CA1159270A - Preservation of green plant tissues - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A process for preserving green coloured plant tissue and in particular coniferous needles, holly and low fibre leaves such as mosses, lichens and ferns in which selected leaves are immersed in a solution comprising (by volume) 35-45% water, 20-30% 2-propanol, 5-12%
propionic acid, 5-10% sulphurous acid, 5-10%
2.5-5% formic acid, 1-5% ethylene glycol, and optionally minor amounts of compounds selected from the group consisting of cupric sulphate, cupric chloride, 20-20-20 fertilizer, citric acid, DBE, magnesium sulphate, acetic acid, cupric acetate, cupric nitrate, sodium phosphate, sodium sulfite, butylated hydroxytolulene and glycerol, for a sufficient time to exchange the naturally occurring water in the tissue with the "chemical water"
of the solution and thereby permanently retain and biologically fix the green colour of the leaves.

Description

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PRESERVATION OF GREEN PL~NT TISSU~S

FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates to the preservation of green plant tissues and more particularly to a novel composition of matter for the preservation of the natural green colour in leaves, stems and the like of flowers, shrubs, trees and the like and the preserved product.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In our earlier Canadian Patent 1,103,~75 issued June 23, 1981 and assigned to the assignee of the present invention, there is described a process and composition of matter for preserving green coloured plant tissues while retaining the natural green colour thereof, in which the tissues are immersed in a solution comprising 30-70~ by volume water; at least one monohydric alcohol; at least one preservative component selected from the group comprising lower carboxylic acids, and di and trihydric alcohols, and sufficient buffering and mordant reagents to control the pH
and osmolality of the solution so as to permanentl~ retain the green colour in the tissues. Within this general description of the treatment solutions which is suitable for almost all kinds of green leaves, we have found that certain tissues such as ferns, grasses, lichens, mosses, salal, and certain coni~erous needles are best treated with modified or special solutions particularly formulated for their special requirements.

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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
-By one aspect of this in~ention there is provided a solution, for the preservation of naturally green coloured plant tissues, consisting essentially of: 35-45~ by volume water; 20-30~ 2-propanol, 5-12~ propionic acid, 5-10% sulphur-ous acid, 5-10~ formalin, 2.5-5% formic acid, 1-5% ethylene glycol, a selected amount of (a) at least one cupric salt selected from the group consisting of cupric sulphate, cupric chloride, cupric carbonate, cupric acetate and cupric nitrate, (b) citric acid, (c) sodium phosphate, (d) sodium sulfite, (e) DBE, (f) 20-20-20 fertilizer, (g) magnesium sulphate (h) glycerol, (i) butylated hydroxytoluene.
By another aspect there is provided a process for preserving naturally green coloured plant tissues comprising immersing said tissues in a solution comprising: 35-45% by volume water; 20-30% 2-propanol; 5-12~ propionic acid; 5-10%
sulphurous acid; 5-10% formalin; 2,5-5% formic acid; 1-5~
ethylene glycol; a selected amount of (a) at least one cupric salt selected from the group consisling of cupric sulphate, cupric chloride, cupric carbonate, cupric acetate and cupric nitrate, ~b) citric acid, (c) sodium phosphate, (d) sodium ~ulphite, (e) ~ibasic ester, ~f) 20-20-20 fertilizer, (g) mag-nesium sulphate, (h) glycerol, (i~ butylated hydroxytoluene.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The preservation of green plant tissue specimens is considerably more difficult than preservation of relatively ~ibrous flowers and the like. Firstly, the cellulose and similar materials in green plant tissues form a relatively rigid framework into which the cells are arranged. The cells ~ 2 -

2~al are, however, fully turgid only when filled with water and once this water is lost they collapse and the weight of tissues is too great for the rela-tively small amount of Eibre to support. When this happens wilting occurs when the tissue dries out completely, rigidity is restored due to the loss of weight and the loss of lubrication between Eibres. In succulents, mosses, ferns and lichens there is so little fibre that complete dehydration and rigidity is almost impossible to achieve. The dehydration process must be complete before the 1~ tissue is removed from its physical supporting medium. Failure to ensure this results in loss of shape and chemical reactions which ultimately result in tissue discoloration. Secondly, the green coloration is due to the presence of chlorophyll which is a highly reactive and sensitive substance, and unless consider-able care is taken with the dehydration process, degradation of the chlorophyll occurs. It is there~ore necessary to effect dehydration in such a way as to retain the original colour and shape substantially intact and subsequently treat the dehydrated tissue with a preservative to make it last.
As discussed in our earlierCanadian Patent 1,103,475 we have found that rather than dehydrate leaves or other green plant tissue and then preserve the dried tissues, it is pre-ferable to effect an exchange process wherein the naturally contained water in the tissue is exchanged with a water based treatment solution containing sufficient chemical reagents to bioloyically preserve and environmentally fix the green colours.
Buffers and the like may be added to modify the effects of the primary chemicals.
Thus, it has been found that a suitable treatment . . . ~
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solution for green plant tissues must contain Eour essential groups of chemicals which may be defined as:
(a) water, (b) an exchange medium, (c) preservatives, and (d) buffers, mordants and modifiers.
Throughout this specification, when referring to "water" it is implicit that distilled water is normally employed, in order to ensure uniformity or results and to provide a readily controlled standard, bu-t it will be appreci-ated that distillation is no-t an essential characteristic of the water employed, other forms such as deionized water being equally effective. The "exchange medium" used in the present inventions is normally one or more monohydric alcohols contain-ing 1 ~ carbon atoms. Such alcohols, particularly ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and tertiary butyl alcohol are known to have considerable dehydration properties and, without wishing to be bound by this explanation, it is believed that in the present invention the alcohol or mixtures of alcohols selected causes dehydration of the natural water contained in the plant tissue and the simultaneous replacement thereof by the chemical-containing water of the inventive solutions of the alcohols listed, tertiary butyl alcohol is extremely harsh and may damage leafy tissue and for this reason is normally u~ed in admixture with a milder alcohol such as l-propanol or 2-propanol. Ethyl alcohol, on the other hand may be used alone~
The preservative elements include biological preser~
vatives and ~.ixe:,~ and environmental f:ixers, such as sulph~rs:j!s acid.

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The buffers, mordants and modifiers include citric acid and cupric salts such as cupric acetate, cupric chloride and cupric sulphate. Minor amounts of other chemicals have been found useful modifiers, including such chemicals as garden fertilizer and in particular 20-20-20 (N-P-K ratio) fertilizer.
; The amounts of each chemical required depends upon the type of leaf being treated, the exchange medium being used and other factors. Some chemicalsappear to act as colour mordants while others are buffers not only for pH but also for osmolality.
The pH range is not considered critical and although the bath is generally maintained in the range 6-8, i.e. substantially neutral, pH as low as about 2 may also be employed.
The procedures to be adopted for treatment of the plant tissue are simple and straightforward. Firstly a treating 501u-tion is prepared by mixing the re~uired chemicals, preferably in the order as noted below, and t:hen immersing the specimens in the treating solution, at ambient temperature, for 10 days to 2 weeks or even longer depending upon the specimen. For example most deciduous leaves require a relatively shorter period of time than evergreens and thick tough leaves such as holly may require as long as 30 days or even more. Very thick leaves, for example rubber leaves, may require even longer. Leaves of suc-culents and other species which tend to be very watery and with little fibrous structure (for example water cress) by reason of their species or method of culture are somewhat difficult to treat according to the present invention even if great care is taken with the se~ection of the exchange medium as it appears diL-ficult to balanc~ he rate of exchange of natural water with the treating solutiori. (-~enerally, upon immels.oll in the bath t~le co7~-our of the leaves :ha~ges usually ~o a li~ ter green, the~ as -.he :, .

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treatment solution replaces the natural water the colour reverts to an "ideal" colour and on continued immersion the colour darkens. Following treatment in the treating solutionl the specimens may be air dried and stored for use as required.
Such treated specimens are best used (for teaching or similar purposes) within 2 to 3 weeks as they tend to dry out after that time. If it is desired to preserve the specimens for later use (i.e. spring or summer leaves for use as teaching aids in mid-winter~ or for permanent display, a secondary treat-ment in a "holding solution" is required. The holding solution is a glycerin/water solution preferably containing 100-700 ml glycerin per litre of water. The specimens are merely immersed and soaked in the holding solution for 2-3 weeks, at ambient temperature and then air dried. Specimens so treated maintain their colour and flexibility for periods in excess of 1 year.
In certain circumstances it may be desirable to store the specimens permanently in the holdi~g solution, depending on the end use. There is, therefore, no practical limit to the treat-ment time in the holding solution.
Treatment of ~orest mosses, lichens, sword ferns, grasses, asparagus ferns, sphagnum mosses, oregon grape, salal and the like present special problems because of their delicate texture and we have found that a solution comprising:
425 ml distilled water 14.2 g cupric sulphate 56 ml propionic acid 75 rnl sulphurous acid 25 ml formic acid 10(! ml formalin :~3L5~7~
80 g cupric chloride 10 g 20-20-20 N-P-K fertilizer 42 g citric acid 2.8 g magnesium sulphate 25 ml acetic acid 10 g cupric acetate 10 g cupric nitrate 10 g sodium phosphate (dibasic) 5.6 g sodium sulphite 238 ml 2-propanol .21 g butylated hydroxytoluene 42 ml ethylene glycol 14 ml glycerol is particularly suitable.
Salal may also be effectively treated in a solution comprising:
362.5 ml distilled water 14.05 g cupric sulphate 94 ml propionic acid 80 ml sulphurous acid 40 ml formic acid 50 ml formalin 20 g cupric chloride 25 g 20-20-20 N-P-K fertilizer 65.5 g citric acid (Dibasic ester ~ an esterified waste by-40 ml DBE product of acrylic manufacture from Dupont Canada Ltd.) 2.7 g magnesium sulphate 5.4 g sodium sulphite 229.5 ml 2-propanol '~;

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~L~592~0 .2 g butylated hydroxytoluene 40.5 ml ethylene glycol 13.5 ml glycerol.
Coniferous needles such as white spruce, balsam, white cedar and junipers and other leaves such as ferns and holly may be most effectively treated in a solution comprising:
362.5 ml distilled water 14.05 g cupric sulphate 104 ml propionic acid lO100 ml sulphurous acid 50 ml formic acid 50 ml formalin 20 g cupric chloride 25 g 20-20-20 N-P-K fertilizer ; 6505 g citric acid 5.4 g sodium sulphite 229.5 ml 2-propanol :
.2 g butylated hydroxytoluene 40.5 ml ethylene glycol 20 13.5 ml glycerol.
Example After treating selected leaves in an appropriate solution as noted hereinabove r under the standard conditions as also noted~ the resultant treated leaves were evaluated for colour and texture~ The results are tabulated in Table 1 below:

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Solution Solution Solution Speclmens 1 2 3 mosses, forest excellent c & t __ lichens exc~llent e & t ... ..
sword ferns very good c & t grasses very good c & t asparagus ferns very good - -mosses, sphagnum ~ood _ - - _ Oregon grape _ good salal poor O.K. for _ ` _ present arbutus poor-fair - - _ black sprueegood ~ -white sprueegood - good balsam poor - good geranium fair - _ holly - - good sugar maple silver maple - - -bireh - _ - _ white cedar -_ - good greenhouse ferns = - good junipers - - good red oak basswood cat--tails beeeh flowering erab elm - - - _ lareh poor - -e = eolour t = texture

Claims (7)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A solution, for the preservation of naturally green coloured plant tissues, consisting essentially of: 35-45% by volume water, 20 30% 2-propanol, 5-12% propionic acid, 5-10%
sulphurous acid, 5-10% formalin, 2.5-5% formic acid, 1-5%
ethylene glycol, a selected amount of (a) at least one cupric salt selected from the group consisting of cupric sulphate, cupric chloride, cupric carbonate, cupric acetate and cupric nitrate, (b) citric acid, (c) sodium phosphate, (d) sodium sulphite, (e) dibasic ester, (f) 20-20-20 fertilizer, (g) mag-nesium sulphate, (h) glycerol, (i) butylated hydroxytoluene.

2. A solution as claimed in claim 1 comprising:
425 ml distilled water 14.2 g cupric sulphate 56 ml propionic acid 75 ml sulphurous acid 25 ml formic acid 100 ml formalin 80 g cupric chloride 10 g 20-20-20 N-P-K fertilizer 42 g citric acid 2.8 g magnesium sulphate 25 ml acetic acid 10 g cupric acetate 10 g cupric nitrate 10 g sodium phosphate (dibasic) 5.6 g sodium sulphite 238 ml 2-propanol .21 g butylated hydroxytoluene 42 ml ethylene glycol 14 ml glycerol.

3. A solution as claimed in claim 1 comprising:
362.5 ml distilled water 14.05 g cupric sulphate 94 ml propionic acid 80 ml sulphurous acid 40 ml formic acid 50 ml formalin 20 g cupric chloride 25 g 20-20-20 N-P-K fertilizer 65.5 g citric acid 40 ml dibasic ester 2.7 g magnesium sulphate 5.4 g sodium sulphite 229.5 ml 2-propanol .2 g butylated hydroxytoluene 40.5 ml ethylene glycol 13.5 ml glycerol.

4. A solution as claimed in claim 1 comprising:
362.5 ml distilled water 14.05 g cupric sulphate 104 ml propionic acid 100 ml sulphurous acid 50 ml formic acid 50 ml formalin 20 g cupric chloride 25 g 20-20-20 N-P-K fertilizer 65.5 g citric acid 5.4 g sodium sulphite 229.5 ml 2-propanol .2 g butylated hydroxytoluene 40.5 ml ethylene glycol 13.5 ml glycerol.

5, A process for preserving naturally green coloured plant tissues comprising immersing said tissues in a solution comprisingo 35-45% by volume water, 20-30% 2-propanoll 5-12%
propionic acid, 5-10% sulphurous acid, 5-10% formalin, 2.5-5%
formic acid, I-5% ethylene glycol, a selected amount of (a) at least one cupric salt selected from the group consisting of cupric sulphate, cupric chloride, cupric carbonate, cupric acetate and cupric nitrate, (b) citric acid, (c) sodium phosphate, (d) sodium sulphite, (e) dibasic ester, (f) 20-20-20 fertilizer, (a) magnesium sulphate, (h) glycerol, (i) butylated hydroxytoluene.

6. A process as claimed in claim 5 for preserving salal leaves wherein said solution comprises:
362.5 ml distilled water 14.05 g cupric sulphate 94 ml propionic acid 80 ml sulphurous acid 40 ml formic acid 50 ml formalin 20 g cupric chloride 25 g 20-20-20 N-P-K fertilizer 65.5 g citric acid 40 ml dibasic ester 2.7 g magnesium sulphate 5.4 g sodium sulphite 229.5 ml 2-propanol .2 g butylated hydroxytoluene 40.5 ml ethylene glycol 13.5 ml glycerol.

7. A process as claimed in claim 5 for preserving leaves selected from the group comprising mosses, lichens and ferns wherein said solution comprises:
425 ml distilled water 14.2 g cupric sulphate 56 ml propionic acid 75 ml sulphurous acids