CA1169651A - Process for producing coal-oil-water fuel - Google Patents
Process for producing coal-oil-water fuelInfo
- Publication number
- CA1169651A CA1169651A CA000389130A CA389130A CA1169651A CA 1169651 A CA1169651 A CA 1169651A CA 000389130 A CA000389130 A CA 000389130A CA 389130 A CA389130 A CA 389130A CA 1169651 A CA1169651 A CA 1169651A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- coal
- water
- mixture
- distillate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/324—Dispersions containing coal, oil and water
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A method of producing a coal-oil-water fuel mixture comprising adding distillate oil to finely divided coal in water to form agglomerates, and then sonically cavitating the mixture to stabilize it. A coal-oil-water fuel produced thereby comprising about 2 to 20% water, about 25-45% oil, and about 40 to 65% coal. From 50 to 95% of the oil is preferably a residual oil, the balance a distillate oil.
A method of producing a coal-oil-water fuel mixture comprising adding distillate oil to finely divided coal in water to form agglomerates, and then sonically cavitating the mixture to stabilize it. A coal-oil-water fuel produced thereby comprising about 2 to 20% water, about 25-45% oil, and about 40 to 65% coal. From 50 to 95% of the oil is preferably a residual oil, the balance a distillate oil.
Description
~ ;'3b~1 FIELD OF THE INVE~TION
The present invention relates to an improved process for making coal-oil-water fuel mixtures.
DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART
As is well known, the energv required by the present industrialized societies is largely obtained from the combustion of fossil fuels, particularly liquid fuels derived from petroleum. Recent substantial increases in the price of petroleum, the prospect of further such increases and actual or threatened shortages of petroleum, have led to increasing interest in alternative fuels, derived in whole or in part from sources other than liquid petroleum. Many industrialized countries, including Canada, still have substantial reserves of available coal, but the use of coal in solid form, as an a~ternative fuel, is attended by many problems, not least of which ie the fact that much existing physical plant is designed to use liquid fuel.
One approach to this problem, is to utilize a composite fuel, comprising a mixture of oil and coal, or a mixture of oil, coal and water, in order to reduce the quantity of petroleum-derived fuel which must be consumed to produce a given quantity of energy. At the present time, such composite fuels are contemplated primarily as substitutes for heavy industrial fuel oils, such as are consumed in thermal electric generating plants, but it is, of course, possible that coal-containing liquid fuels may find wider applications in the future.
Since coal is not soluble in fuel oil or water, composite fuels of the type contemplated, are in the nature of mechanical mixtures of finely divided coal in oil or in a
The present invention relates to an improved process for making coal-oil-water fuel mixtures.
DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART
As is well known, the energv required by the present industrialized societies is largely obtained from the combustion of fossil fuels, particularly liquid fuels derived from petroleum. Recent substantial increases in the price of petroleum, the prospect of further such increases and actual or threatened shortages of petroleum, have led to increasing interest in alternative fuels, derived in whole or in part from sources other than liquid petroleum. Many industrialized countries, including Canada, still have substantial reserves of available coal, but the use of coal in solid form, as an a~ternative fuel, is attended by many problems, not least of which ie the fact that much existing physical plant is designed to use liquid fuel.
One approach to this problem, is to utilize a composite fuel, comprising a mixture of oil and coal, or a mixture of oil, coal and water, in order to reduce the quantity of petroleum-derived fuel which must be consumed to produce a given quantity of energy. At the present time, such composite fuels are contemplated primarily as substitutes for heavy industrial fuel oils, such as are consumed in thermal electric generating plants, but it is, of course, possible that coal-containing liquid fuels may find wider applications in the future.
Since coal is not soluble in fuel oil or water, composite fuels of the type contemplated, are in the nature of mechanical mixtures of finely divided coal in oil or in a
- 2 -;965~
water-oil emulsion. See, for example, United States Patent B No. 3,941j~ (Cottell, 2 March, 1976). A principal problem associated with such composite fuels is lack of stability;
i.e. the tendency of the coal component to settle out of the mixture during storage and handling.
A number of different techniques have been tried to optimize the properties of such fuels. Obviously, the coal must be finely pulverized to enable it to remain in suspension in the fuel and not settle in the bottom of the tank in which the fuel is stored. Various grinding processes and apparatus have been experimentally used. Various emulsifying agents have been employed. The ratios of coal-to-water-to-oil have been experimentally varied. The objective throughout has been to obtain a fuel that burns cleanly and efficiently, does not clog supply lines or burners, produces little or no solid ash residue, and maintains its consistency during storage. The sonic or ultrasonic treatment of coal particles in suspension in a liquid medium has been previously proposed by Eric C.
Cottell in the aforementioned U.S. patent, and has achieved some measure of success in meeting the aforementioned objective. However, the Cottell technology has been found insufficient per se to provide a completely satisfactory fuel.
Too much solid ash tends to be produced, and the stabilization process is unreliable.
A quite separate and distinct technology has been developed by Capes et al. and is described, for example, in Canadian Patents No. 1,039,059 (Capes et al., 26 September, 1978) and No. 1,020,~80 (Capes et al., 15 November, 1977).
Capes et al. have discovered how to clean particulate coal by the technique referred to as agglomeration. Agglomeration ;96i51 is a process whereby very fine particles are combined together in a liquid suspension to form larger, generally spherical granules. Using appropriate liquids, the coal particulate materials have a tendency to agglomerate which facilitates the separation of non-agglomerated ash particles out of the liquid medium by means of screening techniques.
Before the present invention, the focus of the Capes agglomeration technique was on cleaning the coal. The focus of the Cottell sonic treatment was on improving the stability of the emulsion. Since agglomeration tends to bond particles together, whereas sonic treatment tends to break up and separate particles, the two types of treatment did not prima facie appear to be compatible with one another.
SUMMARY OF THE I~VE~TIO~
I have found that, surprisingly, agglomeration improves the susceptibility of a coal-oil-water mixture to emulsification by sonic treatment.
A preferred method for producing a coal-oil-water mixture for use as a fuel according to the invention comprises the steps of (1) grinding coal to a fine particle size;
(2) mixing the coal particles with water (this may be done in the grinding stage);
water-oil emulsion. See, for example, United States Patent B No. 3,941j~ (Cottell, 2 March, 1976). A principal problem associated with such composite fuels is lack of stability;
i.e. the tendency of the coal component to settle out of the mixture during storage and handling.
A number of different techniques have been tried to optimize the properties of such fuels. Obviously, the coal must be finely pulverized to enable it to remain in suspension in the fuel and not settle in the bottom of the tank in which the fuel is stored. Various grinding processes and apparatus have been experimentally used. Various emulsifying agents have been employed. The ratios of coal-to-water-to-oil have been experimentally varied. The objective throughout has been to obtain a fuel that burns cleanly and efficiently, does not clog supply lines or burners, produces little or no solid ash residue, and maintains its consistency during storage. The sonic or ultrasonic treatment of coal particles in suspension in a liquid medium has been previously proposed by Eric C.
Cottell in the aforementioned U.S. patent, and has achieved some measure of success in meeting the aforementioned objective. However, the Cottell technology has been found insufficient per se to provide a completely satisfactory fuel.
Too much solid ash tends to be produced, and the stabilization process is unreliable.
A quite separate and distinct technology has been developed by Capes et al. and is described, for example, in Canadian Patents No. 1,039,059 (Capes et al., 26 September, 1978) and No. 1,020,~80 (Capes et al., 15 November, 1977).
Capes et al. have discovered how to clean particulate coal by the technique referred to as agglomeration. Agglomeration ;96i51 is a process whereby very fine particles are combined together in a liquid suspension to form larger, generally spherical granules. Using appropriate liquids, the coal particulate materials have a tendency to agglomerate which facilitates the separation of non-agglomerated ash particles out of the liquid medium by means of screening techniques.
Before the present invention, the focus of the Capes agglomeration technique was on cleaning the coal. The focus of the Cottell sonic treatment was on improving the stability of the emulsion. Since agglomeration tends to bond particles together, whereas sonic treatment tends to break up and separate particles, the two types of treatment did not prima facie appear to be compatible with one another.
SUMMARY OF THE I~VE~TIO~
I have found that, surprisingly, agglomeration improves the susceptibility of a coal-oil-water mixture to emulsification by sonic treatment.
A preferred method for producing a coal-oil-water mixture for use as a fuel according to the invention comprises the steps of (1) grinding coal to a fine particle size;
(2) mixing the coal particles with water (this may be done in the grinding stage);
(3) adding distillate oil and mixing to form coal-oil-water agglomerates (this too may be done in the grinding stage);
(4) separating out the agglomerates;
(5) adding a controlled amount of water to the agglomerates to form a slurry;
~1t;9651
~1t;9651
(6) reagglomerating with a residual oil;
(7) dewatering the agglomerates with a screen;
(8) adding a controlled amount of residual oil (steps 6, 7 and 8 establish the desired coal-oil-water ratio;
(9) mixing; and
(10) adding sonic energy to cavitate the mixture, so as to break down the agglomerates to form a relatively stable coal-oil-water mixture.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIO~ OF THE DRAWING
The drawing is a flow diagram illustrating a preferred application of the method of the present invention;
DETAILED DESCRIPTIO~ OF THE DRAWI~G
As shown in the drawing, coal is ground and mixed with water. (These two stages may be combined in a suitable grinder. Depending upon starting materials and equipment choices, other stages may be combined also, and the following discussion is not intended to exclude such combinations).
Distillate oil is added to promote the formation of spherical agglomeration. Additional water is then added as required to obtain a mixture having a solids content of less than 30%.
The resulting mixture is then mixed to further promote agglomeration. The mixture is then passed over a screen having a mesh size less than the size of the agglomerates.
Residual oil is then added to the mixture together with additional water (preferably hot water). Typically, the residual oil will be number 6 oil. The addition of the residual oil also assists in displacing some of the water 6Sl thereby further reducing the water content of the mixture.
The mixture is then mixed and screened again for dewatering purposes. The dewatered mixture is passed through a final mixing stage where additional residual oil is added as required. Finally, the mixture is pumped to a suitable sonic cavitation device as will be further described below for carrying out the final stage of the method.
This method is particularly useful where the coal to be used has a relatively high ash content. The inter-mediate stages of this method serve not only to promote the mixing of coal, oil and water but also serve to reduce the ash content of the coal by separating the coal-oil-water agglomerates from the ash and excess water by screening.
The coal may also or instead be passed through additional preliminary cleaning stages to reduce the ash content of the coal prior to processing by the method of this invention.
Apparatus suitable to carry out the method of this invention is already known and commercially available. A
variety of ultra-fine, wet mills may be used to grind the coal in the presence of water. In particular, a horizontal rotating pinmill has been found suitable. A large hammer mill or ball mill could also be employed for this purpose.
The distillate oil can be added before or after grinding.
The subsequent first mixing and screening stages employ a high shear mixer and a slotted screen. The slotted screen is inclined and is used to effect coarse filtration. The excess water and non-agglomerated residue such as ash tend to fall through the screen. The water can be re-cycled in B
11696Sl the system and the recovPred ash can be used to manufacture bricks and the like.
After the agglomerates have passed over the slotted screen, they enter a surge tank where the residual oil and B
- 6a -11ti9651 additional water are added. The surge tank provides a relatively stable flow pattern to the mixture. The mixture is then introduced into a low shear mixer; a low shear mixer being desirable at this stage since it is not desired to break up the larger coal-oil-water agglomerates that have formed. The mixture is subsequently passed over a vibratory screen (such as the one sold under the trade mark SWEC0). As the screen is vibrated, excess water and non-agglomerated particulate matter such as ash tend to pass through the 10 screen. The mixture is then directed to a second surge tank and finally to a ribbon mixer or static mixer where additional residual oil is added.
Although considerable variation in composition of such mixtures is possible, a mixture of 40 to 65~ coal, 25 to 45% oil, and 2 to 20% water roughly represents the useful ranges of constituents. A mixture of 55~ coal, 33% oil, 12%
water has been found satisfactory. It is preferred to use, as the oil component, as much residual oil and as little distillate oil as possible, because of the relatively lower price of residual oil. However, at least some distillate oil has been found desirable to form agglomerates which can then be screened to separate out any finely divided ash particles.
The agglomerates in suspension then may be cavitated.
Distillate oil may comprise from about 5 to 50% of the total oil in the coal-oil-water mixture. The percentages expressed above and in the claims are by weight.
A suitable distillate oil is No. 2 oil and a suitable residual oil is No. 6 oil.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIO~ OF THE DRAWING
The drawing is a flow diagram illustrating a preferred application of the method of the present invention;
DETAILED DESCRIPTIO~ OF THE DRAWI~G
As shown in the drawing, coal is ground and mixed with water. (These two stages may be combined in a suitable grinder. Depending upon starting materials and equipment choices, other stages may be combined also, and the following discussion is not intended to exclude such combinations).
Distillate oil is added to promote the formation of spherical agglomeration. Additional water is then added as required to obtain a mixture having a solids content of less than 30%.
The resulting mixture is then mixed to further promote agglomeration. The mixture is then passed over a screen having a mesh size less than the size of the agglomerates.
Residual oil is then added to the mixture together with additional water (preferably hot water). Typically, the residual oil will be number 6 oil. The addition of the residual oil also assists in displacing some of the water 6Sl thereby further reducing the water content of the mixture.
The mixture is then mixed and screened again for dewatering purposes. The dewatered mixture is passed through a final mixing stage where additional residual oil is added as required. Finally, the mixture is pumped to a suitable sonic cavitation device as will be further described below for carrying out the final stage of the method.
This method is particularly useful where the coal to be used has a relatively high ash content. The inter-mediate stages of this method serve not only to promote the mixing of coal, oil and water but also serve to reduce the ash content of the coal by separating the coal-oil-water agglomerates from the ash and excess water by screening.
The coal may also or instead be passed through additional preliminary cleaning stages to reduce the ash content of the coal prior to processing by the method of this invention.
Apparatus suitable to carry out the method of this invention is already known and commercially available. A
variety of ultra-fine, wet mills may be used to grind the coal in the presence of water. In particular, a horizontal rotating pinmill has been found suitable. A large hammer mill or ball mill could also be employed for this purpose.
The distillate oil can be added before or after grinding.
The subsequent first mixing and screening stages employ a high shear mixer and a slotted screen. The slotted screen is inclined and is used to effect coarse filtration. The excess water and non-agglomerated residue such as ash tend to fall through the screen. The water can be re-cycled in B
11696Sl the system and the recovPred ash can be used to manufacture bricks and the like.
After the agglomerates have passed over the slotted screen, they enter a surge tank where the residual oil and B
- 6a -11ti9651 additional water are added. The surge tank provides a relatively stable flow pattern to the mixture. The mixture is then introduced into a low shear mixer; a low shear mixer being desirable at this stage since it is not desired to break up the larger coal-oil-water agglomerates that have formed. The mixture is subsequently passed over a vibratory screen (such as the one sold under the trade mark SWEC0). As the screen is vibrated, excess water and non-agglomerated particulate matter such as ash tend to pass through the 10 screen. The mixture is then directed to a second surge tank and finally to a ribbon mixer or static mixer where additional residual oil is added.
Although considerable variation in composition of such mixtures is possible, a mixture of 40 to 65~ coal, 25 to 45% oil, and 2 to 20% water roughly represents the useful ranges of constituents. A mixture of 55~ coal, 33% oil, 12%
water has been found satisfactory. It is preferred to use, as the oil component, as much residual oil and as little distillate oil as possible, because of the relatively lower price of residual oil. However, at least some distillate oil has been found desirable to form agglomerates which can then be screened to separate out any finely divided ash particles.
The agglomerates in suspension then may be cavitated.
Distillate oil may comprise from about 5 to 50% of the total oil in the coal-oil-water mixture. The percentages expressed above and in the claims are by weight.
A suitable distillate oil is No. 2 oil and a suitable residual oil is No. 6 oil.
Claims (16)
EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS
FOLLOWS:
1. A method of manufacturing a substantially stable, homogeneous coal-oil-water fuel mixture comprising finely grinding coal and mixing the ground coal with water and distillate oil by means of a high shear mixer to form coal-oil-water agglomerates in suspension in a water or water-oil carrier and sonically cavitating the suspension to help stabilize the mixture.
2. A method as defined in Claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises at least about 50% finely ground coal, of the order of 1/3 oil, and of the order of 10% water.
3. A method as defined in Claim 2, wherein at least about 60% of the oil is a suitable residual oil.
4. A method as defined in Claim 3, wherein the coal is agglomerated with a suitable distillate oil and then screened to separate out finely divided ash particles before being sonically cavitated to stabilize the mixture, the distillate oil comprising up to about 40% of the total oil in the fuel mixture.
5. A method as defined in Claim 1, 2 or 4 wherein the cavitation occurs at a frequency within normal human audible range.
6. A method as defined in Claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises from about 2 to 20% water, about 25 to 45% oil, and about 40 to 65% coal.
7. A method as defined in Claim 6, wherein the oil comprises from about 50 to 95% suitable residual oil, and the balance suitable distillate oil.
8. A method as defined in Claim 7, wherein the coal is agglomerated with the suitable distillate oil and then screened to separate out finely divided ash particles before being sonically cavitated to stabilize the mixture, the distillate oil comprising from about 5 to 50% of the total oil in the fuel mixture.
9. A substantially stable coal-oil-water fuel mixture manufactured by the method of Claim 1, comprising from about 2 to 20% water and about 25 to 45% oil by total weight of the mixture, the balance of the mixture consisting of ground coal.
10. A mixture as defined in Claim 9, wherein the oil comprises about 50 to 95% suitable residual oil and about 5 to 50% suitable distillate oil.
11. A mixture as defined in Claim 9, wherein the mixture comprises at least about 50% finely ground coal, of the order of 1/3 oil, and of the order of 10% water.
12. A mixture as defined in Claim 11, wherein at least about 60% of the oil is a suitable residual oil and the balance a suitable distillate oil.
13. A method of making a substantially stable, homogen-eous coal-oil-water fuel mixture, comprising:
(1) grinding coal to a fine particle size;
(2) mixing the coal particles with water;
(3) adding distillate oil and mixing by means of a high shear mixer to form coal-oil-water agglomerates;
(4) separating out the agglomerates;
(5) adding a controlled amount of water to the agglomerates to form a slurry;
(6) re-agglomerating with a residual oil;
(7) dewatering the agglomerates with a screen;
(8) adding a controlled amount of residual oil (steps 6,7 and 8 thereby establishing the desired coal-oil-water ratio);
(9) mixing; and (10) adding sonic energy to substantially homogenize and help stabilize the mixture.
(1) grinding coal to a fine particle size;
(2) mixing the coal particles with water;
(3) adding distillate oil and mixing by means of a high shear mixer to form coal-oil-water agglomerates;
(4) separating out the agglomerates;
(5) adding a controlled amount of water to the agglomerates to form a slurry;
(6) re-agglomerating with a residual oil;
(7) dewatering the agglomerates with a screen;
(8) adding a controlled amount of residual oil (steps 6,7 and 8 thereby establishing the desired coal-oil-water ratio);
(9) mixing; and (10) adding sonic energy to substantially homogenize and help stabilize the mixture.
14. A method as defined in Claim 13, wherein the mixture comprises at least about 50% finely ground coal, of the order of 1/3 oil, and of the order of 10% water.
15. A method as defined in Claim 14, wherein at least about 60% of the oil is a suitable residual oil.
16. A method as defined in Claim 13, 14 or 15, wherein the sonic energy is applied at a frequency within normal human audible range.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000389130A CA1169651A (en) | 1981-10-30 | 1981-10-30 | Process for producing coal-oil-water fuel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000389130A CA1169651A (en) | 1981-10-30 | 1981-10-30 | Process for producing coal-oil-water fuel |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1169651A true CA1169651A (en) | 1984-06-26 |
Family
ID=4121309
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000389130A Expired CA1169651A (en) | 1981-10-30 | 1981-10-30 | Process for producing coal-oil-water fuel |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1169651A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2595711A1 (en) * | 1986-03-11 | 1987-09-18 | Cadet International Sarl | Coal-based ternary fluid fuel mixture and process for preparing it |
| EP0290699A1 (en) * | 1987-05-12 | 1988-11-17 | Cadet International | Fluid combustible mixture based on coal and process for its preparation |
| CN100547299C (en) * | 2003-07-31 | 2009-10-07 | 北京光慧晓明声能技术研究所 | The fluid dynamic type sound energy coal slurry industry |
| CN103206718A (en) * | 2013-04-09 | 2013-07-17 | 陕煤集团神木张家峁矿业有限公司 | System and method for improving slurry property of low order coal slurry |
| RU2605951C1 (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2017-01-10 | Акционерное общество "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт по переработке нефти" (АО "ВНИИ НП") | Method of composite fuel producing and device for its implementation |
-
1981
- 1981-10-30 CA CA000389130A patent/CA1169651A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2595711A1 (en) * | 1986-03-11 | 1987-09-18 | Cadet International Sarl | Coal-based ternary fluid fuel mixture and process for preparing it |
| EP0290699A1 (en) * | 1987-05-12 | 1988-11-17 | Cadet International | Fluid combustible mixture based on coal and process for its preparation |
| CN100547299C (en) * | 2003-07-31 | 2009-10-07 | 北京光慧晓明声能技术研究所 | The fluid dynamic type sound energy coal slurry industry |
| CN103206718A (en) * | 2013-04-09 | 2013-07-17 | 陕煤集团神木张家峁矿业有限公司 | System and method for improving slurry property of low order coal slurry |
| RU2605951C1 (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2017-01-10 | Акционерное общество "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт по переработке нефти" (АО "ВНИИ НП") | Method of composite fuel producing and device for its implementation |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |