CA1228232A - Method and means of making an explosive in the form of an emulsion - Google Patents
Method and means of making an explosive in the form of an emulsionInfo
- Publication number
- CA1228232A CA1228232A CA000438763A CA438763A CA1228232A CA 1228232 A CA1228232 A CA 1228232A CA 000438763 A CA000438763 A CA 000438763A CA 438763 A CA438763 A CA 438763A CA 1228232 A CA1228232 A CA 1228232A
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- emulsion
- phase
- stage
- continuous phase
- fuel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
- C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
- C06B47/145—Water in oil emulsion type explosives in which a carbonaceous fuel forms the continuous phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B21/00—Apparatus or methods for working-up explosives, e.g. forming, cutting, drying
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
- Containers And Plastic Fillers For Packaging (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract A method and Means of Making an Explosive in the Form of an Emulsion.
A method for producing an emulsion explosive composition is disclosed. In the method, the discontinuous phase comprising an aqueous solution of an oxidizing salt is jetted through a plurality of fine jets into the fuel/
emulsifier continuous phase. The mixture is, then, passed through at least one mixer to achieve final, fine emulsification. The method provides a convenient means of controlling droplet size and, hence, the properties of the explosive product.
A method for producing an emulsion explosive composition is disclosed. In the method, the discontinuous phase comprising an aqueous solution of an oxidizing salt is jetted through a plurality of fine jets into the fuel/
emulsifier continuous phase. The mixture is, then, passed through at least one mixer to achieve final, fine emulsification. The method provides a convenient means of controlling droplet size and, hence, the properties of the explosive product.
Description
,2~32 THIS INVENTION relates to an explosive. In particular the invention relates to a method an~l appa-ratus for making an explosive of the emul~sion type in which an oxidising salt-containing component forms the discontinuous pha.se in an emulsion wherein the contin-uous phase comprises a fuel component which is immiscible with the discontinuous phase.
Such explosives, where the oxidising salt-containing component contains water and is in the form of an aqueous solution are known as "water-in-fuel"
emulsions, and when ~theO oxidising salt component includes no water they can be regarded as "melt-in-fuel" emulsions.
The emulsion is Eormed by dispersing the dis-continuous phase in the continuous phase when thèy areboth in -liquid form, but the expression "emulsion" is intended to be construed as covering also the emulsions at temperatures below that at which they were formed, .... .. . .. . .. .
~2~ 3~ -so that the discontinuous phase may be a solid.
~ ccording to the invention there is provided a method of making an ex~losive in the form of an emul-sion comprising a discontinuous phase which includes an oxidising salt, and a continuous phase which includes a fuel and ~hich is immiscible with the discontinuous phase, the method including directing a plurality of 0,5 to 5rnm diameter jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase, in the presence of an emul-sifier, and feeding the continuous phase with the dis-continuous phase through at least one mixer.
Thus the method may include two stages, being a first stage comprising directing a plurality of jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase, in the presence of an emulsifier, and feeding the continuous phase containing the discontinuous phase through a static mixer, to form a relatively coarse, fuel-rich emulsion; and a second stage comprising directing a plurality of the jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase of said coarse fuel--rich emulsion, and feeding the coarse emulsion with the added discontinuous phase through a further static mixer, to form a relatively fine emulsion.
~ .. .... .. ~ .. ..... . .. . . . . .
- 4 - ~ 32 The method may further include passing the emulsion through several static mixers in series in the second stage to obtain a finer ernulsion.
The relative flow rates of the con-tinuous and discontinuous phases are important and the method may include controlling these flow rates such that a per-centage phase volume by volume of 6% to 10% ~uel compo-nen-t and 90 to 9~ oY~idiser component is obtained in the final emulsion procluct. The method may include introducing 50% to 60~ of the oxidiser compo-nent required in the final emulsion product into the continuous ~hase in the first stage, and introducing the remainder of the o~idiser component, being 20% to 50%, into the continuous phase in the seconcl stage.
By "percentage-phase volume by volume" is meant the per-centage of a component (i.e. the continuous or discon-tinuous phase) in the emulsion on a volume basis.
The method of the invention may include heat-ing the discontinuous phase and/or the continuous phase -to decrease the viscosities thereof before directing the jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase.
,.
_ 5 _ ~2~
The method further may include splitting a feed stream of the discontinuous phase into the plurality of jets for directing into the continuous phase.
The oxidising salt may comprise a member selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrates, al'~ali metal perchlorates, alkaline earth metal nitrates, alkaline earth metal perchlorates, ammonium nitrate ammonium perchlorate, and mixtures of two or more thereof.
The oxidising salt may be present as an aqueous solution. Instead, the discontinuous phase may comprise ammonium nitrate and one or more compounds which, together with the ammonium nitrate, form a melt which has a melting point which is lower than that of the ammonium nitrate, the compounds being capable of acting as oxygen releasing salts.
The fuel will be immiscible with and insoluble ~ -in water and is preferably a non self-explosive organic fue'l, being for example selected from the group con-sisting of hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and mixtures of two or more thereof. Thus the fuel may - 6 - ~ 3~
comprise a memher selected from the group consisting of mineral oils, fuel oils, lubricating oils, liquid para-ffin, microcrystalline waxes, paraffin waxes, petro-latum, ~ylene, toluene, dinitrotoluene and mixtures of two or more thereof.
The fuel may form from about 2 to 25% by weight of the emulsion, preferably being in the region of about 3 to 12% hy weight thereof.
The emulsifier may cornprise a mernber selected 10 from the group consisting of sorbitan ses~uioleate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tristearate, the mono- and di-glycerides of fat-forming fatty acids, soya bean lecithin, derivatives of lanolin, alkyl benzene sul-15 phonates, oleyl acid phosphate, laurylamine acetate,decaglycerol decaoleate, decaglycerol decastearate, polymeric emulsifiers containing polyethylene glycol back bones with fatty acid side chains, and suitable mixtures of two or more thereof.
The emulsifers act as stabilizers to promote the formation of the emulsion and to combat coalescing and/or crystallization of the discontinuous phase;
2823~
- In general, when the discontinuous phase con-tains water, this water should be kept at a minimum consistent with forming a satisfactory emulsion and the prevention of wasted energy arising from steam production upon detonation.
The density of the explosive emulsion should be suitable for forming an explosives composition, and preferably may be be-tween 1.30 g/ml and 1,45 g/ml at 25C. The method of the invention may thus include ; 10 adding a density reducing agent such as microballoons to the emulsion to provide a desired density for the explosives composition, eg. 1,15 -1,20 g/ml at 25C.
The emulsion may comprise up to 3~ and preferably 0,5 to 2,5~, by weight of the microballoons~ which also act 15 to sensitize the explosive. Chemical gassing may instead be used for density control and sensitizing.
The invention extends to an apparatus for performing the method of the invention, which includes a device which provides a plurality of apertures 20 of 0,5 to 5mm diameter for directing a plurality of jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase; and at least one m~ixer Eor mixing the continuous phase with the discontinuous phase provided by the jets.
3~
, The device may define a passage for receiving a stream of the discontinuous phase, said apertures forming outlets from the passage for splitting the strearn into said plurality of jets.
The apparatus may include a first stage and a second stage, the device and a mixer in the form of a static mixer constituting the first stage, and a further said device and a further static mixer con-stitutiny the second stage.
The second stage may comprise a plurality of static mixers arranged in series.
The static mixers of the first and second stages may be different, the first stage mixer being ; preferably of a high shear type which is more appro-; 15 priate for liquids of a relatively low viscosity sucll --as tlle coarse emulsion formed during the first stage of the method. The 'second stage mixer(s) may be prefer-ably of the low shear type which is more appropriate for liquias of a relatively high viscosity such as the 20 finer ernulsion(s) formed during the second stage of the method. ~ -The apparatus may include pumps for pumplng tne continuous and discontinuous phases under turbulent flow conditions through the static mixers to form a suitable 25 emulsion :
.
_ _ . _ .. __ .. ~ , _ _ ,
Such explosives, where the oxidising salt-containing component contains water and is in the form of an aqueous solution are known as "water-in-fuel"
emulsions, and when ~theO oxidising salt component includes no water they can be regarded as "melt-in-fuel" emulsions.
The emulsion is Eormed by dispersing the dis-continuous phase in the continuous phase when thèy areboth in -liquid form, but the expression "emulsion" is intended to be construed as covering also the emulsions at temperatures below that at which they were formed, .... .. . .. . .. .
~2~ 3~ -so that the discontinuous phase may be a solid.
~ ccording to the invention there is provided a method of making an ex~losive in the form of an emul-sion comprising a discontinuous phase which includes an oxidising salt, and a continuous phase which includes a fuel and ~hich is immiscible with the discontinuous phase, the method including directing a plurality of 0,5 to 5rnm diameter jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase, in the presence of an emul-sifier, and feeding the continuous phase with the dis-continuous phase through at least one mixer.
Thus the method may include two stages, being a first stage comprising directing a plurality of jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase, in the presence of an emulsifier, and feeding the continuous phase containing the discontinuous phase through a static mixer, to form a relatively coarse, fuel-rich emulsion; and a second stage comprising directing a plurality of the jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase of said coarse fuel--rich emulsion, and feeding the coarse emulsion with the added discontinuous phase through a further static mixer, to form a relatively fine emulsion.
~ .. .... .. ~ .. ..... . .. . . . . .
- 4 - ~ 32 The method may further include passing the emulsion through several static mixers in series in the second stage to obtain a finer ernulsion.
The relative flow rates of the con-tinuous and discontinuous phases are important and the method may include controlling these flow rates such that a per-centage phase volume by volume of 6% to 10% ~uel compo-nen-t and 90 to 9~ oY~idiser component is obtained in the final emulsion procluct. The method may include introducing 50% to 60~ of the oxidiser compo-nent required in the final emulsion product into the continuous ~hase in the first stage, and introducing the remainder of the o~idiser component, being 20% to 50%, into the continuous phase in the seconcl stage.
By "percentage-phase volume by volume" is meant the per-centage of a component (i.e. the continuous or discon-tinuous phase) in the emulsion on a volume basis.
The method of the invention may include heat-ing the discontinuous phase and/or the continuous phase -to decrease the viscosities thereof before directing the jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase.
,.
_ 5 _ ~2~
The method further may include splitting a feed stream of the discontinuous phase into the plurality of jets for directing into the continuous phase.
The oxidising salt may comprise a member selected from the group consisting of alkali metal nitrates, al'~ali metal perchlorates, alkaline earth metal nitrates, alkaline earth metal perchlorates, ammonium nitrate ammonium perchlorate, and mixtures of two or more thereof.
The oxidising salt may be present as an aqueous solution. Instead, the discontinuous phase may comprise ammonium nitrate and one or more compounds which, together with the ammonium nitrate, form a melt which has a melting point which is lower than that of the ammonium nitrate, the compounds being capable of acting as oxygen releasing salts.
The fuel will be immiscible with and insoluble ~ -in water and is preferably a non self-explosive organic fue'l, being for example selected from the group con-sisting of hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and mixtures of two or more thereof. Thus the fuel may - 6 - ~ 3~
comprise a memher selected from the group consisting of mineral oils, fuel oils, lubricating oils, liquid para-ffin, microcrystalline waxes, paraffin waxes, petro-latum, ~ylene, toluene, dinitrotoluene and mixtures of two or more thereof.
The fuel may form from about 2 to 25% by weight of the emulsion, preferably being in the region of about 3 to 12% hy weight thereof.
The emulsifier may cornprise a mernber selected 10 from the group consisting of sorbitan ses~uioleate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tristearate, the mono- and di-glycerides of fat-forming fatty acids, soya bean lecithin, derivatives of lanolin, alkyl benzene sul-15 phonates, oleyl acid phosphate, laurylamine acetate,decaglycerol decaoleate, decaglycerol decastearate, polymeric emulsifiers containing polyethylene glycol back bones with fatty acid side chains, and suitable mixtures of two or more thereof.
The emulsifers act as stabilizers to promote the formation of the emulsion and to combat coalescing and/or crystallization of the discontinuous phase;
2823~
- In general, when the discontinuous phase con-tains water, this water should be kept at a minimum consistent with forming a satisfactory emulsion and the prevention of wasted energy arising from steam production upon detonation.
The density of the explosive emulsion should be suitable for forming an explosives composition, and preferably may be be-tween 1.30 g/ml and 1,45 g/ml at 25C. The method of the invention may thus include ; 10 adding a density reducing agent such as microballoons to the emulsion to provide a desired density for the explosives composition, eg. 1,15 -1,20 g/ml at 25C.
The emulsion may comprise up to 3~ and preferably 0,5 to 2,5~, by weight of the microballoons~ which also act 15 to sensitize the explosive. Chemical gassing may instead be used for density control and sensitizing.
The invention extends to an apparatus for performing the method of the invention, which includes a device which provides a plurality of apertures 20 of 0,5 to 5mm diameter for directing a plurality of jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase; and at least one m~ixer Eor mixing the continuous phase with the discontinuous phase provided by the jets.
3~
, The device may define a passage for receiving a stream of the discontinuous phase, said apertures forming outlets from the passage for splitting the strearn into said plurality of jets.
The apparatus may include a first stage and a second stage, the device and a mixer in the form of a static mixer constituting the first stage, and a further said device and a further static mixer con-stitutiny the second stage.
The second stage may comprise a plurality of static mixers arranged in series.
The static mixers of the first and second stages may be different, the first stage mixer being ; preferably of a high shear type which is more appro-; 15 priate for liquids of a relatively low viscosity sucll --as tlle coarse emulsion formed during the first stage of the method. The 'second stage mixer(s) may be prefer-ably of the low shear type which is more appropriate for liquias of a relatively high viscosity such as the 20 finer ernulsion(s) formed during the second stage of the method. ~ -The apparatus may include pumps for pumplng tne continuous and discontinuous phases under turbulent flow conditions through the static mixers to form a suitable 25 emulsion :
.
_ _ . _ .. __ .. ~ , _ _ ,
2~
Each oi the pumps may have its inlet connected to a stora~e tank provided with a heating means and forming a part of the apparatus.
The Appllcant has found Sulzer S~V static rnixers suitable for use as the first stage static mixer, and Sulzer SMX static mixers suitable for use as the or each second stage static mixer. In general, suitable static mixers for the method of the invention will be those capable of inducing a turbulent flow sufficient to form the required emulsion. The Appli-cant believes that these include mixers having a srnallest internal diameter of l/4" to 2" (ie 6 to 50 mm) and preferably 3/8" to l" (ie lO -to 25 mm), with 5 to 15 static mixer elements which in use appropriately divide and subdivide a liquid stream passing through the mixer, at a flow rate of from 20 to 200 kg/min and a pressure of up to l x l07Pa. Then the apertured device may define 5 to 15, and preferably lO to 12 apertures ~hich may be preferably 2 to 3mm in diameter.
Thé invention is now described by way of the following non-limiting examples, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatlc drawings in which Figure l is a schematic view of an apparatus according to the invention for performing the method of the lnvention;
~2~8~:3~
Figure 2 is a side view of a static mixer casing which is a component of the apparatus of Figure l;
Figure 3 is an end view of the static mixer casing of Figure 2;
Figure 4 is a side view of an inlet member which is a component of the apparatus of Figure l;
Figure 5 is a sectional view through V-V of the inlet member of Figure 4; and Figure 6 is a longitudinal section of an apertured tube which is receivable in the inlet member of Figures 4 and 5.
In Figure l, reference numeral lO generally indicates an apparatus according to the invention, for performing the method of the invention wherein an explosive emulsion is formed by dispersing an oxidising salt component in a fuel component.
The apparatus lO includes a thermally insula-ted tank 12 for the oxidising salt component and a thermally insulated tank 14 for the fuel component.
; 20 The apparatus lO also includes three static mixers l6, l8 and 20 respectively. The static mixer l6 is a high shear Sulzer SMV mixer, and the mixers 18 and 20 are both low shear Sulzer SMX mixers.
Each oi the pumps may have its inlet connected to a stora~e tank provided with a heating means and forming a part of the apparatus.
The Appllcant has found Sulzer S~V static rnixers suitable for use as the first stage static mixer, and Sulzer SMX static mixers suitable for use as the or each second stage static mixer. In general, suitable static mixers for the method of the invention will be those capable of inducing a turbulent flow sufficient to form the required emulsion. The Appli-cant believes that these include mixers having a srnallest internal diameter of l/4" to 2" (ie 6 to 50 mm) and preferably 3/8" to l" (ie lO -to 25 mm), with 5 to 15 static mixer elements which in use appropriately divide and subdivide a liquid stream passing through the mixer, at a flow rate of from 20 to 200 kg/min and a pressure of up to l x l07Pa. Then the apertured device may define 5 to 15, and preferably lO to 12 apertures ~hich may be preferably 2 to 3mm in diameter.
Thé invention is now described by way of the following non-limiting examples, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatlc drawings in which Figure l is a schematic view of an apparatus according to the invention for performing the method of the lnvention;
~2~8~:3~
Figure 2 is a side view of a static mixer casing which is a component of the apparatus of Figure l;
Figure 3 is an end view of the static mixer casing of Figure 2;
Figure 4 is a side view of an inlet member which is a component of the apparatus of Figure l;
Figure 5 is a sectional view through V-V of the inlet member of Figure 4; and Figure 6 is a longitudinal section of an apertured tube which is receivable in the inlet member of Figures 4 and 5.
In Figure l, reference numeral lO generally indicates an apparatus according to the invention, for performing the method of the invention wherein an explosive emulsion is formed by dispersing an oxidising salt component in a fuel component.
The apparatus lO includes a thermally insula-ted tank 12 for the oxidising salt component and a thermally insulated tank 14 for the fuel component.
; 20 The apparatus lO also includes three static mixers l6, l8 and 20 respectively. The static mixer l6 is a high shear Sulzer SMV mixer, and the mixers 18 and 20 are both low shear Sulzer SMX mixers.
3~:
T~o inlet members 30 (ie 30.1 and 30.2) (see also Figures a and 5) are arranged in series with the static mixers 16, 18 and 20 in the following configu-rati.on: inlet member 30~1 - static mixer 16 - inlet member 30.2 - static mixer 18 - static mixer 20.
I'he tank 12 communicates respectively with the inlet mernbers 30.1 and 30.2 via feed tubes 22 and 24 provided with a pump 26 for pumping the oxidising salt component, at a suitable pressure and flow r~te, from 1~ the tank 12 and into the inlet members 30.1 and 30.2.
Ball valves 32 and 33 which are adjustable to be partly or fully open, are provided in the feed tubes 22 and 24.
The tank 14 communicates with the inlet member 30.1 via a feed tube 34 provided with a pump 36 for pumping the fuel component from the tank 14 and into the inlet member 30.1.
Each of the static mixers 16, 18 and 20 (see Figures 2 and 3) comprises an elongate tubular portion 38 having an internal diameter a of 3/8" to 1l' ~ie 10 to 25 mm), two hollow, frusto conical end portions 40 of length b of 50mm which flare outwardly from the ends of the portion 38; and two disc-like flanges 42 which define apertures 44 therethrough and which sealingly engage the end portions 40.
~%~ 32 The static mixers 16, 18 and 20 each contain about 10 mixer elements 45 (shown only in Figure 1) which are selected in number and size to provide the desired emulsification.
Each of the inlet members 30 (Figures 4 and 5) comprises a hollow cylinder 46 which defines a cavity 48, and t~o end flanges 50 which define apertures 52 which communicate with the cavity 48.
A transverse bore 54 is provided in the wall 10 of the cylinder 46, which leads from the cavity 48 to the exterior via a sleeve 55 which projects outwardly from the cylinder 46.
Each of the flanges 50 is similar to the flanges 42 and is connectable thereto, e.g. by bolts, 15 such that their respective apertures 44 and 52 are in communication with eachoother.
.
An apertured tube 56 (see Figure 6) having one closed end is receivable through the sleeve 55 and the bore 54. The tube 56 has a row of 11 apertures 58 20 along its length adjacent its closed end, which are of 2,5mm diameter and are uniformly spaced from each other by a distance of 4mm. ~hen in its operative pOsltion~
the tube 56 projects from the bore into the cavity 48 .
__.. . _, , - l3 ~ 2 such that the entire row of apertures 58 is received therein, and the apertures 58 face downstream relative to the direction of flow of the emulsion/emulsion com-ponents in use.
The open end of one of the tubes 56 communi-cates with the feed tube 22, and the open end of the other of the tubes 5~ communicates with the feed tube 24.
The use o~ the apparatus of the drawings is 10 now described with reEerence to the following non-limiting examples:
Example l:
The following formulation which hitherto was considered by the Applicant to be suitable Eor bulk 15 applications was used to produce an explosive emulsion with the apparatus 10 according to the invention.
Component % by mass Ammonium nitrate 57,88 Sodium nitrate 19,70 20 Water 15,31 . _ . , .. . ., . , . .. , .. ,, .. . ., .... _.. . . . . . .. .... .
3~
. 19 -P95 Fuel Oil (paraffin c hydrocarbon fuel availablc from ~P Southern Africa (I'ty) Lt(3.) 4,21 Span*80 (sorbitan mono oleate 5 emulsifier available from Atlas Oil & Chemical Company (Pty) Ltd.) 0,60 Surfactant (a polymeric emulsifier) 0,20 Soya Lecithin 0,60 10 Revertex 272 for facilitating emul-sification (Revertex 272 is an aqueous suspension of 45% by mass butyl acrylate/acrylonitrile particles in the size range 0,1 -15 0,2 microns in 55% by mass water available from Revertex (South Africa) (Pty) Limited) 1,00 C15/250r microballoons (a density reducing agent and sensitiser 20 available from 3i~l (South Africa) (Pty) Limited) 0,50 The apparatus 10 was set up in the confi~u-ration shown in ~igure 1. ~he ammonium nitrate and water ~ere mixed and heated to 85C, wllereafter the sodium nitrate and other oxidiser in~redients were added thereto, and heated and stirred in the tanX 12 to * Reg. rM
- 15 - ~ ~ ~8~3Z
form an oxidiser component. ~ fuel component compri-sing all the remaining constituents, except for the density reducing agents, were mixed, heated and stirred in the tank 14. The fuel component was pumped from the tank 14, by the pump 36 via the feed tube 34, through the inlet member 30.1 and the static mixer 16. rlean-while a feed stream of the oxidiser component was pumped from `the tank 12, by the pump 26 via the feed tube 22 and the associated apertured tube 56, through the inlet member 30.1 and into the static mixer 16.
The apertured tube 56 split the feed stream of the oxidiser component into eleven jets thereof via the apertures 58. The jets of oxidiser component were directed into the fuel component in the mixer 16 and mixed therein by the mixer elements 45 (shown only in Figure 1) which divided and repeatedly subdivided the jets to form droplets thereof dispersed in the fuel : component to form an emulsion which, although rela-tively coarse, was a suitable feed for the second mixer 18.
The coarse emulsion was fed through the inlet member 30.2 and into the static mixer 18. Meanwhile a feed stream of the oxidiser component was pumped from the tank 12, via the feed tube 24 and the associated apertured tube 56, through the inlet member 30.2 and into the static mixer 18. The apertured tube 56 split the feed stream of the oxidiser component into eleven .
- 16 - ~ X~3~
jets thereof which were directed into the coarse emul-sion entering the mixer 18. A relatively refined emul-sion was formed in the mixer 18. Finally, this rela-tively refined emulsion was fed through the static mixer 20 wherein an even more refined emulsion was formed.
The fuel component was fed into the static mixer 16, and the oxidiser component was fed into the static mixers 16 and 18 at respective flow rates and pressures such that the resulting emulsion was flowing through the mixers at a rate of 90 kg/min and a pressure of 1 x 107 Pa.
As mentioned above/ the relative flow rates of the oxidiser and fuel components are important and can be controlled such that the percentage phase volume by volume is as low as 6~ to 10~ for the fuel component and as high as 90% to 94% for the oxidiser component.
In the present example an emulsion having a percentage phase volume by volume of 6% fuel component and 94%
oxidiser components was foxmed.
By controlling the flow rate of the oxidiser component, and the extent to which the valves 32 and 33 were open, 70% of the proportion of oxidiser component required in the final emulsion product was added to the fuel component in the mixer 16, and the remaining 30%
to the fuel component in the mixer 18.
Finally, the density reducing agents were added at 65C, which had the effect of increasing the sensitivity of the emulsion from the mixer 20, such that it detonated with 30g Pentolite at 25C in a 65mm plastic sleeve. Such sensitivity is suitable for emulsions for hulk explosives.
Example 2:
~he following formulation which hitherto was 10 considered by the Applicant to be suitable for bulk applications was used to produce an explosive emulsion with the apparatus 10 according to the method of the invention:
Component ~ by mass _ 15 Ammonium nitrate 57,88 Sodium nitrate 19,70 Water 15,31 P95 Fuel Oil 5,21 Span 80 0,60 20 Surfactant (a polymeric emulsifier~ 0,20 Soya Lecithin 0,60 C15/250 Microballoons 0,50 The procedure of Exarrlple 1 was repeated with the above formulation.
The resultant emulsion was of a sensitivity equivalent to the emulsion of Example l, in that it detonated with 30g Penkolite at 25C in a 65rrun plastic sleeve~ The emulsion of Example 2 thus also is suitable for bulk explosives.
Exa~e 3 The following formulation which hitherto was considered by the Applicant to be suitable for small diarrleter applications was used to produce an explosive emulsion with the apparatus of the drawings according to the method of the invention.
Component ~ by mass 15 Ammonium nitrate 60,89 Sodium nitrate 14,62 Calcium nitrate 3,59 l~ater l2,55 P95 2,~9 Span 80 0,70 Surfactant (a polymeric emulsifier) 0,30 Soya Lecithin 0,70 Sasolwax*~ (a hydraulic wax fuel obtainable from Sasol ~arketing * Reg. TM
Company I.imited) l,72 Cl5/250 Microballoons 2,44 The procedure of Example l was repeated with the above formulation.
The resultant emulsion was of a relatively high sensitivity, detonating with 0,022g of pen-taerythritol tetranitrate at 25C in a 25mm waxed paper cartridge. Such sensitivity is suitable for explosive emulsions for small diameter explosives.
Example 4: Example 3 was repeated with 0,5% microballoons being added instead of 2,44~, the relative proportions of the remaining constituents being kept substantially unchanged. The resultant emulsion was of decreased sensitivity compared to the emulsion of Example 3, detonating with 30g pentolite at 25C
in 65 mm plastic sleeve. This decreased sensitivity is equivalent to the sensitivity of the emulsions of Examples l and 2, and suitable for bulk explosives.
The formulation of Examples 3 and 4, when used to form an emulsion by the method of the invention, is thus suitable for use in both bulk and small diameter explosives~ subject only to a variation in the proportion of microballoons added.
~ 20 -~ litherto, an emulsion explosive having a suitably small droplet size of oxidising salt component such that the emulsion is sufficiently sensitive for use in small diameter explosives, could be manufactured by the Applicant hy batch processing only, the batch size being limited by the size of mechanical mixers available. With bulk production, only relatively coarse emulsions could be obtained from the available continuous operation methods. These relatively coarse lO emulsions, having a relatively large droplet size, require a hi~her proportion of sensitisers of the type clescribed above, and lack extended shelf life.
The method of the invention provides a contin-uous "one-pass" operation whereby batch production may 15 be obviated, a coarse emulsion suitable for refinement in the second stage being produced in line in the first stage of the method. Thus bulk production of emulsion explosives having a sufficiently small droplet size of o ox.idiser component, and hence a sufficiently high sen-20 sitivity for use in small diameter explosives and anextended shelf life is made possible. Thus relatively high costs of sensitisers which heretofore were re-quired for sensitising the emulsion, may be reduced.
- 21 - ~ ~2~3~
Hence the method of the invention, at least as exemplified, is advantageously simple and versa-tile.
Advantages of the apparatus for performing the method of the invention include the relatively inexpen-sive components thereof which are substantially mainte-nance free. Safety is enhanced as the s-tatic mixers have no moving parts and the apparatus can be assembled and disassembled relatlvely easily. Further, the appa-10 ratus is versatile in that various combinations of com-ponents, e.g.inlet members and/or static mixers can be used for controlling emulsion properties, thereby to provide emulsions suitable for both bul)c and small dia-meter explosives according to the method of the 15 invention.
T~o inlet members 30 (ie 30.1 and 30.2) (see also Figures a and 5) are arranged in series with the static mixers 16, 18 and 20 in the following configu-rati.on: inlet member 30~1 - static mixer 16 - inlet member 30.2 - static mixer 18 - static mixer 20.
I'he tank 12 communicates respectively with the inlet mernbers 30.1 and 30.2 via feed tubes 22 and 24 provided with a pump 26 for pumping the oxidising salt component, at a suitable pressure and flow r~te, from 1~ the tank 12 and into the inlet members 30.1 and 30.2.
Ball valves 32 and 33 which are adjustable to be partly or fully open, are provided in the feed tubes 22 and 24.
The tank 14 communicates with the inlet member 30.1 via a feed tube 34 provided with a pump 36 for pumping the fuel component from the tank 14 and into the inlet member 30.1.
Each of the static mixers 16, 18 and 20 (see Figures 2 and 3) comprises an elongate tubular portion 38 having an internal diameter a of 3/8" to 1l' ~ie 10 to 25 mm), two hollow, frusto conical end portions 40 of length b of 50mm which flare outwardly from the ends of the portion 38; and two disc-like flanges 42 which define apertures 44 therethrough and which sealingly engage the end portions 40.
~%~ 32 The static mixers 16, 18 and 20 each contain about 10 mixer elements 45 (shown only in Figure 1) which are selected in number and size to provide the desired emulsification.
Each of the inlet members 30 (Figures 4 and 5) comprises a hollow cylinder 46 which defines a cavity 48, and t~o end flanges 50 which define apertures 52 which communicate with the cavity 48.
A transverse bore 54 is provided in the wall 10 of the cylinder 46, which leads from the cavity 48 to the exterior via a sleeve 55 which projects outwardly from the cylinder 46.
Each of the flanges 50 is similar to the flanges 42 and is connectable thereto, e.g. by bolts, 15 such that their respective apertures 44 and 52 are in communication with eachoother.
.
An apertured tube 56 (see Figure 6) having one closed end is receivable through the sleeve 55 and the bore 54. The tube 56 has a row of 11 apertures 58 20 along its length adjacent its closed end, which are of 2,5mm diameter and are uniformly spaced from each other by a distance of 4mm. ~hen in its operative pOsltion~
the tube 56 projects from the bore into the cavity 48 .
__.. . _, , - l3 ~ 2 such that the entire row of apertures 58 is received therein, and the apertures 58 face downstream relative to the direction of flow of the emulsion/emulsion com-ponents in use.
The open end of one of the tubes 56 communi-cates with the feed tube 22, and the open end of the other of the tubes 5~ communicates with the feed tube 24.
The use o~ the apparatus of the drawings is 10 now described with reEerence to the following non-limiting examples:
Example l:
The following formulation which hitherto was considered by the Applicant to be suitable Eor bulk 15 applications was used to produce an explosive emulsion with the apparatus 10 according to the invention.
Component % by mass Ammonium nitrate 57,88 Sodium nitrate 19,70 20 Water 15,31 . _ . , .. . ., . , . .. , .. ,, .. . ., .... _.. . . . . . .. .... .
3~
. 19 -P95 Fuel Oil (paraffin c hydrocarbon fuel availablc from ~P Southern Africa (I'ty) Lt(3.) 4,21 Span*80 (sorbitan mono oleate 5 emulsifier available from Atlas Oil & Chemical Company (Pty) Ltd.) 0,60 Surfactant (a polymeric emulsifier) 0,20 Soya Lecithin 0,60 10 Revertex 272 for facilitating emul-sification (Revertex 272 is an aqueous suspension of 45% by mass butyl acrylate/acrylonitrile particles in the size range 0,1 -15 0,2 microns in 55% by mass water available from Revertex (South Africa) (Pty) Limited) 1,00 C15/250r microballoons (a density reducing agent and sensitiser 20 available from 3i~l (South Africa) (Pty) Limited) 0,50 The apparatus 10 was set up in the confi~u-ration shown in ~igure 1. ~he ammonium nitrate and water ~ere mixed and heated to 85C, wllereafter the sodium nitrate and other oxidiser in~redients were added thereto, and heated and stirred in the tanX 12 to * Reg. rM
- 15 - ~ ~ ~8~3Z
form an oxidiser component. ~ fuel component compri-sing all the remaining constituents, except for the density reducing agents, were mixed, heated and stirred in the tank 14. The fuel component was pumped from the tank 14, by the pump 36 via the feed tube 34, through the inlet member 30.1 and the static mixer 16. rlean-while a feed stream of the oxidiser component was pumped from `the tank 12, by the pump 26 via the feed tube 22 and the associated apertured tube 56, through the inlet member 30.1 and into the static mixer 16.
The apertured tube 56 split the feed stream of the oxidiser component into eleven jets thereof via the apertures 58. The jets of oxidiser component were directed into the fuel component in the mixer 16 and mixed therein by the mixer elements 45 (shown only in Figure 1) which divided and repeatedly subdivided the jets to form droplets thereof dispersed in the fuel : component to form an emulsion which, although rela-tively coarse, was a suitable feed for the second mixer 18.
The coarse emulsion was fed through the inlet member 30.2 and into the static mixer 18. Meanwhile a feed stream of the oxidiser component was pumped from the tank 12, via the feed tube 24 and the associated apertured tube 56, through the inlet member 30.2 and into the static mixer 18. The apertured tube 56 split the feed stream of the oxidiser component into eleven .
- 16 - ~ X~3~
jets thereof which were directed into the coarse emul-sion entering the mixer 18. A relatively refined emul-sion was formed in the mixer 18. Finally, this rela-tively refined emulsion was fed through the static mixer 20 wherein an even more refined emulsion was formed.
The fuel component was fed into the static mixer 16, and the oxidiser component was fed into the static mixers 16 and 18 at respective flow rates and pressures such that the resulting emulsion was flowing through the mixers at a rate of 90 kg/min and a pressure of 1 x 107 Pa.
As mentioned above/ the relative flow rates of the oxidiser and fuel components are important and can be controlled such that the percentage phase volume by volume is as low as 6~ to 10~ for the fuel component and as high as 90% to 94% for the oxidiser component.
In the present example an emulsion having a percentage phase volume by volume of 6% fuel component and 94%
oxidiser components was foxmed.
By controlling the flow rate of the oxidiser component, and the extent to which the valves 32 and 33 were open, 70% of the proportion of oxidiser component required in the final emulsion product was added to the fuel component in the mixer 16, and the remaining 30%
to the fuel component in the mixer 18.
Finally, the density reducing agents were added at 65C, which had the effect of increasing the sensitivity of the emulsion from the mixer 20, such that it detonated with 30g Pentolite at 25C in a 65mm plastic sleeve. Such sensitivity is suitable for emulsions for hulk explosives.
Example 2:
~he following formulation which hitherto was 10 considered by the Applicant to be suitable for bulk applications was used to produce an explosive emulsion with the apparatus 10 according to the method of the invention:
Component ~ by mass _ 15 Ammonium nitrate 57,88 Sodium nitrate 19,70 Water 15,31 P95 Fuel Oil 5,21 Span 80 0,60 20 Surfactant (a polymeric emulsifier~ 0,20 Soya Lecithin 0,60 C15/250 Microballoons 0,50 The procedure of Exarrlple 1 was repeated with the above formulation.
The resultant emulsion was of a sensitivity equivalent to the emulsion of Example l, in that it detonated with 30g Penkolite at 25C in a 65rrun plastic sleeve~ The emulsion of Example 2 thus also is suitable for bulk explosives.
Exa~e 3 The following formulation which hitherto was considered by the Applicant to be suitable for small diarrleter applications was used to produce an explosive emulsion with the apparatus of the drawings according to the method of the invention.
Component ~ by mass 15 Ammonium nitrate 60,89 Sodium nitrate 14,62 Calcium nitrate 3,59 l~ater l2,55 P95 2,~9 Span 80 0,70 Surfactant (a polymeric emulsifier) 0,30 Soya Lecithin 0,70 Sasolwax*~ (a hydraulic wax fuel obtainable from Sasol ~arketing * Reg. TM
Company I.imited) l,72 Cl5/250 Microballoons 2,44 The procedure of Example l was repeated with the above formulation.
The resultant emulsion was of a relatively high sensitivity, detonating with 0,022g of pen-taerythritol tetranitrate at 25C in a 25mm waxed paper cartridge. Such sensitivity is suitable for explosive emulsions for small diameter explosives.
Example 4: Example 3 was repeated with 0,5% microballoons being added instead of 2,44~, the relative proportions of the remaining constituents being kept substantially unchanged. The resultant emulsion was of decreased sensitivity compared to the emulsion of Example 3, detonating with 30g pentolite at 25C
in 65 mm plastic sleeve. This decreased sensitivity is equivalent to the sensitivity of the emulsions of Examples l and 2, and suitable for bulk explosives.
The formulation of Examples 3 and 4, when used to form an emulsion by the method of the invention, is thus suitable for use in both bulk and small diameter explosives~ subject only to a variation in the proportion of microballoons added.
~ 20 -~ litherto, an emulsion explosive having a suitably small droplet size of oxidising salt component such that the emulsion is sufficiently sensitive for use in small diameter explosives, could be manufactured by the Applicant hy batch processing only, the batch size being limited by the size of mechanical mixers available. With bulk production, only relatively coarse emulsions could be obtained from the available continuous operation methods. These relatively coarse lO emulsions, having a relatively large droplet size, require a hi~her proportion of sensitisers of the type clescribed above, and lack extended shelf life.
The method of the invention provides a contin-uous "one-pass" operation whereby batch production may 15 be obviated, a coarse emulsion suitable for refinement in the second stage being produced in line in the first stage of the method. Thus bulk production of emulsion explosives having a sufficiently small droplet size of o ox.idiser component, and hence a sufficiently high sen-20 sitivity for use in small diameter explosives and anextended shelf life is made possible. Thus relatively high costs of sensitisers which heretofore were re-quired for sensitising the emulsion, may be reduced.
- 21 - ~ ~2~3~
Hence the method of the invention, at least as exemplified, is advantageously simple and versa-tile.
Advantages of the apparatus for performing the method of the invention include the relatively inexpen-sive components thereof which are substantially mainte-nance free. Safety is enhanced as the s-tatic mixers have no moving parts and the apparatus can be assembled and disassembled relatlvely easily. Further, the appa-10 ratus is versatile in that various combinations of com-ponents, e.g.inlet members and/or static mixers can be used for controlling emulsion properties, thereby to provide emulsions suitable for both bul)c and small dia-meter explosives according to the method of the 15 invention.
Claims (18)
1. A method of making an explosive in the form of an emulsion comprising a discontinuous phase which includes an oxidizing salt, and a continuous phase which includes a fuel and which is immiscible with the discontinuous phase, the method including directing a plurality of 0,5 to 5 mm diameter jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase, in the presence of an emulsifier, and feeding the continuous phase with the discontinuous phase through at least one mixer.
2. A method as claimed in Claim 1 which includes two stages, being a first stage which comprises directing a plurality of the jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase, in the presence of an emulsifier, and feeding the continuous phase containing the discontinuous phase through a static mixer, to form a relatively coarse, fuel-rich emulsion; and a second stage which comprises directing a plurality of the jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase of said coarse, fuel-rich emulsion, and feeding the coarse emulsion with the added discontinuous phase through a further static mixer, to form a relatively fine emulsion.
3. A method as claimed in Claim 2 which includes passing the emulsion through several static mixers in series in the second stage to obtain a finer emulsion.
4. A method as claimed in Claim 2 which includes controlling the relative flow rates of the continuous and discontinuous phases such that a percentage phase volume by volume of 6% to 10% continuous phase and 90% to 94%
discontinuous phase is obtained in the final emulsion product.
discontinuous phase is obtained in the final emulsion product.
5. A method as claimed in Claim 1 which includes introducing 50% to 80% of the oxidizer component required in the final emulsion product into the discontinuous phase in the first stage, and introducing the remainder of the oxidizer component, being 20% to 50%, into the continuous phase in the second stage.
6. A method as claimed in Claim 1 which includes heating the discontinuous phase and/or the continuous phase to decrease the viscosities thereof before directing the jets of the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase.
7. A method as claimed in Claim 1 which includes splitting a single feed stream of the discontinuous phase into the plurality of jets, before directing them into the continuous phase.
8. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the oxidizing salt comprises a member of the group consisting of alkali metal nitrates, alkali metal perchlorates, alkaline earth metal nitrates, alkaline earth metal perchlorates, ammonium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, and mixtures of two or more thereof.
9. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the emulsifier comprises a member of the group consisting of sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan tristearate, the mono- and di-glycerides of fat-forming fatty acids, soya bean lecithin, derivatives of lanolin, alkyl benzene sulphonates, oleyl acid phosphate, laurylamine acetate, decaglycerol decaoleate, decaglycerol decastearate, polymeric emulsifiers containing polyethylene glycol back bones with fatty acid side chains, and mixtures of two or more thereof.
10. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the fuel is a non self-explosive organic fuel selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and mixtures of two or more thereof.
11. A method as claimed in Claim 10 wherein the fuel comprises a member selected from the group consisting of mineral oils, fuel oils, lubricating oils, liquid paraffin, microcrystalline waxes, paraffin waxes, petrolatum, xylene, toluene, dinitrotoluene and mixtures of two or more thereof.
12. A method as claimed in Claim 1 which includes adding a density reducing agent to the emulsion to provide a density for the explosive of 1,15 to 1,20 g/ml at 25°C.
13. Apparatus for making an explosive in the form of an emulsion comprising a discontinuous phase containing an oxidizing salt and an immiscible continuous phase including a fuel, said apparatus including a static mixer having a mixing tube having an inlet and an outlet end and containing static mixer elements; means for flowing the continuous phase through said inlet end and through said mixing tube under turbulent flow conditions to said outlet end; and means for injecting the discontinuous phase into the continuous phase prior to passage through said mixing tube in the form of a plurality of jets; said means including a device having a plurality of apertures of 0.5 to 5 mm. diameter.
14. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 13 which includes a first stage and a second stage, one said device and a mixer in the form of a static mixer constituting the first stage and a further said device and a further static mixer constituting the second stage.
15. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 14 wherein the second stage comprises a plurality of static mixers arranged in series.
16. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 14 wherein the mixer of the first stage is of a high shear type and the mixer of the second stage is of a low shear type.
17. An apparatus as claimed in claim 14 which includes pumps for pumping the continuous and discontinuous phases under turbulent flow conditions through the static mixers.
18. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 17 wherein each of the pumps has its inlet connected to a storage tank provided with a heating means and forming a part of the apparatus.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA828466 | 1982-11-17 | ||
| ZA82/8466 | 1982-11-17 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1228232A true CA1228232A (en) | 1987-10-20 |
Family
ID=25576379
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000438763A Expired CA1228232A (en) | 1982-11-17 | 1983-10-11 | Method and means of making an explosive in the form of an emulsion |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4491489A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0109747B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS59146996A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU565619B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8306266A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1228232A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3375911D1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2133784B (en) |
| IN (1) | IN161044B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO160355C (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ206107A (en) |
| PH (2) | PH20079A (en) |
| ZW (1) | ZW21783A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (24)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3412410A1 (en) * | 1984-04-03 | 1985-10-10 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., 8000 München | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PLASTIC-BONDED POWDER CHARGING POWDER AND EXPLOSIVES |
| US4615752A (en) * | 1984-11-23 | 1986-10-07 | Ireco Incorporated | Methods of pumping and loading emulsion slurry blasting compositions |
| US4632714A (en) * | 1985-09-19 | 1986-12-30 | Megabar Corporation | Microcellular composite energetic materials and method for making same |
| SE451196B (en) * | 1985-12-23 | 1987-09-14 | Nitro Nobel Ab | PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING A TYPE OF WATER-IN-OIL EMULSION EXPLOSION AND AN OXIDATION COMPOSITION FOR USING THE PROCEDURE |
| DE3601714A1 (en) * | 1986-01-22 | 1987-07-23 | Draegerwerk Ag | DEVICE FOR ENRICHING BREATHING GAS WITH OXYGEN |
| IN171629B (en) * | 1986-07-07 | 1992-11-28 | Aeci Ltd | |
| US4758289A (en) * | 1987-06-18 | 1988-07-19 | Ireco Incorporated | Blasting agent in microcapsule form |
| CA1305327C (en) * | 1987-10-05 | 1992-07-21 | Ici Canada Inc. | Emulsion blasting agent preparation system |
| DE3886910T2 (en) * | 1987-12-17 | 1994-05-05 | Ici Plc | Emulsification process and device. |
| EP0403091B1 (en) * | 1989-06-16 | 1994-06-15 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Emulsification method and apparatus |
| GB2258656B (en) * | 1991-08-15 | 1994-01-12 | Albright & Wilson | Processing of powder |
| JPH067668A (en) * | 1992-03-04 | 1994-01-18 | Breed Automot Technol Inc | Method of preparing inflating agent |
| US6982015B2 (en) * | 2001-05-25 | 2006-01-03 | Dyno Nobel Inc. | Reduced energy blasting agent and method |
| GB0205559D0 (en) * | 2002-03-11 | 2002-04-24 | Bae Systems Plc | Improvements in and relating to the filling of explosive ordnance |
| US6955731B2 (en) * | 2003-01-28 | 2005-10-18 | Waldock Kevin H | Explosive composition, method of making an explosive composition, and method of using an explosive composition |
| US7771550B2 (en) * | 2005-10-07 | 2010-08-10 | Dyno Nobel, Inc. | Method and system for manufacture and delivery of an emulsion explosive |
| PE20080896A1 (en) * | 2006-08-29 | 2008-08-21 | African Explosives Ltd | EXPLOSIVE SYSTEM THAT HAS A BASIC EMULSION AND A SENSITIZING SOLUTION |
| CN103108848B (en) * | 2010-08-13 | 2015-07-29 | 奥利卡国际私人有限公司 | Produce the technique of the intermediate emulsion being used for emulsion explosive |
| GB201122153D0 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2012-02-29 | Roxel Uk Rocket Motors Ltd | Processing explosives |
| CN103664424B (en) | 2013-09-26 | 2017-09-15 | 石家庄成功机电有限公司 | The emulsification method and equipment of a kind of emulsion |
| EP3162785B1 (en) * | 2014-06-25 | 2020-05-13 | Shijiazhuang Success Machinery Electrical Co. Ltd. | Method for continuously producing emulsion explosive without charge pump by means of emulsification and sensitization in static state |
| CN104058904B (en) * | 2014-07-07 | 2016-06-08 | 山东天宝化工股份有限公司 | A kind of emulsion pilot production line and production technology thereof |
| KR20200125612A (en) * | 2018-01-29 | 2020-11-04 | 다이노 노벨 인코포레이티드 | Mechanically gas-treated emulsion explosives and methods related thereto |
| RU2765548C1 (en) * | 2019-01-21 | 2022-02-01 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью ООО "ТехНаНова" | Unit and method for production of emulsions of fuel mixtures for producing explosive substances based on production waste |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE7404839L (en) * | 1974-04-10 | 1975-10-13 | Nitro Nobel Ab | INSTALLATION FOR CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF EXPLOSIVES CONTAINING EXPLOSION OIL |
| US4019720A (en) * | 1975-10-16 | 1977-04-26 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Method and apparatus for mixing viscous materials |
| DE2549086A1 (en) * | 1975-11-03 | 1977-05-18 | Helmut Mueller | Prodn. of low concn. emulsions - from viscous concentrates using double mixing to first prepare strong emulsion |
| JPS6020351B2 (en) * | 1977-06-07 | 1985-05-21 | 日本無機材料株式会社 | Manufacturing method of alkali-resistant glass fiber reinforced cellular concrete |
| US4149917A (en) * | 1977-11-03 | 1979-04-17 | Atlas Powder Company | Cap sensitive emulsions without any sensitizer other than occluded air |
| US4141767A (en) * | 1978-03-03 | 1979-02-27 | Ireco Chemicals | Emulsion blasting agent |
| JPS54127064A (en) * | 1978-03-06 | 1979-10-02 | Komax Systems Inc | Charging instrument of stationary mixer |
| US4216040A (en) * | 1979-01-19 | 1980-08-05 | Ireco Chemicals | Emulsion blasting composition |
| NZ192888A (en) * | 1979-04-02 | 1982-03-30 | Canadian Ind | Water-in-oil microemulsion explosive compositions |
-
1983
- 1983-10-06 US US06/539,405 patent/US4491489A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1983-10-10 ZW ZW217/83A patent/ZW21783A1/en unknown
- 1983-10-11 CA CA000438763A patent/CA1228232A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-10-12 DE DE8383306180T patent/DE3375911D1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-10-12 GB GB08327257A patent/GB2133784B/en not_active Expired
- 1983-10-12 EP EP83306180A patent/EP0109747B1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-10-21 PH PH29727A patent/PH20079A/en unknown
- 1983-10-21 PH PH29727A patent/PH20078A/en unknown
- 1983-10-21 IN IN1293/CAL/83A patent/IN161044B/en unknown
- 1983-10-27 AU AU20656/83A patent/AU565619B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1983-10-31 NZ NZ206107A patent/NZ206107A/en unknown
- 1983-11-14 BR BR8306266A patent/BR8306266A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-11-16 NO NO83834197A patent/NO160355C/en unknown
- 1983-11-17 JP JP58215128A patent/JPS59146996A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NO834197L (en) | 1984-05-18 |
| NO160355B (en) | 1989-01-02 |
| EP0109747A3 (en) | 1985-01-30 |
| PH20079A (en) | 1986-09-18 |
| IN161044B (en) | 1987-09-26 |
| GB2133784A (en) | 1984-08-01 |
| US4491489A (en) | 1985-01-01 |
| NO160355C (en) | 1989-04-12 |
| EP0109747B1 (en) | 1988-03-09 |
| NZ206107A (en) | 1986-08-08 |
| BR8306266A (en) | 1984-06-19 |
| JPS59146996A (en) | 1984-08-23 |
| JPH0419192B2 (en) | 1992-03-30 |
| DE3375911D1 (en) | 1988-04-14 |
| ZW21783A1 (en) | 1985-05-22 |
| EP0109747A2 (en) | 1984-05-30 |
| AU2065683A (en) | 1984-05-24 |
| PH20078A (en) | 1986-09-18 |
| GB8327257D0 (en) | 1983-11-16 |
| GB2133784B (en) | 1986-04-09 |
| AU565619B2 (en) | 1987-09-24 |
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