CA1249924A - Air electrode material for high temperature electrochemical cells - Google Patents

Air electrode material for high temperature electrochemical cells

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Publication number
CA1249924A
CA1249924A CA000490985A CA490985A CA1249924A CA 1249924 A CA1249924 A CA 1249924A CA 000490985 A CA000490985 A CA 000490985A CA 490985 A CA490985 A CA 490985A CA 1249924 A CA1249924 A CA 1249924A
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compound according
solid solution
formula
mixtures
cell
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CA000490985A
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French (fr)
Inventor
Roswell J. Ruka
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
    • G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
    • G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
    • G01N27/4075—Composition or fabrication of the electrodes and coatings thereon, e.g. catalysts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/50—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on rare-earth compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/042—Electrodes formed of a single material
    • C25B11/047—Ceramics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
  • Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
  • Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)

Abstract

9 51,747 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Disclosed is a solid solution with a perovskite-like crystal structure having the general formula La1-x-w(ML)X(Ce)w(MS1)1-y(Ms2)yO3 where ML is Ca, Sr, Ba, or mixtures thereof, MS1 is Mn, Cr, or mixtures thereof and MS2 is Ni, Fe, Co, Ti, Al, In, Sn, Mg, Y, Nb, Ta, or mixtures thereof, w is about 0.05 to about 0.25, x+w is about 0.1 to about 0.7, and y is 0 to about 0.5. In the formula, ML is preferably Ca, w is preferably 0.1 to 0.2, x+w is preferably 0.4 to 0.7, and y is preferably 0. The solid solution can be used in an electrochemical cell where it more closely matches the thermal expansion characteristics of the support tube and electrolyte of the cell.

Description

~4yl~Z4 1 51,747 AI~ ELECTRODE M.~TERIAL FOR HIGH
TE~iPERATURE ELECTROCHE~ICAL CELLS
GOVER~r;ENT CONTRACT
The Government of the United States of America has rightls in this invention pursuant to Contract No.
DE-.iC0280-ETl7089, awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy.
BAC~GROUND OF THE INVENTION
Lanthanum manganite, modified by substitution of calcium or strontium ions for part of the lanthanum, is used as an electrode material for high temperature solid electrolyte fuel cells. Lanthanum chromite, also modified by substitution of calcium or strontium ions for part of the lanthanum, has been considered for use as an air electrode, or as both an air electrode and a support material for high temperature solid electrolyte fuel cells.
These fuel cells are made of successive layers of bonded ceramic materials which perform the functions of support, air electrode, electrolyte, fuel electrode, interconnec-tion, and other functions. In order that the fuel cells remain undamaged during thermal cycling between the high temperatures of fabrication or operation, and room temper-ature, it is desirable to match the thermal expansioncharacteristics of the various layers that make up the fuel cells. If the various layers are mismatched in thermal expansion characteristics, the layers can crack during thermal cycling and render the fuel cell ineffective or at 2S least less effective.

~ ,e ~24~24
2 51,747 A difficulty in constructing the fuel cells using the modifled lanthanum manganite and modified lanthanum chromite is tllat thAse materials, modified to have the highest electr1cal conductiiity, have a higher coefficient of therm21 expan;ion tllall do some other materials typically used in ma.~:inc; lle fuel cell, such as those usec'. in the stabilized zirconia electrolyte or the stabilized ~irconia support t~be. ~Ihile the coefficients of thermal expansion of tlle various ma,erials depend on the exact composition 13 selected for a particular fuel cell, it would be highly desirable to be able to adjust the coefficients of thermal expansion of l~nth_nu.n manganite and lanthanum chromite to match the coefficients of thermal expansion of the other materials. In this way, these materials could be used in fuel cells without cracking of any of the cell components durincJ thermal cycling.
~ su~r~P~Y OF THE INVENTION
I have discovered that if a small amount of the lanthallum in the modified lanthanum manganite or the modif ed lanthanum chromite is replaced by cerium, the coefficient of tllermal expansion is reduced so that it now more precisely matches the coefficient of thermal expansion of other materials such as those used in the support tube and the electrolyte of the fuel cell. This was a surpris-ing discovery because cerium is only one of fourteen rareearth compounds, which have many chemical similarities, yet cerium was the only rare earth additive which I tested which, at comparable concentrations, has such a large effect on the coefficient of thermal expansion of modified lanthanum chromite and modified lanthanum manganite. The replacement of a small amount of lanthanum by cerium in these compounds gives a small increase in resistivity, but this is small enough so that it is still a very useful air electrode material.

lZ~ 4
3 51,747 ~C--?~O~' 0~ T~
Figure 1 is a schematic view in section of a certain presently preferred embodiment of a fuel cell according to this invertioll; and Fic3ures 2 and 3 are graphs giving the thermal expansioll of valic~ls ma~erials prepared in the example.
II1 FiCJUre 1, fuel cell 1 has a support tube 2 which pro-;ides structural integrity to the cell. The support tube is tipically comprised of calcia stabilized zirconia formin~ a wall porous to gas permeation, approxi-r,lately 1 to 2 mm thick. Surrour~ing the outer periphery of the support tube 2 is a thin porous air electrode or cathode 3. The cathode 3 is typically a composite oxide structure approximately 15 microns to 1,000 microns thick whicll is deposited 011-o the support tube through well:known teChniqUeS SUCh as plasma spraying, or spraying or dipping in a slurry followed by sintering. The air electrode may be a chemically mcdified oxide or mixture of oY.ides includ-ing lanthanum mangallite or lanthanum chromite. Over the electrode is a gas-tight solid electrolyte 4, typically yttria stabilized zirconia, about 1 micron to about 100 microns thick. A selected longitudinal segment 5 is masked during deposition of the electrolyte and an interconnect material 6 is deposited on segment 5. The interconnect 2~ material 6 must be electrically conductive in both an oxygen and fuel environment. The interconnect is about 5 to about 100 microns thick and is typically made of lantha-num chromite doped with calcium, strontium, or magnesium.
Surrounding the remainder of the cell except for the interconnecl area is a uel electroce 7 whicn functions as the anode. A typical anode is about 30 to 100 microns thick. A material 8, which is of the same composition as the anode, is also deposited over the interconnect 6. This material is typically nickel zirconia or cobalt zirconia cermet and is about 50 to 100 microns thick.
In operation, a gaseous fuel, such as hydrogen or carbon monoxide, is directed over the outside of the cell, 1249~2'~
4 51,747 and a source of oxygen passes through the inside of the cell. The oxygen source forms oxygen ions at the electrode-electrolyte interface which migrate through the electrolyte material to the anode while elec~rons are collected at the cathode, thus generating a flow of electrical current in an external load circuit. A number of cells can be connected in series by contact between the interconnect of one cell and the anode of another cell. A more complete description of the operation of this type of fuel cell generator can be found in U.S. Patents 4,395,468, 3,400,054 and 4,490,444.
The ceramic of this invention is a solid solution having a perovskite-like crystal structure, and falls within the general formula Lal_x_w(ML)x(Ce)w(Msl)l_y(Ms2)y3 perovskite structure has an AB03 chemical composition where the MSl and MS2 atoms are the smaller B ions of the structure, and the lanthanum, ML, and Ce are the larger A ions of the structure. In the general formula, ML is calcium, strontium, barium, or a mixture thereof, and is preferably 100 mole%
calcium as it is inexpensive and it has been found to work well in solid oxide fuel cells. These ions are present to improve the electrical conductivity. In the formula, M
is manganese, chromium, or a mixture thereof, and MS2 is nickel, iron, cobalt, titanium, aluminum, indium, tin, magnesium, yttrium, niobium, tantalum, or mixtures thereof. In the formula, y is 0 to about 0.5 and is preferably 0, as the addition of other compounds for some of the manganese or chromium is usually not beneficial. Manganese in the compound is used for good electrical conductivity. Chromium in the compound reduces electrical conductlvity but does not interact as much with the electrolyte as the manganese does. Moreover, none of these elements should be added in excess of their solubility limit. The value of x+w is about 0.1 to about 0.7, and is preferably about 0.4 lZ~

51,747 to about 0.7, as at lower values the conductivity falls off and at higher values the ceramic has poor thermal expansion behavior and ma-y ha~e phase chanc3es. The value of w is about 0.05 to about 0.25, and is preferabl~ about 0.1 to about 0.2, as less does not sic3nific~ntly diminish the thermal expansion of the ceramic and more lowers the conductivity of the ceramic and is not needed to match the tllermal expansion range of the stabilized zirconia materi-als, s-lch as (ZrO2) 85(CaO) 15~ being used in SUC}l electro-chemical cells.
Certain combinations of materials have been experimentally found to have coefficients of thermal expansion which are well matched, thus these materials can be bonded togetller with less danger of crac~s occur-ring during thermal cycling. Examples include an elec-trolyte Of (Zro2)o~g(y2o3)o~l and an electrode of 0.3 0 5_0.6CeO.2_0 1MnO3. Another example is a sup-( r2)0.85(cao)o 15 with an electrode of LaO 3Cao 5_0 6Ceo.2-0.1l 3 Another example is an 20electrolyte of (ZrO2)0 g(Y203)o 1 in combination with an electrode of LaO 3Cao 5_0 6Ceo.2-0.1C 3 Still another example is a support or electrolyte of (Zr2)0 85(CaO)0 15 in combination with an electrode of LaO 3CaO 5_0 6Ceo.2-0.1C 3 25The modified lanthanum manganite or lanthanum chromite materials are solid solutions which consist of a single phase--they are not mechanical mixtures consisting of two phases. These ceramics can be prepared by mixing compounds of the elements required in the proportions specified, followed by pressing and sintering at 1400 to 1800C for about 1 to 4 hours. These compounds include oxides, carbonates, and other compounds that form oxides upon heating, such as oxalates. For use as a combination support tube and electrode for a solid electrolyte electro-chemical cell, particle size and sintering temperature are selected to give a density of the sintered oxide that does not exceed about 80% of theoretical, to permit surrounding i249~z~
6 51,747 gases to permeate to the electrode-electrolyte interface, where electrochemical reactions occur. In addition to being used in a solid electrolyte electrochemical cell such as a fuel cell, an electrolytic cell, or oxygen gauge, the lanthar.um chrornite solid solutions of this invention can also be used to improve the thermal expansion match between electrode compollellts in magnetohydrodyanmic (MHD) genera-tors.
The following examples further illustrate this 10 invention.
EXAriPLE
Using tlle compounds MnO2, Cr2O3, La2O~, CaCO3, SrCO3, CeO2, and Y2O3, perovskite-like solid solu-tions havlng the compositions LaO 3Ca0 sCeO.2Mn 3~
LaO 7SrO.3~inO3' La~ 7Sr0 2CaO.1MnO3, LaO 35CaO 65Mn3' 0 5 0.5 rO3, and LaO 3CaO 5CeO 2CrO3 were prepared by mixlng the c~mpounds in the necessary proportions and pressing under 1,000 to 10,000 psi followed by sintering for 1 to hours. The sintering was conducted at 1400 to 1500_ for the manganese containing compounds and at about 1600C for the chromium containing compounds. Sintered ( O2)0.92(Y2O3)0 08 were also prepared for com-parison of the thermal expallsion data. The products were rectangular bars about l inch long and about ~ inch x about ~ inch thick. The bars were trimmed, then heat cycled between 1350C and room temperature three times in order to stabilize their thermal expansion characterictics.
The expansion of the bars as the temperature increased was then measured. F c~res 2 and 3 give the results. In Figure 2, A is La~ 5Ca0 5CrO3, B is ~ZrO2)0 92(Y23)0.08 and C is LaO 3Ca0 5ceo.2cro3 Figures 2 and 3 show that the cerium containing compounds matched the thermal expansion characteristics of the yttria stabilized zirconia much better than did similar compounds which did not contain cerium.

Claims (13)

7 51,747 CLAIMS:
1. A compound comprising a solid solution having the general formula La1-x-w(ML)x(Ce)2(MS1)1-y(MS2)yo3 where ML is selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, Ba, and mixtures thereof, MS1 is selected from the group consisting of Mn, Cr, and mixtures thereof, MS2 is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Fe, Co, Ti, Al, In, Sn, Mg, Y, Nb, Ta, and mixtures thereof, w is about 0.05 to about 0.25, x+w is about 0.1 to about 0.7, and y is 0 to about 0.5, but not exceeding the solubility limit.
2. A compound according to Claim 1 wherein ML is Ca and MS is selected from the group consisting of 100 mole% Mn, Cr, and mixtures thereof.
3. A compound according to Claim 1 wherein w is about 0.1 to about 0.2.
4. A compound according to Claim 1 wherein x+w is about 0.4 to about 0.7.
5. A compound according to Claim 1 wherein the composition of said solid solution is selected to match the thermal expansion characteristics of a stabilized zirconia electrolyte or electrochemical cell support tube.
6. A compound according to Claim 1 having the formula La0.3Ca0.5 to 0.6Ce0.2 to 0.1MnO3 bonded to a solid solution having the approximate formula (ZrO2)0.9(Y2O3)0.1.

8 51,747
7. A compound according to Claim 1 having the formula La0.3Ca0.5 to 0.6Ce0.2 to 0.1MnO3 bonded to a solid solution having the approximate formula (ZrO2)0.85(CaO)0.15.
8. A compound according to Claim 1 having the formula La0.3Ca0.5 to 0.6Ce0.2 to 0.1CrO3 bonded to a solid solution having the approximate formula (ZrO2)0.9(Y2O3)0.1.
9. A compound according to Claim 1 having the formula La0.3Ca0.5 to 0.6Ce0.2 to 0.1CrO3 bonded to a solid solution having the approximate formula (ZrO2)0.85(CaO)0.15.
10. A combination support tube and electrode comprising a compound according to Claim 1 in the shape of a tube that is porous to gases, where the density of said solid solution does not exceed about 80% of theoretical.
11. In an electrochemical cell, an electrode or electrode current carrier comprising a compound according to Claim 1, bonded to an electrolyte, and which may provide mechanical support for other cell members or a components of the cell.
12. An electrode material in a fuel cell, an electrolytic cell, or an oxygen gauge comprising a compound according to Claim 1.
13. A compound comprising a solid solution having the general formula La1-x-w(Ca)x(Ce)wMSO3 where MS is selected from the group consisting of Mn, Cr, and mixtures thereof, w is about 0.1 to about 0.2, and x+w is about 0.4 to about 0.7.
CA000490985A 1985-01-22 1985-09-18 Air electrode material for high temperature electrochemical cells Expired CA1249924A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/693,903 US4562124A (en) 1985-01-22 1985-01-22 Air electrode material for high temperature electrochemical cells
US693,903 1991-05-01

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA1249924A true CA1249924A (en) 1989-02-14

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US (1) US4562124A (en)
EP (1) EP0188868B1 (en)
JP (2) JP2575627B2 (en)
CA (1) CA1249924A (en)
DE (1) DE3577783D1 (en)

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