CA1229722A - Method for fabricating an optical fiber cable - Google Patents

Abstract

Abstract There is disclosed a method for fabricating an undersea communications cable containing optical fibers.
The cable is fabricated so that fiber optical loss characteristics vary only slightly with changes in strain in the cable.

Description

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METHOD FOR FABRICATING ~N OPTICA~ FIBER CABL,E

Backgroun~ of the Inventlon The invention relates to an undersea communications cable containing optical fibers and to a method for fabricating such a communications cable.
Coaxial undersea communications cables have been manufactured Eor analog telecommunications systems. Those cables have been fabricated to withstand some obvious environmental ~actors such as low temperature, high compressive pressure and corrosive water. Additi~nally undersea cables have been made to withstand large tensile and bending stresses encountered during cable laying and reco~ery operations.
Recent advances in the field of optical fiber communications technology have made possible some practical optical fiber communications systems. The characteristics of these systems, such as digital format, wide balndwidth and long repeater spacings, lead to what appear~' to be a relatively low cost per channel mile.
This potential low cost makes an undersea communications cable containing optical fibers an attractive alternative to present day analog coaxial communications cables.
Eleretofore, an undersea cable containing optical fibers was described in U.S. Patent 4,156,104. Such cable included stranded steel wires separated from a central filament by a core in which the fibers are embedded.
A problem arises in the fabrication of a cable including optical fibers for use in an undersea com-munication system. The measured loss of the optical fibers included in the cable is dependent upon strain in the cable. Any large fluctuation in strain isl the cable during manufacture, dep]Loyment, or operation of the cable system complicates the processes of starting up, lining up and operating the undersea communication system.

, ~.2297Z~2 Summary of the Invention In accordance with an aspect oE the invention there is provided a method for ~abricating an optical fiber cable comprising steel wire strength members, characterized by the steps of: coating a cable core including optical fibers with an adhesive; winding at least one layer of steel wires over the adhesive on the core; forming a conducting tube over the layer or steel wires; and swaging the tube down onto the layer of steel wires.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provideA an optica]. fiber cable, characterized by a plurality of optical fibers; an elastic material embedding the optical fibers; a sheath surrounding the elastic material; stranded wire surrounding the sheath;
and an adhesive bonding the stranded wire to the sheath for constraining the optical loss characteristic of each optical fiber of said plurality of optical fibers to vary only slightly in response to changes of strain ranging from 0 to 1 percent in the cable.
Brief Descri~tion of the Drawings ~ better understanding of the invention may be derived from the following detailed description when that description is read in view of the appended drawings wherein:
FIG, 1 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a communications cable including optical fibers;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a core of the cabie of FIG. l;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the core and parts of some strength members of the cable of FIG. l;
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic side elevation view of a production line for manufacturing an optical fiber cable for communications; and FIG. 5 is a graph showing a comparison between the optical loss in fibers of a cable, made in accordance with - 2a -a prior art process, and in fibers of another cable "nade in accordance with the disclosed process, both as a function of the tensile strain in the cable.
Detailed Descri~tion -Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a cross-section 10 of an undersea communications cable containing optical fibers arranged for transmission of optical signals. The cable includes a core 12, steel strand 13, a cylindrical conductor 14, and an insulator and protective jacket 16.
As shown in FIG. 2, the core 12 of the cable includes a central eLongated strength member, or kingwire, 18, optical Eibers 20 embedded in an elastomer 22, and a polymer sheath 23 surrounding the elastomer.

f - 3 -The central elongated stren~th member, or kingwire, 18, shown in EIG. 2, is a circular cross-section center wire which provides strenyth to the core 12 during the processes of fabricating the core and the cable. A
high strength copper clad steel typically is ~sed.
typical diameter of the center wire is 0.8 millimeters.
The minimum cross-sectional size of the kingwire 18 is determined by the tensile and bending strengths required for cable fabrication processes. During the cable core fabrication process, the kingwire is used as the principal strength member. The core is fabricated in two operations.
During each operation, the kingwire is used for pulling the growing core through various equipments as materials are added step by step. After fabrication of the core, the cable is fabricated in two additional operations.
After the cable is completely fabricated and while the fiber communication system is being deployed to and operated on the ocean floor, the center wire 18 serves as a center conductor of a coaxial cable arrangement that is used for low frequency signalling of surveillance, maintenance and control information. Because of the coa~ial center conductor function, the kingwire is selected to have a conductivity of at least 40 percent of the conductivity of an equal size wire of electrolytic copper.
In an alternative arrangement for use in a terrestrial communication system not using the signalling and operating in ambient temperatures which vary much more widely than ocean temperatures, the central elongated strength member may be fabricated out of high strength glass, in particular as a bundle of high strength glass fibers embedded in a polymer such as epoxy or polyester.
Elas~omer 22 is an optical fiber encapsulant, such as an extrusion grade thermoplastic polyester, which is supplied under the name *HYTREL by the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. and is applied to the kingwire 18 during the first core fabrication operation. Detailed information describing the family of *HYTREL polyesters is presented in * - Trade Mark 7;~

Rubber Age, 104, 3, pages 35-42 (1972); Proceedings of the International Wire and able Symposium, pages 292-299 (1975); and Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 14, No.
12, pages 8~-852 (December 1974). The thermoplastic elastomer completely encapsulates several separate optical fibers for protecting them inside of the steel strand near the center of the cable. In this arrangement the fibers are located near the neutral bending axis of the cable.
When the cable is placed in service, sea bottom pressure is applied essentially symmetrically to the cable. The steel strand arrangement is designed to withstand sea bottom pressure with very little deformation. Since the elastomer completely surrounds each fiber within the core, the elastomer forms a buffer for isolating each fiber from any residual localized loads resulting from sea bottom pressure. Thereby microbending of the fibers and associated optical losses caused by such microbending are minimized with respect to the efEects of sea bottom pressure.
]n the first core fabrication operation, the kingwire 1~ is unwound from a payout reel at a controllable tension and speed. It is straightened, cleaned in trichloroethane, and heated. Two layers of the thermoplastic elastomer 22 are applied to the hot kingwire.
A first layer of the elastomer in a plastic state is extruded clirectly over the hot kingwire. Some predetermined number, say six to twelve, glass fibers are laid helically over the first layer of the elastomer. A
second layer of the elastomer also is extruded in an amorphous state. This second layer, however, is extruded over the first layer of the elastomer and the glass fibers.
The second layer of elastomer merges w:ith the first layer between the fibers thereby completely surrounding each of the fibers wit:h the elastomer.
The iirst core fabrication operation is completed by passing the partially completed core through a water bath for cooling it before winding it onto a take-up reel.
In the seco~d core fabrication operation, the outer surface of the elastomer is covered by the protective nylon sheath 23. One type of nylon used for the sheath is Zytel 153L NC 10 that is a nylon 6/12 which is supplied by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. This sheath has a relatively high melting point at 213 Centigrade. The partially completed core is unwrapped from the reel, and the nylon for the sheath 23 is heated to its plastic state and is extruded over the elastomer 22. This sheath 23 completes the core which again is passed through a water bath ~or cooling before the completed core is wound onto a tàke-up reeL.
Since the elastomer 22 completely surrounds the fibers 20 and the nylon sheath 23 surrounds the elastomer, the fibers track the elastomer and the nylon sheath when the cable is stretched.
Fabrication of this complete core 12 into the cable 10 of FIG. 1 is accomplished in two additional operations. The first of these operations is described with reference to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4. During the first cabling operation which is accomplished in the manufacturing line of FIG. 4, the core 12 is unreeled from a payout reel 40 and is pulled through a dancer 41 and a guide 42 to be coated with a hot melt adhesive 25 of FIG. 2 such as one named Eastman 148.
An adhesive applying station 43 of FIG. 4 heats the adhesive 25, coats the nylon sheath and wipes off any excess adhesive. In the station 43, the adhesive is heated into a range of 220 - 240 Centigrade. The temperature is hot enough for the adhesive to be pumped to flow over the nylon and completely coat it but not hot enough to damage the core. By means of a hinged wiping die within the station 43, the adhesive 25 is wiped onto the nylon 23 at a uniform thickness, as shown in PIG. 2.
After the adhesive is a,pplied to the sheath, two layers of stranded steel are laid over the adhesive. The -~r * - Trad~ Mark quantity of adhesive 25 is selected to be enough for completely coating the sheath and almost Eilling the interstices 27 between the sheath and the wires 13 of the first layer of stranded steel, as shown in FIG. 3. The interstices should not be filled completely. Hardening of the adhesive occurs over a period of several hours. The hardened adhesive forms a tight hond between the nylon sheath 23 and the inner layer of the steel strand 13. This bond prevents creep and assures that the fiber core tracks the steel strand during cable laying, cable recovery, and in-service operations. The adhesive is selected so that this bond does not fail during those operations.
Relferring once again to FIG. 1, the aylindrical outer conductor of the low frequency signalling coaxial cable arrangement is formed by the steel strand 13 and the conductor 14, both of which are located outside of the core. The steel strand includes two layers of stranded steel wires of circular cross section.
An inner, or first, layer of the steel strand inc].udes elght wires wraped directly over and in contact with the outer surface of the core. These eight wires are of ~;imilar cross-sectional size laid tightly in friction cont:act with one another. They are laid by a Eirst stage of ~ strander 45 in FIG. 4 so that they form a cylindrically shaped pressure cage in which the stranded wires pre~;s against one another continuously along their surfaces without collapsing the cylinder.
The steel stranding in the cable also includes an outer, or second, layer of sixteen steel wires which are laid over the inner stranded wires by a second stage of the strander 45. These sixteen wires are of alternate large and small diameters, as shown in FIG. 1. They are laid tightly in continuous friction contact with one another and with the wires of the inner strand. These wires of the second layer Eorm an additional cylindrically shaped pressure cage which also holds the inner layer of wires in place. The first and second layers of steel stranding are Z~7ZZ

brought together over the adhesive coated core by a closing die 47, shown in FIG. 4. The partially formecl cable, including the core, adhesive and two layers oE steel strand is cleaned in a bath 48 of trichloroethane before being enclosed in the conducting tube.
~ nonporous conductive cylindrical tube 14 of FIG. 1 is to be formed directly over the outer layer o steel wires. It is formed by a welded seam tube of soft electrolytic copper. This highly conductive tube provides (1) a good direct current path for powering electronic repeaters which are to be spaced along the cable, (~) a moisture barrier for the ibers, and (3) in conjunction with the steel wires, the cylindrical outer conductor for the previously mentioned low frequency signalling system.
During cable fabrication in the production line of FIG. 4, a high conductivity soft copper tape 50 is cleaned, slit longitudinally to a uniform width, and rolled into a tubular shape around the steel strand by a slitter and tube forming mi]l 51. The tube is sized to fit loosely over the ste~l strand leaving a gap between the steel and the rolled-toclether, abutting edges oE the tape. Upon leaving the tube forming mill 51, the edges of the tape are welded toge!ther into the tubular conductor 14 by a continuous seam welder 53~, Immediately the conductive tube is swaged, by rolling and drawing through a swaging mill ~5, down onto the outer steel strands forcing some copper into the interstices between adjacent wires in l:he outer steel strand, as shown in FIG. 1. This swaging of the copper into the outer interstices of the second layer of steel helps assure that the steel strand package retains its cylindrical shape, especially during cable handling operations. Swaging of the copper down onto the steel wires produces an area of contact between each wire and the copper to hel~? retain the cylindrical shape oE the strands and to assure that the steel and copper track each other during subsequent handling.
After the copper tube 14 is swaged into place, the 3'7~

growing cable is run through another cleaning bath 57 for a final cleaning in trichloroethane. This portion of the cable in process proceeds through a dancer 58 and is wrapped onto a take-up reel 60.
Subsequently in a separate operation, the jacket of insulation l6, shown in FIG. 1, is extruded over the copper tube 14. The jacket is formed by a low density natural polyethylene. During the process of extruding the polyethylene, the cable including the steel stranding, and the copper tube is heated to a temperature high enough for producing a polyethylene to copper bond. The polyethylene is heated to a plastic state in a temperature range of 210-230 Centigrade so that the polyethylene flows readily during extlusion. The temperature of the copper tube is elevated to a minimum of 80 Centigrade. A bond, formed between the polyethylene and copper, is sufficiently strong so that they track one another during cable laying and recovery operations and during system service operations.
Because of this bond and the tightness between the copper tube and the steel strand, the outer jacket of polyethylene and the steel strand also track one another. Since the jacket, the steel strand, and the core all track one another, the fibers are strained as much as other components of the cable. Because the Eibers are proof tested to 2.0 percent strain, they can withstand the strain of cable laying ancl recovery operations without breaking.
Optical loss in the fibers varies only slightly with - changes of tensile strain in the cable. The change in optical loss in the fibers varies much less with strain than the change in loss produced by prior cable design. A
description of suitable optical fibers is presented in Proceedings of the IEEE, pages 1280-81, September 1974;
Digest of Tech. Papers, International Conference on Integrated ~~tics and Optical Eiber Communications, page 26, April 19~1; CLEO 1981, paper W6 6-1, June 1981; and IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. QE-18, No. ~, pages 504-510, April 1982. Optical loss in the fibers ~.~2'~ 2 varies only slightly with changes o tensile s~rain in the cable much less than changes of loss in fibers fabricated into a cable by prior methods.
FIG. 5 shows the change in optical loss in the fibers with strain in the cable. The solid line 62 represents the change of optical loss characteristic for the fibers in the c~ble arranged in accordance with the instant invention. Change of optical loss is approximately 0.01 decibels per kilometer at a strain of 0.5 percent. A
dashed line 64 represents the change of optical loss characteristic for fibers in a prior art cable arrangement.
The llne 32 shows the prior design change of optical loss to be approximately 0.10 decibels per kilometer at a strain oE 0.5 percent. Reduced change of optical loss with respect to strain results from the new design which enables the cable components to track one another thereby constraining microbending which otherwise would be caused by the strain in the cable.

Claims (7)

Claims:

1. A method for fabricating an optical fiber cable comprising steel wire strength members, characterized by the steps of:
coating a cable core including optical fibers with an adhesive;
winding at least one layer of steel wires over the adhesive on the core;
forming a conducting tube over the layer or steel wires; and swaging the tube down onto the layer of steel wires.

2. A method for fabricating an optical fiber cable in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that an outer surface of the cable core is a nylon material;
the nylon material is coated with a hot melt adhesive and the adhesive is applied to the cable core at a temperature in a range of 220° - 240° Centigrade.

3. A method for fabricating an optical fiber cable in accordance with claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the adhesive is wiped on the cable core at a uniform thickness which provides enough adhesive to almost fill interstices between the layer of steel wires and the surface of the cable core.

4. An optical fiber cable, characterized by a plurality of optical fibers;
an elastic material embedding the optical fibers;
a sheath surrounding the elastic material;
stranded wire surrounding the sheath; and an adhesive bonding the stranded wire to the sheath for constraining the optical loss characteristic of each optical fiber of said plurality of optical fibers to vary only slightly in response to changes of strain ranging from 0 to 1 percent in the cable.

5. An optical fiber cable in accordance with claim 4, characterized in that the adhesive is a hot melt adhesive that is applied to the sheath at a temperature in a range of 220° - 240° Centigrade.

6. An optical fiber cable in accordance with claim 5, characterized in that the adhesive sets with a bond having imperceptible creep enabling the core and the stranded wire to track one another during cable handling operations.

7. An optical fiber cable in accordance with claim 4, characterized in that the optical fiber loss is less than 0.02 decibels per kilometer at a strain of 0.5 percent.