CA1206368A - High protein animal feed block - Google Patents
High protein animal feed blockInfo
- Publication number
- CA1206368A CA1206368A CA000442743A CA442743A CA1206368A CA 1206368 A CA1206368 A CA 1206368A CA 000442743 A CA000442743 A CA 000442743A CA 442743 A CA442743 A CA 442743A CA 1206368 A CA1206368 A CA 1206368A
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- block
- molasses
- mixture
- magnesium oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/20—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by moulding, e.g. making cakes or briquettes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
- A23K50/15—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants containing substances which are metabolically converted to proteins, e.g. ammonium salts or urea
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/26—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin
- A23K10/28—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin from waste dairy products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/33—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from molasses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/40—Mineral licks, e.g. salt blocks
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/24—Compounds of alkaline earth metals, e.g. magnesium
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/26—Compounds containing phosphorus
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A rigid high protein alkaline animal feed block comprising molasses, finely divided magnesium oxide and legume seed
A rigid high protein alkaline animal feed block comprising molasses, finely divided magnesium oxide and legume seed
Description
HIGH PROTEI~ A~IMAL FEED BLOCK
This invention relates to a high protein animal feed block and in particular a substantially rigid high protein animal feed block comprising molasses, magnesium oxide and legume seeds and to a process for the manufacture thereof.
The term "rigid block~ is used herein to mean a feed block which does not undergo any appreciable plastic flow under its own weight and retains its shape over long periods of time in the field exposed to climatic conditions~
It is known in the art that the condition of ruminant animals feeding on low protein content feedstuffs can be maintained by ensuring a supply of non-protein nitrogen. ~on-protein nitrogen such as urea provides nutrition for bacteria in the rumen which in turn provide the animal with a source of bacterial protein.
As a result, it has become common practice in areas where the natural feedstuffs have a low protein content and in drought areas, to supplement the diet of ruminants with a source of non-protein nitrogen~ Feed blocks have proved particularly suitable f~r this purpose because they enable non-protein nitrogen to be readily incorporated into a palatable product ~hich can be easily handled and which offers the advantage of enabling control of consumption through control of block hardness and palatability.
While animal conditions can be maintained through supply of non-protein nitrogen, in order to promote animal growth, meat production, milk production and fertility, ruminant animals need a supply of protein which will reach the second stomach of the animal. One of the problems in supplying protein to ruminant animals is that much of the protein may be degraded to amino acids in the rumen and as a result is not used to the best advantage of the animal.
`` 9~2~
Therefore, it would be of considerable benefi~
to the rural industry ~o have available a high protein animal feed supplement which was easily handled, palatable, and which supplied natural protein in a form which could by-pass the rumen.
It has now been found that the combination of ingredients comprising molasses" ma~nesium oxide and legume seeds provides a high protein feed block which is highly palatable to ruminant animals and which provides them with a source of by-pass protein.
Accordingly the invention provides a rigid, high protein, animal feed block comprising molasses, finely divided magnesium oxide and lsgume seedO
Any of the sugar containing molasses may be used in the preparation of the compositions of the present invention. Examples of such molasses include cane or blackstrap molasses, sugar beet molasses, converted molasses, wood sugar molasses, hydrosyrup and citrus molasses.
Typically the amount of molasses used in the preparation of the compositions of the present invention ranges from 8 to 70% by weight by weight of the final feed block. Preferably the amount of molasses is in the range of from 20 to 50~ by weight of the final feed block.
If the proportion of molasses in the lower part of the range is used from 0 - 50% water may be added to provide a suitable blend mobility when a substantial amount of powders are present. Powders include for example dicalcium phosphate and ~eed meals~ The water may be replaced by any aqueous nutrient such as whey liquids.
The magnesium oxide used to prepare the compositions of the present invention is preferably of a sufficiently active grade that under the reaction conditions it reacts substantially completely with the molasses within a reasonable length of time, for example 6 hours.
Whils~pu~e magnesium oxide may be used the cost of such material is comparatively high. The small amounts of impurities which are normally found in commercially available grades of active magnesium oxide can be tolerated in the feed blocks prepared by the process of our invention and therefore commercially available grades of magnesium oxide are suitable for use in the process of the invention.
Typical of such commercial grades of magnesium oxide suitable for use in the compositions of the invention are those known as caustic-burned magnesias produced by calcining magnesite, dolomite or magnesium hydroxide at temperatures less than 900C. Particularly suitable magnesium oxides are "Causmag" grades XLF, AL3 and AL4 ("Causmag" is a registered Trade Mark of a proprietary brand of magnesium oxide available from Causmag Ore Co. Pty Ltd. of Young, N.S.W. Australia); standard magnesite MgO types 369, 469 and 569 from Martin Marietta Chemicals, Hung Valley, Marylandl U.S.A.; and "~Iagox" types 95, 90 and Feed Grade ("Magox" is a registered Trade Mark of Basic Incorporated, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.). The more active grades of magnesium oxide have a low bulk density but high specific gravity and are obtained by relatively low temperature (around 400C) calcination of magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate.
Typically the amount of magnesium oxlde used in the preparation of the compositions of the present invention ranses from 2 to 30~ by weight of the final feed block.
Preferably, the amount of magnesium oxide ranges from 3 to 15~ by weight of the final feed block.
The main source of natural protein used in the compositions of the present inventian may be chosen from any of the legume seeds. Suitable legume seeds include lupin, bean and pea. Preferably, the legume seeds should be varieties known to be palatable ~
~6368 to animals, for example certain strains of lupins are bitter and less palatable than other strains which are sweet flavoured.
The use of legume seeds as the main source of protein in the compositions of the present in~ention has many advantages. The more obvious advantages include the high protein content of legume seeds, especially in comparison to cereal grains, and the availability of legume seeds at prices which allow the economic manufacture of high protein feed blocks.
In addition to the more obvious advantage~, the use of legume seeds as the main source of protein in the feed block compositions of the present invention has some very important and unexpected advantages.
Surprisingly, it has been found that the use of legume seeds enables the preparation of palatable feed blocks containing a very high percentage of protein. For example, whereas only a relatively low proportion of feed meals can be blended into molasses to give a palatable feed block, for example a maximum of around 25~ by weight of the composition, very high proportions of legume seeds, for example up to 50% by weight of the composition, may be blended into molasses to give a palatabley high protein content feed block. Moreover, completely unexpectedly it has been found that the incorporation of high proportions of legume seeds into feed blocks provides a high protein feed block which is highly palatable to animals and which provides ruminants with protein in a form which substantially avoids degradation in the rumen thereby providing the animal with by-pass protein which significantly improves the growth rate and general well being of the animal.
Typically the amount of legume seed used in the preparation of the compositions of the present invention is in the range of from 10 to 50% by weight of the final feed block. Preferably the amount of legume seed ranges from 20 to 40% by weight of the final feed blockO
To obtain a high bypass of the protein through the rumen the physical form of the legume seed is important.
Finely ground legume seed such as legume flour is unsatisfactory as it is digested to a large extent by the rumen. We have ~ound that if the seed is either whole or broken into relatively coarse fragments then the proportion bypassing the rumen is satisfactory.
Crushed or chipped legumes seeds which substantially all pass through a 8 mm screen and which 85~ are retained by a 2mm screen have proved satisfactory. Crushing or chipping the seed exposes the interior of the seed to the action of the rumen and increases digestion in the rumen. This may be overcome by treating the broken seed with a chemical capable of denaturing the surface of the seedO We have found a dilute solution of formaldehyde to be satisfactory.
A suitable treatment consists of treating broken seed with a dilute aqueous solution of formaldehyde (say a concentration of 15 - 25% by weight). The amount of formaldehyde added should be from 0.5 - 2.5% by weight of seed preferably from 1 - 1.5% by weight Excess formaldehyde will prevent the seed from being absorbed efficiently by the animal and too little formaldehyde will allow a high proportion of absorption in the rumen.
~5 The compositions of the present invention may compriss a wide range of additional components which may be of benefit to the animal consuming the feed block and/or aid in the preparation of the feed block.
For example, the compositions of the invention may comprise animal medicaments, further animal nutrients and/or agents such as dicalcium phosphate, water, acids and surfactants.
Suitable animal medicaments include vitamins, trace elements, additional sources of magnesium, sources of phosphatel sources of calcium, sources of sodium, sources of sulphur and medicaments for treating animals diseases or killing or repelling animal pests.
ILZ~63~;~
Sources of vitamins, trace elements, sodium, sulphur, phosphate, calcium and additional sources of magnesium may be incorporated into the feed blocks of the invention where there is a deficiency of these materials in the available feed or where the animal's state of health would benefit from the ingestion of such therapeutic materials. Animal medicaments suitable for the treatment or prevention of animal diseases or to kill or repel animal pests also may be incorporated into the feed blocks of the invention where such medicaments are required .
Vitamins which may be incorporated into the feed blocks include Vitamin A, preferably in the stabiliæed acetate form, vitamin E and Vitamin C. Preferably vitamins are added to the reaction mixture as a slurry with a small amount of water towards the end of the blending operation.
Trace elements which may be incorporated into the feed blocks include trace minerals such as iron, cobalt, copper, zinc and manganese which are preferably added in the form of the sulphate salts.
Iodine as stablized potassium iodide or ethylene diamine dihydroiodate may be also be incorporated into the feed blocks. Preferably trace elements are added to the reaction mixture towards the end of the blending operationO
Other animal medicaments which may be incorporated into the animal feed blocks of the invention include:
suitable anthelmintic preparations useful in the prevention or treatment of infestation of animals by parasites including, for example, gastrointestinal parasites, liver fluke and lungworm; suitable preparations which act systemically to kill or repel pests including insect pests such as nuisance flies and endoparasites such as ixodes; suitable growth promoting agents; and other animal medicaments suitable for oral administration.
~2JG~i8 Suitable animal nutrients include tallow, additional protein and/or carbohydrate sources such as the feed meals including barley meal, blood meal, dried buttermilk, cotton seed meal, linseed meal, mea~ and bone meal, wheat middlings, soya bean meal, dried whey, liquid whey, peanut meal, rice meal and sunflower meal, carbohydrate sources such as mai~e germ, roughage, crushed grain, millet seed, molasses cane, wheat dust, sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol and non-protein nitrogen sources such as urea, biuret, me~hylene diurea, urea phosphate, urea sulphate, crotonylidene diurea and isobutylidene diurea.
Calcium oxide may be used in place of some of the magnesium oxide in ~he preparation of the compositions of the present invention. Howe~er, the use of calcium oxide may lead to difficulties in the control of the reaction temperature and to inferior physical properties in the blocks produced.
Feed blocks wherein all the magnesium oxide has been replaced completely by calcium oxide are unsatisfactory as the blocks remain soft even though the pH is above 7.
It has been found that the use of dicalcium phosphate in addition to magnesium oxide and optimally calcium oxide as a hardening agents results in the ~5 promotion o~ block hardening and an increase in the block hardness. It has also been found that the use of dicalcium phosphate in addition to magnesium oxide as a hardening agent allows the minimum amount of magnesium oxide necessar~ for block hardening to be reduced.
Therefore, it is preferred that dicalcium phosphate be used in the preparation of the feed blocks of the present invention.
The nature of the`dicalcium phosphate, also known as dicalcium orthophophate, used in the preparation of the preferred feed blocks of the present invention is ;3;~
~ 8 not narrowly critical. Commercially available grades of dicalcium phosphate are suitable, but preferably finely divided, defluorinated calcium phosphate is used. Typically the amount of dicalcium phosphate used in the compositions of the present invention is in the range of from 0% to 20% by weight of the final feed block. Preferably the amount of dicalcium phosphate used in the preparation of the compositions of the present invention ranges from 2 to 10% by weight of the final feed block.
We have found that in the presence of from 2 to 10~ by weight dicalcium phosphate and/or from 2 to 10%
by weight calcium oxide the minimum amount of magnesium oxide required to produce a block of sa~isfactory physical properties may be reduced to 2~ by weight.
Depending upon the end use of the block and thus the required rate of consumption of the block it may be desirable to vary block hardness and palatability. For example, it may be desirable to have a low consumption rate of a therapeutic feed block whereas it is usual to require a high consumption rate of a feed supplement block.
Block hardness may be controlled by varying the block ingredients. For example, by varying the molasses and magnesium oxide content of the block. Block hardness may also be varied by the addition of water to the cGmposition and by the addition of acids~ for example organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid and inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, to promote block hardening. We have found that the presence of butyric acid in the animal feed blocks of the present invention greatly enhances their acceptance by animals. The reason for the improved palatability of the animal feed blocks of the present invention is not understood but the greatly enhanced acceptance of the feed blocks by animals, and ~21~;3~
particularly ruminant animals such as sheep and cattle, can be readily demonstrated in the field.
Accordingly, in a further embodiment, the invention provides a process for improving the palatability of animal feed blocks which process comprises incorporating in the said feed block butyric acid or a salt thereof.
The pH of the reaction mixture of our blocks must be grsater than 7 and preferably in the range ~
Hence the amount of acid added is limited by this constraint. Acid salts may be substituted, for example sodium sulphate.
Block palatability may be improved by the inclusion of: humectants such as glycerol in order to soften the block surface; surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates;
sweetening agents such as sorbitol and fruit juices;
and other additives which are attractive to animals.
While the use of legume seeds as the main source of protein in the compositions of the present invention offers the unique advantages of the preparation of a highly palatable feed block containing a very high percentage of protein, the preparation of such blocks presents certain technical difficulties.
In the past it has been common to utilize finely divided materials in the preparation of molasses feed 2S blocks. Blending such finely divided materials into molasses to form a uniform mixture has presented little if any difficulty and ~he mixtures so obtained set to give a feed block having uniform composition.
In the compositions of the present invention it has been found that the use of whole or broken legume seeds enables a significantly higher percentage of protein to be incorporated into molasses feed blocks and the protein thus incorporated is a good source of by-pass protein. However, whole or broken legume seeds, for example lupin seeds, bean seeds, pea seeds, ~63~i8 are comparatively large in size and they are difficult to blend into the react.ion mixture to give a uniform composition and the large seeds tend to separate out when the reaction mixture is transferred to a mould to complete the reaction to give a rigid molasses feed block.
It has now been found that the problem of separation of the legume seeds, which gives rise to a non-uniform molasses feed block, can be overcome by first blending together the legume seeds and the majority of the molasses and then adding and blending in the hardening agents and any other optional ingredients.
Accordingly in a further embodiment the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a rigid, high lS protein, animal feed block comprising~ molasses, finely divided magnesium oxide and legume seed, which process ccmprises: forming a uniform mixture comprising the legume seeds and at least a major proportion o~ the molasses at a temperature in the range of from 20C to 90C, adding to said mixture a hardening agent comprising finely divided magnesium oxide and blending the mixture at a temperature in ~he range 45~C to 95C for a sufficient length of time to obtain a substantially uniform reaction mixture; optionally blending into ~he mixture any additional solid or li.quid components;
~lending into the mixture the remainder of the molasses if any transferring said reaction mixture to a mould;
and maintaining said reaction mixture in said mould at a temperature in the range 45 - 9~C until the reaction is substantially complete and the reaction ~ixture becomes rigid.
A preferred feed block composition of the present invention comprises from 20 to 50% by weight of molasses from 2 to 5~ by weight of magnesium oxide, from 2 to 10% by weight of dicalcium phosphate, from 0 - 5%
calcium oxide, from 20 to 40% by weight of legume seeds and from 5 to 15~ by weight of urea.
In a preferred process a feed block composition of the present invention, the legume seeds and a major portion (51 - 100%) of the molasses are blended together at a temperature in the range of from 20C to 95C, preferably 50C to 54C, to form a thick paste. The hardening agent comprising finely divided magnesium oxide and finely divided dicalcium phosphate is blended into the mixture. Any other insoluble components, for example feed meals, are blended into the reaction mixture. Then the viscosity of the mixture is lowered by blending in any remaining molasses, any water~ and any soluble components such as urea, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, trace elements, vitamins, surfactants and organic or inorganic acids. The mixture is then transferred into a mould.
The temperature must be maintained between 45 and 90C preferably 75 ~ 95 during the setting process until the block is reasonable hard. The presence of urea enables a high level of seed to be included by its effect of reducing the viscosity of the molasses slurry Heat is evolved during the the setting process and hence external heating is not required to maintain the desired temperature range. However to avoid the risk of overheating we prefer to use a hot air circulating oven to maintain temperature during the se~ting process~
The hot air does not have to provide heat to the blocks but has an insulating affect to stop the outer blocks ~urfaces from cooling and to allow the exotherm to increase the mixture temperature It also prevents excessive temperatures which can cause swelling, over hardening and ammonia formation due to degradation of the urea.
63~
All blocks can be produced by using partial insulation.
The degree of insulation depends on the mixing temperature, the quantity and activity of the magnesium oxide and the conductivity of the mixture. Perfect insulation is not desired since the block will increase quickly in temperature due to the egothermic reaction and require close monitoring to provide a suitable block if the texture is important ~or a required animal intake~ If it is necessary to vary the position of blocks during the insulating period due to a mixture being sensitive to high temperatures for extended periods then the insulating method may prove more costly. Some heat losses occur with the insulating methods used to maintain the mixture temperature in the range 75 to 95. The amount of insulation required depends on the ambient temperatures and the proximity of the boxes to air draughts.
The boxes used as moulds may be made from carboard in which case the block may be fed to animals without removal of the box as the animals will eat cardboard without ill effect.
~ further preferred feed block composition of the present invention comprises from 8 to 15% molasses, from
This invention relates to a high protein animal feed block and in particular a substantially rigid high protein animal feed block comprising molasses, magnesium oxide and legume seeds and to a process for the manufacture thereof.
The term "rigid block~ is used herein to mean a feed block which does not undergo any appreciable plastic flow under its own weight and retains its shape over long periods of time in the field exposed to climatic conditions~
It is known in the art that the condition of ruminant animals feeding on low protein content feedstuffs can be maintained by ensuring a supply of non-protein nitrogen. ~on-protein nitrogen such as urea provides nutrition for bacteria in the rumen which in turn provide the animal with a source of bacterial protein.
As a result, it has become common practice in areas where the natural feedstuffs have a low protein content and in drought areas, to supplement the diet of ruminants with a source of non-protein nitrogen~ Feed blocks have proved particularly suitable f~r this purpose because they enable non-protein nitrogen to be readily incorporated into a palatable product ~hich can be easily handled and which offers the advantage of enabling control of consumption through control of block hardness and palatability.
While animal conditions can be maintained through supply of non-protein nitrogen, in order to promote animal growth, meat production, milk production and fertility, ruminant animals need a supply of protein which will reach the second stomach of the animal. One of the problems in supplying protein to ruminant animals is that much of the protein may be degraded to amino acids in the rumen and as a result is not used to the best advantage of the animal.
`` 9~2~
Therefore, it would be of considerable benefi~
to the rural industry ~o have available a high protein animal feed supplement which was easily handled, palatable, and which supplied natural protein in a form which could by-pass the rumen.
It has now been found that the combination of ingredients comprising molasses" ma~nesium oxide and legume seeds provides a high protein feed block which is highly palatable to ruminant animals and which provides them with a source of by-pass protein.
Accordingly the invention provides a rigid, high protein, animal feed block comprising molasses, finely divided magnesium oxide and lsgume seedO
Any of the sugar containing molasses may be used in the preparation of the compositions of the present invention. Examples of such molasses include cane or blackstrap molasses, sugar beet molasses, converted molasses, wood sugar molasses, hydrosyrup and citrus molasses.
Typically the amount of molasses used in the preparation of the compositions of the present invention ranges from 8 to 70% by weight by weight of the final feed block. Preferably the amount of molasses is in the range of from 20 to 50~ by weight of the final feed block.
If the proportion of molasses in the lower part of the range is used from 0 - 50% water may be added to provide a suitable blend mobility when a substantial amount of powders are present. Powders include for example dicalcium phosphate and ~eed meals~ The water may be replaced by any aqueous nutrient such as whey liquids.
The magnesium oxide used to prepare the compositions of the present invention is preferably of a sufficiently active grade that under the reaction conditions it reacts substantially completely with the molasses within a reasonable length of time, for example 6 hours.
Whils~pu~e magnesium oxide may be used the cost of such material is comparatively high. The small amounts of impurities which are normally found in commercially available grades of active magnesium oxide can be tolerated in the feed blocks prepared by the process of our invention and therefore commercially available grades of magnesium oxide are suitable for use in the process of the invention.
Typical of such commercial grades of magnesium oxide suitable for use in the compositions of the invention are those known as caustic-burned magnesias produced by calcining magnesite, dolomite or magnesium hydroxide at temperatures less than 900C. Particularly suitable magnesium oxides are "Causmag" grades XLF, AL3 and AL4 ("Causmag" is a registered Trade Mark of a proprietary brand of magnesium oxide available from Causmag Ore Co. Pty Ltd. of Young, N.S.W. Australia); standard magnesite MgO types 369, 469 and 569 from Martin Marietta Chemicals, Hung Valley, Marylandl U.S.A.; and "~Iagox" types 95, 90 and Feed Grade ("Magox" is a registered Trade Mark of Basic Incorporated, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.). The more active grades of magnesium oxide have a low bulk density but high specific gravity and are obtained by relatively low temperature (around 400C) calcination of magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate.
Typically the amount of magnesium oxlde used in the preparation of the compositions of the present invention ranses from 2 to 30~ by weight of the final feed block.
Preferably, the amount of magnesium oxide ranges from 3 to 15~ by weight of the final feed block.
The main source of natural protein used in the compositions of the present inventian may be chosen from any of the legume seeds. Suitable legume seeds include lupin, bean and pea. Preferably, the legume seeds should be varieties known to be palatable ~
~6368 to animals, for example certain strains of lupins are bitter and less palatable than other strains which are sweet flavoured.
The use of legume seeds as the main source of protein in the compositions of the present in~ention has many advantages. The more obvious advantages include the high protein content of legume seeds, especially in comparison to cereal grains, and the availability of legume seeds at prices which allow the economic manufacture of high protein feed blocks.
In addition to the more obvious advantage~, the use of legume seeds as the main source of protein in the feed block compositions of the present invention has some very important and unexpected advantages.
Surprisingly, it has been found that the use of legume seeds enables the preparation of palatable feed blocks containing a very high percentage of protein. For example, whereas only a relatively low proportion of feed meals can be blended into molasses to give a palatable feed block, for example a maximum of around 25~ by weight of the composition, very high proportions of legume seeds, for example up to 50% by weight of the composition, may be blended into molasses to give a palatabley high protein content feed block. Moreover, completely unexpectedly it has been found that the incorporation of high proportions of legume seeds into feed blocks provides a high protein feed block which is highly palatable to animals and which provides ruminants with protein in a form which substantially avoids degradation in the rumen thereby providing the animal with by-pass protein which significantly improves the growth rate and general well being of the animal.
Typically the amount of legume seed used in the preparation of the compositions of the present invention is in the range of from 10 to 50% by weight of the final feed block. Preferably the amount of legume seed ranges from 20 to 40% by weight of the final feed blockO
To obtain a high bypass of the protein through the rumen the physical form of the legume seed is important.
Finely ground legume seed such as legume flour is unsatisfactory as it is digested to a large extent by the rumen. We have ~ound that if the seed is either whole or broken into relatively coarse fragments then the proportion bypassing the rumen is satisfactory.
Crushed or chipped legumes seeds which substantially all pass through a 8 mm screen and which 85~ are retained by a 2mm screen have proved satisfactory. Crushing or chipping the seed exposes the interior of the seed to the action of the rumen and increases digestion in the rumen. This may be overcome by treating the broken seed with a chemical capable of denaturing the surface of the seedO We have found a dilute solution of formaldehyde to be satisfactory.
A suitable treatment consists of treating broken seed with a dilute aqueous solution of formaldehyde (say a concentration of 15 - 25% by weight). The amount of formaldehyde added should be from 0.5 - 2.5% by weight of seed preferably from 1 - 1.5% by weight Excess formaldehyde will prevent the seed from being absorbed efficiently by the animal and too little formaldehyde will allow a high proportion of absorption in the rumen.
~5 The compositions of the present invention may compriss a wide range of additional components which may be of benefit to the animal consuming the feed block and/or aid in the preparation of the feed block.
For example, the compositions of the invention may comprise animal medicaments, further animal nutrients and/or agents such as dicalcium phosphate, water, acids and surfactants.
Suitable animal medicaments include vitamins, trace elements, additional sources of magnesium, sources of phosphatel sources of calcium, sources of sodium, sources of sulphur and medicaments for treating animals diseases or killing or repelling animal pests.
ILZ~63~;~
Sources of vitamins, trace elements, sodium, sulphur, phosphate, calcium and additional sources of magnesium may be incorporated into the feed blocks of the invention where there is a deficiency of these materials in the available feed or where the animal's state of health would benefit from the ingestion of such therapeutic materials. Animal medicaments suitable for the treatment or prevention of animal diseases or to kill or repel animal pests also may be incorporated into the feed blocks of the invention where such medicaments are required .
Vitamins which may be incorporated into the feed blocks include Vitamin A, preferably in the stabiliæed acetate form, vitamin E and Vitamin C. Preferably vitamins are added to the reaction mixture as a slurry with a small amount of water towards the end of the blending operation.
Trace elements which may be incorporated into the feed blocks include trace minerals such as iron, cobalt, copper, zinc and manganese which are preferably added in the form of the sulphate salts.
Iodine as stablized potassium iodide or ethylene diamine dihydroiodate may be also be incorporated into the feed blocks. Preferably trace elements are added to the reaction mixture towards the end of the blending operationO
Other animal medicaments which may be incorporated into the animal feed blocks of the invention include:
suitable anthelmintic preparations useful in the prevention or treatment of infestation of animals by parasites including, for example, gastrointestinal parasites, liver fluke and lungworm; suitable preparations which act systemically to kill or repel pests including insect pests such as nuisance flies and endoparasites such as ixodes; suitable growth promoting agents; and other animal medicaments suitable for oral administration.
~2JG~i8 Suitable animal nutrients include tallow, additional protein and/or carbohydrate sources such as the feed meals including barley meal, blood meal, dried buttermilk, cotton seed meal, linseed meal, mea~ and bone meal, wheat middlings, soya bean meal, dried whey, liquid whey, peanut meal, rice meal and sunflower meal, carbohydrate sources such as mai~e germ, roughage, crushed grain, millet seed, molasses cane, wheat dust, sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol and non-protein nitrogen sources such as urea, biuret, me~hylene diurea, urea phosphate, urea sulphate, crotonylidene diurea and isobutylidene diurea.
Calcium oxide may be used in place of some of the magnesium oxide in ~he preparation of the compositions of the present invention. Howe~er, the use of calcium oxide may lead to difficulties in the control of the reaction temperature and to inferior physical properties in the blocks produced.
Feed blocks wherein all the magnesium oxide has been replaced completely by calcium oxide are unsatisfactory as the blocks remain soft even though the pH is above 7.
It has been found that the use of dicalcium phosphate in addition to magnesium oxide and optimally calcium oxide as a hardening agents results in the ~5 promotion o~ block hardening and an increase in the block hardness. It has also been found that the use of dicalcium phosphate in addition to magnesium oxide as a hardening agent allows the minimum amount of magnesium oxide necessar~ for block hardening to be reduced.
Therefore, it is preferred that dicalcium phosphate be used in the preparation of the feed blocks of the present invention.
The nature of the`dicalcium phosphate, also known as dicalcium orthophophate, used in the preparation of the preferred feed blocks of the present invention is ;3;~
~ 8 not narrowly critical. Commercially available grades of dicalcium phosphate are suitable, but preferably finely divided, defluorinated calcium phosphate is used. Typically the amount of dicalcium phosphate used in the compositions of the present invention is in the range of from 0% to 20% by weight of the final feed block. Preferably the amount of dicalcium phosphate used in the preparation of the compositions of the present invention ranges from 2 to 10% by weight of the final feed block.
We have found that in the presence of from 2 to 10~ by weight dicalcium phosphate and/or from 2 to 10%
by weight calcium oxide the minimum amount of magnesium oxide required to produce a block of sa~isfactory physical properties may be reduced to 2~ by weight.
Depending upon the end use of the block and thus the required rate of consumption of the block it may be desirable to vary block hardness and palatability. For example, it may be desirable to have a low consumption rate of a therapeutic feed block whereas it is usual to require a high consumption rate of a feed supplement block.
Block hardness may be controlled by varying the block ingredients. For example, by varying the molasses and magnesium oxide content of the block. Block hardness may also be varied by the addition of water to the cGmposition and by the addition of acids~ for example organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid and inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, to promote block hardening. We have found that the presence of butyric acid in the animal feed blocks of the present invention greatly enhances their acceptance by animals. The reason for the improved palatability of the animal feed blocks of the present invention is not understood but the greatly enhanced acceptance of the feed blocks by animals, and ~21~;3~
particularly ruminant animals such as sheep and cattle, can be readily demonstrated in the field.
Accordingly, in a further embodiment, the invention provides a process for improving the palatability of animal feed blocks which process comprises incorporating in the said feed block butyric acid or a salt thereof.
The pH of the reaction mixture of our blocks must be grsater than 7 and preferably in the range ~
Hence the amount of acid added is limited by this constraint. Acid salts may be substituted, for example sodium sulphate.
Block palatability may be improved by the inclusion of: humectants such as glycerol in order to soften the block surface; surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates;
sweetening agents such as sorbitol and fruit juices;
and other additives which are attractive to animals.
While the use of legume seeds as the main source of protein in the compositions of the present invention offers the unique advantages of the preparation of a highly palatable feed block containing a very high percentage of protein, the preparation of such blocks presents certain technical difficulties.
In the past it has been common to utilize finely divided materials in the preparation of molasses feed 2S blocks. Blending such finely divided materials into molasses to form a uniform mixture has presented little if any difficulty and ~he mixtures so obtained set to give a feed block having uniform composition.
In the compositions of the present invention it has been found that the use of whole or broken legume seeds enables a significantly higher percentage of protein to be incorporated into molasses feed blocks and the protein thus incorporated is a good source of by-pass protein. However, whole or broken legume seeds, for example lupin seeds, bean seeds, pea seeds, ~63~i8 are comparatively large in size and they are difficult to blend into the react.ion mixture to give a uniform composition and the large seeds tend to separate out when the reaction mixture is transferred to a mould to complete the reaction to give a rigid molasses feed block.
It has now been found that the problem of separation of the legume seeds, which gives rise to a non-uniform molasses feed block, can be overcome by first blending together the legume seeds and the majority of the molasses and then adding and blending in the hardening agents and any other optional ingredients.
Accordingly in a further embodiment the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a rigid, high lS protein, animal feed block comprising~ molasses, finely divided magnesium oxide and legume seed, which process ccmprises: forming a uniform mixture comprising the legume seeds and at least a major proportion o~ the molasses at a temperature in the range of from 20C to 90C, adding to said mixture a hardening agent comprising finely divided magnesium oxide and blending the mixture at a temperature in ~he range 45~C to 95C for a sufficient length of time to obtain a substantially uniform reaction mixture; optionally blending into ~he mixture any additional solid or li.quid components;
~lending into the mixture the remainder of the molasses if any transferring said reaction mixture to a mould;
and maintaining said reaction mixture in said mould at a temperature in the range 45 - 9~C until the reaction is substantially complete and the reaction ~ixture becomes rigid.
A preferred feed block composition of the present invention comprises from 20 to 50% by weight of molasses from 2 to 5~ by weight of magnesium oxide, from 2 to 10% by weight of dicalcium phosphate, from 0 - 5%
calcium oxide, from 20 to 40% by weight of legume seeds and from 5 to 15~ by weight of urea.
In a preferred process a feed block composition of the present invention, the legume seeds and a major portion (51 - 100%) of the molasses are blended together at a temperature in the range of from 20C to 95C, preferably 50C to 54C, to form a thick paste. The hardening agent comprising finely divided magnesium oxide and finely divided dicalcium phosphate is blended into the mixture. Any other insoluble components, for example feed meals, are blended into the reaction mixture. Then the viscosity of the mixture is lowered by blending in any remaining molasses, any water~ and any soluble components such as urea, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, trace elements, vitamins, surfactants and organic or inorganic acids. The mixture is then transferred into a mould.
The temperature must be maintained between 45 and 90C preferably 75 ~ 95 during the setting process until the block is reasonable hard. The presence of urea enables a high level of seed to be included by its effect of reducing the viscosity of the molasses slurry Heat is evolved during the the setting process and hence external heating is not required to maintain the desired temperature range. However to avoid the risk of overheating we prefer to use a hot air circulating oven to maintain temperature during the se~ting process~
The hot air does not have to provide heat to the blocks but has an insulating affect to stop the outer blocks ~urfaces from cooling and to allow the exotherm to increase the mixture temperature It also prevents excessive temperatures which can cause swelling, over hardening and ammonia formation due to degradation of the urea.
63~
All blocks can be produced by using partial insulation.
The degree of insulation depends on the mixing temperature, the quantity and activity of the magnesium oxide and the conductivity of the mixture. Perfect insulation is not desired since the block will increase quickly in temperature due to the egothermic reaction and require close monitoring to provide a suitable block if the texture is important ~or a required animal intake~ If it is necessary to vary the position of blocks during the insulating period due to a mixture being sensitive to high temperatures for extended periods then the insulating method may prove more costly. Some heat losses occur with the insulating methods used to maintain the mixture temperature in the range 75 to 95. The amount of insulation required depends on the ambient temperatures and the proximity of the boxes to air draughts.
The boxes used as moulds may be made from carboard in which case the block may be fed to animals without removal of the box as the animals will eat cardboard without ill effect.
~ further preferred feed block composition of the present invention comprises from 8 to 15% molasses, from
2 to 5~ by weight of maynesium oxide, from 2 to 10~
dicalcium phosphateO from 0 - 5% of calcium oxidef from 2S ~0 to 40% of legume seeds and from 30 to 40% liquid whey.
The invention is now illustrated by, but in no way limited to, the following Examples in which all parts are expressed as parts by weight unless otherwise stated.
Example 1 Molasses (2300 parts) and lupin seed (3200 parts) were charged into a jacketed vessel and heated to a temperature of 60C with stirring to give a uni~orm :-, ~;~Vf~3~i~
mixture in the form of a thick paste. Magnesium oxide (750 parts of "Causmag" AL4), dicalcium phosphate (400 parts) and cotton seed meal (400 parts) were blended into the mixture. Agitation was continued and sodium chloride (300 parts), anhydrous sodium sulfate (200 parts) and trace elements (130 parts) were blended into the reaction mix~ure. The viscosity of the mixture was then lowered by blending into the reaction mixture urea 700 parts), water (400 parts), "Teric" 12A23 (25 parts;
"Teric" is a Registered Trade Mark and "Teric" 12A23 is a nonionic surface active agent prepared by condensing one mole of a linear aliphatic monohydric alcohol of average chain length of 12 carbon atoms with approximately 23 moles of ethylene oxide) and the remaining molasses ~1195 parts). The mixture was then run off into moulds in the form of polyethylene film lined cardboard boxes or edible gussetted carboard boxes which were then placed in an oven at a temperature of 70C. After a period of two hours the reaction was essentially complete, the reaction mixture having become rigid, and the moulds were removed from the oven and stacked to allow them to cool to room temperature. Upon cooling the reaction product was released from the polyethylene film lined moulds in the form of rigid block of uniform consistency. The product in the edible gussetted carbon boxes was used for animal feeding without demoulding Example 2 The above procedure was repeated using the following proportions of ingredients:
Molasses 3395 parts Lupin Seed 3500 parts Magnesium Oxide 750 parts Dicalcium Phosphate 500 parts Cotton Seed Meal 200 parts Sodium Chloride 300 parts Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate 200 parts Trace Elements 130 parts ~ZI~b;3~
Urea 700 parts Water 300 parts ~Teric" 12A23 25 parts Upon cooling the reaction product was released from the moulds in the form of a rigid block of uniform consistency.
Example 3 Molasses (2300 parts) and lupin seed (3200 parts) were charged into a jacketed vessel and heated to a temperature of 60C with stirring to give a uniform mixture in the form of a thick paste. Magnesium oxide (750 parts of ~Causmag" AL4), dicalcium phosphate (400 parts) and cotton seed meal (400 parts) were blended into the mixture. Agitation was continued and sodium chloride (300 parts), anhydrous sodium sulfate (200 parts) and trace elements (130 parts) were blended into the reaction mixture~ The viscosity of the mixturs was then lowered by blending into the reaction mixture urea (700 parts), water (400 parts), butyric acid (50 parts), "Teric" 12A23 (25 parts) and the remaining molasses (1145 parts). The mixture was then run off into moulds in the form of polyethylenP film lined cardboard boxes which were then placed in an oven at a temperature of 70C.
After a period of two hours the reaction was e~sentially complete, the reaction mixture having become rigid, and the moulds were removed from the oven and stacked to allow them to cool to room temperature. Upon cooling the reaction product was released from the moulds in the form of rigid block of uniform consistency.
63~;~
Example 4 The procedure of Example 3 was repeated using the following proportions of ingredients:
Molasses 3345 parts Lupin Seed 3500 parts Magnesium Oxide 750 parts Dicalcium Phosphate 500 parts Cotton Seed Meal 200 parts Sodium Chloride 300 parts Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate200 parts Trace Elements 130 parts Urea 700 parts Water 300 parts Butyric Acid 50 parts "Teric" 12A23 25 parts Upon cooling the reaction product was released from the moulds in the form of a rigid block of uniform consistency.
Examples 5 - 11 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated using the proportions by weight shown in the attached table.
rc ~ ~ A V V ~ V A
h~ 11 1111~
4 ~ I I I I I I 0 '4 ~ ~rl Il, ~:
1:4 R ~ O ~ O O r~ ~
r) r~
~o r~
O
c~
~ ~ ol e ~1 ~ ~ ~ O ~ o~ h U
~ U~ o ~U~3~
The chipped lupins had been passed through a 8 mm screen and were 85% retained on a 2mm screen.
The chipped seeds were treated with 1.2% by weight of formaldehyde sprayed onto the seed as a 20% aqueous solution and kept in contact with the seed for 24 hours. Excess formaldehyde was removed by an air current prior to use.
Examples 7, 8 , 10 were acid blocks and gave a soft unsatisfactory block not of our invention. The blocks of Examples 5, 6 and 11 were alkaline and were hard and had good physical properties. Example 9 was an alkaline block but was soft and unsatisfactory and not of our invention Example 12 The procedures of Examples 1, 2, 5 and 6 were repeated except that the blocks were not placed in an air circulated oven during the setting process.
The blocks were put onto masonite sheets (6 per sheet) on a roller table in single and double stacks.
The ~op stack rested either on another masonite sheet or an open wooden separator. The whole batch was covered by a sheet of bubble plastic (packaging type) which was prevented by canite, wooden or masonite boards from touching the liquid in the open boxes. The plastic was cut to hang down the sides of the stack.
The insulation was removed when the blocks were of a similar hardness to when an oven was used. The blocks were then placed under cooling fans.
In each case satisfactory blocks were obtained.
Example 13 Example 5 was repeated using chipped field peas treated with formaldehyde in place of the lupin seed.
The chipped peas were of a similar size range to the chipped lupin seed.
The block was satisfactory.
~Z~
Example 14 - 15 The procedures of Example 1 was repeated using the proportions shown below:-Example Whey Mo.lasses MgO Urea Salt ASS DCP Chipped Cotton pH
Lupin Seed Neal 14 36.2~ 10.2 7.5 7 3 3 3 30 - >8 15 30.7* 9 8 - 3 3 ~ 35 7 >8 * Whey contained 40% solids ** Whey contained 20% so7ids The bloc~s in both cases were satisfactory ,~
1;~11~3~
- l9 -Feedin~ Trials The objective of this trial was to compare molasses blocks containing either urea or urea plus protein as a supplement to sheep fed a low quality roughage diet.
The level of protein in the roughage diet was sufficient to maintain bodyweight of mature sheep and also the protein level was likely to be sufficient to meet the nitrogen needs of the rumen microflora without the need for ureaO These dietary levels of protein simulate the levels found in dry feed over the summer months.
Eighteen mature wethers housed in metabolism cages were fed a low protein roughage diet of oaten chaff/lucerne chaff (6.4 ME, MJ/kg DM, 1.06 ~ DM basis) ad libitum.
The animals were provided with nil supplement, or with continuous access to a molasses block containing ether:
(i) urea (7.0%), (ii) cottonseed meal (20%) + urea (7%), (iii) lupins + urea. (block of example 6) The animals were fed the supplemen~ during a preliminary period of three weeks followed by a three week collection period. Measurement of feed intake, and faecal and urine output were made and samples were obtained daily, then bulked for subsequent nitrogen and dry matter determination.
Results A significant increase in nitrogen retention ~p<0.05) was observed with sheep fed the lupin block.
Slight but non-significant increases in nitrogen retention were recorded for the urea and ~he cottonseed meal block.
~Z~ i8 . .
-- , o --Table 1: The effect of block supplementation on nitrogen halance, dry matter digestibility.
..
Treatment No. of g/N/day Feed Supplement Dry ~atter Blocks AnimalsConsumption Digestibility _g/DM/day _ _ Control 6 +4.2 B 1604 - 5~.7 ~Urea~ 3 +4.9 B 14Z4 43.1 59.6 Cottonseed 4+5.1 B 1477 5Z.5 59.2 Meal Lupins 5 +7.8A1698 88.3 60.4 NS NS
Means with different subscripts are significantly different at p<0.05. NS means not significant.
The dry matter digestibility was enhanced slightly with lupin blOcksr The crude protein level (6~6%) of the roughage diet used in this experiment was selected to reflect the protein levels available to sheep and cattle grazing dry summer pastures in southern Australia.
supplementation of these diets with a urea bloc~
produced only A slight increase in nitrogen retention.
By contrast, the blocks containing lupins produced a substantial increase in nitrogen retention. If we examine the efficiency with which the supplementary nitrogen was utilized by the sheep (Table 2) we find that the lupin block supplement was utilized with almost double the ~fficiency of the other two supplements.
Table 2: Comparison of the efficiency of the utilization _ .
oi the supplementary nitrogen.
Treatments N intake from Total N retained *Efficiency of supplement g/N/hd/day retention of g N/hd/day supplemental N
Control 0 4.21 Urea Block 2.0 4.85 32.0 Cottonseed 3.02 5.13 3015 meal block Lupin Block 6.35 7.78 56.2 *Efficiency of retention Treatment N balance - Control N balance x 100 of supplemental N ~%) Supplemental N intake The previous experiment provided evidence that lupin blocks were utilized efficiently by mature sheep fed a low quality roughage diet. The objective o~ this experiment was to determine the effect of block supplementation on growth rate of weaner sheep fed the same poor guality roughage diet.
Seventy-six crossbred weaner lambs initially weighing 24 kg were allocated to treatments on a weight basis. The animals were housed individually in pens and were fed ad libit_m a low quality diet of oaten chaff and lucerne chaf~ ~90:10) (1.05% N on DM basis) 25 used in Experiment 1. The animals ~ere fed either a nil supplement or molasses blocks continuously containing either urea ~7%) or urea (7%) + cottonseed meal, or urea (7S) ~ lupins. ~Same blocks as used in previous trial~0 The blocks were iso-nitrogenous. Feed inta~e was recorded daily, block consumption twice weekly and liveweights were obtained weekly.
Supplementation with lupin blocks significantly increased l.iveweight gains over the six week period of the trial (Table 3). Lupins blocks and urea blocks increased feed intaXe slightly but the effects were non-significant. A slight increase in wool growth was also observed with the lupin and urea blocks.
Table 3~ The effect of block supplementation on performance o~ weaner lambs - 6 weeks No. of Liveweight~kgJ Mean block Nean feed Wool growth --animals Initial Final Change consumption intake ng/cm2/day + kg (g/day) g/h/day Urea blocks 19 24.7 28.5 3.80AB 35.1 BC 900 0.5665 Control 19 24.5 27.3 2.80 B - 872 0.5286 Urea + lupins 19 23~7 28.5 4.8 A 51.0 AB 892 0O5575 Urea ~ CSN 19 24.1 27.9 3.8 AB 28.1 C 853 0.4969 NS
Means with differing subscripts are significantly different at p<0.05.
CSM = cottonseed meal
dicalcium phosphateO from 0 - 5% of calcium oxidef from 2S ~0 to 40% of legume seeds and from 30 to 40% liquid whey.
The invention is now illustrated by, but in no way limited to, the following Examples in which all parts are expressed as parts by weight unless otherwise stated.
Example 1 Molasses (2300 parts) and lupin seed (3200 parts) were charged into a jacketed vessel and heated to a temperature of 60C with stirring to give a uni~orm :-, ~;~Vf~3~i~
mixture in the form of a thick paste. Magnesium oxide (750 parts of "Causmag" AL4), dicalcium phosphate (400 parts) and cotton seed meal (400 parts) were blended into the mixture. Agitation was continued and sodium chloride (300 parts), anhydrous sodium sulfate (200 parts) and trace elements (130 parts) were blended into the reaction mix~ure. The viscosity of the mixture was then lowered by blending into the reaction mixture urea 700 parts), water (400 parts), "Teric" 12A23 (25 parts;
"Teric" is a Registered Trade Mark and "Teric" 12A23 is a nonionic surface active agent prepared by condensing one mole of a linear aliphatic monohydric alcohol of average chain length of 12 carbon atoms with approximately 23 moles of ethylene oxide) and the remaining molasses ~1195 parts). The mixture was then run off into moulds in the form of polyethylene film lined cardboard boxes or edible gussetted carboard boxes which were then placed in an oven at a temperature of 70C. After a period of two hours the reaction was essentially complete, the reaction mixture having become rigid, and the moulds were removed from the oven and stacked to allow them to cool to room temperature. Upon cooling the reaction product was released from the polyethylene film lined moulds in the form of rigid block of uniform consistency. The product in the edible gussetted carbon boxes was used for animal feeding without demoulding Example 2 The above procedure was repeated using the following proportions of ingredients:
Molasses 3395 parts Lupin Seed 3500 parts Magnesium Oxide 750 parts Dicalcium Phosphate 500 parts Cotton Seed Meal 200 parts Sodium Chloride 300 parts Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate 200 parts Trace Elements 130 parts ~ZI~b;3~
Urea 700 parts Water 300 parts ~Teric" 12A23 25 parts Upon cooling the reaction product was released from the moulds in the form of a rigid block of uniform consistency.
Example 3 Molasses (2300 parts) and lupin seed (3200 parts) were charged into a jacketed vessel and heated to a temperature of 60C with stirring to give a uniform mixture in the form of a thick paste. Magnesium oxide (750 parts of ~Causmag" AL4), dicalcium phosphate (400 parts) and cotton seed meal (400 parts) were blended into the mixture. Agitation was continued and sodium chloride (300 parts), anhydrous sodium sulfate (200 parts) and trace elements (130 parts) were blended into the reaction mixture~ The viscosity of the mixturs was then lowered by blending into the reaction mixture urea (700 parts), water (400 parts), butyric acid (50 parts), "Teric" 12A23 (25 parts) and the remaining molasses (1145 parts). The mixture was then run off into moulds in the form of polyethylenP film lined cardboard boxes which were then placed in an oven at a temperature of 70C.
After a period of two hours the reaction was e~sentially complete, the reaction mixture having become rigid, and the moulds were removed from the oven and stacked to allow them to cool to room temperature. Upon cooling the reaction product was released from the moulds in the form of rigid block of uniform consistency.
63~;~
Example 4 The procedure of Example 3 was repeated using the following proportions of ingredients:
Molasses 3345 parts Lupin Seed 3500 parts Magnesium Oxide 750 parts Dicalcium Phosphate 500 parts Cotton Seed Meal 200 parts Sodium Chloride 300 parts Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate200 parts Trace Elements 130 parts Urea 700 parts Water 300 parts Butyric Acid 50 parts "Teric" 12A23 25 parts Upon cooling the reaction product was released from the moulds in the form of a rigid block of uniform consistency.
Examples 5 - 11 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated using the proportions by weight shown in the attached table.
rc ~ ~ A V V ~ V A
h~ 11 1111~
4 ~ I I I I I I 0 '4 ~ ~rl Il, ~:
1:4 R ~ O ~ O O r~ ~
r) r~
~o r~
O
c~
~ ~ ol e ~1 ~ ~ ~ O ~ o~ h U
~ U~ o ~U~3~
The chipped lupins had been passed through a 8 mm screen and were 85% retained on a 2mm screen.
The chipped seeds were treated with 1.2% by weight of formaldehyde sprayed onto the seed as a 20% aqueous solution and kept in contact with the seed for 24 hours. Excess formaldehyde was removed by an air current prior to use.
Examples 7, 8 , 10 were acid blocks and gave a soft unsatisfactory block not of our invention. The blocks of Examples 5, 6 and 11 were alkaline and were hard and had good physical properties. Example 9 was an alkaline block but was soft and unsatisfactory and not of our invention Example 12 The procedures of Examples 1, 2, 5 and 6 were repeated except that the blocks were not placed in an air circulated oven during the setting process.
The blocks were put onto masonite sheets (6 per sheet) on a roller table in single and double stacks.
The ~op stack rested either on another masonite sheet or an open wooden separator. The whole batch was covered by a sheet of bubble plastic (packaging type) which was prevented by canite, wooden or masonite boards from touching the liquid in the open boxes. The plastic was cut to hang down the sides of the stack.
The insulation was removed when the blocks were of a similar hardness to when an oven was used. The blocks were then placed under cooling fans.
In each case satisfactory blocks were obtained.
Example 13 Example 5 was repeated using chipped field peas treated with formaldehyde in place of the lupin seed.
The chipped peas were of a similar size range to the chipped lupin seed.
The block was satisfactory.
~Z~
Example 14 - 15 The procedures of Example 1 was repeated using the proportions shown below:-Example Whey Mo.lasses MgO Urea Salt ASS DCP Chipped Cotton pH
Lupin Seed Neal 14 36.2~ 10.2 7.5 7 3 3 3 30 - >8 15 30.7* 9 8 - 3 3 ~ 35 7 >8 * Whey contained 40% solids ** Whey contained 20% so7ids The bloc~s in both cases were satisfactory ,~
1;~11~3~
- l9 -Feedin~ Trials The objective of this trial was to compare molasses blocks containing either urea or urea plus protein as a supplement to sheep fed a low quality roughage diet.
The level of protein in the roughage diet was sufficient to maintain bodyweight of mature sheep and also the protein level was likely to be sufficient to meet the nitrogen needs of the rumen microflora without the need for ureaO These dietary levels of protein simulate the levels found in dry feed over the summer months.
Eighteen mature wethers housed in metabolism cages were fed a low protein roughage diet of oaten chaff/lucerne chaff (6.4 ME, MJ/kg DM, 1.06 ~ DM basis) ad libitum.
The animals were provided with nil supplement, or with continuous access to a molasses block containing ether:
(i) urea (7.0%), (ii) cottonseed meal (20%) + urea (7%), (iii) lupins + urea. (block of example 6) The animals were fed the supplemen~ during a preliminary period of three weeks followed by a three week collection period. Measurement of feed intake, and faecal and urine output were made and samples were obtained daily, then bulked for subsequent nitrogen and dry matter determination.
Results A significant increase in nitrogen retention ~p<0.05) was observed with sheep fed the lupin block.
Slight but non-significant increases in nitrogen retention were recorded for the urea and ~he cottonseed meal block.
~Z~ i8 . .
-- , o --Table 1: The effect of block supplementation on nitrogen halance, dry matter digestibility.
..
Treatment No. of g/N/day Feed Supplement Dry ~atter Blocks AnimalsConsumption Digestibility _g/DM/day _ _ Control 6 +4.2 B 1604 - 5~.7 ~Urea~ 3 +4.9 B 14Z4 43.1 59.6 Cottonseed 4+5.1 B 1477 5Z.5 59.2 Meal Lupins 5 +7.8A1698 88.3 60.4 NS NS
Means with different subscripts are significantly different at p<0.05. NS means not significant.
The dry matter digestibility was enhanced slightly with lupin blOcksr The crude protein level (6~6%) of the roughage diet used in this experiment was selected to reflect the protein levels available to sheep and cattle grazing dry summer pastures in southern Australia.
supplementation of these diets with a urea bloc~
produced only A slight increase in nitrogen retention.
By contrast, the blocks containing lupins produced a substantial increase in nitrogen retention. If we examine the efficiency with which the supplementary nitrogen was utilized by the sheep (Table 2) we find that the lupin block supplement was utilized with almost double the ~fficiency of the other two supplements.
Table 2: Comparison of the efficiency of the utilization _ .
oi the supplementary nitrogen.
Treatments N intake from Total N retained *Efficiency of supplement g/N/hd/day retention of g N/hd/day supplemental N
Control 0 4.21 Urea Block 2.0 4.85 32.0 Cottonseed 3.02 5.13 3015 meal block Lupin Block 6.35 7.78 56.2 *Efficiency of retention Treatment N balance - Control N balance x 100 of supplemental N ~%) Supplemental N intake The previous experiment provided evidence that lupin blocks were utilized efficiently by mature sheep fed a low quality roughage diet. The objective o~ this experiment was to determine the effect of block supplementation on growth rate of weaner sheep fed the same poor guality roughage diet.
Seventy-six crossbred weaner lambs initially weighing 24 kg were allocated to treatments on a weight basis. The animals were housed individually in pens and were fed ad libit_m a low quality diet of oaten chaff and lucerne chaf~ ~90:10) (1.05% N on DM basis) 25 used in Experiment 1. The animals ~ere fed either a nil supplement or molasses blocks continuously containing either urea ~7%) or urea (7%) + cottonseed meal, or urea (7S) ~ lupins. ~Same blocks as used in previous trial~0 The blocks were iso-nitrogenous. Feed inta~e was recorded daily, block consumption twice weekly and liveweights were obtained weekly.
Supplementation with lupin blocks significantly increased l.iveweight gains over the six week period of the trial (Table 3). Lupins blocks and urea blocks increased feed intaXe slightly but the effects were non-significant. A slight increase in wool growth was also observed with the lupin and urea blocks.
Table 3~ The effect of block supplementation on performance o~ weaner lambs - 6 weeks No. of Liveweight~kgJ Mean block Nean feed Wool growth --animals Initial Final Change consumption intake ng/cm2/day + kg (g/day) g/h/day Urea blocks 19 24.7 28.5 3.80AB 35.1 BC 900 0.5665 Control 19 24.5 27.3 2.80 B - 872 0.5286 Urea + lupins 19 23~7 28.5 4.8 A 51.0 AB 892 0O5575 Urea ~ CSN 19 24.1 27.9 3.8 AB 28.1 C 853 0.4969 NS
Means with differing subscripts are significantly different at p<0.05.
CSM = cottonseed meal
Claims (18)
1. A rigid, high protein alkaline animal feed block comprising molasses, finely divided magnesium oxide and legume seed.
2. A block according to Claim 1 wherein the amount of molasses ranges from 10 to 70% by weight of the final feed block.
3. A block according to Claim 2 wherein the amount of molasses is in the range of from 20 to 50% by weight of the final feed block.
4. A block according to Claim 1 wherein the amount of magnesium oxide ranges from 2 to 30% by weight of the final feed block.
5. A block according to Claim 4 wherein the amount of magnesium oxide ranges from 3 to 15% by weight of the final feed block.
6. A block according to Claims 1, 2 or 3 where the legume seeds are broken and substantially all pass through an 8 mm screen and 85% are retained in a 2 mm screen.
7. A block according to Claims l, 2 or 3 wherein the legume seeds are lupin seeds.
8. A block according to Claim 1 wherein the amount of legume seed is in the range of from 10 to 50% by weight of the final feed block.
9. A block according to Claim 8 wherein the amount of legume seed ranges from 20 to 40% by weight of the final feed block.
10. A block according to Claims 8 or 9 wherein the legume seed has been denatured.
11. A block according to Claims 1, 2 or 3 wherein the block comprises from 20 to 50% by weight of molasses from 2 to 5% by weight of magnesium oxide, from 2 to 10% by weight of dicalcium phosphate, from 0 to 5% calcium oxide, from 20 to 40% by weight of legume seeds and from 5 to 15% by weight of urea.
12. A block according to Claims 1, 2 or 3 wherein the block comprises 8 to 15% by weight molasses, 2 to 5% by weight of magnesium oxide, 2 to 10% by weight dicalcium phosphate, 0 to 5% by weight calcium oxide, 20 to 40% by weight legume seeds and from 30 to 40% by weight of liquid whey.
13. A process of making a block according to Claim 1 which process comprises: forming a uniform mixture comprising the legume seeds and at least a major proportion of the molasses at a temperature in the range of from 20°C to 90°C, adding to said mixture a hardening agent comprising finely divided magnesium oxide and blending the mixture at a temperature in the range 45°C to 95°C for a sufficient length of time to obtain a substantially uniform reaction mixture;
optionally blending into the mixture any additional solid or liquid components; blending into the mixture the remainder of the molasses if any; transferring said reaction mixture to a mould; and maintaining said reaction mixture in said mould at a temperature in the range 45 to 50°C until the reaction is substantially complete and the reaction mixture becomes rigid.
optionally blending into the mixture any additional solid or liquid components; blending into the mixture the remainder of the molasses if any; transferring said reaction mixture to a mould; and maintaining said reaction mixture in said mould at a temperature in the range 45 to 50°C until the reaction is substantially complete and the reaction mixture becomes rigid.
14. A process according to Claim 13 wherein the legume seeds and a major portion (51 to 100%) of the molasses are blended together at a temperature in the range of from 20°C
to 95°C, to form a thick paste, the hardening agent comprising finely divided magnesium oxide and finely divided dicalcium phosphate is blended into the mixture, any other insoluble components, are blended into the reaction mixture, then the viscosity of the mixture is lowered by lending in any remaining molasses, any water, and any soluble components.
to 95°C, to form a thick paste, the hardening agent comprising finely divided magnesium oxide and finely divided dicalcium phosphate is blended into the mixture, any other insoluble components, are blended into the reaction mixture, then the viscosity of the mixture is lowered by lending in any remaining molasses, any water, and any soluble components.
15. A process according to Claims 13 or 14 wherein the temperature of the reaction mixture in the mould is maintained in a hot air circulated oven.
16. A process according to Claims 13 or 14 wherein the temperature of the reaction mixture in the mould is maintained by insulation.
17. A process according to Claims 13 or 14 wherein a temperature in the setting process is maintained between 75 to 95°C.
18. A block according to Claims 1, 2 or 3 wherein the block comprises butyric acid or a salt thereof.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPF.7161 | 1982-12-07 | ||
| AUPF716182 | 1982-12-07 | ||
| AUPF.7185 | 1982-12-08 | ||
| AUPF718582 | 1982-12-08 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1206368A true CA1206368A (en) | 1986-06-24 |
Family
ID=25642608
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000442743A Expired CA1206368A (en) | 1982-12-07 | 1983-12-07 | High protein animal feed block |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1206368A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2131273B (en) |
| IE (1) | IE54784B1 (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ206384A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0834258A1 (en) * | 1996-09-27 | 1998-04-08 | Lignotech USA, Inc. | Animal feed incorporating reactive magnesium oxide |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU681535B2 (en) * | 1994-08-22 | 1997-08-28 | Inghams Enterprises Pty Limited | Improvements in feeds for ruminants |
| NZ299273A (en) * | 1995-09-04 | 1997-03-24 | Basil Arthur Wormald | Animal feed; seeds from pasture plants protected from germination on being ingested by an animal |
| IES970063A2 (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 1997-09-10 | Phelim Greene | Animal feed supplement composition |
-
1983
- 1983-11-24 NZ NZ206384A patent/NZ206384A/en unknown
- 1983-11-29 IE IE2805/83A patent/IE54784B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-12-07 CA CA000442743A patent/CA1206368A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-12-07 GB GB08332609A patent/GB2131273B/en not_active Expired
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0834258A1 (en) * | 1996-09-27 | 1998-04-08 | Lignotech USA, Inc. | Animal feed incorporating reactive magnesium oxide |
| US6113974A (en) * | 1996-09-27 | 2000-09-05 | Lignotech Usa, Inc. | Animal feed incorporating reactive magnesium oxide |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NZ206384A (en) | 1986-05-09 |
| IE54784B1 (en) | 1990-01-31 |
| IE832805L (en) | 1984-06-07 |
| GB2131273A (en) | 1984-06-20 |
| GB8332609D0 (en) | 1984-01-11 |
| GB2131273B (en) | 1986-06-18 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |