CA1258486A - Sealed nickel-cadmium battery - Google Patents
Sealed nickel-cadmium batteryInfo
- Publication number
- CA1258486A CA1258486A CA000490565A CA490565A CA1258486A CA 1258486 A CA1258486 A CA 1258486A CA 000490565 A CA000490565 A CA 000490565A CA 490565 A CA490565 A CA 490565A CA 1258486 A CA1258486 A CA 1258486A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- carbon
- battery
- cadmium
- negative electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
- H01M4/045—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation
- H01M4/0452—Electrochemical coating; Electrochemical impregnation from solutions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/34—Gastight accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/52—Removing gases inside the secondary cell, e.g. by absorption
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
- H01M4/246—Cadmium electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/52—Removing gases inside the secondary cell, e.g. by absorption
- H01M10/526—Removing gases inside the secondary cell, e.g. by absorption by gas recombination on the electrode surface or by structuring the electrode surface to improve gas recombination
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure Overcharge protection, and especially the chargeability of a sealed Ni/Cd battery with high currents (up to 1 CA) is improved by rolling a carbon-containing powdered material into the surface of the negative electrode, which material catalyzes the reduction of oxygen. Wetting of the electrode with a "Tylose" dispersion prior to application of the powder (by powdering, vibration or in an agitator) improves the adhesion of the powder. The cadmium electrode thus prepared combines in itself the functions of a negative principal electrode and of an auxiliary oxygen electrode.
Description
SE~LED NICKEL-CADMIUM B~TTERY ~ f~.
~ Ji.
Back~round of the Invention ~
- , . . - ,, .... :
. . . . , . .. . . . . . . ... .. ,. , :.
- The present invention relates generally to n}ckel-cadmium batteries, and in particular, to a sealed " '"' nickel-cadmium battery comprising porous electrodes oE opposite "' polarity with a porous separator between them. ' - ' . .
-' -- - Sealed nickel-cadmium batteries cannot be'operated ' without running the risk of electrochemical reduction of oxygen -.. . .......................... . . . ~.. .
-- developing during overcharge. However, auxiliary electrodes can '' ' ~-: , . . . :
' be used as a means for controlling this reduction. Moreover, - ,~
since these auxiliary electrodes are often provided with an . .
independent current lead, they can also be used to detect oxygen ' ' ' and hydrogen, or to assume the function of a reference electrode, -for example, to provide a signal indicating that full charge has been reached when a preset potential threshold is exceeded.
Auxiliary electrodes serving as oxygen-consuming - ' ' electrodes are preferably porous in order'to present the largest possible surace for oxygen reduction. To set the potential necessary'or this, it is suficient to electrically short-circuit such electrodes with the nègative électrode of the ;' battery.
~- - Presently available auxiliary oxygen electrodes ` ~ ' generally consist o a practically inert metal, having a '' '' lattice-shaped or net-shaped design, or a porous fabric or ~ ' plastic structure into which suitable catalysts are embedded.
The surface o the resulting electrode is preferably posit~oned immediately adjacent to the negative electrode of the battery.
?i ~ ' :
`~ 58~86 ' ' ( ' ~
.~ is known from DE-OS 28 26 780, if~desired, the auxiliary electrode can be provided with a hydrophilic layer facing toward the principal electrode, for catalyzing the oxygen reductionr and : a hydrophobic layer facing away from the principal electrode, according to the principle of an air cathode. In view of the fact that oxygen reduction must take place at the gas-electrolyte-solid three-phase boundary, the catalyst material, which usually contains carbon or silver, is capable of being arranged in the gas space, or at least near the gas space, .
at least in cells with free electrolyte.
It has been found that in sealed nickel-cadmium sintered cells (round cells), when the cell is càrefully balanced (i.e., the charging and discharging resèrves are correct), the sintered -nickel skeleton which is exposed in some areas on the edges of the cadmium electrode so strongly influences the oxygen turnover that such cells can be operated safe from overcharge even without additional measures to support any oxygen consumption. However, a marked impairment of the oxygen-consumption mechanism is presented when the negative sintered electrodes are replaced by cadmium electrodes of a different structure, such as the so-called electro-deposit type.
Electrodes of this type are manufactured according to a ~-special process such as is described in D~-OS 28 22 821, wherein a perforated nickel strip is first coated with cadmium, in an electrolyte bath within which is dissolved a cadmium salt; and thereafter passed between calender rollers located outside of the electrolyte trough, so that the initially powdery and poorly -adhering active metal layer is strengthened. Such cadmium electrodes, as well as other pressed cadmium electrodes, have certain disadvanta~es as compared with slntered electrodes concerning their ability to withstand rapid current-consumption.
~ ~ . ~A' 12584~36 It is therefore the object of the present invention to improve the chargeability of batteries of this type, with high currents.
Summary of the Invention According to the present invention at least one surface of the negative electrode of a sealed nickel-cadmium battery is provided with a coating of a uniformly distributed carbon-containing material which catalyzes the oxygen consumption.
Thus an aspect of the present invention provides a sealed nickel-cadmiumbattery comprising porous electrodes, one of which is a negative electrode, and a porous separator disposed between the porous electrodes, wherein at least one surface of the negative electrode is coated with a uniformly distributed carbon-containing material which catalyzes oxygen consumption.
A special advantage of the present invention is that the negative electrode is capable of direct preparation in the manufacturing process, ultimately combining the active electrode function and the function of an oxygen-consuming auxiliary electrode on the coated surface. As a result, it becomes unnecessary to insert a separate auxiliary oxygen electrode between the principal electrodes of the battery, avoiding the need to separately manufacture such an auxiliary electrode.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a process for manufacturing the above described battery, wherein the carbon-containing material is uniformly distributed on the negative electrode by powdering, and then rolled into the electrode surface.
lZ58486 Detailed Description of a Preferred Embodiment The negative electrode of a nickel-cadmium cell is provided, on at least one of its surfaces, with a carbon-containing catalyst material which uniformly coats the electrode surEace, and which is present in a quantity of from 0.2 to 0.8 g/dm2 (for one surface), and preferably in a quantity of O.4 g/dm2. ~ has been found that this latter .
quantity alters the surface condition of the ne~ative electrode only to such an extent that no difference in quality can be observed in comparing - 3a -1~56~86 cells according to the present invention with cells without a A S
catalyzed negative electrode during discharge o the cells at high currents of up to i = 10 CA; and that cells according to the present invention can be charged at i = 1 CA without the build-up S of unacceptably high oxygen pressures. ~;
A certain degree of "packing" of the electrode surface has been found to occur for coatings with the preferred quantity of 0.4 g. mass to be consumed per dm . This degree of packing must be low enough to mainta1n high-current dischargeability, but must also be high enough to promote oxygen consumption.
- Moreover, oxygen consumption is increasingly retarded at high currents as a consequence of the already considerable polarization of the cadmium electrode. Thus, there is a greater risk that the lagging oxygen consumption will be overcompensated by the incipient development of hydrogen at the cadmium electrode.
If chargeability with high currents is not required for an intended application, the amount of the mass to be consumed can be reduced. ~owever, the mass to be consumed is preferably increased when high-current chargeability is of interest, but high-current dischargeability is not required.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the ~ -carbon-containing consumable mass is a~ dry powder in its original form, and is comprised of about 58 to 72 wt.% activated carbon, 8 to 12 wt.% carbon black and 22 to 28 wt.% PTFE. The cadmium electrode is irst treated with this material by uniform strewing or powdering, followed by calendering of the deposit into the electrode surface. Vibratory batchers or an electrostatically operated agitator can be used to apply the mass in a high-output, automated production process.
- 12S8~86 . ~
It is especially favorable to wet the electrode with a "Tylose" dispersion prior to powderiny (nTylose" is a trademark for water-soluble cellulose ethers which are generally used as - thickeners, binders and suspending agents, their being two classes of "Tylose" cellulose ethers including the methyl celluloses and the carboxymethyl celluloses~. On the one hand, this measure has the advantage that "Tylose" inhibits aging of the mass. On the other hand, "Tylose" acts as an adhesive, which prevents resuspension and guarantees the quality of the electrode 10 for a longer period of time. ~ `
The surface structure o the cadmium electrode according to the present invention can bè conceptualized macroscopically as ~
,. . ~ :
a patchwork in which irregularly shaped "islands" of the carbon-containing material alternate with similar n islands" of exposed cadmium or cadmium hydroxide in a random distribution.
In view of the fact that the consumable mass is comprised of ;
hydrophilic components such as activated carbon and carbon black on the one hand, and of PTFE, a hydrophobic component, on the other hand, each individual particle is essentially hydrophilic and hydrophobic at the same time. Thus, the conditions present at any point of the electrode surface, and ultimately in the immediate vicinity of every single cadmium particle, are favorable both for the actual electrode reaction and for the -functioning of the oxygen-consumption process; conditions which -are absent in previously available layer-like devices for oxygen ` consumption wherein more extensive hydrophilic and hydrophobic - ~-areas are positioned at greater distances from each other, and from the active cadmium of such devices.
' .
;i r ~
:: 1258486 It will be understood that various changes in the : i r , ~ .
details, materials and arrangement of parts which have been -~ hereln described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of this invention may be made by those skilled in the art within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the following claims.
- - '' ' ' ~-- . ~ ' - ' ' ' . .
.. ,. - ' : `
.. ' '' . - . ' . ~ , ,' :
.
' ': ' . ' . ' " ' . "
:~
.' ~ ~ i '' ' , : -,, ,: . ., .. ~
~ Ji.
Back~round of the Invention ~
- , . . - ,, .... :
. . . . , . .. . . . . . . ... .. ,. , :.
- The present invention relates generally to n}ckel-cadmium batteries, and in particular, to a sealed " '"' nickel-cadmium battery comprising porous electrodes oE opposite "' polarity with a porous separator between them. ' - ' . .
-' -- - Sealed nickel-cadmium batteries cannot be'operated ' without running the risk of electrochemical reduction of oxygen -.. . .......................... . . . ~.. .
-- developing during overcharge. However, auxiliary electrodes can '' ' ~-: , . . . :
' be used as a means for controlling this reduction. Moreover, - ,~
since these auxiliary electrodes are often provided with an . .
independent current lead, they can also be used to detect oxygen ' ' ' and hydrogen, or to assume the function of a reference electrode, -for example, to provide a signal indicating that full charge has been reached when a preset potential threshold is exceeded.
Auxiliary electrodes serving as oxygen-consuming - ' ' electrodes are preferably porous in order'to present the largest possible surace for oxygen reduction. To set the potential necessary'or this, it is suficient to electrically short-circuit such electrodes with the nègative électrode of the ;' battery.
~- - Presently available auxiliary oxygen electrodes ` ~ ' generally consist o a practically inert metal, having a '' '' lattice-shaped or net-shaped design, or a porous fabric or ~ ' plastic structure into which suitable catalysts are embedded.
The surface o the resulting electrode is preferably posit~oned immediately adjacent to the negative electrode of the battery.
?i ~ ' :
`~ 58~86 ' ' ( ' ~
.~ is known from DE-OS 28 26 780, if~desired, the auxiliary electrode can be provided with a hydrophilic layer facing toward the principal electrode, for catalyzing the oxygen reductionr and : a hydrophobic layer facing away from the principal electrode, according to the principle of an air cathode. In view of the fact that oxygen reduction must take place at the gas-electrolyte-solid three-phase boundary, the catalyst material, which usually contains carbon or silver, is capable of being arranged in the gas space, or at least near the gas space, .
at least in cells with free electrolyte.
It has been found that in sealed nickel-cadmium sintered cells (round cells), when the cell is càrefully balanced (i.e., the charging and discharging resèrves are correct), the sintered -nickel skeleton which is exposed in some areas on the edges of the cadmium electrode so strongly influences the oxygen turnover that such cells can be operated safe from overcharge even without additional measures to support any oxygen consumption. However, a marked impairment of the oxygen-consumption mechanism is presented when the negative sintered electrodes are replaced by cadmium electrodes of a different structure, such as the so-called electro-deposit type.
Electrodes of this type are manufactured according to a ~-special process such as is described in D~-OS 28 22 821, wherein a perforated nickel strip is first coated with cadmium, in an electrolyte bath within which is dissolved a cadmium salt; and thereafter passed between calender rollers located outside of the electrolyte trough, so that the initially powdery and poorly -adhering active metal layer is strengthened. Such cadmium electrodes, as well as other pressed cadmium electrodes, have certain disadvanta~es as compared with slntered electrodes concerning their ability to withstand rapid current-consumption.
~ ~ . ~A' 12584~36 It is therefore the object of the present invention to improve the chargeability of batteries of this type, with high currents.
Summary of the Invention According to the present invention at least one surface of the negative electrode of a sealed nickel-cadmium battery is provided with a coating of a uniformly distributed carbon-containing material which catalyzes the oxygen consumption.
Thus an aspect of the present invention provides a sealed nickel-cadmiumbattery comprising porous electrodes, one of which is a negative electrode, and a porous separator disposed between the porous electrodes, wherein at least one surface of the negative electrode is coated with a uniformly distributed carbon-containing material which catalyzes oxygen consumption.
A special advantage of the present invention is that the negative electrode is capable of direct preparation in the manufacturing process, ultimately combining the active electrode function and the function of an oxygen-consuming auxiliary electrode on the coated surface. As a result, it becomes unnecessary to insert a separate auxiliary oxygen electrode between the principal electrodes of the battery, avoiding the need to separately manufacture such an auxiliary electrode.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a process for manufacturing the above described battery, wherein the carbon-containing material is uniformly distributed on the negative electrode by powdering, and then rolled into the electrode surface.
lZ58486 Detailed Description of a Preferred Embodiment The negative electrode of a nickel-cadmium cell is provided, on at least one of its surfaces, with a carbon-containing catalyst material which uniformly coats the electrode surEace, and which is present in a quantity of from 0.2 to 0.8 g/dm2 (for one surface), and preferably in a quantity of O.4 g/dm2. ~ has been found that this latter .
quantity alters the surface condition of the ne~ative electrode only to such an extent that no difference in quality can be observed in comparing - 3a -1~56~86 cells according to the present invention with cells without a A S
catalyzed negative electrode during discharge o the cells at high currents of up to i = 10 CA; and that cells according to the present invention can be charged at i = 1 CA without the build-up S of unacceptably high oxygen pressures. ~;
A certain degree of "packing" of the electrode surface has been found to occur for coatings with the preferred quantity of 0.4 g. mass to be consumed per dm . This degree of packing must be low enough to mainta1n high-current dischargeability, but must also be high enough to promote oxygen consumption.
- Moreover, oxygen consumption is increasingly retarded at high currents as a consequence of the already considerable polarization of the cadmium electrode. Thus, there is a greater risk that the lagging oxygen consumption will be overcompensated by the incipient development of hydrogen at the cadmium electrode.
If chargeability with high currents is not required for an intended application, the amount of the mass to be consumed can be reduced. ~owever, the mass to be consumed is preferably increased when high-current chargeability is of interest, but high-current dischargeability is not required.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the ~ -carbon-containing consumable mass is a~ dry powder in its original form, and is comprised of about 58 to 72 wt.% activated carbon, 8 to 12 wt.% carbon black and 22 to 28 wt.% PTFE. The cadmium electrode is irst treated with this material by uniform strewing or powdering, followed by calendering of the deposit into the electrode surface. Vibratory batchers or an electrostatically operated agitator can be used to apply the mass in a high-output, automated production process.
- 12S8~86 . ~
It is especially favorable to wet the electrode with a "Tylose" dispersion prior to powderiny (nTylose" is a trademark for water-soluble cellulose ethers which are generally used as - thickeners, binders and suspending agents, their being two classes of "Tylose" cellulose ethers including the methyl celluloses and the carboxymethyl celluloses~. On the one hand, this measure has the advantage that "Tylose" inhibits aging of the mass. On the other hand, "Tylose" acts as an adhesive, which prevents resuspension and guarantees the quality of the electrode 10 for a longer period of time. ~ `
The surface structure o the cadmium electrode according to the present invention can bè conceptualized macroscopically as ~
,. . ~ :
a patchwork in which irregularly shaped "islands" of the carbon-containing material alternate with similar n islands" of exposed cadmium or cadmium hydroxide in a random distribution.
In view of the fact that the consumable mass is comprised of ;
hydrophilic components such as activated carbon and carbon black on the one hand, and of PTFE, a hydrophobic component, on the other hand, each individual particle is essentially hydrophilic and hydrophobic at the same time. Thus, the conditions present at any point of the electrode surface, and ultimately in the immediate vicinity of every single cadmium particle, are favorable both for the actual electrode reaction and for the -functioning of the oxygen-consumption process; conditions which -are absent in previously available layer-like devices for oxygen ` consumption wherein more extensive hydrophilic and hydrophobic - ~-areas are positioned at greater distances from each other, and from the active cadmium of such devices.
' .
;i r ~
:: 1258486 It will be understood that various changes in the : i r , ~ .
details, materials and arrangement of parts which have been -~ hereln described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of this invention may be made by those skilled in the art within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the following claims.
- - '' ' ' ~-- . ~ ' - ' ' ' . .
.. ,. - ' : `
.. ' '' . - . ' . ~ , ,' :
.
' ': ' . ' . ' " ' . "
:~
.' ~ ~ i '' ' , : -,, ,: . ., .. ~
Claims (7)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A sealed nickel-cadmium battery comprising porous electrodes, one of which is negative electrode, and a porous separator disposed between the porous electrodes, wherein at least one surface of the negative electrode is coated with a uniformly distributed carbon-containing material which catalyzes oxygen consumption and the quantity of the carbon-containing material on the coated electrode surface is 0.2 to 0.8 g/dm2.
2. The battery of claim 1, wherein one surface of the negative electrode is coated.
3. The battery of claim 2, wherein the quantity of the carbon-containing material is about 0.4 g/dm2.
4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the carbon-containing material is a powdered mixture comprised of about 58-72 wt.%
activated carbon, 8-12 wt.% carbon black and 22-28 wt.% PTFE.
activated carbon, 8-12 wt.% carbon black and 22-28 wt.% PTFE.
5. The battery of claim 1, 2 or 4, wherein the negative electrode is a cadmium electrode prepared by cathodic metal deposition from a cadmium salt solution.
6. A process for manufacturing a battery according to claim 1, wherein the carbon-containing material is uniformly distributed on the negative electrode by powdering, and then rolled into the electrode surface.
7. The process of claim 6, wherein the negative electrode is wetted with a dispersion prepared from a cellulose ether before application of the carbon-containing material.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEP3433544.7 | 1984-09-13 | ||
| DE19843433544 DE3433544A1 (en) | 1984-09-13 | 1984-09-13 | GAS TIGHT SEALED NICKEL CADMIUM ACCUMULATOR |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1258486A true CA1258486A (en) | 1989-08-15 |
Family
ID=6245253
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000490565A Expired CA1258486A (en) | 1984-09-13 | 1985-09-12 | Sealed nickel-cadmium battery |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4987041A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0174526B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS6171563A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1258486A (en) |
| DD (1) | DD237939A5 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3433544A1 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL76309A (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR920007380B1 (en) * | 1987-02-17 | 1992-08-31 | 산요 덴끼 가부시끼가이샤 | Making method of alkali battery |
| DE3720072A1 (en) * | 1987-06-16 | 1988-12-29 | Deutsche Automobilgesellsch | GAS TIGHT SEALED NICKEL CADMIUM ACCUMULATOR |
| DE3929304A1 (en) * | 1989-09-04 | 1991-03-07 | Varta Batterie | GAS TIGHT SEALED ALKALINE SECONDARY CELL |
| DE4201243A1 (en) * | 1992-01-18 | 1993-07-22 | Varta Batterie | GAS-DENSITY LOCKED ALKALIC ACCUMULATOR IN BUTTON CELL FORM |
| DE4326944A1 (en) * | 1993-08-11 | 1995-02-16 | Varta Batterie | Negative electrode for gas-tight alkaline batteries, which has a gas-absorbing layer containing soot |
| KR100417595B1 (en) * | 1999-03-29 | 2004-02-05 | 카와사키 주코교 카부시키 카이샤 | Battery and equipment or device having the battery as part of structure and locally distributed power generation method and power generation device therefor |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3024296A (en) * | 1960-05-17 | 1962-03-06 | Myron A Coler | Process for making battery electrodes |
| US3438812A (en) * | 1965-08-25 | 1969-04-15 | Electrochimica Corp | Rechargeable alkaline cell |
| US3877985A (en) * | 1971-06-18 | 1975-04-15 | Gen Electric | Cell having anode containing silver additive for enhanced oxygen recombination |
| US3966494A (en) * | 1974-10-21 | 1976-06-29 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Impregnation of electrodes for nickel cadmium batteries |
| JPS569777B2 (en) * | 1975-02-19 | 1981-03-04 | ||
| US4142025A (en) * | 1976-09-17 | 1979-02-27 | Trw Inc. | Sealed nickel cadmium battery capable of withstanding high rate overdischarge |
| US4224392A (en) * | 1977-12-16 | 1980-09-23 | Oswin Harry G | Nickel-oxide electrode structure and method of making same |
| DE2826780C2 (en) * | 1978-06-19 | 1986-12-11 | Varta Batterie Ag, 3000 Hannover | Galvanic element |
| JPS5493429A (en) * | 1978-09-08 | 1979-07-24 | Furukawa Battery Co Ltd | Method of producing plate for alkaline storage battery |
| US4215190A (en) * | 1979-06-08 | 1980-07-29 | Ferrando William A | Lightweight battery electrode |
| JPS5741067A (en) * | 1980-07-03 | 1982-03-06 | Post Office | Data transmitting method and device |
| JPS6063875A (en) * | 1983-09-16 | 1985-04-12 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Paste type cadmium anode plate for sealed alkaline storage battery |
-
1984
- 1984-09-13 DE DE19843433544 patent/DE3433544A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1985
- 1985-08-21 EP EP85110492A patent/EP0174526B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-08-21 DE DE8585110492T patent/DE3578622D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1985-09-05 IL IL76309A patent/IL76309A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-09-11 DD DD85280519A patent/DD237939A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-09-11 JP JP60199653A patent/JPS6171563A/en active Pending
- 1985-09-12 CA CA000490565A patent/CA1258486A/en not_active Expired
-
1989
- 1989-12-21 US US07/455,806 patent/US4987041A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3433544A1 (en) | 1986-03-20 |
| JPS6171563A (en) | 1986-04-12 |
| DE3578622D1 (en) | 1990-08-16 |
| DD237939A5 (en) | 1986-07-30 |
| EP0174526A3 (en) | 1987-11-25 |
| IL76309A0 (en) | 1986-01-31 |
| EP0174526B1 (en) | 1990-07-11 |
| EP0174526A2 (en) | 1986-03-19 |
| IL76309A (en) | 1989-01-31 |
| US4987041A (en) | 1991-01-22 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20060815 |