CA1209841A - Means for enhancing the protein synthesis of animals - Google Patents
Means for enhancing the protein synthesis of animalsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1209841A CA1209841A CA000444429A CA444429A CA1209841A CA 1209841 A CA1209841 A CA 1209841A CA 000444429 A CA000444429 A CA 000444429A CA 444429 A CA444429 A CA 444429A CA 1209841 A CA1209841 A CA 1209841A
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- Prior art keywords
- aspartate
- copper
- zinc
- feedstuff
- animals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/30—Oligoelements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract:
A feedstuff additive for improving protein synthesis during the fattening of animals is described. To achieve an especially good growth increasing effect when fattening animals, an additive of zinc aspartate is added to the feed at a dose of about 10 to about 100 mg. zinc as zinc aspartate per kg. of feedstuff. Alternatively, copper aspartate may be employed at a dose of about 10 to about 100 mg. copper as copper aspartate per kg. of feedstuff.
If both zinc aspartate and copper aspartate are used, the doses are preferably 3-20 mg/kg feed and 25-100 mg/kg feed, respectively, calculated as the metal.
A feedstuff additive for improving protein synthesis during the fattening of animals is described. To achieve an especially good growth increasing effect when fattening animals, an additive of zinc aspartate is added to the feed at a dose of about 10 to about 100 mg. zinc as zinc aspartate per kg. of feedstuff. Alternatively, copper aspartate may be employed at a dose of about 10 to about 100 mg. copper as copper aspartate per kg. of feedstuff.
If both zinc aspartate and copper aspartate are used, the doses are preferably 3-20 mg/kg feed and 25-100 mg/kg feed, respectively, calculated as the metal.
Description
~2~41 Means for enhancing the protein synthesis of animals This invention relates to feedstuff additives for enhancing the protein synthesis of animals.
It is known that the biological element ~inc is indispensable for the growth of juvenile animals be-cause it is a structural component of ribonucleicacid polymerases and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases (W.S. Wegener and A. H. Romano; Science, 142 (1963), 1669 - J.E. Coleman; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 60 ~1974), 641 - M. Fujioka and I. Liebermann, J. Biol~
Chem., 239 (1964), 1164 - J. P. Slater, A.S. Mildvan and L.A. Loeb; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 44 (1971), 37), and because it is an activator of nu~erous enzyyme systems ~W. Seeling and I. Seeling; ZinkstoE~wechsel- Bedeutung fur Klinik und Praxis; TM-Verlag, Bad Oeynhausen, 1979).
Conversely, a scarcity of zinc in animals causes a dis~
ruption of protein synthesis, growth retardation, loss of hair, reduction of endochondral bone growth and other pathophysioloqical disruptions of metabolism ~R.C. Thever and W.G. Hiekstra, J. of Nutrit.f 89 (1966), 448 - H.G. Day and E.V. McCollum; Proc. ~oc. Exp. Biol. Med., 45 (1940), 282 - R.H. Follis, H.G. Day and E.V. McCollum; J. of Nutrit., 22 (1941), 223 - E. Hove, C.A. Elvehjem and E.G. Hart; A~. J. Physiol., 113 ~1937), 768 - F.E. Stirn, C.A. Elvehje~ and R.B. Hart; J~ Biol. Chem., 109 (1935), 347).
~ ontinuing from this, N. Danzig (West German Offenlegungsschrift 2,704,746) proved that zinc methionate (1:2) exerts a growth enhancing effect on calves, cattle and sheep when simultaneously reducing the feed during intensive fattening, wherein the optimum dosage lies in the region of 250 to 1500 ppm zinc methionate (1:2).
It is also known that a deficiency of the biological element copper in young animals, which have a high copper requirement, also produces a stunting of growth, particu-larly in association with the bones, the reproductivesystem and the central nervous system (Th. Bersin:
Biochemie der Mineral- and Spurenelemente, Akad Verlagsges., Frankfurt-Main, 1963~. Under human medical conditions, it has been observed that upon intravenous hyperalimentation with amino acid solutions, as well as upon the acceleration of wound healing with zinc, mere zinc substitution does not always lead to a reproduc-ible result and that, on the contrary, Erequént Eailures occur. Such controversial reactions can be explained by a prevailing deficit of copper r which can even increase during an ongoing zinc application. Zinc and copper have the same orbital occupation and therefore at irst operate antagonistically in metabolism, but the two elements can also work to advantage in the sense of having a synergistic ~5 ef~ect (M. D~vid, M.D. Ota, V. Bruce, M.D. MacFadyen, T. Elisabeth, B.S. Gum, J. Stanley and M.D. Dudrick; in:
zinc and Copper in Clinical Medicine, SP Medical and Scientific Books, New York, 1976~. Deficiency of copper limits the complete utilization of food, as can be in~erred from a study carried out by A. Cordano (in:
Zinc and Copper in Clinical Medicine; loco cit.).
The growth enhancing effect of copper sulfate com-monly used when fattening nogs at a dose of 250 ppm/feed has been attributed to the germicidal and fungicidal pro-perties of copper, but these antibacterial effects haverecently been cast in doubt as the result of detailed ~2~41 research, whereby priority has been ascribed to the pharmacodyn~mic effects of the nutritive properties of copper (M.G. Beyer; Landw. Forschung, 29 (1970), 53 - M. Kirchgessner and E. Grassman; Z. Tierphysiol., Tierernahr. and Futtermittelkde., 26 (1970), 3 -H. Meyer and H. Kroger; Ubers. Tierern., 1 (1973), 9).
In this sense, N~ Danzig has confirmed that copper (II)-methionate in doses of 250-900 mg is suitable as a growth enhancing supplement for the feeding of hogs (DP
2546051).
We have found that the chelate of asparaginic acid (aspartic acid) with zinc and with copper is an especially effective agent for the improvement of protein synthesis in the liver, and is considerably superior to other compounds used for the same purpose, e.g. copper sulphate, copper (II)-methionate and zinc methionate.
According ~o one aspect of the invention there is provided a feedstuff additive for improving protein synthesis during the fattening of animals, comprising zinc aspartate at a dose of about 10 to about 100 mg.
zinc as zinc aspartate per kg. of feedstuff.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a feedstuff additive Eor improving protein synthesis during the fattening of animals, comprising copper aspartate at a dose of about 10 to about 100 mg.
copper as copper aspartate per kg. of feedstuEf.
According to yet another aspect oE the invention there is provided a feedstuff additive for improving protein synth~sis during the fattening of animals, comprising a mixture oE zinc aspartate and copper aspartate with about 3 to about 20 mg. zinc as zinc aspartate per kg. of feedstuff and about 25 to about 100 mg. copper as copper aspartate per kg. of Eeedstuff.
The invention and its preferred forms are described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. l is graphs showing the protein synthesis rates in the livers of male rats after feeding for two weeks with feedstuÇfs having various additives; and Fig. 2 is a graph showing the protein synthesis rates of liver cell microsomes of rats after feeding with various copper salts over two weeks, the doses being given in mg Cu2 /kg. feed.
The following description illustrates the methods by which the invention was evaluated and tested.
Methods Groups of six male Wistar rats having a starting weight of ca. 609. were held in Makrolon cages on sprinkled wood shavings. The ambient temperature was 24 ~ 1C. Water and feed formulated according to Drepper and Weik (1972) was provided for each group of 6 rats.
The feed formulation is given in Table 3. According to the experimental plan itemized in Table l, zinc aspartate was added to the feed for the rats of groups 2 and 3, copper aspartate was added to the Eeed for the rats of groups 4 and 5 and a mixture of zinc aspartate and copper aspartate was added to the feed for the rats of groups 6 and 7 in the doses given in the table.
The eEfect of the additions of copper aspartate to the feed in the doses given in Table 2 was compared with the efEect oE the additions of copper sulfate or copper methiorlate to the Eeeds of the rat groups according to experimental plan B (Table 2).
Table 1: Experimental Plan A
Dose Duration of ~roup n Substance (ppm Metal) Feedin~
6 Control
It is known that the biological element ~inc is indispensable for the growth of juvenile animals be-cause it is a structural component of ribonucleicacid polymerases and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases (W.S. Wegener and A. H. Romano; Science, 142 (1963), 1669 - J.E. Coleman; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 60 ~1974), 641 - M. Fujioka and I. Liebermann, J. Biol~
Chem., 239 (1964), 1164 - J. P. Slater, A.S. Mildvan and L.A. Loeb; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 44 (1971), 37), and because it is an activator of nu~erous enzyyme systems ~W. Seeling and I. Seeling; ZinkstoE~wechsel- Bedeutung fur Klinik und Praxis; TM-Verlag, Bad Oeynhausen, 1979).
Conversely, a scarcity of zinc in animals causes a dis~
ruption of protein synthesis, growth retardation, loss of hair, reduction of endochondral bone growth and other pathophysioloqical disruptions of metabolism ~R.C. Thever and W.G. Hiekstra, J. of Nutrit.f 89 (1966), 448 - H.G. Day and E.V. McCollum; Proc. ~oc. Exp. Biol. Med., 45 (1940), 282 - R.H. Follis, H.G. Day and E.V. McCollum; J. of Nutrit., 22 (1941), 223 - E. Hove, C.A. Elvehjem and E.G. Hart; A~. J. Physiol., 113 ~1937), 768 - F.E. Stirn, C.A. Elvehje~ and R.B. Hart; J~ Biol. Chem., 109 (1935), 347).
~ ontinuing from this, N. Danzig (West German Offenlegungsschrift 2,704,746) proved that zinc methionate (1:2) exerts a growth enhancing effect on calves, cattle and sheep when simultaneously reducing the feed during intensive fattening, wherein the optimum dosage lies in the region of 250 to 1500 ppm zinc methionate (1:2).
It is also known that a deficiency of the biological element copper in young animals, which have a high copper requirement, also produces a stunting of growth, particu-larly in association with the bones, the reproductivesystem and the central nervous system (Th. Bersin:
Biochemie der Mineral- and Spurenelemente, Akad Verlagsges., Frankfurt-Main, 1963~. Under human medical conditions, it has been observed that upon intravenous hyperalimentation with amino acid solutions, as well as upon the acceleration of wound healing with zinc, mere zinc substitution does not always lead to a reproduc-ible result and that, on the contrary, Erequént Eailures occur. Such controversial reactions can be explained by a prevailing deficit of copper r which can even increase during an ongoing zinc application. Zinc and copper have the same orbital occupation and therefore at irst operate antagonistically in metabolism, but the two elements can also work to advantage in the sense of having a synergistic ~5 ef~ect (M. D~vid, M.D. Ota, V. Bruce, M.D. MacFadyen, T. Elisabeth, B.S. Gum, J. Stanley and M.D. Dudrick; in:
zinc and Copper in Clinical Medicine, SP Medical and Scientific Books, New York, 1976~. Deficiency of copper limits the complete utilization of food, as can be in~erred from a study carried out by A. Cordano (in:
Zinc and Copper in Clinical Medicine; loco cit.).
The growth enhancing effect of copper sulfate com-monly used when fattening nogs at a dose of 250 ppm/feed has been attributed to the germicidal and fungicidal pro-perties of copper, but these antibacterial effects haverecently been cast in doubt as the result of detailed ~2~41 research, whereby priority has been ascribed to the pharmacodyn~mic effects of the nutritive properties of copper (M.G. Beyer; Landw. Forschung, 29 (1970), 53 - M. Kirchgessner and E. Grassman; Z. Tierphysiol., Tierernahr. and Futtermittelkde., 26 (1970), 3 -H. Meyer and H. Kroger; Ubers. Tierern., 1 (1973), 9).
In this sense, N~ Danzig has confirmed that copper (II)-methionate in doses of 250-900 mg is suitable as a growth enhancing supplement for the feeding of hogs (DP
2546051).
We have found that the chelate of asparaginic acid (aspartic acid) with zinc and with copper is an especially effective agent for the improvement of protein synthesis in the liver, and is considerably superior to other compounds used for the same purpose, e.g. copper sulphate, copper (II)-methionate and zinc methionate.
According ~o one aspect of the invention there is provided a feedstuff additive for improving protein synthesis during the fattening of animals, comprising zinc aspartate at a dose of about 10 to about 100 mg.
zinc as zinc aspartate per kg. of feedstuff.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a feedstuff additive Eor improving protein synthesis during the fattening of animals, comprising copper aspartate at a dose of about 10 to about 100 mg.
copper as copper aspartate per kg. of feedstuEf.
According to yet another aspect oE the invention there is provided a feedstuff additive for improving protein synth~sis during the fattening of animals, comprising a mixture oE zinc aspartate and copper aspartate with about 3 to about 20 mg. zinc as zinc aspartate per kg. of feedstuff and about 25 to about 100 mg. copper as copper aspartate per kg. of Eeedstuff.
The invention and its preferred forms are described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. l is graphs showing the protein synthesis rates in the livers of male rats after feeding for two weeks with feedstuÇfs having various additives; and Fig. 2 is a graph showing the protein synthesis rates of liver cell microsomes of rats after feeding with various copper salts over two weeks, the doses being given in mg Cu2 /kg. feed.
The following description illustrates the methods by which the invention was evaluated and tested.
Methods Groups of six male Wistar rats having a starting weight of ca. 609. were held in Makrolon cages on sprinkled wood shavings. The ambient temperature was 24 ~ 1C. Water and feed formulated according to Drepper and Weik (1972) was provided for each group of 6 rats.
The feed formulation is given in Table 3. According to the experimental plan itemized in Table l, zinc aspartate was added to the feed for the rats of groups 2 and 3, copper aspartate was added to the Eeed for the rats of groups 4 and 5 and a mixture of zinc aspartate and copper aspartate was added to the feed for the rats of groups 6 and 7 in the doses given in the table.
The eEfect of the additions of copper aspartate to the feed in the doses given in Table 2 was compared with the efEect oE the additions of copper sulfate or copper methiorlate to the Eeeds of the rat groups according to experimental plan B (Table 2).
Table 1: Experimental Plan A
Dose Duration of ~roup n Substance (ppm Metal) Feedin~
6 Control
2 6 Zn-aspartate 3,5
3 6 Zn-aspartate 7,0
4 6 Cu-aspartate 50,0 2 weeks 6 Cu-aspartate 100,0 6 6 Zn-& Cu-aspartate 3,5 -~ 50,0 7 6 Zn--& Cu-aspartate 7,0 * 50,0 Table 2 : Experimental Plan B
Dose Duration of Substance ppm Metal ppm Substan~e Feeding 1 6 Control 2 6 Cu~O4 2562,~
3 6 CuSO4 50125,6 6 CuSO4 1~0251,3 6 Cu-aspartate 25132r3 2 weelcs 6 Cu-aspartate 50264,6 7 6 Cu-aspartate 100529,1 8 6 Cu-methionate25119,0 9 6 Cu-methionate50238,1 6 Cu-metilLonate100476,2 4~
~able 3 ; Formulation of Mixed Feed ~ccording to Drepper and Weik (1972) Formulation of the feed:
18 % Fish meal (64 ~ raw protein) 13 % Soya meal extract (43 ~ raw protein) 30 ~ Corn meal 28 % Wheat bran 2 ~ Saccharose 4 ~ Soya oil 3 % Mineral mixture 2 % Vitamin mixture 100 %
Raw Food Contents ~Weender Analysis) raw protein 18,3 %
raw fat 6,3 raw fibre 9,8 raw ash 8,3 ~
Minerals and trace elements Vitamins ( /kg feed) Ca10,0 9 ~ Vi~. A15000 I.E.
P 7,5 g Vit. D3 500 I.
Mg3,5 9 Vit. E 150 I.E.
Na3,5 ~ Vit. ~ 10 mg K14,0 g ~ HCl 20 mg Fe170,0 mg Vit. B2 20 mg Mn90,0 mg Vit. ~6HC115 mg Zn20,0 mg ~ /kg feed Vit. B1220 ~g Cu5,0 mg Ca-Pantothenate 50 mg I0,4 mg Nicotinic acid 50 mg Mo0,25 mg Choline 1 g F3,6 mg Folic acid10 mg Se0,22 mg Biotin 200 ~g Co 0,12 mg ~ Inositol100 mg p-Aminobenzoin 100 mg Vit. C. 20 mg Methionine 1.5 g Measurement of Protein Synthesis Rate in the Liver ~ccording to Kaemmerer and Dey-Hazra (Vet. Med. Nachr. 2 (1980) 99).
At the end of the feed period, the animals were killed at 8 a.m. MEZ (Middle European Time) by cervical dislocation.
The working up of the liver tests was carried out according to the directions of Appel (Diss. Hanover, 1973):
3g of liver was homogenized in an ice cooled TKM-buffer-saccharose-solution, the solution was then centrifuged for 20 minutes in an ultra centrifuge at lOOOOg and the upper layer was drawn off as "microsomal cell fluid" for protein synthesis~ After the determination of the protein content in the microsomal cell fluid by means of the Biuret-method, the protein concentration in lS the mix~ure was adjusted to 1.0 mg/ml with TKM-bu~fer (tris potassium chloride magnesium chloride). Tilereafter, 0.15 mL of the reaction mixture according to Siler and Fried (Biochem. J., 109 (196~), 185), 5~ pivruvatekinase-solution and ~.1 ml 14C_amino acid mixture were added to 0.25 ml of the resulting microsomal cell fluid (~ 0.25 mg protein), and incubated at 37C for 35 minutes. The residue was washed 8 to 12 times with trichloracetic acid (10%) and, upon reachin~ the reEerence value, measured in a PRI~S (Trade Mark)-flui~ity-scintillation counter PL
(Paclcard) after the addition oE Di~estin ~ (~erck) ~or dissolvin~ the protein and the addition o~ scintillation fluid (6 ml Lipoluma ~t Baker). For further details of the method see Kaemmerer and Dey-Hazra (loco cit.).
Results:
The results oE the comparison tests of zinc aspartate, copper sulfate, copper aspartate and copper methionate, as well as the com~ination of zinc aspartate and copper aspartate, in rats are shown in Table 4 below and Fig. 1.
~2~
Table 4: Results of the Determination of the Rate of Protein Syn-thesis in the Livers of ~ats After Feeding for 2 Weeks Dose CPM % re.
Substance (ppm Metal) x s ControL Significance Control - 345 42 Zinc aspartate 3,5 345 24 0 zinc-aspartate 7,0 382 44 + 10,7 not signif.
Copper-aspartate 50,0 412 43 + 19,4 significant Copper-aspartate 100,0 41~ 50 + 21,4 significant Zinc- & copper-aspartate 3,5+50 443 26 + 28,4 highly signif.
Zinc- ~ copper-aspartate 7,0+50 420 24 ~ 21,7 highly signi~.
Control - 390 48 Zinc-methionatè 3,5 381 24 - 2,3 not signif.
Zinc-methionate 7tO 356 38 - 8,7 not signif~
Zinc-me~hionate 14,0 391 59 + 0t3 not signif.
Table 5: Number of Rats Having an Increase of Protein Synthesis After Copper ~ddition to the Feed DoseAnimals Showin~ an Increase o~ Protein Synthesis (ppm Cu )(6 Animals per Group) CuSO~ Copper-aspartate 34:1 Table 6: Optimal Value of the Protein Synthesis in Rat Livers ppm Cu/Feed ppm Cu/FeedStatistical Substance~Substance) (Element)Safeguard CuS~4 125,7 50 CUSO4 251,3 100 x Copper-aspartate 264,6 50 xx Copper-aspartate 529,1 100 xxx Copper-methionate238,1 50 x Co,oper-methionate476,2 100 Discussion of Tables 4-6 and of Fig. 2:
COPPERSULFATE:
Coppersulfate in this experimental procedure casued a slight reduction oE the protein synthesis in the liver of 6.6% at a dose of 25 mg Cu/Kg feed. This effect was not statistically sound. In contrast, a dose oE 100 mg Cu/Kg feed resulted in an increase oE 31DO~ of the liver protein synthesis, which had a signi~icant status in comparison with the control group.
COPPER ASPARTAT~:
The protein synthesis was increased by 3~3~r 22.7~
and 33 . 5% respectively upon the use of 25, 50 or 100 mg copper~kg feed. The measured values are significant for 50 mg and llighly significant for 100 mg copper/kg Eeed.
COPPER METHIONATE:
Upon the feeding of 25 mg COQper methionate~kg feed, the rate of protein synthesis in the liver was increased by 5.6%, at 50 mg copper methionate by 22.0~, which is stati~tically signiEicant, and at 100 mg merely by 16.7~.
According to the Eeedstuff formulation for hogs, the feed may contain 125 mg copper/kg feed, and for piglets up to 16 weeks it may contain 200 mg copper/kg feed. Accord-ing to Kirchgessner (Bayer. Landw. Jb., 50 (1973), 79) a copper dose outside the requirements creates no improved i ~2~8~
result and no be~ter health. Tlle current view requires a minimum dose of from 100 mg copper/kg feed for the trigg~ring of a nutritive effect. Quantities in the region of from 62-63 mg/kg feed are ineffective, as shown by Meyer and Kroger (Ubers. Tierern., 1 (1973), 44).
~hese conclusions confirm the findings of Kirchengessner and Friesecke (Wirkstoffe in der Praktischen Tierernahrung;
Bayer. Land. Verlg., Munchen 1966), that anabolic e~fects fail to appear, if the amount of copper in the feed is reduced to about 50 mg/kg feed. Kaemmerer and Kietzmann (D. tierartzl. Wochenschr., in print) show that the increase of the liver protein synthesis upon the addition of 100 mg copper sulphate/kg feed is larger than at low concentrations. In contrast, at 50 mg copper~kg feed as aspartate or methionate, just as many animals reactl as can be seen from Fig. 2, which also shows the large superiority of copper aspartate.
ZINC ASPARTATE:
Zinc aspartate increases the protein synthesis in the liver by 10~7% upon feeding at 7 mg zinc/kg feed.
ZINC METHIONATE:
Zinc methionate in doses o~ 3.5 or 7.0 or 14.0 mg zinc/kg Eeed causes no increase in the protein synthesis in the livers of rats; in comparison with the control.
At the lower doses even a slight ciecrease oE the albumin synthesis was measured.
THE COMBINATION OF ZINC AND COPPER ASPARTATES
The combined feeding of 50 mg copper aspartate/kg feed and 3.5 mg or 7.0 mg zinc aspartate/kg feed, caused highly signiEicalt increases of 28.4% and 21.7% of protein syn-thesis in the liver in comparison with the control group.
Dose Duration of Substance ppm Metal ppm Substan~e Feeding 1 6 Control 2 6 Cu~O4 2562,~
3 6 CuSO4 50125,6 6 CuSO4 1~0251,3 6 Cu-aspartate 25132r3 2 weelcs 6 Cu-aspartate 50264,6 7 6 Cu-aspartate 100529,1 8 6 Cu-methionate25119,0 9 6 Cu-methionate50238,1 6 Cu-metilLonate100476,2 4~
~able 3 ; Formulation of Mixed Feed ~ccording to Drepper and Weik (1972) Formulation of the feed:
18 % Fish meal (64 ~ raw protein) 13 % Soya meal extract (43 ~ raw protein) 30 ~ Corn meal 28 % Wheat bran 2 ~ Saccharose 4 ~ Soya oil 3 % Mineral mixture 2 % Vitamin mixture 100 %
Raw Food Contents ~Weender Analysis) raw protein 18,3 %
raw fat 6,3 raw fibre 9,8 raw ash 8,3 ~
Minerals and trace elements Vitamins ( /kg feed) Ca10,0 9 ~ Vi~. A15000 I.E.
P 7,5 g Vit. D3 500 I.
Mg3,5 9 Vit. E 150 I.E.
Na3,5 ~ Vit. ~ 10 mg K14,0 g ~ HCl 20 mg Fe170,0 mg Vit. B2 20 mg Mn90,0 mg Vit. ~6HC115 mg Zn20,0 mg ~ /kg feed Vit. B1220 ~g Cu5,0 mg Ca-Pantothenate 50 mg I0,4 mg Nicotinic acid 50 mg Mo0,25 mg Choline 1 g F3,6 mg Folic acid10 mg Se0,22 mg Biotin 200 ~g Co 0,12 mg ~ Inositol100 mg p-Aminobenzoin 100 mg Vit. C. 20 mg Methionine 1.5 g Measurement of Protein Synthesis Rate in the Liver ~ccording to Kaemmerer and Dey-Hazra (Vet. Med. Nachr. 2 (1980) 99).
At the end of the feed period, the animals were killed at 8 a.m. MEZ (Middle European Time) by cervical dislocation.
The working up of the liver tests was carried out according to the directions of Appel (Diss. Hanover, 1973):
3g of liver was homogenized in an ice cooled TKM-buffer-saccharose-solution, the solution was then centrifuged for 20 minutes in an ultra centrifuge at lOOOOg and the upper layer was drawn off as "microsomal cell fluid" for protein synthesis~ After the determination of the protein content in the microsomal cell fluid by means of the Biuret-method, the protein concentration in lS the mix~ure was adjusted to 1.0 mg/ml with TKM-bu~fer (tris potassium chloride magnesium chloride). Tilereafter, 0.15 mL of the reaction mixture according to Siler and Fried (Biochem. J., 109 (196~), 185), 5~ pivruvatekinase-solution and ~.1 ml 14C_amino acid mixture were added to 0.25 ml of the resulting microsomal cell fluid (~ 0.25 mg protein), and incubated at 37C for 35 minutes. The residue was washed 8 to 12 times with trichloracetic acid (10%) and, upon reachin~ the reEerence value, measured in a PRI~S (Trade Mark)-flui~ity-scintillation counter PL
(Paclcard) after the addition oE Di~estin ~ (~erck) ~or dissolvin~ the protein and the addition o~ scintillation fluid (6 ml Lipoluma ~t Baker). For further details of the method see Kaemmerer and Dey-Hazra (loco cit.).
Results:
The results oE the comparison tests of zinc aspartate, copper sulfate, copper aspartate and copper methionate, as well as the com~ination of zinc aspartate and copper aspartate, in rats are shown in Table 4 below and Fig. 1.
~2~
Table 4: Results of the Determination of the Rate of Protein Syn-thesis in the Livers of ~ats After Feeding for 2 Weeks Dose CPM % re.
Substance (ppm Metal) x s ControL Significance Control - 345 42 Zinc aspartate 3,5 345 24 0 zinc-aspartate 7,0 382 44 + 10,7 not signif.
Copper-aspartate 50,0 412 43 + 19,4 significant Copper-aspartate 100,0 41~ 50 + 21,4 significant Zinc- & copper-aspartate 3,5+50 443 26 + 28,4 highly signif.
Zinc- ~ copper-aspartate 7,0+50 420 24 ~ 21,7 highly signi~.
Control - 390 48 Zinc-methionatè 3,5 381 24 - 2,3 not signif.
Zinc-methionate 7tO 356 38 - 8,7 not signif~
Zinc-me~hionate 14,0 391 59 + 0t3 not signif.
Table 5: Number of Rats Having an Increase of Protein Synthesis After Copper ~ddition to the Feed DoseAnimals Showin~ an Increase o~ Protein Synthesis (ppm Cu )(6 Animals per Group) CuSO~ Copper-aspartate 34:1 Table 6: Optimal Value of the Protein Synthesis in Rat Livers ppm Cu/Feed ppm Cu/FeedStatistical Substance~Substance) (Element)Safeguard CuS~4 125,7 50 CUSO4 251,3 100 x Copper-aspartate 264,6 50 xx Copper-aspartate 529,1 100 xxx Copper-methionate238,1 50 x Co,oper-methionate476,2 100 Discussion of Tables 4-6 and of Fig. 2:
COPPERSULFATE:
Coppersulfate in this experimental procedure casued a slight reduction oE the protein synthesis in the liver of 6.6% at a dose of 25 mg Cu/Kg feed. This effect was not statistically sound. In contrast, a dose oE 100 mg Cu/Kg feed resulted in an increase oE 31DO~ of the liver protein synthesis, which had a signi~icant status in comparison with the control group.
COPPER ASPARTAT~:
The protein synthesis was increased by 3~3~r 22.7~
and 33 . 5% respectively upon the use of 25, 50 or 100 mg copper~kg feed. The measured values are significant for 50 mg and llighly significant for 100 mg copper/kg Eeed.
COPPER METHIONATE:
Upon the feeding of 25 mg COQper methionate~kg feed, the rate of protein synthesis in the liver was increased by 5.6%, at 50 mg copper methionate by 22.0~, which is stati~tically signiEicant, and at 100 mg merely by 16.7~.
According to the Eeedstuff formulation for hogs, the feed may contain 125 mg copper/kg feed, and for piglets up to 16 weeks it may contain 200 mg copper/kg feed. Accord-ing to Kirchgessner (Bayer. Landw. Jb., 50 (1973), 79) a copper dose outside the requirements creates no improved i ~2~8~
result and no be~ter health. Tlle current view requires a minimum dose of from 100 mg copper/kg feed for the trigg~ring of a nutritive effect. Quantities in the region of from 62-63 mg/kg feed are ineffective, as shown by Meyer and Kroger (Ubers. Tierern., 1 (1973), 44).
~hese conclusions confirm the findings of Kirchengessner and Friesecke (Wirkstoffe in der Praktischen Tierernahrung;
Bayer. Land. Verlg., Munchen 1966), that anabolic e~fects fail to appear, if the amount of copper in the feed is reduced to about 50 mg/kg feed. Kaemmerer and Kietzmann (D. tierartzl. Wochenschr., in print) show that the increase of the liver protein synthesis upon the addition of 100 mg copper sulphate/kg feed is larger than at low concentrations. In contrast, at 50 mg copper~kg feed as aspartate or methionate, just as many animals reactl as can be seen from Fig. 2, which also shows the large superiority of copper aspartate.
ZINC ASPARTATE:
Zinc aspartate increases the protein synthesis in the liver by 10~7% upon feeding at 7 mg zinc/kg feed.
ZINC METHIONATE:
Zinc methionate in doses o~ 3.5 or 7.0 or 14.0 mg zinc/kg Eeed causes no increase in the protein synthesis in the livers of rats; in comparison with the control.
At the lower doses even a slight ciecrease oE the albumin synthesis was measured.
THE COMBINATION OF ZINC AND COPPER ASPARTATES
The combined feeding of 50 mg copper aspartate/kg feed and 3.5 mg or 7.0 mg zinc aspartate/kg feed, caused highly signiEicalt increases of 28.4% and 21.7% of protein syn-thesis in the liver in comparison with the control group.
Claims (7)
1. A feedstuff additive for improving protein synthesis during the fattening of animals, comprising zinc aspartate at a dose of about 10 to about 100 mg. zinc as zinc aspartate per kg. of feedstuff.
2. A feedstuff additive for improving protein synthesis during the fattening of animals, comprising copper aspar-tate at a dose of about 10 to about 100 mg. copper as copper aspartate per kg. of feedstuff.
3. A feedstuff additive for improving protein synthesis during the fattening of animals, comprising a mixture of zinc aspartate and copper aspartate with about 3 to about 20 mg. zinc as zinc aspartate per kg. of feedstuff and about 25 to about 100 mg. copper as copper aspartate per kg. of feedstuff.
4. A feedstuff composition for animals which comprises a feedstuff and zinc aspartate, the zinc aspartate being present in an amount which provides about 10 to 100 mg.
Zn per kg. of the feedstuff.
Zn per kg. of the feedstuff.
5. A feedstuff composition for animals which comprises a feedstuff and copper aspartate, the copper aspartate being present in an amount which provides about 10 to 100 mg. Cu per kg. of the feedstuff.
6. A feedstuff composition for animals which comprises a feedstuff, zinc aspartate and copper aspartate, the zinc aspartate and the copper aspartate being present, respectively, in amounts which provide about 3 to 20 mg.
Zn and about 25 to 100 mg. Cu per kg. of the feedstuff.
Zn and about 25 to 100 mg. Cu per kg. of the feedstuff.
7. A feedstuff composition according to Claim 4, Claim 5 or Claim 6 wherein the feedstuff comprises protein, fat, fibre, minerals and trace elements.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEP3300137.5 | 1983-01-04 | ||
| DE19833300137 DE3300137A1 (en) | 1983-01-04 | 1983-01-04 | AGENTS FOR PROMOTING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ANIMALS |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1209841A true CA1209841A (en) | 1986-08-19 |
Family
ID=6187727
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000444429A Expired CA1209841A (en) | 1983-01-04 | 1983-12-29 | Means for enhancing the protein synthesis of animals |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0115610B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1209841A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3300137A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0968658A1 (en) * | 1998-07-02 | 2000-01-05 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Feed additives comprising ethylene diamine disuccinic acid as a chelant |
| CN108887479A (en) * | 2018-06-14 | 2018-11-27 | 华南农业大学 | L-Aspartic acid zinc promotes animal intestinal tract development in preparation and alleviates the application in intestinal tract injury preparation |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2960406A (en) * | 1957-03-14 | 1960-11-15 | Erly Fat Livestock Feed Co | Chelated metals in feedstuffs for ruminants |
| CH621686A5 (en) * | 1976-04-08 | 1981-02-27 | Interchemie Ag | Method for feeding cattle and sheep |
| CA1170664A (en) * | 1980-10-07 | 1984-07-10 | Joseph E. Lionelle | Metal oxycarboxylates and method of making same |
-
1983
- 1983-01-04 DE DE19833300137 patent/DE3300137A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1983-12-17 EP EP83112736A patent/EP0115610B1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-12-29 CA CA000444429A patent/CA1209841A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0115610A1 (en) | 1984-08-15 |
| EP0115610B1 (en) | 1987-06-10 |
| DE3300137A1 (en) | 1984-07-05 |
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