and do not experience substantial or any loss of activity with continued pumping whereas polymeric thickened liquids undergo irreversible mechanical degradation and rapid loss of activity with continued pumping. Therefore, the method of the present invention is particularly useful for liquids employed in flowing systems con-taining.pumps, high velocity flows, sudden expansionsor contractions, grinding operations, polishing oper-ations, and the like.
Among many uses, thickened liquids of the invention are useful in industrial applications where ~0 it is desirable to employ a liquid having a high solids carrying capacity. Specifically, the method of the 33,087A-F -3-.
_5_ ~6~6V~
aqueous acidic solutions, depending upon the particular surfactant and electroly-te employed. Other exemplary aqueous liquids include mixtures of water and a water-miscible liquid such as lower alXanols, e.g., methanol, ethanol or propanol; glycols and polyglycols and the like, provided that such water-miscible liquids are employed in amounts that do not significantly and deleteriously affect the thickening effect of the viscoelastic surfactant on the liquid. Also included are emulsions of immiscible liquids in the aqueous liquid and aqueous slurries of solid particulates. In general, however, water and aqueous alkaline, aqueous acidic or aqueous inorganic salt solutions (i.e., brine solutions) are most beneficially employed as the aqueous liquid herein. Advantageously, the electrolyte concen-tration 1s less than about 7S percent by weight of the solution.
The term "viscoelastic surfactant" is meant to include compounds broadly classified as surfactants which are capable of imparting viscoelasticity to a liquid. The property of viscoelasticity and tests to determine whether a liquid possesses viscoelastic properties are well-known in the art and reference is made to H. A. Barnes et al., Rheol. Acta, 1975 14, pp.
53-60 and S. Gravsholt, Journal of Coll. and Interface Sci., 57 (3) pp. 575-6 (1976). See also, N. D. Sylvester et al., Ind. Enq. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 1979, 14, p.
47. Of the test methods specified by these references, one test which has been found to be most useful in determining the viscoelasticity of an aqueous solution consists of swirling the solution and visually observ-ing whether the bubbles created by the swirling recoil after the swirling is stopped. Any recoil of the bubbles indicates viscoelasticity.
33,087A-F -5--. . ..
-6- 1 2 ~ 6~ ~ ~
Surfactants which are capable of impart-ing viscoelastic properties to a liquid are well--known in the art and refPrence is made thereto for the purposes of this invention. Illustrative of references which teach viscoelastic surfactants are U.S. Patent Nos. 3,361,213; 3,273,107; 3,406,115 4,061,580 and 4,534,875. The term "surfactant"
is used in its broadest sense herein and is meant to include any molecule having a characteristic amphiphatic structure such that it has the prop-erty of forming colloidal clusters, commonly called micelles, in solution.
The viscoelastic surfactants can be either ionic or nonionic. In general, an ionic viscoelastic surfactant comprises a surfactant compound having a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to an ionic, hydrophilic moiety (herein-after referred to as a "surfactant ion") and an amount of a counterion having a moiety capable of associating with the surfactant ion sufficient to form a viscoelastic surfactant. A nonionic vis-coelastic surfactant comprises a surfactant mole-cule having a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to a nonionic, hydrophilic moiety.
Examples of ionic surfactant compounds are represented by the formula:
R1(Y~)Xe or Rl(Z8)A~
33,087A-F -6-.
.. ~ . . .
:~2~
wherein R1(Y ) and R1(Z ) represent surfactant ions having a hydrophobic moiety represented by R1 and an ionic, solubilizing moiety represented by the cationic moiety (Y~) or ~he anionic moiety ( ze ) chemically bonded thereto. Xe and A~ are the counterions associated with the surfactant ions.
In general, the hydrophobic moiety (i.e., R1) of the surfactant ion is hydrocarbyl or inertly substituted hydrocarbyl wherein the term "inertly substituted" refers to hydrocarbyl radicals having one or more substitue~t groups, e.g., halo groups such as -F, -Cl or -Br or chain linkages, such as a silicon linkage (-Si-), which are inert to the aqueous liquid and components contained therein. Typically, the hydrocarbyl radical is an aralkyl group or a long chain alkyl or inertly-substituted alkyl, which alkyl groups are generally linear and have at least about 12, advantageously at least about 16, carbon atoms.
Representative long chain alkyl and alkenyl groups include dodecyl (lauryl), tetradecyl (myristyl), hexadecyl (cetyl), octadecenyl ~oleyl), octadecyl (stearyl) and the derivatives of tallow, coco and soya. Preferred alkyl and alkenyl groups are gen-erally alkyl and alkenyl groups having from 14 to 24 carbon atoms, with octadecenyl, hexadecyl, erucyl and tetradecyl being the most preferred.
The cationic, hydrophilic moie-ties (groups), i.e., (Y~), are generally onium ions wherein the term "onium ions" refers to a cationic 33,087A-F -7-~6~6~a~
group which is essentially completely ionized in water over a wide range of pH, e.g., p~ values of ~rom 2 to 12. Representative onium ions include guaternary ammonium groups, i.e., -N~(R)3; tertiary sulfonium groups, i.e., -S~(R)2; quaternary phosphonium groups, i.e., -P (R)3 and the like, wherein each R is individually a hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl.
In addition, primary, secondary and tertiary amines, i.e., -NH2, -NHR or -N(R)2, can also be employed as the ionic moiety if the pH of the aqueous liquid being used is such that the amine moieties will exist in ionic form. A pyridinium moiety can also be employed.
of such cationic groups, the surfactant ion of the viscoelastic surfactant is preferably prepared hav-ing quaternary ammonium, i.e., -N~(R)3; a pyridin-ium moiety; an aryl- or alkaryl- pyridinium; or imidazolinium moiety; or tertiary amine, -N(R)2, groups wherein each R is independently an alkyl group or hydroxyalkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, with each R preferably bei.ng methyl, ethyl or hydroxyethyl.
Representative anionic, solubilizing moieti~s (groups) (Ze) include sulfate groups, i.e., -OS03~, ether sulfate groups, sulfonate groups, i.e., -S039, carboxylate groups, phos-phate groups, phosphonate groups, and phospho-nite groups. Of such anionic groups, the sur-factant ion of the viscoelastic surfactants is preferably prepared having a carboxylate or sul-fate group. For purposes of this invention, suchanionic solubilizing moieties are less preferred than cationic moieties.
33,087A-F -8-fi~!8 Fluoroaliphatic species suitably employed in the practice of this lnvention include organic com-pounds represented by the formula:
RfZl wherein Rf is a saturated or unsaturated fluoro-aliphatic moiety, preferably containing a F3C- moiety and zl is an ionic moiety or potentially ionic moiety.
The fluoroaliphatics can be perfluorocarbons. Suitable anionic and cationic moieties will be described herein-after. The fluoroaliphatic moiety advantageouslycontains from 3 to 20 carbons wherein all can be fully fluorinated, preferably from 3 to 10 of such carbons.
This fluoroaliphatic moiety can be linear, branched or cyclic, preferably linear, and can contain an occasional carbon-bonded hydrogen or halogen other than fluorine, and can contain an oxy~en atom or a trivalent nitrogen atom bonded only to carbon atoms in the skeletal chain.
More preferable are those linear perfluoroaliphatic moieties represented by the formula: CnF2n+1 wherein n is in the range of from 3 to 10. Most preferred are those linear perfluoroaliphatic moieties represented in the paragraphs below.
The fluoroaliphatic species can be a cationic perfluorocarbon and is preferably selected from F3(CF2)rS2NH(CH2)sN R"3Xe;
RfCH2CH2SCH2CH2N R 3X and CF3(cF2)rcoNH(cH2)sN R 3X
33,087A-F -9-~LZ6~
wherein X9 is a counterion described hereinafter, R" is lower alkyl con-taining from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, r is from 2 to 15, preferably from 2 to 6, and s is from 2 to 5. Examples of other preferred cationic perfluoro-carbons, as well as methods of preparation, are thoselisted in U.S. Patent No. 3,775,126.
The fluoroaliphatic species can be an anionic perfluorocarbon and is preferably selected from:
CF3(cF2)pso2oeA~
CF3(cF2)pso2NH(cH2)qso2oeA~
CF3(CF2)pCOOeA~ and CF3(CF2)pSO2NH(CH2) qC003A~;
wherein p is from 2 to 15, preferably from 2 to 6, q is from 2 to 4, and A~ is a counterion described here-lS inafter. Examples of other preferred anionic perfluoro-carbons, as well as methods of preparation, are described in U.S. Patent No. 3,172,910.
The counterions (i.e., X3 or A~) associated with the surfactant ions are most suitably ionically charged, organic materials having ionic character opposite that of the surfactant ion, which combination of counterion and surfactant ion imparts viscoelastic properties to an aqueous liquid. The organic material having an anionic character serves as the counterion for a surfactant ion having a cationic, hydrophilic moiet~, and the organic material having a cationic character serves as the counterion for the surfactant ion having an anionic, hydrophilic moiety. In general, 33,087A-F -10-,, .
, . .,.. , . -- . :
6~
the preferred counterions exhibiting an anionic char~
acter contain a carboxylate, sulfonate or phenoxide group wherein a "phenoxide group" is ArOe and Ar repre-sents an aromatic ring or inertly-substituted aromatic ring. Representative of such anionic counterions which, when employed with a cationic surfactant ion, are capable of imparting viscoelastic properties to an aqueous liquid include various aromatic carboxylates such as o-hydroxy-benzoate; m- or ~-chlorobenzoate, methylene bls-salicylate and 3,4- or 3,5-dichlorobenæoatei aromatic sulfonates such as ~-toluene sulfonate and naphthalene sulfonate;
phenoxides, particularly substituted phenoxides; and the like, where such counterions are soluble; or 4-amino--3,5,6-trichloropicolinate. Alternatively, the cationic counterions can contain an onium ion, most preferably a quaternary ammonium group. Representative cat-ionic counterions containing a quaternary ammonium group include benzyl trimethyl ammonium or alkyl trimethyl ammonium wherein the alkyl group can be octyl, decyl, dodecyl, erucyl, and the like; and amines such as cyclohexylamine and hydroxyethyl cyclohexylamine. It is highly desirable to avoid stoichiometric amounts of surfactant and counter-ion when the alkyl group of the counterion is large. The use of a cation as the counterion is generally less preferred than the use of an anion as the counterion. Inorganic counterions, whether anionic or cationic, can also be employed.
The specific type and amount of sur-factant ion and counterion employed to prepare a viscoelastic surfactant are interrelated and are selected such that the combination imparts visco-elastic properties to an aqueous liquid. The com-binations of surfactant ions and counterions which 33,087A-F -11-, .
.
.
,: ~
: .
~l2~
will form a viscoelastic surfactant will vary and are easily determined by the test methods herein-before described.
Of the various surfactant ions and counterions which can be employed in preparing a viscoelastic surfactant, the preferred visco-elastic surfactants include those represented by the formula:
R
CH3 Rn N R x9 R
wherein R' is saturated or unsaturated alkyl;
and n is an integer of from 13 to 23, preferably an integer from 15 to 21, representing the number of car-bon atoms in R'; each R is independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, or alkylaryl, or a hydroxyalkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably each R is independently methyl, hydroxyethyl, ethyl or benzyl, and X is o-hydroxy benzoate, _- or ~-halobenzoate or an alkylphenate wherein the alkyl group is advantag-eously from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In addition, the R
groups can form a pyridinium moiety. Especially pre-ferred surfactant ions include cetyltrimethylammonium,oleyltrimethylammonium, erucyltrimethylammonium and cetylpyridinium.
Other preferred surfactant compounds include those represented by the formula:
33,087A-F -12-- . . -.. .. . . ~ -, :: .
~2~~6~
CF3-(cF2)n-so2NH-(cH2)m-N -R xe wherein n is an integer from 3 to 15, preferably from 3 to 8; m is an integer from 2 to 10, preferably from
PROCESS FOR REVERSIBLE
THICKENING OF A LIQUID
The present invention relates to a pro-cess for providing reversibly thickened liquids for use in various industrial applications.
In many industrial processes it would be useful to have a process for reversibly thick-ening a liquid. Examples of these processes are slurry pipeline transport of minerals, removal of the solids produced during the drilling of wells, removal of solids formed during the polishing and grinding of metals, etc. In processes such as these it is advantageous to incxease the viscos-ity of the liquid in order to enhance its solids carrying capacity and to prevent settling out of the solids before they reach their desired desti-nation. The most common method for increasing aliquid's solids carrying capacity is to add a polymer or dispersed solid such as a clay which .
, ~ 33,087A-F -1-i~!1, , ~ ~- .. . .
6~6~3 increases the viscosity of the liquid, particularly at low shear rates. However, in the processes mentioned above it is also necessary to remove the solids from the liquid either to reuse the liquid or to use the solids. This is often done by, for example, filtering the liguid from the solids, centrifuging the solids out of the liquid, or similar methods. Unfortunately, the additional viscosity which was useful in transporting the solids also makes the desired separation of the solids from the liquid more difficult. Furthermore, if the viscosity is reduced by the destruction or removal of the polymer or clay used to increase the viscosity of the liquid, additional polymer or clay is needed to restore the liquid's solid carrying capacity. ~lso, the liguid or solid can be contaminated and interfere with further use by the residue resulting from the use of polymer or clay.
In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, it would be highly desirable to provide a process for improving the solids carrying capacity of a liquid in a manner which can be easily and rapidly reversed in order to aid in the removal of solids from the liquid when desired and, after the solids have been removed, to easily and rapidly restore the solids carrying capacity of the liquid.
Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention is a method for reversibly altering the viscosity of a liquid, comprising the steps of con-tacting the liquid with a viscoelastic surfactant to increase the viscosity of the liquid, and breaking the viscosity of the liquid containing the viscoelastic 33,087A-F -2-.
, : .- -, - :
. . : - ~ .
_3- ~6~
surfactant in a manner such that the liquid does not need to be subjected to an increase in shear in order to reduce the viscosity of the liquid, and the vis-cosity of the liquid can subsequently be substantially restored.
Surprisingly, when a viscoelastic surfactant is employed to impart an increased viscosity to a liquid, the viscosity imparted by the viscoelastic surfactant can be effectively reduced (i.e., "broken") and thereafter, the viscosity can be subsequently restored to the liquid without additional amounts of the viscoelastic surfactant being employed. Alter-natively, once the viscosity of a liquid thickened with a soluble high molecular weight polymer has been broken, the viscosity of the liquid cannot be substantially restored without the use of additional amounts of polymer. In addition, the liquids employed in the present invention are highly shear stable and do not experience substantial or any loss of activity with continued pumping whereas polymeric thickened liquids undergo irreversible mechanical degradation and rapid loss of activity with continued pumping. Therefore, the method of the present invention is particul~rly useful for liquids employed in flowing systems con-~5 taining pumps, high velocity flows, sudden expansionsor contractions, grinding operations, polishing oper-ations, and the like.
A~ong many uses, thickened liquids of the invention are useful in industrial applications where it is desirable to employ a li~uid having a high solids carrying capacity. Specifically, the method of the 33,087A-F -3-....... .. , . .~ ., . - ~ -- . .
_3- ~6~
surfactant in a manner such that the liquid does not need to be subjected to an increase in shear in order to reduce the viscosity of the liquid, and the vis-cosity of the liquid can subsequently be substantially restored.
Surprisingly, when a viscoelastic surfactant is employed to impart an increased viscosity to a liquid, the viscosity imparted by the viscoelastic surfactant can be effectively reduced (i.e., "broken") and thereafter, the yiscosity can be subsequently restored to the liquid without additional amounts of the viscoelastic surfactant being employed. Alter-natively, once the viscosity of a liquid thickened with a soluble high molecular weight polymer has been broken, the viscosity of the liquid cannot be substantially restored without the use of additional amounts of polymer. In addition, the liquids employed in the present invention are highly shear stable and do not experience substantial or any loss of activity with continued pumping whereas polymeric thickened liquids undergo irreversible mechanical degradation and rapid loss of activity with continued pumping. Therefore, the method of the present invention is particularly useful for liquids employed in flowing systems con-taining.pumps, high velocity flows, sudden expansionsor contractions, grinding operations, polishing oper-ations, and the like.
Among many uses, thickened liquids of the invention are useful in industrial applications where ~0 it is desirable to employ a liquid having a high solids carrying capacity. Specifically, the method of the 33,087A-F -3-.
_5_ ~6~6V~
aqueous acidic solutions, depending upon the particular surfactant and electroly-te employed. Other exemplary aqueous liquids include mixtures of water and a water-miscible liquid such as lower alXanols, e.g., methanol, ethanol or propanol; glycols and polyglycols and the like, provided that such water-miscible liquids are employed in amounts that do not significantly and deleteriously affect the thickening effect of the viscoelastic surfactant on the liquid. Also included are emulsions of immiscible liquids in the aqueous liquid and aqueous slurries of solid particulates. In general, however, water and aqueous alkaline, aqueous acidic or aqueous inorganic salt solutions (i.e., brine solutions) are most beneficially employed as the aqueous liquid herein. Advantageously, the electrolyte concen-tration 1s less than about 7S percent by weight of the solution.
The term "viscoelastic surfactant" is meant to include compounds broadly classified as surfactants which are capable of imparting viscoelasticity to a liquid. The property of viscoelasticity and tests to determine whether a liquid possesses viscoelastic properties are well-known in the art and reference is made to H. A. Barnes et al., Rheol. Acta, 1975 14, pp.
53-60 and S. Gravsholt, Journal of Coll. and Interface Sci., 57 (3) pp. 575-6 (1976). See also, N. D. Sylvester et al., Ind. Enq. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 1979, 14, p.
47. Of the test methods specified by these references, one test which has been found to be most useful in determining the viscoelasticity of an aqueous solution consists of swirling the solution and visually observ-ing whether the bubbles created by the swirling recoil after the swirling is stopped. Any recoil of the bubbles indicates viscoelasticity.
33,087A-F -5--. . ..
-6- 1 2 ~ 6~ ~ ~
Surfactants which are capable of impart-ing viscoelastic properties to a liquid are well--known in the art and refPrence is made thereto for the purposes of this invention. Illustrative of references which teach viscoelastic surfactants are U.S. Patent Nos. 3,361,213; 3,273,107; 3,406,115 4,061,580 and 4,534,875. The term "surfactant"
is used in its broadest sense herein and is meant to include any molecule having a characteristic amphiphatic structure such that it has the prop-erty of forming colloidal clusters, commonly called micelles, in solution.
The viscoelastic surfactants can be either ionic or nonionic. In general, an ionic viscoelastic surfactant comprises a surfactant compound having a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to an ionic, hydrophilic moiety (herein-after referred to as a "surfactant ion") and an amount of a counterion having a moiety capable of associating with the surfactant ion sufficient to form a viscoelastic surfactant. A nonionic vis-coelastic surfactant comprises a surfactant mole-cule having a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to a nonionic, hydrophilic moiety.
Examples of ionic surfactant compounds are represented by the formula:
R1(Y~)Xe or Rl(Z8)A~
33,087A-F -6-.
.. ~ . . .
:~2~
wherein R1(Y ) and R1(Z ) represent surfactant ions having a hydrophobic moiety represented by R1 and an ionic, solubilizing moiety represented by the cationic moiety (Y~) or ~he anionic moiety ( ze ) chemically bonded thereto. Xe and A~ are the counterions associated with the surfactant ions.
In general, the hydrophobic moiety (i.e., R1) of the surfactant ion is hydrocarbyl or inertly substituted hydrocarbyl wherein the term "inertly substituted" refers to hydrocarbyl radicals having one or more substitue~t groups, e.g., halo groups such as -F, -Cl or -Br or chain linkages, such as a silicon linkage (-Si-), which are inert to the aqueous liquid and components contained therein. Typically, the hydrocarbyl radical is an aralkyl group or a long chain alkyl or inertly-substituted alkyl, which alkyl groups are generally linear and have at least about 12, advantageously at least about 16, carbon atoms.
Representative long chain alkyl and alkenyl groups include dodecyl (lauryl), tetradecyl (myristyl), hexadecyl (cetyl), octadecenyl ~oleyl), octadecyl (stearyl) and the derivatives of tallow, coco and soya. Preferred alkyl and alkenyl groups are gen-erally alkyl and alkenyl groups having from 14 to 24 carbon atoms, with octadecenyl, hexadecyl, erucyl and tetradecyl being the most preferred.
The cationic, hydrophilic moie-ties (groups), i.e., (Y~), are generally onium ions wherein the term "onium ions" refers to a cationic 33,087A-F -7-~6~6~a~
group which is essentially completely ionized in water over a wide range of pH, e.g., p~ values of ~rom 2 to 12. Representative onium ions include guaternary ammonium groups, i.e., -N~(R)3; tertiary sulfonium groups, i.e., -S~(R)2; quaternary phosphonium groups, i.e., -P (R)3 and the like, wherein each R is individually a hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl.
In addition, primary, secondary and tertiary amines, i.e., -NH2, -NHR or -N(R)2, can also be employed as the ionic moiety if the pH of the aqueous liquid being used is such that the amine moieties will exist in ionic form. A pyridinium moiety can also be employed.
of such cationic groups, the surfactant ion of the viscoelastic surfactant is preferably prepared hav-ing quaternary ammonium, i.e., -N~(R)3; a pyridin-ium moiety; an aryl- or alkaryl- pyridinium; or imidazolinium moiety; or tertiary amine, -N(R)2, groups wherein each R is independently an alkyl group or hydroxyalkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, with each R preferably bei.ng methyl, ethyl or hydroxyethyl.
Representative anionic, solubilizing moieti~s (groups) (Ze) include sulfate groups, i.e., -OS03~, ether sulfate groups, sulfonate groups, i.e., -S039, carboxylate groups, phos-phate groups, phosphonate groups, and phospho-nite groups. Of such anionic groups, the sur-factant ion of the viscoelastic surfactants is preferably prepared having a carboxylate or sul-fate group. For purposes of this invention, suchanionic solubilizing moieties are less preferred than cationic moieties.
33,087A-F -8-fi~!8 Fluoroaliphatic species suitably employed in the practice of this lnvention include organic com-pounds represented by the formula:
RfZl wherein Rf is a saturated or unsaturated fluoro-aliphatic moiety, preferably containing a F3C- moiety and zl is an ionic moiety or potentially ionic moiety.
The fluoroaliphatics can be perfluorocarbons. Suitable anionic and cationic moieties will be described herein-after. The fluoroaliphatic moiety advantageouslycontains from 3 to 20 carbons wherein all can be fully fluorinated, preferably from 3 to 10 of such carbons.
This fluoroaliphatic moiety can be linear, branched or cyclic, preferably linear, and can contain an occasional carbon-bonded hydrogen or halogen other than fluorine, and can contain an oxy~en atom or a trivalent nitrogen atom bonded only to carbon atoms in the skeletal chain.
More preferable are those linear perfluoroaliphatic moieties represented by the formula: CnF2n+1 wherein n is in the range of from 3 to 10. Most preferred are those linear perfluoroaliphatic moieties represented in the paragraphs below.
The fluoroaliphatic species can be a cationic perfluorocarbon and is preferably selected from F3(CF2)rS2NH(CH2)sN R"3Xe;
RfCH2CH2SCH2CH2N R 3X and CF3(cF2)rcoNH(cH2)sN R 3X
33,087A-F -9-~LZ6~
wherein X9 is a counterion described hereinafter, R" is lower alkyl con-taining from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, r is from 2 to 15, preferably from 2 to 6, and s is from 2 to 5. Examples of other preferred cationic perfluoro-carbons, as well as methods of preparation, are thoselisted in U.S. Patent No. 3,775,126.
The fluoroaliphatic species can be an anionic perfluorocarbon and is preferably selected from:
CF3(cF2)pso2oeA~
CF3(cF2)pso2NH(cH2)qso2oeA~
CF3(CF2)pCOOeA~ and CF3(CF2)pSO2NH(CH2) qC003A~;
wherein p is from 2 to 15, preferably from 2 to 6, q is from 2 to 4, and A~ is a counterion described here-lS inafter. Examples of other preferred anionic perfluoro-carbons, as well as methods of preparation, are described in U.S. Patent No. 3,172,910.
The counterions (i.e., X3 or A~) associated with the surfactant ions are most suitably ionically charged, organic materials having ionic character opposite that of the surfactant ion, which combination of counterion and surfactant ion imparts viscoelastic properties to an aqueous liquid. The organic material having an anionic character serves as the counterion for a surfactant ion having a cationic, hydrophilic moiet~, and the organic material having a cationic character serves as the counterion for the surfactant ion having an anionic, hydrophilic moiety. In general, 33,087A-F -10-,, .
, . .,.. , . -- . :
6~
the preferred counterions exhibiting an anionic char~
acter contain a carboxylate, sulfonate or phenoxide group wherein a "phenoxide group" is ArOe and Ar repre-sents an aromatic ring or inertly-substituted aromatic ring. Representative of such anionic counterions which, when employed with a cationic surfactant ion, are capable of imparting viscoelastic properties to an aqueous liquid include various aromatic carboxylates such as o-hydroxy-benzoate; m- or ~-chlorobenzoate, methylene bls-salicylate and 3,4- or 3,5-dichlorobenæoatei aromatic sulfonates such as ~-toluene sulfonate and naphthalene sulfonate;
phenoxides, particularly substituted phenoxides; and the like, where such counterions are soluble; or 4-amino--3,5,6-trichloropicolinate. Alternatively, the cationic counterions can contain an onium ion, most preferably a quaternary ammonium group. Representative cat-ionic counterions containing a quaternary ammonium group include benzyl trimethyl ammonium or alkyl trimethyl ammonium wherein the alkyl group can be octyl, decyl, dodecyl, erucyl, and the like; and amines such as cyclohexylamine and hydroxyethyl cyclohexylamine. It is highly desirable to avoid stoichiometric amounts of surfactant and counter-ion when the alkyl group of the counterion is large. The use of a cation as the counterion is generally less preferred than the use of an anion as the counterion. Inorganic counterions, whether anionic or cationic, can also be employed.
The specific type and amount of sur-factant ion and counterion employed to prepare a viscoelastic surfactant are interrelated and are selected such that the combination imparts visco-elastic properties to an aqueous liquid. The com-binations of surfactant ions and counterions which 33,087A-F -11-, .
.
.
,: ~
: .
~l2~
will form a viscoelastic surfactant will vary and are easily determined by the test methods herein-before described.
Of the various surfactant ions and counterions which can be employed in preparing a viscoelastic surfactant, the preferred visco-elastic surfactants include those represented by the formula:
R
CH3 Rn N R x9 R
wherein R' is saturated or unsaturated alkyl;
and n is an integer of from 13 to 23, preferably an integer from 15 to 21, representing the number of car-bon atoms in R'; each R is independently hydrogen or an alkyl group, or alkylaryl, or a hydroxyalkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably each R is independently methyl, hydroxyethyl, ethyl or benzyl, and X is o-hydroxy benzoate, _- or ~-halobenzoate or an alkylphenate wherein the alkyl group is advantag-eously from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In addition, the R
groups can form a pyridinium moiety. Especially pre-ferred surfactant ions include cetyltrimethylammonium,oleyltrimethylammonium, erucyltrimethylammonium and cetylpyridinium.
Other preferred surfactant compounds include those represented by the formula:
33,087A-F -12-- . . -.. .. . . ~ -, :: .
~2~~6~
CF3-(cF2)n-so2NH-(cH2)m-N -R xe wherein n is an integer from 3 to 15, preferably from 3 to 8; m is an integer from 2 to 10, preferably from
2 to 5; R is as previously defined, most preferably methyl; and Xe is as previously defined.
The viscoelastic surfactants are eas-ily prepared by admixing the basic form of the desired cationic surfactant ion (or acidic form of the desired anionic surfactant ion) with the desired amount of the acidic form of the desired cationic counterion (or the basic form of the desired anionic counterion). Alternatively, the desired amounts of the salts of the cationic sur-factant ion and the anionic counterion (or equi-molar amounts of the anionic surfactant ion and cat.ionic counterion) can be admixed to form the desired viscoelastic surfactant. See, for exam-ple, the procedures described in U.S. Patent No.
2,541,816.
Depending on the specific surfactant ion and counterion associated therewith, l~ss than a stoichiometric amount of the counterion can be employed to impart viscoelastic properties to a liguid. For example, when the surfactant ion is a long chain alkyl bonded to a guaternary ammon-ium and the counterion is salicylate, although .
:
~ 33,08iA-F -13-~ .
~2~66~
greater than stoichiometric amounts of an elec-trolyte which generates, upon dissociation, a salicylate anion, can be employed, water and other aqueous liquids can be effectively thick-ened using stoichiometric or even lesser amountsof the electrolyte. However, in many instances, particularly when -the counterion is an inoxganic ion such as chloride ion, viscoelastic properties are imparted to an aqueous liquid only when an electrolyte is employed in stoichiometric excess.
For example, in such instances, the surfactant may not impart desired viscoelastic properties to water, but will impart desired viscoelastic properties to a salt solution such as brine. As the term is used herein, "viscoelastic surfactant"
refers only to the surfactant ion and that amount of counterion actually employed if the counterion is employed in stoichiometric or lesser amounts.
If more than stoichiometric amount of electrolyte is employed to the surfactant ion, the term "visco-elastic surfactant" refers to the surfactant ion and stoichiometric amount of counterion (i. e., it excludes the excess amount, if any, of electrolyte).
In general, surfactant compounds hav-ing a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to a nonionic, hydrophilic moiety are those nonionic surfactants which exhibit a viscoelastic charac-ter, and are typically described in U.S. Patent No.
The viscoelastic surfactants are eas-ily prepared by admixing the basic form of the desired cationic surfactant ion (or acidic form of the desired anionic surfactant ion) with the desired amount of the acidic form of the desired cationic counterion (or the basic form of the desired anionic counterion). Alternatively, the desired amounts of the salts of the cationic sur-factant ion and the anionic counterion (or equi-molar amounts of the anionic surfactant ion and cat.ionic counterion) can be admixed to form the desired viscoelastic surfactant. See, for exam-ple, the procedures described in U.S. Patent No.
2,541,816.
Depending on the specific surfactant ion and counterion associated therewith, l~ss than a stoichiometric amount of the counterion can be employed to impart viscoelastic properties to a liguid. For example, when the surfactant ion is a long chain alkyl bonded to a guaternary ammon-ium and the counterion is salicylate, although .
:
~ 33,08iA-F -13-~ .
~2~66~
greater than stoichiometric amounts of an elec-trolyte which generates, upon dissociation, a salicylate anion, can be employed, water and other aqueous liquids can be effectively thick-ened using stoichiometric or even lesser amountsof the electrolyte. However, in many instances, particularly when -the counterion is an inoxganic ion such as chloride ion, viscoelastic properties are imparted to an aqueous liquid only when an electrolyte is employed in stoichiometric excess.
For example, in such instances, the surfactant may not impart desired viscoelastic properties to water, but will impart desired viscoelastic properties to a salt solution such as brine. As the term is used herein, "viscoelastic surfactant"
refers only to the surfactant ion and that amount of counterion actually employed if the counterion is employed in stoichiometric or lesser amounts.
If more than stoichiometric amount of electrolyte is employed to the surfactant ion, the term "visco-elastic surfactant" refers to the surfactant ion and stoichiometric amount of counterion (i. e., it excludes the excess amount, if any, of electrolyte).
In general, surfactant compounds hav-ing a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to a nonionic, hydrophilic moiety are those nonionic surfactants which exhibit a viscoelastic charac-ter, and are typically described in U.S. Patent No.
3,373,107; and those alkylphenoxy ethoxylates as are described by Shinoda in Solvent Pro~erties of Surfactant Solutions, Marcel ~ekker, Inc. (1967) and Zakin, J.L. and Liu, H. L. in "Variables Af-fecting Drag Reduction by Nonionic Sùrfactant 33,087A-F -14-~- ,. .. , ~ , . .
- , : ~
;~Z6~66~
Additives", Chem. Eng. Commun., Vol. 23, pp. 77--88 (1983). Preferred nonionic surfactants are those tertiary amine oxide surfactants which exhibit viscoelastic character. In general, the hydro-phobic moiety can be represented as the previouslydescribed Rl. It is also desirable to employ an additive such as an alkanol in the aqueous liquid to which the nonionic surfactant is added in order to render the surfactant viscoelastic.
Other viscoelastic surfactants which can be employed in the process of this invention are described by D. Saul et al., J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans., l (1974) 70(1), pp. 163-170; or C. A. Barker et al., ibid., pp. 154-162.
The viscoelastic surfactant (whether ionic or nonionic in character) is employed in an amount sufficient to measurably increase the viscosity of the liguid in which it is employed.
The amount of the viscoelastic surfactant most advantageously employed will vary depending on a variety of factors including the desired viscos-ity of the liquid, the solution composition and the end use application of the liquid, including the temperatures and shear rates to which the flowing liquid will be exposed. In aqueous liquids, the viscoelastic surfactant is generally employed in a sufficient amount such that the liquid's vis-cosity is at least about 100, preferably at least about 250, more preferably at least about 500, centipoise at 25C when measured using a Brook-field viscometer, LVT type, Spindle No. 1 at 6 33,087A-F -15---.
. . .~ ~ . . . -, ,~ :: - : ., . .:'''.' - ~ ~ ':
~Z6~
rpm. In general, the concentration of any specific viscoelastic surfactant employed to impart the desired viscosity to th~ liquid is easily determined by experi-mentation. In general, the viscoelastic surfactants are preferably employed in amounts ranging from 0.01 to 10 weight percent based on the weight of the viscoelastic surfactant and liquid. The viscoelastic surfactant is more preferably employed in amounts from 0.05 to 3 percent, based on the weight of the liquid and the visc-oelastic surfactant.
As mentioned, the viscoelastic surfactant canbe prepared using greater than stoichiometric amounts of an electrolyte having an ionic character opposite to that of the surfactant ion and which is capable of being associated as a counterion (e.g., an organic counterion) with the surfactant ion. The use of addi-tional electrolyte soluble in the liquid containing the viscoelastic surfactant will also allow the liquid to maintain its viscosity at a higher temperature and/or increase the resistance of the thickened liquid to the presence of oils or other water-insoluble materials such as hydrocarbons which may come into contact with the liquid as well as various water-soluble materials such as the lower alcohols and the like. For example, it is possible for the thickened liquid to contain oil or other organic material in a concentration of from 0.05 to 30 weight percent based on the total weight of the thickened liquid and oil or other organic material.
In general, the viscoelastic properties, and hence, the viscosity, of the liquid tend to be lost or signifi~
cantly reduced in the presence of such materials.
Liquids containing the viscoelastic surfactant and 33,087A-F -16-.
-. . - .
~266~
excess amounts of electrolyte are capable of main-taining their viscoelastic properties for longer periods of -time than a similar liquid which does not contain the excess amounts of electrolyte. Fluorinated S viscoelastic surfactants are more resistant to the presence of organic materials and are capable of with-standing the addition of many organic materials in amounts of up to 80 weight percent, most preferably up to 20 weight percent, based on the weight of the thick-ened liquid (i.e., the liquid and the fluorinatedsurfactant).
In general, electrolytes (including salts, acids and bases) which form, upon dissociation, organic ions with the surfactant ion to form a viscoelastic surfactant are preferred. For example, the oil resis-tance and/or temperature resistance of a liquid con-taining a viscoelastic surfactant having a cationic surfactant ion can often be increased using an organic electrolyte which, upon dissociation, forms an anion.
Examples of such anionic organic electrolytes include the alkali metal salts of various aromatic carboxy lates, e.g., sodium salicylate and potassium salicy-late and disodium methylene-bis(salicylate); alkali metal ar-halobenzoates, e.g., sodium ~-chlorobenzoa-te, potassiu~ m-chlorobenzoate, sodium 2,4-dichlorobenzoate and potassium 3,5-dichlorobenzoate; aromatic sulfonic acids such as p-toluene sulfonic acid and the alkali metal salts thereof; naphthalene sulfonic acid; substi-tuted phenols and alkali metal salts thereof, e.g., ar,ar-dichlorophenols, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, t-bu-tylphenol, t-butylhydroxyphenol, ethylphenol, and the like.
33,087A-F -17-. -- .. .
, ~ ............... . .
. ; : .... . . .
: ~ . . : ., . , .~ : .
6 [)~
Alternatively, the oil and/or tempera-ture resistance of a liquid containing a viscoelas-tic surfactant having an anionic surfactant ion can often be increased using a ca~ionic organic electrolyte which, upon dissociation, forms a cat-ion. While cationic organic electrolytes are less preferred than the aforementioned anionic organic electrolytes, examples of suitable cat-ionic electrolytes include the quaternary ammo-nium salts such as alkyl trimethylammonium ha-lides and alkyl triethylammonium halides wherein the alkyl group can contain 4 to 22 carbons and the halide advantageously is chloride; aryl and aralkyl trimethyl ammonium halides such as phenyl trimethyl and benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride;
alkyl trimethyl phosphonium halides and the like.
Preferably, the electrolyte is the same or generates the same ion associated with the surfactant ion of the viscoelastic surfactant contained in the aqueous liquid, e.g., alkali metal salicylate is advantageously employed as the addi-tional electrolyte when the viscoelastic surfac-tant originally has a salicylate counterion. The most preferred organic electrolytes are the alkali metal salts of an aromatic carboxylate, for exam-ple, sodium salicylate. However, it is also under-stood that the electrolyte can be different from the counterion which is employed.
The concentration of the electrolyte required in the liquid to increase the temperature to which the liquid will maintain its viscoelastic 33,087A-F -18-~ . .
. ., .~2~
properties, and hence, its viscosity, is dependent on a variety of factors including the particular liquid, viscoelastic surfactant and electrolyte (e.g., organic electrolyte) employed, and the achieved viscosity desired. In general, the concentration of the elec-trolyte will advantageously range from 0.1 to 20, preferably from 0.5 to 5, moles per mole of the visco-elastic surfactant.
The liquids useful in this invention which exhibit the desired reversible viscosifying properties are prepared by admixing the desired amounts of the viscoelastic surfactant and, if employed, additional electrolyte to form a liquid solution. Alternatively, the nonionic surfactant is contacted with the liquid to form an aqueous liquid solution. The resulting solu-tions are stable and can be stored for long periods of time. The liquids can also contain additives in order that the liquid can be employed for numerous industrial purposes, such as drilling, completion, workover and fracturing liquids, cutting liquids, pipeline applica-tions, slurry transport, dis-trict heating applications, and the like.
The term "breaking" as used herein refers to a measurable reduction in the viscosity of the liquid containing the viscoelastic surfactant composition.
The viscosity of liquids thickened with viscoelastic surfactants can be broken by a variety of means. For ~xample, aqueous liquids thickened with hydrocarbyl or inertly-substituted hydrocarbyl viscoelastic surfactants can be broken through the addition of effective amounts of a miscible or immiscible hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, 33,087A-F -19-~ , .
, . .
.. ~ .. .. . . .. .
:
, : , .: , . ., :
- : ,: : . :
~2~
(i.e., lower alcohols) acetone, methylethylketone, trichloroethylene, toluene, xylenes, mineral oils, glycols, glycol ethers, and the like. Aqueous liquids containing the fluoroaliphatic species as viscoelastic surfactant components can be broken effectively using lower alcohols (i.e., alcohols having from l to 3 carbon atoms) such as isopropanol. The amount of the hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon which must be added to break the viscosity of the thickened liquid is dependent upon the specific viscoelastic surfactant employed and its concentration as well as the specific hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon employed. For example, as little as 0.1 percent, by weight, based on the weight of the thickened liquid, of toluene can often be added to the liquid to break its viscosity whereas more than 75 weight percent of ethylene glycol may have to be added to break the same thickened liquid.
In most instances, the hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon will advantageously be selected such that it will break the viscosity when added in an amount from 0.1 -to 50, preferably from 0.2 to 20, more prefer-ably from 0.2 to 10 weight percent, based on the weight of the liquid.
Other methods for breaking the viscoelastic surfactant compositions involve changing the pH of the liquid, heating or cooling the system above or below that temperature at which the liquid loses its visco-elasticity, changing the composition of viscoelastic surfactants. Although the application of shear greater than the surfactant micelles can withstand, can also be employed to break the viscoelastic properties imparted to the liquid by the surfactant, the application of 33,087A-F -20-. ..
,. ..
.. ... .. . .
: . :
.. : - .: .: .
.
, .: - .. ., ~ .: . . -~2666~
excessive shear is not a practical means of reducing the viscosity of the llquid. It is understood that more than one means for breaking the viscoelastic surfactant compositions can be simultaneously employed.
Preferably, the viscosity of the liquid is broken by contacting the thickened liquid with an effective amount of hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon. For those compositions containing viscoelastic surfactant compositions designed for use over a wide temperature range, temperature variation is not the best means for breaking the viscoelastic surfactant.
Restoration of the viscosity of the industrial liquid can be accomplished by using a variety of tech niques. By the term "restoration of viscosity" is meant that the viscosity of the liquid which has been broken can be increased without the necessity of pro-viding additional viscoelastic surfactant to the liquid.
Thus, the term "reversible breaking" as used in referring to fluids in this invention, refers to the repeated breaking and substantial restoration of viscosity of the original liquid. Examples of techniques useful in reversing the breaking process or restoring viscosity of the liquid include removal of the aforementioned hydrocarbon using techniques such as applying a vacuum and/or heat to the liquid. That is, the hydrocarbon can be removed from the liquid by subjecting the liquid to conditions such that the hydrocarbon vaporizes. For this reason, it is most desirable to employ a hydro-carbon in the breaking process which has a fairly high vapor pressure under conditions of removal. Hydrocar-bons can also be removed by absorbing the hydrocarbon using a suitable absorbing material (i.e., one which 33,087A-F -21-... .
-: . . -. , . :
.~26~i6~
removes the hydrocarbon but not substantial amounts of the viscoelastic surfactant composition). For e~ample, the hydrocarbon can be removed using polymeric beads, columns containing such beads, carbon, colloidal silica, etc. Other methods for restoring the viscosity of the broken liquid include restoration of pH, heating or cool-ing the system to the point at which viscoelasticity is restored.
In an aspect of the present invention, a liquid containing a viscoelastic surfactant can be employed to remove suspended particulate mate-rial in drilling operations such as the drilling of oil wells without significant downtime or loss of liquid. Specifically, the thickened liquid can be employed to transport the solids and the vis-cosity of the liquid can subsequently be broken, thereby allowing for the easy removal of the solids from the liquid by conventional techniques such as filtration. The viscosity of the broken liquid can then be restored and subjected to reuse.
In a highly preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, oil well drilling liquids such as those containing large amounts of brine can be recycled in an efficient and effec-tive manner. Thus, oil well drilling liquids arethickened using the viscoelastic surfactants of this invention, employed to carry cuttings to the surface, broken, subjected to salids removal using conventional means such as vibrating screens, hy-drocyclones or centrifuges, subjected to viscosityrestoration and recirculated for further use.
33,087A-F -22-..
. ~ . ~ , . . .. .... .... .
~666~
The following examples are presented to illustrate the invention and should not be construed to limit its scope. All percentages and parts are by weight unless otherwise noted.
Exam~le 1 A thickened brine formulation is prepared by contacting 350 ml of a 13-pound per gallon (1557 kg/m3 calcium chloride/calcium bromide brine with 3 g of a viscoelastic surfactant composition comprising 1.5 g of tallow trimethyl ammonium chloride, in a 1.5 g isopro-panol and water mixture. To the formulation is added 5 g of a clay/quartz solid dust which simulates drill cuttings and is sold commercially as Rev Dust A~ by Millwhite Corporation, Houston, Texas. This sample is designated as Sample No. 1.
In a like manner, but for comparison pur-poses, is prepared a thickened brine formulation con-taining clay/quartz, dust and one gram of a hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer rather than a viscoelastic surfactant composition. This sample is designated as Sample No. C-1.
The ability of the liquid containing the viscoelastic surfactant to be broken, processed and restored is illustrated using the following procedure:
Step A: Viscosity of Sample Nos. 1 and C-1 without solids are measured using a Fann 35 viscometer at about 24~C. Viscosities are measured at various shear rates ~arying from 3 rpm to 600 rpm.
33,087A-F -23-Step B. Viscosity of Sample Nos. 1 and C-l with solids present are measured as in Step A.
Step C: Each of Sample Nos. 1 and C-l are filtered by placing 200 ml of liquid in a cell, applying 100 psi (689 kPa) pressure with nitrogen gas, and measuring the amount of liquid passing through Whatman 50 filter paper over time.
Step D: To each of the samples is added 45 drops of trichloroethylene which is a breaker of the viscoelastic surfactant. The viscosity of samples is measured as described hereinbefore, but at about 29C.
Step E: Each of the samples are filtered as described in Step C.
Step F: The breaker is removed from the samples processed in Step E by vacuum distilling each sample at 25C using a laboratory flask, still and dry ice cold trap attached to a vacuum pump, and further vacuum distilling each sample for five minutes at 65C.
Viscosities of each sample are determined as described hereinbefore at 27.5C and 27C, respectively.
Results are presented in Table 1.
33,087A-F -24-.
, . .
~ -~ ~ ~ ~ t` Ln O O ~ ~ C~ CO O O
O u~ ~ ~ o o o ~ o o u~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ o o o o o o o o ~ ~
--I
~ C~
~ $ _ Ll U~ .
_
- , : ~
;~Z6~66~
Additives", Chem. Eng. Commun., Vol. 23, pp. 77--88 (1983). Preferred nonionic surfactants are those tertiary amine oxide surfactants which exhibit viscoelastic character. In general, the hydro-phobic moiety can be represented as the previouslydescribed Rl. It is also desirable to employ an additive such as an alkanol in the aqueous liquid to which the nonionic surfactant is added in order to render the surfactant viscoelastic.
Other viscoelastic surfactants which can be employed in the process of this invention are described by D. Saul et al., J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans., l (1974) 70(1), pp. 163-170; or C. A. Barker et al., ibid., pp. 154-162.
The viscoelastic surfactant (whether ionic or nonionic in character) is employed in an amount sufficient to measurably increase the viscosity of the liguid in which it is employed.
The amount of the viscoelastic surfactant most advantageously employed will vary depending on a variety of factors including the desired viscos-ity of the liquid, the solution composition and the end use application of the liquid, including the temperatures and shear rates to which the flowing liquid will be exposed. In aqueous liquids, the viscoelastic surfactant is generally employed in a sufficient amount such that the liquid's vis-cosity is at least about 100, preferably at least about 250, more preferably at least about 500, centipoise at 25C when measured using a Brook-field viscometer, LVT type, Spindle No. 1 at 6 33,087A-F -15---.
. . .~ ~ . . . -, ,~ :: - : ., . .:'''.' - ~ ~ ':
~Z6~
rpm. In general, the concentration of any specific viscoelastic surfactant employed to impart the desired viscosity to th~ liquid is easily determined by experi-mentation. In general, the viscoelastic surfactants are preferably employed in amounts ranging from 0.01 to 10 weight percent based on the weight of the viscoelastic surfactant and liquid. The viscoelastic surfactant is more preferably employed in amounts from 0.05 to 3 percent, based on the weight of the liquid and the visc-oelastic surfactant.
As mentioned, the viscoelastic surfactant canbe prepared using greater than stoichiometric amounts of an electrolyte having an ionic character opposite to that of the surfactant ion and which is capable of being associated as a counterion (e.g., an organic counterion) with the surfactant ion. The use of addi-tional electrolyte soluble in the liquid containing the viscoelastic surfactant will also allow the liquid to maintain its viscosity at a higher temperature and/or increase the resistance of the thickened liquid to the presence of oils or other water-insoluble materials such as hydrocarbons which may come into contact with the liquid as well as various water-soluble materials such as the lower alcohols and the like. For example, it is possible for the thickened liquid to contain oil or other organic material in a concentration of from 0.05 to 30 weight percent based on the total weight of the thickened liquid and oil or other organic material.
In general, the viscoelastic properties, and hence, the viscosity, of the liquid tend to be lost or signifi~
cantly reduced in the presence of such materials.
Liquids containing the viscoelastic surfactant and 33,087A-F -16-.
-. . - .
~266~
excess amounts of electrolyte are capable of main-taining their viscoelastic properties for longer periods of -time than a similar liquid which does not contain the excess amounts of electrolyte. Fluorinated S viscoelastic surfactants are more resistant to the presence of organic materials and are capable of with-standing the addition of many organic materials in amounts of up to 80 weight percent, most preferably up to 20 weight percent, based on the weight of the thick-ened liquid (i.e., the liquid and the fluorinatedsurfactant).
In general, electrolytes (including salts, acids and bases) which form, upon dissociation, organic ions with the surfactant ion to form a viscoelastic surfactant are preferred. For example, the oil resis-tance and/or temperature resistance of a liquid con-taining a viscoelastic surfactant having a cationic surfactant ion can often be increased using an organic electrolyte which, upon dissociation, forms an anion.
Examples of such anionic organic electrolytes include the alkali metal salts of various aromatic carboxy lates, e.g., sodium salicylate and potassium salicy-late and disodium methylene-bis(salicylate); alkali metal ar-halobenzoates, e.g., sodium ~-chlorobenzoa-te, potassiu~ m-chlorobenzoate, sodium 2,4-dichlorobenzoate and potassium 3,5-dichlorobenzoate; aromatic sulfonic acids such as p-toluene sulfonic acid and the alkali metal salts thereof; naphthalene sulfonic acid; substi-tuted phenols and alkali metal salts thereof, e.g., ar,ar-dichlorophenols, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, t-bu-tylphenol, t-butylhydroxyphenol, ethylphenol, and the like.
33,087A-F -17-. -- .. .
, ~ ............... . .
. ; : .... . . .
: ~ . . : ., . , .~ : .
6 [)~
Alternatively, the oil and/or tempera-ture resistance of a liquid containing a viscoelas-tic surfactant having an anionic surfactant ion can often be increased using a ca~ionic organic electrolyte which, upon dissociation, forms a cat-ion. While cationic organic electrolytes are less preferred than the aforementioned anionic organic electrolytes, examples of suitable cat-ionic electrolytes include the quaternary ammo-nium salts such as alkyl trimethylammonium ha-lides and alkyl triethylammonium halides wherein the alkyl group can contain 4 to 22 carbons and the halide advantageously is chloride; aryl and aralkyl trimethyl ammonium halides such as phenyl trimethyl and benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride;
alkyl trimethyl phosphonium halides and the like.
Preferably, the electrolyte is the same or generates the same ion associated with the surfactant ion of the viscoelastic surfactant contained in the aqueous liquid, e.g., alkali metal salicylate is advantageously employed as the addi-tional electrolyte when the viscoelastic surfac-tant originally has a salicylate counterion. The most preferred organic electrolytes are the alkali metal salts of an aromatic carboxylate, for exam-ple, sodium salicylate. However, it is also under-stood that the electrolyte can be different from the counterion which is employed.
The concentration of the electrolyte required in the liquid to increase the temperature to which the liquid will maintain its viscoelastic 33,087A-F -18-~ . .
. ., .~2~
properties, and hence, its viscosity, is dependent on a variety of factors including the particular liquid, viscoelastic surfactant and electrolyte (e.g., organic electrolyte) employed, and the achieved viscosity desired. In general, the concentration of the elec-trolyte will advantageously range from 0.1 to 20, preferably from 0.5 to 5, moles per mole of the visco-elastic surfactant.
The liquids useful in this invention which exhibit the desired reversible viscosifying properties are prepared by admixing the desired amounts of the viscoelastic surfactant and, if employed, additional electrolyte to form a liquid solution. Alternatively, the nonionic surfactant is contacted with the liquid to form an aqueous liquid solution. The resulting solu-tions are stable and can be stored for long periods of time. The liquids can also contain additives in order that the liquid can be employed for numerous industrial purposes, such as drilling, completion, workover and fracturing liquids, cutting liquids, pipeline applica-tions, slurry transport, dis-trict heating applications, and the like.
The term "breaking" as used herein refers to a measurable reduction in the viscosity of the liquid containing the viscoelastic surfactant composition.
The viscosity of liquids thickened with viscoelastic surfactants can be broken by a variety of means. For ~xample, aqueous liquids thickened with hydrocarbyl or inertly-substituted hydrocarbyl viscoelastic surfactants can be broken through the addition of effective amounts of a miscible or immiscible hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, 33,087A-F -19-~ , .
, . .
.. ~ .. .. . . .. .
:
, : , .: , . ., :
- : ,: : . :
~2~
(i.e., lower alcohols) acetone, methylethylketone, trichloroethylene, toluene, xylenes, mineral oils, glycols, glycol ethers, and the like. Aqueous liquids containing the fluoroaliphatic species as viscoelastic surfactant components can be broken effectively using lower alcohols (i.e., alcohols having from l to 3 carbon atoms) such as isopropanol. The amount of the hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon which must be added to break the viscosity of the thickened liquid is dependent upon the specific viscoelastic surfactant employed and its concentration as well as the specific hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon employed. For example, as little as 0.1 percent, by weight, based on the weight of the thickened liquid, of toluene can often be added to the liquid to break its viscosity whereas more than 75 weight percent of ethylene glycol may have to be added to break the same thickened liquid.
In most instances, the hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon will advantageously be selected such that it will break the viscosity when added in an amount from 0.1 -to 50, preferably from 0.2 to 20, more prefer-ably from 0.2 to 10 weight percent, based on the weight of the liquid.
Other methods for breaking the viscoelastic surfactant compositions involve changing the pH of the liquid, heating or cooling the system above or below that temperature at which the liquid loses its visco-elasticity, changing the composition of viscoelastic surfactants. Although the application of shear greater than the surfactant micelles can withstand, can also be employed to break the viscoelastic properties imparted to the liquid by the surfactant, the application of 33,087A-F -20-. ..
,. ..
.. ... .. . .
: . :
.. : - .: .: .
.
, .: - .. ., ~ .: . . -~2666~
excessive shear is not a practical means of reducing the viscosity of the llquid. It is understood that more than one means for breaking the viscoelastic surfactant compositions can be simultaneously employed.
Preferably, the viscosity of the liquid is broken by contacting the thickened liquid with an effective amount of hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon. For those compositions containing viscoelastic surfactant compositions designed for use over a wide temperature range, temperature variation is not the best means for breaking the viscoelastic surfactant.
Restoration of the viscosity of the industrial liquid can be accomplished by using a variety of tech niques. By the term "restoration of viscosity" is meant that the viscosity of the liquid which has been broken can be increased without the necessity of pro-viding additional viscoelastic surfactant to the liquid.
Thus, the term "reversible breaking" as used in referring to fluids in this invention, refers to the repeated breaking and substantial restoration of viscosity of the original liquid. Examples of techniques useful in reversing the breaking process or restoring viscosity of the liquid include removal of the aforementioned hydrocarbon using techniques such as applying a vacuum and/or heat to the liquid. That is, the hydrocarbon can be removed from the liquid by subjecting the liquid to conditions such that the hydrocarbon vaporizes. For this reason, it is most desirable to employ a hydro-carbon in the breaking process which has a fairly high vapor pressure under conditions of removal. Hydrocar-bons can also be removed by absorbing the hydrocarbon using a suitable absorbing material (i.e., one which 33,087A-F -21-... .
-: . . -. , . :
.~26~i6~
removes the hydrocarbon but not substantial amounts of the viscoelastic surfactant composition). For e~ample, the hydrocarbon can be removed using polymeric beads, columns containing such beads, carbon, colloidal silica, etc. Other methods for restoring the viscosity of the broken liquid include restoration of pH, heating or cool-ing the system to the point at which viscoelasticity is restored.
In an aspect of the present invention, a liquid containing a viscoelastic surfactant can be employed to remove suspended particulate mate-rial in drilling operations such as the drilling of oil wells without significant downtime or loss of liquid. Specifically, the thickened liquid can be employed to transport the solids and the vis-cosity of the liquid can subsequently be broken, thereby allowing for the easy removal of the solids from the liquid by conventional techniques such as filtration. The viscosity of the broken liquid can then be restored and subjected to reuse.
In a highly preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, oil well drilling liquids such as those containing large amounts of brine can be recycled in an efficient and effec-tive manner. Thus, oil well drilling liquids arethickened using the viscoelastic surfactants of this invention, employed to carry cuttings to the surface, broken, subjected to salids removal using conventional means such as vibrating screens, hy-drocyclones or centrifuges, subjected to viscosityrestoration and recirculated for further use.
33,087A-F -22-..
. ~ . ~ , . . .. .... .... .
~666~
The following examples are presented to illustrate the invention and should not be construed to limit its scope. All percentages and parts are by weight unless otherwise noted.
Exam~le 1 A thickened brine formulation is prepared by contacting 350 ml of a 13-pound per gallon (1557 kg/m3 calcium chloride/calcium bromide brine with 3 g of a viscoelastic surfactant composition comprising 1.5 g of tallow trimethyl ammonium chloride, in a 1.5 g isopro-panol and water mixture. To the formulation is added 5 g of a clay/quartz solid dust which simulates drill cuttings and is sold commercially as Rev Dust A~ by Millwhite Corporation, Houston, Texas. This sample is designated as Sample No. 1.
In a like manner, but for comparison pur-poses, is prepared a thickened brine formulation con-taining clay/quartz, dust and one gram of a hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer rather than a viscoelastic surfactant composition. This sample is designated as Sample No. C-1.
The ability of the liquid containing the viscoelastic surfactant to be broken, processed and restored is illustrated using the following procedure:
Step A: Viscosity of Sample Nos. 1 and C-1 without solids are measured using a Fann 35 viscometer at about 24~C. Viscosities are measured at various shear rates ~arying from 3 rpm to 600 rpm.
33,087A-F -23-Step B. Viscosity of Sample Nos. 1 and C-l with solids present are measured as in Step A.
Step C: Each of Sample Nos. 1 and C-l are filtered by placing 200 ml of liquid in a cell, applying 100 psi (689 kPa) pressure with nitrogen gas, and measuring the amount of liquid passing through Whatman 50 filter paper over time.
Step D: To each of the samples is added 45 drops of trichloroethylene which is a breaker of the viscoelastic surfactant. The viscosity of samples is measured as described hereinbefore, but at about 29C.
Step E: Each of the samples are filtered as described in Step C.
Step F: The breaker is removed from the samples processed in Step E by vacuum distilling each sample at 25C using a laboratory flask, still and dry ice cold trap attached to a vacuum pump, and further vacuum distilling each sample for five minutes at 65C.
Viscosities of each sample are determined as described hereinbefore at 27.5C and 27C, respectively.
Results are presented in Table 1.
33,087A-F -24-.
, . .
~ -~ ~ ~ ~ t` Ln O O ~ ~ C~ CO O O
O u~ ~ ~ o o o ~ o o u~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ o o o o o o o o ~ ~
--I
~ C~
~ $ _ Ll U~ .
_
4 ~
rl~ ~3 OOOIII OOOIII
X E-~ ~ ~1 ~ t`~ I I I ~i (~I ~ I I I
_ ,1 _ ,~ ~
U~ ~ _ rl OOOO OOOO
C~
$ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ I 1 ~ ~ O
.
~ ~ ~ e 0OO,,, 0OO,,, ~--rl l7 0 0 ~ ~ ~ o o o O U~ ~ ~ ~ t` O O O N ~ d~ ~O O ~:
'~ ~ o0000~D~ oooo~
N ~
rl~ ~3 OOOIII OOOIII
X E-~ ~ ~1 ~ t`~ I I I ~i (~I ~ I I I
_ ,1 _ ,~ ~
U~ ~ _ rl OOOO OOOO
C~
$ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ I 1 ~ ~ O
.
~ ~ ~ e 0OO,,, 0OO,,, ~--rl l7 0 0 ~ ~ ~ o o o O U~ ~ ~ ~ t` O O O N ~ d~ ~O O ~:
'~ ~ o0000~D~ oooo~
N ~
5) OD 00 0 0 0 ~I N ~ lo 0 ~0 t` O ~ ) N dl Ul 1~ N 0 ~1 rl~ O ~1~ ~ O
_ O O o o ~ ~ g O O O ~
S~ `D ~) N r~l lD ~ N r~l X
~¢
a~
*
~ o ~l ~
e~ , ,, O
U~ *
33, 087A-F -25-.~ .
~2666~)~
The data in Table I lndicate that a thickened sample is difficult to filter (i.e., Step C). However, the viscosity of the thickened sample can be broken, (i.e., Step D), the sample easily filtered (i.e., Step E), and viscosity can be substantially restored (i.e., Step F).
Example 2 To 100 g of a 0.01 N cetyltrimethylam-monium chloride aqueous solution, which exhibits a viscosity similar to water, is added 0.22 to 0.34 g of a 50 percent active anionic surfactant (dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate) in water, and the solution becomes highly viscous. However, as 0.59 g of the 50 percent active anionic surfactant is added to the solution, the viscosity of the solution ~ecomes similar to water and the system becomes opaque (i.e., nearly equal amounts of anionic and cationic surfactants are present).
Addition of 0.85 to 0.92 g of anionic surfactant provides a viscous solution.
The example illustrates that a great excess of one surfactant provides no viscosity to the liquid. Thus, a means for breaking a thick-ened liquid is provided. The example also illus-trates that an equivalent amount of anionic andcationic surfactant provides a means for breaking the liquid if it is desirable to remove the sur-factant.
33,087A-F -26-: , ~ 266~)V
xamPle 3 A liquid which is employed in a thick-ened state at a high temperature can be revers-ibly broken by subjecting the liquid to a lower temperature. A simulated drilling liquid is pre-pared by contacting 1.5 percent cetylmethyl-bis-hydroxyethylammonium chloride in a 14.2-pound per gallon (1701 kg/m3) CaBr2 aqueous liquid.
The viscosity of the liquid at 85C as measured using the Haake Rotovisco Model RV-3 rotational viscometer with an NV cup and bob measuring system at 170 sec 1 is 169 cp while at 25C the viscosity is 62 cp.
Example 4 A thickened aqueous liquid is prepared by dissolving soya bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine in water such that a 1 percent active surfactant con-centration is obtained. The pH of the liquid is altered using hydrochloric acid. In the pH range from 4.8 to 5.7, maximum thickening is observed.
At higher and lower pH ranges the liquid exhibits a low viscosity. By adding sodium hydroxide, and alternatively hydrochloric acid, the viscosity o~
the system can be restored and broken.
Example 5 A thickened aqueous liquid is prepared and has 99.5 percent water, 0.23 percent cetyltri-methylammonium salicylate and 0.23 percent sodium 33,087A-F -27-,........... .
, . . .. . . . .
: . .: . -. ,,, ~ :
~. .. -. : .. , ., :
2~i6~(~
salicylate. The liquid is clear and exhibits vis-coelastic properties. To this liquid is added toluene in incremental amounts. After an amount of toluene is added such that the concentration of toluene is about 0.1 percent, the liquid becomes opaque and viscoelastic properties are lost.
About 20 g of the broken liquid so treated is passed through a column using about 10 psi (68.9 kPa) of pressure. The column is a copper tube of 1.3 mm diameter having a length of 70 cm and is filled with about 50 g of a uniform mixture of 80 percent 20-40 mesh silica sand and 20 percent styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer suspension beads having a particle size in the 200 micron range. Liquid passing through the column is thicker than the broken liquid but hazy. The liquid is passed through the column a second time using 60 psi (413 kPa) of pressure. Liquid passing through the column is clear and exhibits viscoelastic properties.
33,087A-F -28-
_ O O o o ~ ~ g O O O ~
S~ `D ~) N r~l lD ~ N r~l X
~¢
a~
*
~ o ~l ~
e~ , ,, O
U~ *
33, 087A-F -25-.~ .
~2666~)~
The data in Table I lndicate that a thickened sample is difficult to filter (i.e., Step C). However, the viscosity of the thickened sample can be broken, (i.e., Step D), the sample easily filtered (i.e., Step E), and viscosity can be substantially restored (i.e., Step F).
Example 2 To 100 g of a 0.01 N cetyltrimethylam-monium chloride aqueous solution, which exhibits a viscosity similar to water, is added 0.22 to 0.34 g of a 50 percent active anionic surfactant (dodecyl diphenyloxide disulfonate) in water, and the solution becomes highly viscous. However, as 0.59 g of the 50 percent active anionic surfactant is added to the solution, the viscosity of the solution ~ecomes similar to water and the system becomes opaque (i.e., nearly equal amounts of anionic and cationic surfactants are present).
Addition of 0.85 to 0.92 g of anionic surfactant provides a viscous solution.
The example illustrates that a great excess of one surfactant provides no viscosity to the liquid. Thus, a means for breaking a thick-ened liquid is provided. The example also illus-trates that an equivalent amount of anionic andcationic surfactant provides a means for breaking the liquid if it is desirable to remove the sur-factant.
33,087A-F -26-: , ~ 266~)V
xamPle 3 A liquid which is employed in a thick-ened state at a high temperature can be revers-ibly broken by subjecting the liquid to a lower temperature. A simulated drilling liquid is pre-pared by contacting 1.5 percent cetylmethyl-bis-hydroxyethylammonium chloride in a 14.2-pound per gallon (1701 kg/m3) CaBr2 aqueous liquid.
The viscosity of the liquid at 85C as measured using the Haake Rotovisco Model RV-3 rotational viscometer with an NV cup and bob measuring system at 170 sec 1 is 169 cp while at 25C the viscosity is 62 cp.
Example 4 A thickened aqueous liquid is prepared by dissolving soya bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine in water such that a 1 percent active surfactant con-centration is obtained. The pH of the liquid is altered using hydrochloric acid. In the pH range from 4.8 to 5.7, maximum thickening is observed.
At higher and lower pH ranges the liquid exhibits a low viscosity. By adding sodium hydroxide, and alternatively hydrochloric acid, the viscosity o~
the system can be restored and broken.
Example 5 A thickened aqueous liquid is prepared and has 99.5 percent water, 0.23 percent cetyltri-methylammonium salicylate and 0.23 percent sodium 33,087A-F -27-,........... .
, . . .. . . . .
: . .: . -. ,,, ~ :
~. .. -. : .. , ., :
2~i6~(~
salicylate. The liquid is clear and exhibits vis-coelastic properties. To this liquid is added toluene in incremental amounts. After an amount of toluene is added such that the concentration of toluene is about 0.1 percent, the liquid becomes opaque and viscoelastic properties are lost.
About 20 g of the broken liquid so treated is passed through a column using about 10 psi (68.9 kPa) of pressure. The column is a copper tube of 1.3 mm diameter having a length of 70 cm and is filled with about 50 g of a uniform mixture of 80 percent 20-40 mesh silica sand and 20 percent styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer suspension beads having a particle size in the 200 micron range. Liquid passing through the column is thicker than the broken liquid but hazy. The liquid is passed through the column a second time using 60 psi (413 kPa) of pressure. Liquid passing through the column is clear and exhibits viscoelastic properties.
33,087A-F -28-
Claims (20)
1. A method for reversibly altering the viscosity of a liquid, comprising the steps of con-tacting the liquid with a viscoelastic surfactant to increase the viscosity of the liquid, and breaking the viscosity of the liquid containing the viscoelastic surfactant in a manner such that liquid does not need to be subjected to an increase in shear in order to reduce the viscosity of the liquid, and the viscosity of the liquid can subsequently be substantially restored.
2. The method of Claim 1 wherein the visco-elastic surfactant is an ionic viscoelastic surfactant which comprises a surfactant ion having a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to an ionic, hydrophilic moiety and an amount of a counterion having a moiety capable of associating with the surfactant ion suf-ficient to form a viscoelastic surfactant.
3. The method of Claim 2 wherein the viscoelastic surfactant is represented by the formula:
Rl(Z-)A+
33,087A-F -29-wherein R1 is hydrophobic moiety, Z- is an anionic solubilizing moiety chemically bonded to Rl and A+ is a counterion associated with Z-.
Rl(Z-)A+
33,087A-F -29-wherein R1 is hydrophobic moiety, Z- is an anionic solubilizing moiety chemically bonded to Rl and A+ is a counterion associated with Z-.
4. The method of Claim 2 wherein the visco-elastic surfactant is represented by the formula:
R1(Y+)X-wherein R1 is a hydrophobic moiety, Y+ is a cationic solubilizing moiety chemically bonded to R1 and X- is a counterion associated with Y+.
R1(Y+)X-wherein R1 is a hydrophobic moiety, Y+ is a cationic solubilizing moiety chemically bonded to R1 and X- is a counterion associated with Y+.
5. The method of Claim 2 wherein the visco-elastic compound is a fluoroaliphatic species.
6. The method of Claim 2 wherein the liquid contains a stoichiometric excess amount of an electro-lyte required to act as a counterion based on the amount of the surfactant ion.
7. The method of Claim 2, 3 or 4 wherein the liquid is an aqueous liquid and said surfactant composition is employed in an amount such that the aqueous liquid contains from 0.01 to 10 weight percent of the viscoelastic surfactant based on the weight of the viscoelastic surfactant and the aqueous liquid.
8. The method of Claim 2, 3 or 4 wherein the viscosity of the said liquid is broken by contacting said liquid with an effective amount of a miscible or immiscible hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon.
9. The method of Claim 2, 3 or 4 wherein the viscosity of the said liquid is substantially restored by subjecting the liquid to conditions such that said 33,087A-F -30-hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon vaporizes or is absorbed using a suitable absorbing material.
10. The method of Claim 2, 3 or 4 wherein said hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon is an alcohol having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
11. The method of Claim 2, 3 or 4 wherein after the viscosity of said liquid is substantially restored, additional surfactant composition is added thereto.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the vis-coelastic surfactant is a nonionic viscoelastic surfactant which comprises a surfactant molecule having a hydrophobic moiety chemically bonded to a nonionic, hydrophilic moiety.
13. A method for using a thickened liquid for carrying solids, comprising the steps of thickening the liquid with an amount of a viscoelastic surfactant to provide the liquid with an improved solids carrying capacity over an unthickened liquid, suspending solids in the thickened liquid, and subsequently breaking the viscosity of the liquid without the need for increased shear so that the solids can more effectively be removed from the liquid than from the thickened liquid.
14. The method of Claim 13 wherein the viscosity is broken in a manner such that the viscosity of the liquid can be substantially restored without the I need of providing additional viscoelastic surfactant to the liquid.
33,087A-F -31-
33,087A-F -31-
15. The method of Claim 13 wherein the liquid is an aqueous liquid and the viscoelastic surfactant is represented by the formulae:
R1(Z-)A+ or R1(Y+)X-wherein R1 is a hydrophobic moiety; Z- is an anionic solubilizing moiety chemically bonded to R1; A+ is a counterion associated with Z; Y+ is a cationic solu-bilizing moiety chemically bonded to R1, and X- is a counterion associated with Y+.
R1(Z-)A+ or R1(Y+)X-wherein R1 is a hydrophobic moiety; Z- is an anionic solubilizing moiety chemically bonded to R1; A+ is a counterion associated with Z; Y+ is a cationic solu-bilizing moiety chemically bonded to R1, and X- is a counterion associated with Y+.
16. The method of Claim 13, 14 or 15 wherein the liquid is an aqueous liquid and the viscoelastic surfactant is a fluoroaliphatic species.
17. The method of any one of Claims 13, 14 or 15 wherein the liquid contains an amount of an electrolyte which exceeds the stoichiometric amount of electrolyte required based on the amount of the surfactant ion.
18. The method of Claim 13, 14 or 15 wherein said viscoelastic surfactant is employed in an amount such that the aqueous liquid contains from 0.01 to 10 weight percent of the viscoelastic surfactant based on the weight of the viscoelastic surfactant and the aqueous liquid.
19. The method of Claim 13, 14 or 15 wherein the viscosity of the said liquid is broken by contacting said liquid with an effective amount of a miscible or immiscible hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon.
33,087A-F -32-
33,087A-F -32-
20. The method of Claim 13, 14 or 15 wherein the viscosity of said liquid is substantially restored by subjecting the liquid to conditions such that said hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon vaporizes or is absorbed using a suitable absorbing material.
33,087A-F -33-
33,087A-F -33-
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000511639A CA1266600A (en) | 1986-06-16 | 1986-06-16 | Process for reversible thickening of a liquid |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000511639A CA1266600A (en) | 1986-06-16 | 1986-06-16 | Process for reversible thickening of a liquid |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1266600A true CA1266600A (en) | 1990-03-13 |
Family
ID=4133356
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000511639A Expired - Fee Related CA1266600A (en) | 1986-06-16 | 1986-06-16 | Process for reversible thickening of a liquid |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1266600A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6410489B1 (en) | 1998-12-31 | 2002-06-25 | Bj Services Company Canada | Foam-fluid for fracturing subterranean formations |
| US6468945B1 (en) | 1998-12-31 | 2002-10-22 | Bj Services Company Canada | Fluids for fracturing subterranean formations |
| US6875728B2 (en) | 1999-12-29 | 2005-04-05 | Bj Services Company Canada | Method for fracturing subterranean formations |
-
1986
- 1986-06-16 CA CA000511639A patent/CA1266600A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6410489B1 (en) | 1998-12-31 | 2002-06-25 | Bj Services Company Canada | Foam-fluid for fracturing subterranean formations |
| US6468945B1 (en) | 1998-12-31 | 2002-10-22 | Bj Services Company Canada | Fluids for fracturing subterranean formations |
| US6875728B2 (en) | 1999-12-29 | 2005-04-05 | Bj Services Company Canada | Method for fracturing subterranean formations |
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