CA1234297A - Suspended insulated building exterior cladding - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A suspended insulated cladding system is applied to building exterior. The method for applying the system comprises affixing a plurality of batts of semi-rigid vapor permeable fibrous insulation to the existing building exterior surface. Each of the fasteners used in affixing the insulation batts to the building exterior has an enlarged plate portion associated with the fastener. Each enlarged plate includes a plurality of apertures extending through it.
A layer of cementitious material is applied over the batts and forced through the apertures in each plate of the fastener. The cementitious layer is allowed to harden over which a vapor permeable finish coat is applied. A sufficient number of fasteners are used to suspend the hardened cementitious layer from the building exterior surface.

Description

::~Z3~ 7 FIELD OF THE INVENTION
.
This invention relates to systems for cladding the exterior of a building.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is often necessary to refurbish building exterior due to a variety of reasons, such as aging, cracking of the existing surface structure, updating of the building exterior to name only a few. Several approaches have been taken in providing a new exterior to an existing building, such as using prefab panels which are affixed to the building wall and other surfaces, or the application of a stucco finish to the building exterior.
Horbach, United States patent 3,389,518, discloses an approach which provides a continuous finish to the building exterior when completed. To the building exterior, a form of cellular insulation is applied by use of adhesives. A continuous layer of cementitious material is applied over the cellular insulation and reinforcement in the form of glass fibre fabric or reinforcing fires is incorporated in the cementitious material. A finish coat of synthetic materials such as prop ionic acid ester or other binder materials, is applied to the cementitious layer. The finish coat may include a mineral aggregate for decorative purposes. The purpose of this structure is to prevent crack propagation in the building wall being transmitted to the newly completed surface, thereby preventing crack formation in the new finish. Horbach refers to use of steel plates on the face of the insulation to protect the cellular insulation material.
He does not recommend the use of such steel plates because of heat conductivity and that due to their exceptional weight, they have to be firmly secured to the building exterior and cannot compensate for temperature variations that can form cracks in the surface of the finish material applied to the insulation.

3 to Heck, United States patent 4,318,258, discloses improvements in the use of Styrofoam (trademark) panels which are affixed to building walls. The insulation paneling has a special grooving arrangement to compensate for expansion and contraction in the panels.
A cement layer is applied over top of the foam layers.
The plaster or mortar may contain synthetic resins, such as methyl cellulose and polyvinyl preappoint. Other suitable plastic resins include home- polymers, copolymers of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, e.g.
lo stroll acrylates and vinyl acetates. The foam slabs as grooved are glued to the building exterior in a manner similar to that discussed in Horbach, United States patent 3,339,518.
A comparable system involving the use of Styrofoam panels is disclosed in Canadian patent 1,148,324. The Styrofoam panels having grooves on the interior and the exterior are applied to a building wall using fasteners. The base coat of plaster or mortar is applied over the Styrofoam panels where the cementitious material is received in the outer grooves of the Styrofoam panels to ensure that the hardened base coat material is firmly affixed to the Styrofoam material.
When the Styrofoam material moves due to expansion end contraction caused by temperature extremes, cracking in the base coat occurs.
furrows, United States patent 4,0~4,520, discloses a building panel system which is a modular unit glued to the building exterior. Mach building panel as preformed consists of a foamed resin insulation layer over which a base coat and finish coat are applied. A polymer fortified concrete base coat may be used. Polymer fortification of the cement may be provided by an acrylic polymer together with a deforming agent. The outer facing layer may be of a synthetic binder material, such as an acrylic polymer optionally used in combination with concrete. Aggregate may be added to the binder material to enhance the appearance of the building panels. These individual preformed panels have edge portions formed in a manner so that, when the panels are glued to the building exterior, the edges overlap in a mating manner to provide a modular type exterior finish for the building. The unfortunate problem with this system is that, if the building exterior is of uneven plane, then the panels as applied to the building exterior also take on the uneven plane of the building.
Another form of prefabricated building panel is disclosed in Australian patent 236,934. prefabricated panel, according to this patent, consists of gluing together a mechanically resisting plate or slab and a heat and sound insulating layer. The building panel is impermeable to moisture, which can cause a problem when applied to building exteriors because moisture vapor should be allowed to freely diffuse into and out of the cladding applied to the building exterior.
SUMMARY OF_T~IE_INVENTION
According to an aspect of the invention, a method for applying a suspended insulated building exterior cladding system comprises affixing a plurality of belts of semi-rigid, vapor permeable, fibrous insulation over an existing building exterior surface. The plurality of belts abut one another as applied to provide an essentially continuous insulated layer on the building exterior surface. The step of affixing the plurality of belts comprises the use of fasteners extending through each of the insulated belts to secure each belt to the building exterior surface. Each of the fasteners is firmly secured to the building exterior surface and is 3Q of sufficient length to preclude over compression of each of the belts The fastener head portion has a rigid plate associated therewith, where the rigid plate includes a plurality of apertures extending there through. Over the insulation belts is applied a continuous layer of cementitious or like material which hardens when set. During the application, the cementitious material is forced through the apertures in the plates of each of fasteners. The cementitious layer ~23~7 is allowed to harden and a vapor permeable finish coat is then applied over the cementitious layer which also, when hardened, is vapor permeable. In the step of affixing the plurality of belts, a sufficient number of fasteners are used to suspend the hardened cementitious layer from the building exterior surface.
According to another aspect of the invention/ a suspended insulated building exterior cladding system comprises a plurality of belts of semi-rigid, vapor permeable, fibrous insulation affixed to a building exterior surface. The belts abut each other as affixed to the building exterior. A plurality of fasteners for securing the belts to the building exterior are used.
Each of the fasteners extends through the insulation bat-t and is secured to the building exterior. The fastener has a head portion to which a rigid plate is associated. The rigid plate has a plurality of apertures extending there through. Each of the fasteners is applied to contact each belt with the building exterior and avoid over compression of the belt. A
vapor permeable, continuous hardened cementitious base layer covers the belts. The cementitious material extends through the apertures in the rigid plate of each fastener. vapor permeable finish coat is applied over the base layer. sufficient number of fasteners are used in affixing the belts to the building exterior to suspend the hardened base layer and finish coat from the building exterior.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings, wherein Figure 1 is a perspective view showing the cladding system for a presetting building exterior;
Figure 2 is an exploded view of the fastener for the insulation belts;
figure 3 is a section along the lines 3-3 of Figure 2;
Figure 4 is a section along the lines 4-4 of Figure l; and ~3~9~

Figure 5 is a section along the lines 5-5 of Figure l.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The wall cladding system, according to this invention, can be applied to a variety of types of preexisting building exteriors, such as wood, metal, brick, block to name only a few As shown in Figure l, a building has a preexisting wall 10 consisting of bricks 12 secured in place with molar lo To the building exterior generally designated 16, -the wall cladding system 18 is applied.
The wall cladding system consists of a layer of insulation 20 which is in the form of individual belts.
The insulation is of the fibrous type and is semi-rigid so that when handled, it retains essentially its rectangular shape TV facilitate application to the wall.
The fibrous insulation belts 20 are affixed to the building exterior 16 by the use of fastener devices 22 where each fastener has associated therewith a rigid plate 24 having a plurality of apertures 26, as shown in more detail in Figure 2. The fasteners 28, according to this embodiment, are steel nails which pass through the central aperture 30 of the plate I The nail head 32 is larger than the aperture 30 to thereby draw the interior surface generally designated I in Figure 3 against the exterior surface aye of each fibrous insulation belt. Several fasteners 22 are used in affixing the fibrous belts to the building exterior 16.
Once the belts of insulation are in place, which abut each other at their edges designated at 20b and overlap at the corners such as at 20c, an essentially continuous face of insulation is provided.
A cementitious layer generally designated 36 is applied to the face aye of the insulation. the cementitious layer or like substance is normally hand applied, although it may be machine applied such as by spraying techniques. When troweled by hand, the uneven surfaces of the insulation layer face aye can be compensated for so that the exterior surface aye of the :~;23~ 7 cementitious layer is essentially level across its face.
In applying the cementitious layer at each fastener plate 24, pressure is applied to force the cementitious material through the apertures 26 of each plate so that when the layer hardens, the layer is then secured to each plate 24. Once the base coat, in the form of the cementitious layer 36 is hardened, the exterior coating surface 38 may be applied. The outer finish coat may be paint or the like, or it can be a synthetic binder material having aggregate particles 40 therein to provide a decorative finish.
As shown in the section of Figure 4, the fibrous insulation layer 20 is compressed anisette the building exterior 16 by use of the fasteners 22 in various areas as demonstrated in Figure 5. The compression of each insulation Betty 20 is minimal over which the cemen-titious layer 36 is applied and as shown, the cement 36b penetrates through the apertures 26 of the plate 24 to secure the hardened layer 36 to these plates. The nail fasteners 28 penetrate the building wall bricks 12 and firmly secure the fasteners in place and thereby support the perforated plate portions. On hardening of the base coat 36, the fasteners 28 serve to suspend the outer hardened cladding portion from the building exterior bricks 12. This permits movement of the fibrous insulation layer 20 relative to the outer hardened wall portion 36. As shown in Figure 4, the fibrous belt 20 may become detached such as at 42 from the hardened material 36. This results from movement of the fibrous insulation at the interface generally designated 44 between the fibrous material 20 and the hardened layer 36. Due to vapor diffusing either from outside of the wall cladding system or from within the building preexisting wall, the insulating layer 20 may expand and contract without affecting the outer hardened layer 36 as suspended from the building wall. Thus the fasteners 28 serve to support vertically in a cantilevered manner the building wall exterior cladding in the form of the hardened cementitious layer 36 and -the outer finish coat 38. It is appreciated that -the same system may be used covering exposed horizontal building surfaces, such as basement ceilings.
The plate 24, as associated with the fastener according to this preferred embodiment, is circular and has a plurality of concentric ridges I The concentric ridges in combination with the apertures provide an irregular surface to which the hardened cementitious material can readily attach itself and by way of the firmly affixed fasteners serve to suspend the outer cladding layer from the building wall 16. As shown in Figure 5, there is minimal compression of the fibrous insulation belt 20 to thereby maintain the insulation properties of the belt. Once the fibrous belt has served the purpose of providing a continuous face to which the cementitious layer is applied, the Betty, due to its fibrous construction, is permitted to shift due to expansion and contraction forces caused by external forces, such as building shift and extremes in temperature. In -turn the insulation can become detached from the interior face aye as shown in Figure 5 in developing the spaces I as shown in Figure 4.
The fibrous insulation belts may be developer from an assorted form of natural and synthetic fires.
For example, the fibrous belt may be of Fiberglas (trademark) insulation in the form of a fine fiber Ed, shock-free insulation board which is semi-rigid and of controlled density and thickness which is bonded by a thermosetting resin to give it the semi rigid form of structure for application to the building exterior and at the same time providing a surface to which the cementitious material may be conveniently manually or machined applied. The thickness of the insulation Fiberglas compressed belts may range from one to four inches depending upon the application. The Fiberglas insulation is inherently fire safe with a ULC
flame-spread rating of 15. Thus, the Fiberglas belts offer this additional advantage over Styrofoam sheets which are not fire rated. The insulation material is '7 moisture resistant in that moisture Jill not affect the inorganic fires. However, the Fiberglas insulation belts are water permeable to allow the diffusion ox moisture in either direction through the insulation layer.
It is appreciated that several other forms of fibrous-type belts may be used, such as mineral fibrous material and naturally occurring fibrous material which, when compacted, provides the temporary face to which the cementitious material will be applied.
The cementitious, vapour permeable layer applied to the exterior of the fiberglass insulation may be formed of a Port land cement with filler and aggregate.
The cementitious material may be modified with a synthetic material to improve its binding characteristics with the fibrous insulation belt and provide a resilient layer. To add to the strength of the material, fires may be added to the cementitious layer. For example, ''ART' (trademark) glass ~ibres may be added to the cementitious layer. The fires are chopped strand glass fires sold by Owens-Corniny Fiberglas Corp. of Toledo, Ohio. The glass fibre strengthens the Port land cement which has inherent alkali resistance. As a result, the fibre can add considerably to the structural strength of the I cementitious coating and provide a degree of flexibility in the base coating when hardened to avoid development of hairline cracks in the coating due to any movement between the cladding system and the building wall. The various desired properties of fibre reinforced concretes are disclosed in "State of the Art Report on Fibre Reinforced Concrete" ACT Journal/November 1973. An alternate technique for reinforcing this layer involves the use of Fiberglas mesh which is embedded in the applied layer 36 of cementetious material.
A variety of fibre reinforced cementitious coatings are available. For example, the surface bonding cement distributed under the trademark "SHIRLEY" by WAR. Bonsai Company of Lyleville, North ~L~34~

Carolina; "SEMITE" (trademark) fibre reinforced cements manufactured and sold by Semite to of Ontario, Canada;
"FIsREWALL" manufactured and sold by Construmat Inc. of Ontario, Canada are all acceptable, usable forms of fibre reinforce cementitious material. The Fiber wall material sold by Construmat is a synthetic modified cementitious material which includes an acrylic polymer binder material to improve the adhesion characteristics to the fibrous insulation belt and the ability of the hardened base coat to flex to a certain degree in lo accommodating relative movements with respect to -the building wall and not inducing cracks in the finish coat.
The vapor permeable finish coat may include various types of paints or a synthetic layer. The synthetic layer includes a synthetic binder with pebbles, aggregates and the like to present an attractive appearance. To provide a finish coat with a textured finish, the synthetic binder may be an acrylic-styrene polymer composition having elastic properties in combination with filter materials. The acrylic-styrene polymer material may be obtained from many sources, such as that sold under the trademark "ACRON~L" 290D by BASS of West Germany. The acrylic-styrene polymer material is mixed with solvents such as aromatics containing white spirit, butyldigol;
butylethanol, butyldigol acetate, pine oils or blends thereof with alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol to improve the freeze/thaw stability.
Butyldigol, ethylene glycol and propylene glycol may be added to prevent the finishes from drying too rapidly.
Plasticizers, such as ductile phthalate, may be added to the finish coat to increase its resiliency. The fillers used with this mixture include aggregate usually ranging in grain size from l mm up to 2.5 mm and other fillers such as calcite, wollastonite or mixtures thereof.
These textured finishes are usually premixed at the site. The finished coat is applied to the base coat with a trowel or like device to provide a vapor ~23~3t~

permeable finish coat. Such premixed finish coat may be obtained from Construmat Inc. of Canada under the trademarks SCRUBB~TEX and GRAPHITE.
Another form of textured finish coat is available from Room and Hays Company under the trademark RHOPL~X
MCKEE.
The vapor permeability of the wall cladding system was tested at 73F, and 50% relative humidity according to ASTM C3 55-64 "Water Vapor Transmission of Thick Materials". These -tests revealed a water vapor permeance averaging from 1 to 1.5 metric perks or from 80 to 130 Ng/Pa.s.m2. The base coat was of the acrylic modified cementitious material. The finish coat was of the synthetic binder type using an acrylic stryrene polymer mixture.
The significant advantage of this system is that it may be readily applied to an existing building wall while adding considerable insulation value to the existing building wall and at the same time, permitting vapor permeance from within the building to the outside particularly during cold seasons, when the exterior of the building wall is considerably colder than the interior of the building wall.
By use of a sufficient number of fasteners, the hardened base coat and finish coat are suspended from the building wall. It has been found that approximately one fastener or more per one and one half square feet of applied insulation is required to adequately support and suspend the cementitious base coat and finish coat from the building exterior. Preferably, at least one fastener is used for every square foot of insulation applied. The fibrous insulation does not serve to provide any appreciable support to the outer wall, since the load is taken up by the fastener plates. The fibrous structure of the insulation layer permits movement of the outer wall relative to the building wall due to expansion and contraction of the cladding system relative to the building wall caused by extremes in temperatures. This minimizes cracking of the cladding exterior, because the fibrous insulation can readily separate itself from the hardened base coat without affecting the exterior surface. Furthermore, the fibrous insulation has a degree of compressibility should expansion occur between the cladding finish coat and the building exterior. Therefore, the fibrous insulation belts provide a temporary surface to which the cementitious base coat is applied. Once the cementitious base coat is hardened, the surface of the insulation belts is no longer used in providing the support of the wall cladding exterior relative to the preexisting building exterior.
Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described herein in detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.

I

Claims (19)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A method for applying a suspended, insulated building exterior cladding system comprising affixing a plurality of batts of semi-rigid, vapor permeable, fibrous insulation over an existing building exterior surface to be covered with said cladding system, said plurality of batts abutting one another as applied to provide an essentially continuous insulated layer on said building exterior surface, said step of affixing said plurality of batts comprising the use of fasteners extending through each said insulation batt to secure each said batt to said building exterior surface, each of said fasteners being firmly secured to said building exterior surface and being of sufficient length to preclude over-compression of each of said batts, a fastener head portion has a rigid plate associated therewith where said rigid plate includes a plurality of apertures extending therethrough, applying over said affixed plurality of batts a continuous layer of cementitious or like material which hardens when set, forcing said cementitious material through the apertures in each said plate adjacent said fasteners, allowing said applied cementitious layer to harden and applying a vapor permeable finish coat to said cementitious layer, said hardened layer being vapor permeable, in said step of affixing said plurality of batts, a sufficient number of said fasteners being used to suspend said hardened cementitious layer from said building exterior surface.

2. A method of claim 1, wherein said cementitious layer is trowel applied to level out any undulations in the affixed batts of insulation, said insulation batts providing a temporary supporting surface to which said cementitious layer is applied, said insulation batts providing for movement between their interfaces with the hardened continuous cementitious layer, each of said batts of insulation being of glass fibre having a controlled density and thickness bonded by a thermosetting resin to provide rigidity of form.

3. A method of claim 2, wherein at least one fastener is used for approximately every one and one half square feet of insulation applied.

4. A method of claim 1, wherein said cementitious or like layer comprises a fibre reinforced concrete Portland cement.

5. A method of claim 4, wherein said cement is modified with the addition of a synthetic binder in the form of an acrylic material before application of said layer.

6. A method of claim 4, wherein said fibre used to reinforce said concrete comprises glass, steel, plastic and natural fibres.

7. A method of claim 1, wherein said vapor permeable finish coat is applied using a synthetic binder consisting of acrylic-styrene polymer composition in combination with a filler.

8. A method of claim 1, wherein said finish coat is a vapor permeable paint.

9. A method of claim 7, wherein an aggregate is added to said binder.

10. A suspended insulated building exterior cladding system comprising a plurality of batts of semi-rigid vapor permeable fibrous insulation affixed to a building exterior surface, said batts abutting each other as affixed to said building exterior, a plurality of fasteners for securing said batts to said building exterior, each of said fasteners extending through said insulation batt and being secured to said building exterior, said fastener having a head portion with which a rigid plate is associated, said rigid plate having a plurality of apertures extending therethrough, each of said fasteners being applied to contact each said batt with said building exterior and avoid over-compression of said batt, a vapor permeable, continuous hardened cementitious base layer covering said batts with said cementitious material extending through said apertures in said rigid plate of each fastener, a vapor permeable finish coat covering said base layer, a sufficient number of fasteners being used in affixing said batts to said building exterior to suspend said hardened base layer and finish coat from said building exterior.

11. A cladding system of claim 10, wherein said rigid plate is circular and has concentric rings of said apertures.

12. A cladding system of claim 10 or 11, wherein said fastener head portion contacts said rigid plate as said fastener extends through an aperture in said plate.

13. A cladding system of claim 10, wherein for approximately every one and one half square feet of insulation, at least one fastener is used in affixing such insulation to a building wall.

14. A cladding system of claim 10, wherein said hardened cementitious layer comprises Portland cement, reinforcing fibre and aggregate.

15. A cladding system of claim 14, wherein said reinforcing fibre is selected from the group consisting of glass, steel, plastic and natural fibres.

16. A cladding system of claim 14 or 15, wherein said cementitious layer includes an acrylic binder material.

17. A cladding system of claim 10, wherein said fibre insulation batt is formed of a batt of glass fibre of controlled density and thickness and bonded by a thermosetting resin to provide rigidity of form, said fibre batt permitting movement between its interface and said hardened cementitious layer.

18. A cladding system of claim 10, wherein said finish coat is a vapor permeable paint.

19. A cladding system of claim 10, wherein said finish coat is a synthetic binder consisting of acrylic-styrene polymer composition in combination with a filler.