CA1145204A - Embeddable anchor and to a method of embedding such anchors - Google Patents
Embeddable anchor and to a method of embedding such anchorsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1145204A CA1145204A CA000321902A CA321902A CA1145204A CA 1145204 A CA1145204 A CA 1145204A CA 000321902 A CA000321902 A CA 000321902A CA 321902 A CA321902 A CA 321902A CA 1145204 A CA1145204 A CA 1145204A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- tie rod
- anchor
- tubular member
- earth
- thrust
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
- E02D5/80—Ground anchors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
- B63B21/24—Anchors
- B63B21/26—Anchors securing to bed
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
- E02D5/80—Ground anchors
- E02D5/803—Ground anchors with pivotable anchoring members
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
An embeddment anchor comprises a tie rod on which is mounted, at one end, thereof, anchoring means which may be of fluke-like form. Also mounted upon the tie rod is a thrust member which, in one embodiment, is movable along part of the length of the tie rod. The anchoring means are designed to provide a substantial proportion of the resistance of the anchor, when embedded, to uplift forces whilst the thrust member provides a substantial proportion of the resistance of the anchor, when embedded, to lateral forces. The thrust member may be so formed that it supports the tie red whilst the latter is being embedded.
An embeddment anchor comprises a tie rod on which is mounted, at one end, thereof, anchoring means which may be of fluke-like form. Also mounted upon the tie rod is a thrust member which, in one embodiment, is movable along part of the length of the tie rod. The anchoring means are designed to provide a substantial proportion of the resistance of the anchor, when embedded, to uplift forces whilst the thrust member provides a substantial proportion of the resistance of the anchor, when embedded, to lateral forces. The thrust member may be so formed that it supports the tie red whilst the latter is being embedded.
Description
2~
I~provements in and relatLng to an embeddable anchor and to a method of embedding such anchors mis invention relates to an embeddable anehor for use in anehoring a strueture, and espe d ally to an embeddable anchor for use in anchoring a marLne platform to the sea bed. me invention also relates to a method of embedding such an anehor.
Gne major difficulty in devising embeddable anchors and embedding processes is that one is faced with providing such anchors and processes for several different soil types. As a result some proeesses and anehors, although perfectly satisfactory in themselves, are only applicable to one or a small nu~ber of selected soil types.
mere are several disadvantages in having a differ~nt anchor for each soil type, not -the least of which is the high cos-t of providing extra equipment and stock to cope with different soil conditions.
It is therefore considered desirable to try to develop an anchor and process which has application, with little or no variation, in all soil types.
In the case of marine embeddable anchors and embedding pro-oesses, further constraints may be plaoe d on the installation prooe-dure. Thu~, first it may be desirable that the anchor should be cap-able of being ~mbedded by surface operations only except, F rhaps, disconnection of temporary lines which could be done from a diving bell or mini~submarine. Seeondly, the equipment required should be ;~, ~S;2~4 -- 2 ~
pre.centl~ a~rai.lable or at leas-t'he in the process of rapid developr,lent A ~fuxther des.irable poi.nt is the abili~y to pro~
vide anchors of different capacitie~ wi-thin a fairly t~ide range simr~ly b~ sca~ing some or all of the variables of the anchor configurationO
rhrou~hout this ~pecification, the tenn "earth' should be interpre~.ed to mean t'he outer layer~ 5 ) of the Earth's crust and so includes the ~oil on dry land and the sand or othex sea bed material under th~ seas~
'~he present :invention provides a me-thod of embeddincJ an embeddable anchor in the earth, the c~nchor compx:isir)~ a tle rod on w'hich is ~nounted a thrl1st mer,ller adapted to pro~icle a substantial part of the re.si.sl:ance t.o 1S l.ateral movement of thc anchor when embedded compr:isi.n~ the steps of posi~ionin~ the anchox above the sur~ace of t:'he earth and then dri.ving the anchor into the eart'h until the th-Lust mem'bQx is lod~ed thereinO
The presellt invent:ion al~so prov;.des a method of ?.0 em~edd:in~ an embec1dable anchor in L.he earth, ~he anchQr corllpr.is:ing- a tie rod on w~lich i~ rnountecl, for movement.
alon~ part a~ le~st of th~ len~th o~ the tie rod, a thrust membex ad~pted t-o provide a substan-tial par-t of che resi.s-tance tt~ lateral movement o~ the anchor ~hen embedded comprisinc~ the ~5tepS of placing tl~e ~hrust member on the surface of the earth and clrivinc~ the tie rod into the ~arth.
TAn the me-l,hod xe~erred to in the preceding par,---~raph, the ~hrust member may be driverl into the earth either ~oe-t'cre, after or durillg the drlving of the tie rod into the eartl10 ~ he ~re,sent inventioll provides a ~.ethod of embed~
dirlq c:ln em't,~ddable ~nch~r in the eartl-, the anc'hor com-p~'i5inc~ ~i th~ U5t `.lelrlber t a tie rod `having a container or ?,5 ;~Q~ iiu~ .5clC~ ' `t .-~t`F. il :it:s crit~s Q~ ~t~ in ~ M
~5~
of a hollow shaft or tube, and means for embedding the anchor in the earth, the method comprising positioning the anchor substantially vertically above the surface of the earth and driving the anchor into the earth until the thrust member is lodged in the earth, wherein binding material is disposed in the container, passage or tube prior to driving, which material is forced out of the passage or tube when the thrust member is lodged in position.
The present invention further provides a method of em-bedding an embeddable anchor in the earth, the anchor comprising a thrust member, a tie rod having a container or longitudinal passage between its ends or in the form of a hollow shaft or tube, and means for embedding the anchor in the earth, the anchoring means comprising a plurality of members having a closed or collapsed condition and an open or expanded condition means being provided for holding the members in their collapsed condition, the method comprising positioning the tie rod substantially vertically above the surface of the earth, driving the anchor into the earth until the thrust member is lodged in the earth, and moving the said members from their collapsed to their expanded condition, said movement being achieved, at least in part, by forcing binding material from the container, passage or tube.
The embeddable anchor of this invention may generally be defined as comprising, in combination, a tie rod which can be embedded in the earth; anchoring means secured to the tie rod in the region of the lower end of the tie rod, said anchoring means comprising members movable between a first position in which the members lie in a closed ~ormation and a second position in which the members lie in an open formation to provide a substantial part
I~provements in and relatLng to an embeddable anchor and to a method of embedding such anchors mis invention relates to an embeddable anehor for use in anehoring a strueture, and espe d ally to an embeddable anchor for use in anchoring a marLne platform to the sea bed. me invention also relates to a method of embedding such an anehor.
Gne major difficulty in devising embeddable anchors and embedding processes is that one is faced with providing such anchors and processes for several different soil types. As a result some proeesses and anehors, although perfectly satisfactory in themselves, are only applicable to one or a small nu~ber of selected soil types.
mere are several disadvantages in having a differ~nt anchor for each soil type, not -the least of which is the high cos-t of providing extra equipment and stock to cope with different soil conditions.
It is therefore considered desirable to try to develop an anchor and process which has application, with little or no variation, in all soil types.
In the case of marine embeddable anchors and embedding pro-oesses, further constraints may be plaoe d on the installation prooe-dure. Thu~, first it may be desirable that the anchor should be cap-able of being ~mbedded by surface operations only except, F rhaps, disconnection of temporary lines which could be done from a diving bell or mini~submarine. Seeondly, the equipment required should be ;~, ~S;2~4 -- 2 ~
pre.centl~ a~rai.lable or at leas-t'he in the process of rapid developr,lent A ~fuxther des.irable poi.nt is the abili~y to pro~
vide anchors of different capacitie~ wi-thin a fairly t~ide range simr~ly b~ sca~ing some or all of the variables of the anchor configurationO
rhrou~hout this ~pecification, the tenn "earth' should be interpre~.ed to mean t'he outer layer~ 5 ) of the Earth's crust and so includes the ~oil on dry land and the sand or othex sea bed material under th~ seas~
'~he present :invention provides a me-thod of embeddincJ an embeddable anchor in the earth, the c~nchor compx:isir)~ a tle rod on w'hich is ~nounted a thrl1st mer,ller adapted to pro~icle a substantial part of the re.si.sl:ance t.o 1S l.ateral movement of thc anchor when embedded compr:isi.n~ the steps of posi~ionin~ the anchox above the sur~ace of t:'he earth and then dri.ving the anchor into the eart'h until the th-Lust mem'bQx is lod~ed thereinO
The presellt invent:ion al~so prov;.des a method of ?.0 em~edd:in~ an embec1dable anchor in L.he earth, ~he anchQr corllpr.is:ing- a tie rod on w~lich i~ rnountecl, for movement.
alon~ part a~ le~st of th~ len~th o~ the tie rod, a thrust membex ad~pted t-o provide a substan-tial par-t of che resi.s-tance tt~ lateral movement o~ the anchor ~hen embedded comprisinc~ the ~5tepS of placing tl~e ~hrust member on the surface of the earth and clrivinc~ the tie rod into the ~arth.
TAn the me-l,hod xe~erred to in the preceding par,---~raph, the ~hrust member may be driverl into the earth either ~oe-t'cre, after or durillg the drlving of the tie rod into the eartl10 ~ he ~re,sent inventioll provides a ~.ethod of embed~
dirlq c:ln em't,~ddable ~nch~r in the eartl-, the anc'hor com-p~'i5inc~ ~i th~ U5t `.lelrlber t a tie rod `having a container or ?,5 ;~Q~ iiu~ .5clC~ ' `t .-~t`F. il :it:s crit~s Q~ ~t~ in ~ M
~5~
of a hollow shaft or tube, and means for embedding the anchor in the earth, the method comprising positioning the anchor substantially vertically above the surface of the earth and driving the anchor into the earth until the thrust member is lodged in the earth, wherein binding material is disposed in the container, passage or tube prior to driving, which material is forced out of the passage or tube when the thrust member is lodged in position.
The present invention further provides a method of em-bedding an embeddable anchor in the earth, the anchor comprising a thrust member, a tie rod having a container or longitudinal passage between its ends or in the form of a hollow shaft or tube, and means for embedding the anchor in the earth, the anchoring means comprising a plurality of members having a closed or collapsed condition and an open or expanded condition means being provided for holding the members in their collapsed condition, the method comprising positioning the tie rod substantially vertically above the surface of the earth, driving the anchor into the earth until the thrust member is lodged in the earth, and moving the said members from their collapsed to their expanded condition, said movement being achieved, at least in part, by forcing binding material from the container, passage or tube.
The embeddable anchor of this invention may generally be defined as comprising, in combination, a tie rod which can be embedded in the earth; anchoring means secured to the tie rod in the region of the lower end of the tie rod, said anchoring means comprising members movable between a first position in which the members lie in a closed ~ormation and a second position in which the members lie in an open formation to provide a substantial part
- 3 -1~52{)4 of the total resistance of the anchor to upward movement. A thrust means is mounted on the tie rod and extends substantially in the direction in which the tie rod extends, said thrust means being so mounted on the tie rod that it is movable along at least part of the length of the tie rod, said thrust means comprising a generally tubular member with an open lower end. A securing means is mounted on one of said tie rod and said thrust means to enable a mooring cable or chain to be secured to the anchor, said thrust means being provided with a substantial part of the resistance to any lateral component, with respect to the axis of the tie rod, when a force is applied to said securing means.
The anchoring means may take the form of separate anchoring devices secured to the tie rod at spaced-apart points along the length of the tie rod. Such separate devices may include one at the end of the tie rod. In this way, the resistance of the anchor to uplift forces i.e. forces tending to lift the anchor from its embedded position is increased.
The separate anchoring devices may be of a form requiring movement of components of the devices to positions in which the devices develop maximum resistance to uplift forces. Such components may be actuated individually to such positions or they may be linked to a common actuator which is able to move or allow the movement of all of the components to said positions at the same time.
The present invention further provides a method of embedding the said anchor, which has a thrust member mounted on the tie rod for relative movement along part at least of the length of the tie rod, in the earth, the method comprising positioning ~S2(~4 the tie rod substantially vertically and partially lodging the thrust member in the earth, driving the anchoring means into the earth, until the thrust member is at the other end of the tie rod, and then driving the thrust member into the earth.
The present invention further provides a method of embedding the said anchor, which has a thrust member mounted on the tie rod for relative movement along at least part of the length of the tie rod, in the earth, the method comprising positioning the tie rod substantially vertically, - 4a -~s~
drivincJ ;:he t:~lrust rnemberr into ~he ea.rth until it is par'cl~ or Eully lod~ed in po,C~ition~ c~n~ drivinc; the anchoring means into the earth until the thrust member i.s 2t the other end of the tie xod and ~ompleting the lodge~
ment of the th:cu~t me~ber if nece~sary.
The present invention further provides an em~edd-able anchor comprislncJ- a thxust member, a tie rod and means ~or anchoxing the device in the earth, the anchorincJ rneans compri~lncf at lea~t two members in the forrn of plates ~hich are p.ivotecl to the tie rod and mo~Jab.~e b~twe2n a fir~ or coll.apsed corldition in which the plates are substan-ti-a'~l.y parallel and a second or expanded condition in ~rhich they e~te~nd transver,sel~ relatlve to the a~is o~ the t:ie ro-3, means bei.n-J~ providec1 for holdi.ng the plates in t.heix co:Llapsecl condi.tlonO
'rhe thrtlst mem~er is of a form such that lt pro~
vicles a sub~tantial par~ o~ the resistance to lateral rno~ernent oE t,he anchor ~hen in position. The ancllori.ng means prov,;,des re~3ist.allce to upward movement o:. ~he anc'hor wl-lell .;,n ~oC.iti.on~
The present 1.nvention fu~ther pro~ides a method OiC
e~heddincf th~ afo.re~ai,d anchor compri.~ing the sa;.d plates, ~he method comprisi.ng dri~ring the anchor i nto the earth un~.il the thrust m~nber i~ lodged in positi.on, releasing 25 the hoLdirlg rîRans, and movinc3 the plat:es fror.l their coll-~apsed to their expanded condition~
The ~re~sent invention furth~c~c provides a methc)d oi embe.dd.iny an ernb2d.da~:Le ancho-.c .in the earth I the clev:ice e~orrl-pri.si.ng tne tnrust mem~er, a tie rod and the means fox 30 ancho-~-incJ the anchor in the earth, the rnethocl cornp:cisiny ~orrn.ing a substantiall~ ~rertically extend.in~ hole .in the earth and inse-ctincJ the anchor .^into the hole, The :invention further provides a method of em-beclcl3.n~ an ein"ciddable anchor having tll~-? l eatures of any 3~; t~./o or n~ore o:! the. n~l:?'~ ods dein~d aFo1-e.sai~O
rrhe invc?ntion further prov-.des an embedclablc?
anckor havin(~ t'ne ~ealures Ol any two or more of t.'ne anchors deEir~ed a:Eoresaid.
The :inverltion further prov.icles a method o:E
embedding an e~bedclahle anchor having the ~-eatures of any two or more of the anchors cle~ined aforesaidO
~ advan-bage of having bi.rlding material in the container, passacJe or -tube prior to clriving is that it is not necessar~ to provlde a separàte line for fil.li.nc~ the contai.ner, pa.ssa~e or tube after i.nstallation~
An advantage o~ usinc~ bindinc~ ma'cerial to rele~.se the holding means and motre t.he saicl members from the.ir collapsed to their expanded conditi.on is that in at leasl ~nost applications binding- material is rec~uired, in any event, to ho].d ~I~.e anchor:ing means in position~
An advanta~e of hav:i..ng a thru~t m~mher W~ l i.S
re.l.ativel~ movahle aloncL part at least o~ t.he lenc~tll of: the tle rod is that w~len ~he thrust m~nber is partially loclc~-ed in the earth it provlde.s a ~uide ~or the tie rod as the ~0 latte.~r is driven i.nto the earth~
All ~he anchors constructed in accordance ~ .h the invention may comprise, and a.l.~. 1rhe ~nethod~ c~ccorcl.i.nc~
to the invention rn~y use, an anc.hor com~rising a tie rod havin~ a cont:ai.ner or a longitudinal passaye between its en~.s or in t.h~ ~orm o~ a hollow shaft or tube~ The -tie rod may be in the form of a solid rod~ In such a case, th~ rod may have one or more e~tecrlal l~n~ituc~.inal grooves ~long i.t~ lerlc~.h throucJh which a mechanism ~or ~e:Leasinc~ the mova'~le members comprisin~ the anchoring ;neans.
All '~'~le em~eddable anchors constructecl i.n acco~d~
ance ~-~i.th th? invs*nti.on ma~,t colnprise~ and a:ll the me~hods accordin~ tc, the inventiorl may use, an anchc~:c ~ith anchor--in~ ~7;~ean~ coinprisinc~ a plurality o~ membe.,~.s ha~Ting a clos~d oJ: C`~ ;JSe(1 con~lition ancl an open or e~paL~cled con di~..ion c~nd mean, or ho.~.c~i.n~ ths? mernber~ i.n theii colla~secl ~L~4~
..
con.di.t~on~ The means may comprise one or more e~losive holts wh.ich nold the member:s in the closed o.r collclp.sed state un'cil movement to the open position is re~uiredO
~.he e~plosive char~-e or charge~ i5 or are then set oEf and then either the members are fo1^ced to their open p~sition,s by ~he exploslon or are released to be moved to th.ose open positions by some other mechanismO l'he explosive material in the bolc or bol.ts may ke se-t o~f by a trig~,~ering device mecl'nanically operated by a suitable mechanism operated by rernote control o.r by a control signal, ~or ~xample a radio sic~nal or an ult.ra ~on.i~c signa.l.. Alterna`cive:Ly, t'h.e mem-bers may be so s'.laped that, after they have been relea~ed, further em~eddin~ movement of the anchor c1auses the members to ~ove into cheir open positions~
All the~ embeddahle ancho.rs const.rllcted in accord-allce ~i.tl~ tl~e :invent:i.on, exceptc t'hat device hav.in~ a tllrust me~lber mount~d on the tie rod ~or relat.:lve movem~nt alonc~
part at least oE the length thereo~, may compr.ise, and all t.he methods accordincJ to the inverltion, exce~t that us:;nc;~
the relatively movable thrus~ me~mber, may use an anchor.l.ng device comprisin~, a t:hrus~.lnernbal- w~ich i.s securel to that end o:E th~? t:ie ro~ renlote :L'rom the anchorir~ nleans.
In all ~1G? methods accordina to the invelltion hincling material r~lay be .~orced from the con-tainer, pas.sag_?
or tu'~e to releasc-? the holding means~ ltern~tively, t'he ho.^:Ldin~ means can 'be relea~ed b~?r an exploslve ch~r~e or by a cuttln~ operati~n~ The e~losive char~e may he set o~f hy a sianal tran.5mitted from a position r~?mote f.ro1n the anchor. The sign~.l may be a radio signal or a signal at an u1tra-soni.c ~requc?ncy~
ln all the methods according ko the inventlon l~inc1i~g m2-terial may be used to ~fect the total move.?-nc?nt o~: the sai.d meml)ersO ~ ernallvely, the ho' d.ing means may be rel~?ese1 he~;o-e driving is co.mpletes the m~mbers bein~;
_5 p;-~lr~ !Oi~?C ~ r~ls kh.eir e~p~nde~ ~ol-?~l~Jcior~ O!i!~
5~
ple-ting the clrlvlr;~ operation and then being moved .into ~he:ir eY~pand~ed cont~ition by the bind:ing m~terialO
Holding means may be~ provided for holding the members in the open or expandt3d cont~ition. The holdi.ng means may be self~'otking when the member~ are in the con-d:ition just mentloned.
I~ all the methods according to the invention, ~inforcing material, for example in the form of a heli.cal wi.nclinc3 oE reinforcemel-lt, may be arranged in the container, p~sat~e or tu~e and rcrced out by the binding rncaterialu ~he reinForcement serves to reinforce tIle bulb formed around the anchoring me.~ans.
In all the methods according to the invention e~cept whext-~ the binding mate~rial is used to provid.e a~
lt3clst: p~rt of tht-3 rnovement of khe said members from their c~oll.~.~.psed to their e~ anded condition the method m~y further comp.rise releasing the h.olding means, for e~c~nple by an explosive chart3e c~r hy a cutting device, prior to com~le~
t:ion o~ the drivin~ operation, and mov.ing the said members ~rc~m tht?ir collapst-3cl condi.tion by completion of the drivincJ
oper~-.;'~..iorl. Th.i3 methotl ;.~: oE par~:icul~r aclv~ntage when the memh~r~ are con.stituted by the s~icl plates.
In all the method.s accoxcling to the inventic)n an e~plo~ive chargQ may be used to effect partial movement of ?5 ~he saicl members from their collap~ed to thei.r e~anded ; condition~
In a.~l the methods accordiny to the invention except wher~ the binding materlal and/or driving i.s usedto mc)ve sai.d me~ ers, an e~ploslve charge may be ~lsed to effect the ~ot~l movemen~ o:E the said members~
In all tlle me thods according to the invention, e~ct?pt ;^hat meth:)d where the tie rod is p--efilled with bi.nd i.rlc~ a~ lal ~ b:indinc~ matt-~ri.al may be passed dotrn the h;:llo'.`l sha:f t. or pass2~^1e ai te:r tht? anchoring device has bei?n 35 inst C1l3.eC3 .
~52~3~
ln a:L.l the method.s aceord.iny to the :;nventlon including the s~ep o:E embedc1ing th2 anchor i.nl-o the ear~h, that 5 ~ep can be replaced or supplemented by forming a .substan;ial.l.y verti.ca.lly e~te~ding hole in the earth and 5 in~erti.r~g the anchor into the hole~ If the hole is made deep enouy11, then no drlving wlll be req-uired but i~ t:he lenyth o t-:he nole .is less than the lencJth oE t11e tie xod, then dri.viny may ke required to com~lete lnstallatlon o L
the anchorinc~ de~ice after ik has been in~erted into the lC) ho~le-~O preLormlnci a hole in thl~ way 1nay be nec~e~.5ary, fo~r exan-"~Le w~ere the anchorinq device is to be in~t-alled in rocky texr-lir10 I:E necessary the base of the hole ~lay ~e u.ncle:c--re2laed ~
The holdincJ mean~ m~y comprise locXinc~ holts ~.7hich car1 be shc-a.recl h~ cuttiny when required to be released. Sucl1 .l.oc]iing bo.lt;s may he used lf the ~..i.d me1n~
bexs are irl the :~orm of flukes or plate~ ~which 1n~ ho pivoted to t1~e ~ie xod).
~lte.rnat.ive:ly, the sa.icl member.s may t-ocJether , o .ief.ir!.c~ a ho:L:lc~ , for ex21llr?1.~ a ~.u~)ular chamher, t11e said me1n.~-,er~.?.~eir1g :Erar1c~i.b1.y connected -toc.~e~her, ~or e~.;lmp~ by l.ir.es of ~ea1~eni~ .n thi.~ ca~e, o co~r,se, t~e holcil!lc~
means is con~ti.tuted by the fran~ible connectiGns which 1nay bxoken hy the pressure of the hinding material or ~y ~5 explosion o~` an explos.ive material i.n the hollow cham}~er~
~ ene~er any o* the mc~thods accordin~ io r.he invention is used ~or marine app1.ication, it is p.re:~erred tl1at the eml~eddi~ ; opeL^cltio~ accor.lpl:;shed ~y an unde:r-w~.t.er harr~mc?r~ Thi~ allo~ the anchor to ~e en~edded almost entirel.~r ~ ~ux~ace Gp~rations.
E'urther, ~or marine appli.cation~ it is preLer~bl.
J.~ anchor cab:!e(~) are a-ttached to the device ~e~ore dri~inc S!C'~ tn~t t11e c1ev.ice ~./ould be readv ~or service ~as SOOn ~3 tl1e- ~nchor:i~c3- meclns is proper:L~- installec~. Tl1e 5 C~IL~ ~.C~ !1C!Y ~ .\Ch~ ,r CC'~IlC-`C. l.iol1s il1cLudirl~ u~ s:l ~L5.'~
-- l, O ~
joints or other means ~7hich permil: a required degree o~
rnovement o'- the c~a~le~ I-loweve:r, LOr certain ap,plications, the c.-~le ma-~,r be connec;-ted a:Eter ins-tallation o-f the anc.~hor .
S The binding material may be mor._.-tr, concrete ancl/or an epo~r resinO ~en the bindircj material is istored in the passacle or tube it may include an agent ~or .ceta.rclinc;-che ra'ce o., settir~g of the makerialO
:.n all -~he anchors and metho~s accordin~- to the 1G invention one ox mor~ ~'urthe:r anchoring mearls may be arran~ed along tlle ].encJth of the tie rod.
It is prel.er.ced :iF the thrust member i5 of gen~
er.l.lly cylindrical focm and may be open-endedO Ot~her ~orms ma~ he used, for ex.~nple frusto~corl.ical or conîcal, 1.rj but a cylin~rical thruc~t member provides better displac-~e~
ment~lo.ld ch~-~raGt-eri.st:ics or the dev.ice. 'l~o iacili~.ate rrlc~ u,acttlre, a t'hru~;t m~mber of polygorlal, fOJ- exa7nple hexac~onal, Form ~ 3n seen in plan ancl al.so open--encled and cons~nllc-l-~ed -c~-rom plc~.tes may repres,ent a practical ap7Lpr.~o~
~) mal:lon ~o ~ cylinaer~ The shape o~ the thrus'c m~mber in oonjunctic,!n ~7i.-th thea shape o:~ other components oF the ernber~ ancllor mc~y al~o he detern~ined by the e~?f.~ct:ecl d.i.rcction o:E app~..ic~tion o~ the load to be sup~or~ed by t:l-le anchor w'nen embedded~ The interior of the tilrust mrmber may î~e diviclcd UP l~o ~ells ~y cl:ivid:in(~ wall~ whicll may e~tend rac~ially ~rom the c.ell~re line of the thrust me~berO
The clivicling ~.ralls ~lso act as stif~eners~
~ d~antageously to a55i.si: :lodcJincJ of tlle thrust membrer in ~he ear~l it i.5 provi.dccl wi.tl..l a cut~:i.ng edc~e or edg-es~
I t, i5 0 ~ pal. ticlllar ac.vantac~e i.~ the thrust member :i.s o:l~ o;~erl lattice or cel~.ular c,onstruct:ion, Such a coll.strllcctioll ciives a better ric~idity/~e:icJ'nt ..atio~
'J~'ne .l~ i.ce or cells arr.? s,o arrangec~L thai-. ear~h 3S p sse~s t'h-c,ucïh clur:;nc,~ eri.lh-.-ldmeni,~lTT~1ich is thu~ m.~-lcle ea~si.rer~
st~
The lat,tice or ce.l.l size is r.~referably 5UCIl tha'c e~?.rth bec~om~es pac]~t?d insicle the thxus t mernbex and 50 tt,~nc~s to become r etaimed~ thereinO
Pre-Eerablv, i the thrus t me}r.ber is mounted on 5 t.he -tie :Lod fO~ relative movement along part at least of the len~t-,h of the tie rod, the thrus t member is releasably secv.re~t'l to t'he tie rod .near to the anchori.n~ means. T}le thrust mern~er may :~rant.~.i bly be connec ted to the tie rod ~.
the connecti.on being l~ro~en l~y an explosi ve c~harge or may 10 be connec ced by oth~r releasak,le means for exa~-np I e e~plo~
si.ve bol ts O
A method usiny suc~h a thrust memb~r would then include the furthex ~tep of releasi.ng the thrllst mern~er rom the ti.e rod~ The thrust member may be r~le3sed when .15 ~. t ha,s 'he~n r~lr t~ r ~ od~ed i.n tlle earth . :I:n th.is case i.'c 1~: pr~'erre~ th~ lSt m~nlb~:!r ig r-lnc~i.b~ onilect~ 0 the tie rod 50 -tllat :it c~n be xele~sed ~rom the t-.iC? rod. 'by .ini.~.i.al (~riVincJ o:E the anchoring means ~hich breaks the ~ranc3ib:lc? conne.c~t:lc?n~ ~].ternati,vely the thrllst A~nem~er may ~C1 3J~-e c~o~np.1,e~el~ loc1~;e~ .in the e~ th by cdrlv:in;~ th;? ti.e LOd and anc'l~oxinc~ lnealls ancl t'tle t'h~^u.~.t mc~lnber then .r~.east~d Erom the ~ie ro~ to allo~ co.~pletic)n o dri~i.n~ o~' the -'-,ie rod and anchorin5i means.
I~ desired o.r fouIld to bC neces~ry, t'he thr~ls'c '25 m~n'ber may ac~ain be connected to the ~i,e rod arter the anchor 'has beetl ~tllly em~2c1c1ed i,n the earth~ Connection may be achie~e~ by the ~,~;e o~ wedgln~J s~1rface,s or by loc~:ing m~ans e~ ther selfr-actuati.ng or rec~uiri.ncJ actuat.ion from a remote ~o.in~, or hy t'ne use of ex~losive charge~
which de~orm the thrust member or a part thereof to lock t'ne memb~r ~o the tle rcd.
11h~?n t~le archo~ g means corn~rises two plates t~e~i Jnay be helc'~ ~o~e.,her si~n~?ly by bQlts ~hi~:h m~y be rele;i,se~ )l.o~i:ion or: by cuttinr;O rlhe l?lates can l:he 3'; '.~ eld .~ e~ e~ ;;)nded c:onditi.oi~ by :i-orc:i..n-fl.irl~'lirlc~
~ s~
~ 12 ~-rnat,erial into the space be~lo~^~ tlle plat.e.s. 2~l.terr~at:ively,aJld wi th advan-bage, howev er, a .I.ir.kage is provicled whicl1 so connec-t.~ the plates -'cogether that they are a:lso held in thei3- e~panded condition by the linkageO The lin]~ase may be seli--loc}iing to ho.Ld the plates in their expanded con-ditionO
'Iihe pre.~ent invention fur-~bher provi.de.s a support ~t.ruc-ture for supporting -the anchor durirlc~ dxiving, tlle structure cornpri~irlg a -tower for suppo3,^ting anc~/or guic~ing the t:Le rod, the tower h~in~ secured to a base ~Ol^ posj.
tioning the to-~Jer on the eartilO
Such an insta.l.lation is particula;ly u~efuL Eor - ma~.lne applica'.i.on, since when the base i~ pro~erly po~i~
tionec1 on tlle ~.ea~ ed accurate drivin~ can be accompli3hed whic'h i.~. not af:Eected h~,~ underwatel- curren~s, etc~ and dri,~ tJ cr-~n '~e startecl mo.re c,~,u:i.c'~ r than w.ith norma.'L'p:illllg and contin~le in rollcJ-'h weather sinc!e accurate ,sta~ion keep:ing o:E the supporbt vessel is not n~cessaryO
iilthoUCJh tlle to\`ier Call ha~re external c~uide5 i.~
pre:f..el-3,~ed if tlle ~ot~.re,r i,5 in the i:'orm oi a hollo~ S'.rlli''t .~or support:ing anc~/or quid.inc~ the t;ie rocl~
The stlpport st3^~cture m2y be em~loyed wlth an~ o-.
the anchoriny devices constructed in accordance witb the :~ nvention and/or in any o:E the prcc.esses accord1ng to the 25 invf~ntion~
r~he support structure is particularl~ usef~ll, howeve.r, ~ith an anchor, or .in a method which employs an anchor, havincJ a thrust member wl~ich is moun-ted ln the tle rod ~or rel.ative~ movemen.: along part at least o:E the 1.ength 3~ o the tie rod, the ~hrust meInber beinq releasably secured t:o tlle t:; e rocl near to the anchoring means. In thl3 case the .~,nchor _an be arranged on the sald structure Witil tile ti.e rod supporte~d b~ towe-c and with the thrust rn~ember dis~
posecl ben~atl~ ~he hac,er ~en the st,3-ucture i3 lc.~wer2d orl 3'j ~,o cl~c~ ~d.ci.~ i C~ . ( t o C,~ ? r ~Y:i. t~ Y2 i. ~ ,1 t 0 ,. tl ' 2 ~5~
~ 13 ~
anchor) can be usetJL to ~orce the thru.s'c r~ember into l:he earth unti.l the bac;e itse7~' is ,supported on the ear-thO
Proper ~ositioning o~ the base on the earth may be assis~.ed by dr.iving t.he structurt?. T}le an~hoî can t.hen he embeddec'l by dr.iving ~ into khe ear-ch, the thrust member beiny part.ially ox completely lodgecl in the earth b2fore it is released ~rom the tie rod.~
~ referably, the sllpport struccuxe is des:iyned for use w:ith an undexwake.r ha~ner, guides being ~.rovid.ed on the tower f'or th~ hanlanerO
~ dvarltageously, to assist recovery oE k'lle suppor.
structure, huoyancy ch2lnhexs may be incorpora-ted, preEer~
ably attached 'co Ol. forrning pack o~, the base, ~Jhi.ch can be ~ ed with watt?r for lowering and driving and into ~5 whic'h aL:i C may l)e pumped, aEtt-~r dri~ing has been con-lp.le-ted, to a.l.:low tll.~ s~ port -to be liftt-~d from thQ sea bed~
~ nchors ancl an ?inchor suppork ~tructurt-,~ con~-struc~ed, and em'~t?ddincJ methods per-.~or~ned, i.n accordance - t~ri,kll thc~ eni:iOn, will now be descrlbetJL, by wa~ o~ e~am~
ple only, wl.t]~ reEt-~renct~ to cLc~companyintJ dra~ ys~ o wl~ 1.''L~--Fit~o 1 is a ~;ide vi(~ o:E a ~irsk embot'~:iLment, Fig~ 2 is a p;Lan ~:rit~ 1 ol a par t o:~ thtS Fir. st embo~imenk, ~5 Fic~o ~ is a sitle ~iew o~ another part of the f:i.rst embodiment, Fiq, 4 i.s a :~:ront elevation of the part shown in Fig~ 3, Fic3so 5 and 6 a~.^e plarl and -i~ront alev~tion respec-tively o~ ,~urther pa~t or tlle emL~odime~nt of Fi~J. 1, Fig. '7 .i~ an elt-~ation partly in section ~f -Ihe ~31^~:S, o.'.- Fi.c3-s. 2 6 :~il assc~ lecl Cor.T!, FicJ~ ~, i.s a st-~cti.on orl the :I.ine V l`II VXII of:
.~5 : '-'.7~ 7 .
2~
Fi~ 9 i~ a viel~ in the direction 0lc arro~Js Ii~
in FicJo 7, ~i.gs~ 10 ~nd 11 are schematic .illu~trations of diE:Lerent stag~ c)~ an e~bedding proces~"
Fic~s. 12 and 13 are, re~spectively, side elevation and pl~n view or a piling rlg t~ith an anchor i.n position pxlor lo an emb~ddincJ
operatlon, ancl, Fiso 14 i~; a c;icle ~J.iew of a second embodi.ment.
l~eferr;.ng i'-'i.rst t.o Fiys.. 1 3 of the accompan~lng clrawlny3, a flrst emhocliment of the invention cc~mpri,ses ~.n ent~edd~ble anchor ind.i.cated generall~ by reference 1~ The anchor l~a~ a tie rod 2 in the form of ~ ol7.ow sha~t or tube t.o t:he .lowe.-c end of which is secured anchoring ir~ear,s 3 1~ s'hown :i.n ,F~ 1 ln a c10~-3d pc~ lt:iunO lio~able rel~;,;.vel~
.:o tlle i~:i.c~.-ccic~ ~. be~ cen ~t~ a~lcl~.oxillc,-lr!~ai~s 3 and a fl;~rc~e~ ~ec~ l a,-. t:he u~,)e.l: erld of the tle rod is a thrust m~....r~Jc3:r~ 5~
'.r'he t''l.7"~.";t mernbc!r 5 c~.om~ri~s a lo~er pilrt G o:f:
.0 c-y~ .nr.l~ri~ca.~ .r.-n w:it:'n a ser^l~s o:~ i..nterna l ri'~s 7 ~ end~n~-~i.f`.L~c.~ C~ o:l:ic)~ L. lk)~ r{)~lcJh ~h.ic:~h ~;I!C~ :i.e ~od .?.
e~tends a~ sho~r.~ i.n .r'ic3 0 ", rL'he tub2 ~'3 ei. t~~~nds only par t:L~
t:h:cou~;h the cylindf r~ e lower edQe~. of th~ ri~ 7 t:hus l~e.incJ ~r~c3:1.e.d 2S shvw!n. A 1 te:rnate ores O~ the r ik)s 7 e~tend 25 ~ c~rd 1~ :Erom the lower part 6 and sll~port tl:le upper part o~: ~the tul~e ~ to who.s~-? u.~e~ end is s~!cu.cea a f langed col:Lar f~ rile upper end~3 c~ the other J:ibs 7 a~e :Elush ~ith th~ u~ ,er e~lg~ of the part. 60 ~'lUS, the ri.~s 7 divide ~:he i.nterior of ihe 3~ 'ti!. 'l:','..`'t rne3rl~?er .;n l:o ~ e~ s 0.~. C'';?.l.lS ancl also ~rovide a ~1~S~31-C?~ C~J'. ~:.iLf~ 3 and ~i.c~:~di~ c~ t~l;? cvlindrical st.ruc~
ture ~
~ t`he lo ~e.r edCJ".S O~ lt'~ ? .ri1.~s 7 and that of ~he ~ W~-?-'` f.~ t 6 .~ ;-.or.~ ci,~ c~ur.ti.,~ ec3~ s (~^ h~ ed 35 1,~7;,-~h Such e~if~e.. to i ac illi~:ate mc)~ernent of the inf~nhe.. .i.n-to ~ s~
'15 the eart,h dur:~ ny an ernbedc3.inc~ opera~ .ion as ~,~ri.l:l ~e des-cr1bed below, I'he anchorin~ eans 3 com;~r:i.se kwo anc hor :~lui;es 10. 11 (FlyO 7) with spade~l.ik.e, ilat sucfaces 12, 13, 5 each with inr.ecJr~l ribs ~ loca-ted withln a recess -forrned by t~le f l?it sur.lEace and t.wo -~u.cther paca:l.le1 ribe .15 jc,:ined ~?~ -~hei.r :I.ow~r ends b~r a transverse wall 16 whose lower sur:E~.ce is l~evellf.~cl anc3 wedc~;e-slla}?ed as can be se~?n from FigsO 3 and 4~ As c~n be ef~en ~rom Figs. 3 and 4 the 10 ri.bs 14 arl~l 15 e~tencl -Eor ? ~hor ., distance ~ yoncl the ppe~r edc,~es o~ l:.he suraces 12, 13~
r~herf.-~ are l:hree r.ibs 1 ~L in sicle-by-sid.e, s~?acoc3.
para1l.el .re.l.~tlon,sl-~.L~?, t~e t.wc out,er xibs beinc3 orre~~! wi.l h gea:r t.eeth 17 on a~l arcuat,e upl~er euxface of the rlbs.7 At,.
15 ~ eir lc~ er en~ , tll~ ri.br., 1~ axe jo.inecl ~si a spi.n~?~le 1 S..
Th~ lf~ er erl~;e 19 0~ e~c!h ,surl.'~ce 12, 13 is poi.nl::ecl a~cl bevel.lc(l as .indlcat,ecl at 20, i:hf~ .be~el in t:l~e cen tre of ~t.h(3 lower, edc~o be:inc~ e~ct:c-~ndecl , a t 2 1, t o mee t t}le ~.o~ r ~ f~;f~ o:~' thf~ 3~r~-se llle~ r 16O
~0 r~ e ~70 ;EJ.uJ;e~ e pi.vol ~1.7,.y attachecl -to c~ ll.in~:Je bloc]~ 22 t~ ;. S and G) by mean.s ~:E bo1.t:s 23, 24 re~ ec~-t.ive:L~ wh:i.cll ~,r?~lss t'hro~ n. hcles ~5, 26 sespecl.ive:Ly in th~
upper par ts or the rib~s l ~ anf.,l 15 and also throu~1~l co:cres~
poncl1.~ holfaf~; 27, 2.~3 in e~ch of f ollr mollnti-r!c~ arm~ 9 ~5 e~ enclinc,~ rr~'rorn the l~ase 30 o:E the bloc'~ 22.. The l~ingfe bl.ock 22 i5 ~ ecl ~o the lower: encl o .:hf~ tie rod ~O
L;'~r.encling downwardl.y :~rom -the base 30 of-' t-L.~e i:ie b:Lc~fs~ an~l cent:rally be tween the E l llkeS 10 ~ ~7, 1 i,5 a :Lock {~aï' 3'i to ~ho.se ~.owe r e31Cl plates 31 a are wel~lecl ~o sup~o:: t 30 ,,~ t-.~ r2r~ie ~in ~2 on whickl are pi.votally l~ounted the 1 o~,~!er e3^~d~ c li.r.'l~s 33 ~ o~e ot.her ~nd~; are p~ votally a~.~ac~ ecl t o t:he~ 30i.nc:lles 18O
q'lle lc,cJ~ hal^ 31 ,passe~s thro~.lcJ7,l an ~pert1,7re 3~ i.n ,as .5 ~ t'h oc~ C~ ~hrou a ~
'~5 ~ ,,r~ 3'j ri`.~ `?~ !.it.~ C]~ r 3'! ~i~i.L'i~ 3.~s~
s~
~ 16 -second pt~ . c> CO~OperatinCJ wedo;es 36 secured to the base 30~
~ -~ splne t--lsseinbl~ ~omprls:inc~ parallel pla-tc?s 37 joined ar, tlleir u~,per enc~.s ~o t'.he ou-ter arm.s o~ the a3.-ms 2.g o~ the hix-c~e hloG~ ancl at their lower ends to a -trans-verse pla~e ~S, 'che lower parts o:E ~he ~la-te~ 37 beinc~
enlarc~ed to 3~ac~ilitate attachment of the plaLe 38~
rrhe tran~7er~e memhe:ct; 16 o~ the :Elukes are apertured at 3'3 to rece:i.ve an e~ >los.i~e ~ol~. (not showrl) o:~
cc)il~rent.iorial. forrn clesicJned to resist a predete~n:lned l,ens~le load and to break cl-~rly at t~ shear notch locat.ed on ~he stcm of the bolt~
e tie Lod 2 may be o:E Grt-c~e 5~ s'ceel fully ~i7--eld.~.~cl at its lo~Ye.r end ~o the base 30 of the anchor hlocl-~
i.t~se:L:L' a ml:l"d steel annea lecl castin~. '.I'he thru~t member 5a.nd .i~:s rl~s '7 ma~ he fabr:ica,:ed 3''rom i^ni:k~ s~.eel p:Late~
The flu]{es 10, 11 rnay t?.lSO be mi:Ld steel annealed cas~.in~s as i.s ~hc h.irlqe hlock 2,2. 'r~ in1~s 33 m~ he of hi.c3h terl;~ c? st2el as .rnt~ bc? the ancho]^ locX.
,'iO A rinq holt or o;:her su:itai:Le secl.~r:in~)- mean-~; (not W~ at~,~c~ .o t..'~ u~)~t~ e~l 0lc ~ rc~(-l 2 o~
the tllr~-,t nnertll:)c~r ~o ellab:l.c~ a moor.in~) cab:lc~ or ~ht~..n -tc~'~e 5QCUr'~C.'l. to the cl.nc~hor.
As ha~ been stated above, 'che thrusi- membex 2~ movaLlle re3.a~.iv~ r t~ the ~ ocl ~ ~nd c~n ce l~x ated i~
a po.a~'lon adjao~erlt t'i~e -.'l~-lkes so that i~ can act as a te~lplate w~i.ch g~.Li.~.'es the tie rod d~ing the initial stages o:f.' er.'lbeC'C'.-~ !IC,' ~he anchor in the earth. I~ de-~irecl, tlle t~ru.;~: m-~ml~e.r ma~,~ he te:~npora~ ,r fiæec' to the t.ie rod i.,n 3n ~he Ir)0.~3it;c,n j~.~.si:~de~scx.lbea, -the fi~lng bei.ng bro'~en dul^.;.no; ~'he .irl~;e-~l.rial mc)vement o~ the t.ie rod~
Fi~ 10 ~sho~rs in diagrc.~ at~ orm orl.l.y, the ~l~c'~lor i.n r~s~ ion on the sec~'bed prior to the c~-nence~
Inf;?`fi'~. oi 3..1 e;nbed~Jin~f c,per~ation~
'~,5 '~ .i.n~3 ~ e C~f~-`V.;.~ ? in th~ s~a 'k~c~ ,hc 2~4 ~7 ancho~ Lth the thrus t r.~ember 5 :in the position shown in E`i.g~ is l~oi.sted over '~he .sid~ o a barge 39~ The uppe:,.^ encl of the tie rod 2 is connected to a clet:2cha~].e 5 e:~tens.-.ion c~:r.i~/inc~ sh~.ft. ~1 o:~ an underw2ter har.lmer 42 5 The ~ole system i s then lvwerecl to the se~ bed.
The we-i yht o~ the device forces ~he thru.t member 5 into the tor? layer(.s~ of the sea ~ed materialO To f ac i.Li tate ent:ry o:t the thrus l-. rnember 5 it. mr y h~.ve a lower cut;tinc,~ eclc,fe ~30 r.~lhe device is now in the positic>n shown 10 in T~ . rrhe har~lrner ~ is now used to C7.riVe! the, t.;.e rod 2 into th~-~ earthl the thxust member 5 ~:e:L~ir:c-~ to guide the ~ ie rod 2 ~urillc~ i-ts clo~n~arcl movement. '.~.~ the '-h,r~st mem'~.)el- 5 :i.s c.~ -tachecl t.o -t.l,e tle rc~7 2 i.n:itia.l dr ivincJ o.' the latter shea~~s this con-ilec t iOIl so that t}le tie rod 2 is 1.~ the~ free to ~as~s throu~;h t~le thrust rneml~er 5.
Drivi.~ cc,n~in~les w-l-~i.l. Lh~ fla3lc~e ~ ol~ t,le t:i~
t ~C~ 2 en~ac~e~ che thrusc mcm~er 5. P,o~h the ti~ rocl 2 alld the thrust ~erllbar S are t.hr!n drivcn .into thei.r fin~l posi~
tion ~e`lo~v t~le .C,ea bed~ r.~ e l-hru,st membr-r 5 mc~y be dri-~ren 2C) ~ .0W tne ~surFace o:F t.lle sea ~-~ecl but: :it could be lefc -~Lush or sli~lt.l~r p:roud tllexeol~ de.pendi.nc~ on che corl.s.i.r;~
tency of. the .sea ~erl. m;l-tericll. l'he rio;ic~. mounti.nc~ oE the tllrust member 5 in the secl bed is facilitated by the o~en c~llular f c~r~ of tl~e mem.k~r, %~ ~he e~plosive bo].t hc>ldinc~ the ~lu];es 10, 11 to~ether .is fired just hefore the anchor re~aches i~s ~i.nal pos:ltion and th~ furt~;er mo~rement of tl~e ancho:l: i.nlo thclt posit::lon opens i.he flu1~es~ The openinc~ m.o~emen-t of one .E:Lu'.;e~ .s~nc~ronised tiitr that other .because the gear tee..l~ !7 0!`l the rihs 1~ move i.nto meshi.ny enc~aycment anrl tlle~; ea~.;teJ l.~r~e :,lukres move i.n ~lnison~ Cnce in th~eir ~n~.ly Op~`rle~ llS; ~he f ~ .c~ e 1.OC1;'?C~ e.reirl '~)y t~
~llCY'~ t~ nec~ ~hO~ ?~ the lln~ ?Lrlc~ irl ~
i~t:L ;~.' f~ ` C'~;~'f'`:~ f~ tl~ ,, ~ ? :' - i i l- .''~ t~ C`~ l c. ~ f C . C' ,'- i. r f ? C,~ . .i. A r ~l ~ C
s~
- ~.3 -membe.~r r; cou~d be c3.r~ l at leasl. partly :into th~? sea bed bQ~Core the dri,v3ncj- C)L~' t'hc-,~ tie rod commC?nces~ It .is poss:ihle -to drive the thrust mer~ber into its final lodc~-e~
rnent p,ositlon in the s~a bed before drivinc~- of the -t,le rod cor~nences~ his method may be adopt.ed in cases in w~lich the appar~.tl~s for embec1dincJ the anchor .is not suf:~iciently powe:riul -.-c, clri~re both ti1~USt rnem'~er and tie rod at the s~m~ til1le~
It will ~e ap,~recl~ted tha-t ~here mc~r be C1rCV~L1 s~ances in which the~ anchor is reclui..recl to re,~is~ loac~s which are al:pliec'J. to t~ne anchor from one sic!e on~y i~e,~
loads ~,rhich are su~tantiall~ te.ral anc do nAot CC)n'taill any subsL~ ntlal up.1l_t loacl ineO a load a~pliec! i.n suc'h a dlrectlon t.'ilat th2r~ is an upli3~t for-ce 0l1 the anc'ho~
ter~ LncJ to li3Cl lt ~XOAn t:~lr~ ocean b.~cl .Irl SU.Ch circun-~~ C~S ~ 5 `~,C~,~9i~ 1 e ~.0 dispen,se ~ith J~.e anchoxln;~
means ~o that tlle anchc)r comprise~, ba~,ica.ll,~, me~rQ.1.~ a ~ie r~,7f~ on t`~liC'fl t.he t'nr~lst men~ber i9 mOUrlt Thf? :form o:,' t'he thru~t m~?r[lb(?r ~ill be-~ dete~ tni.nf.
2~ r 't}lf~? f ~ct:crs re~erre~l to above, ~nd lCor e~am?le, a t'hl-u~ memh~r ol. tlle ~orlll o7f ~t.he melllbc?:l- r~ shown :i.n l~`if~ 1 rn~y ~,7C-` f=71~ .C~ ?~
'I'he t'.hxu~; t menlb~r may be permanently ~ ed l:o tlle tie rod or lt mc~y L7e mo~7able along at lea~t: â part of 25 t;he lf r.gtfl o:~ ~he~ ~;a rc.7d,, A~ df2,~C1-1.'.i,7e'l c~.~OOVf.~ the l-.hru5-'~
merni~er may he ~e~ cllahly J-:i.xed co the tie rod so a~ ~o be mova'hl~2 therewi.tl~ 'n^ll re~llir~;?cl. and, once tne~ connection betwe~?ll th-~ tl7,rust rtlr2rnbe:, ancl l:he tie rc~e~ is l:~rf~7l7en, ce'.a-tive movelr!ellt })e~ ?en t~ese t~Yo componf.~nts can therl ta]ie 3v p:Lace.
~ hllS~ i.n it,~ ba~:Lc ~Corm~ the ar7chor Ina~ tc~ e a :~orm coml,ri.sinc; ttle ti.f~? ~ofl 7 (FiqO 1 ) ~ itf1 a -t1~rust men er ~;i- 't.l!'.* F~ rm sho~.nn in Fi~Jure 1 s the lo~ier e~nf~ o the i.if~? ~'~.`f~ t f_~(J L~ n~ .S :ir~:i C~-ltf~C~ 'by i,llt? ~of~,tetl .~ir~
to --.a~``.fl''.t;.'~ f~,i;^ment of' -t''~ -tie ro~l in-to tf~ ea3~tt~., 'tL,l'`fe 52~
- 19 ~.
ancho:c:inc~ m~ 3 3 bei.r-~cJ ah~en t ~
I ~: i .s rlo~ es~;~n t:iz.l t.~ C tlle th.ru~; t me~ml~er bce mov~Lble alonc; the t:ie rodO The mem be:r ma-,y be securec~
permanentl~lr at som~ point a1ong- t.he .length o the tie .rod 5 for e~raTf,ple ai- the upper end adjacen!: the :~lange 40 Choi.ce of the di.men.sions o~ e ~nchor c~nd Gf 1t.~ component l,~arts, for e~amp:!.e, the thrust member, and the dept1l tc- whi.cll the components are buried are emheddecl will depend u-,l~o1~ 'che natu:L^e o:E the earth in ~hich the 10 ~nchor i~, tc Je embeclc'led, the rnac.~ni tude o the load to ~Je applied t:o tlle anchor ancl its d:irection of app1icc~c.ion~
The ,~h~,~e of the thrust memher in con ju.ilc tion with th~ ~h21~- o~ the ot'~er com~onel-lt~ oi. the ern'~edd2hl e anchor may also be det:e.c.inlned by the e~?ect,ed di, ection o~i.
'l 5 ap~].:l catio!~ o:~ t.h.e :I.oad ~ A :~ru~ i~o~conlc!al or c~:Lindrl cal t'hru~t r,leT,l.-~2i^ h.ls l.he ad;r~-l;ll:ac;e t.l~ t .i..t ~ il,h_talld :Load i'.rom any clirectic)n anc1 over a ~.r~de range of incl.lna-tion~ To l~lc~ te 3nanu..lc;~tllre, a ~'hxu~t me~ ber of ~olyc~ol1a~ Eor e.~ .rl1,rp.le ~lc-xa(~jona..1., :t~onn ~hr?n ~ee3l in plan ~:?;) arlc:l c-.~nsl:r-.lc~ted :~:'ro.n E).lat~,s may repre~ent a prac:tical a,~:,,,p.~o~ n,~ .:;orl to a cylincler. '.~hc~ lrU.,C`~ nl~mhe~r may hc,~ Inad.e .it~ C) or ~l03^~ clr ~ 3~c~3.e~ 1.y <~ ;elllb lc~cl ~OU~
t.i.e rod. ~tere tl3~ :loacl i5 f'rom a c~ n dix~ction on.Ly and wi th a partic~la-r :incli.rlation ?. s.impl.~r for}rl of t'hrus~
25 men~'b~r, ror r~ Zmp1~? a plate or shr~ form, m~r he a-lopte-lO
In ac1~',.i'c ion, where a nv.mhe.r of emhedclecl ancho-,-s are used to ancl.or a strllc-c:uL-e, ::he size arlcl shape of ~hr~
conm-~?onen ..s oi ec~ch s;tch ancho~ may al.so 'b2 cJe 1err~tilled ~ at lea.~ .in paxt, by t:h.-. nv.~.rl'i el^ of such ~.trlC,'lOr~: an~1 the clis~
~0 pOS:it:~Ol~ o.- e~lch a.nc~hor re'.a,:i.ve to the str~l~t,ure. In ~?axticula~ 'he ~i'hape of the thru~i- mr-~r;i.ber ma~ ~e cleter-m.i.nc-d .~,~y t1le f,ac-tox~ jllS1~ menJ~ i.orle~
~ '~n ~ n~ rl~labl~ ai~ or e~nk)o~..y:L.~ the .~nventi.on co1-n3~r i.,~Y!.~s a l..:ie~ ~-od T~ ocse :I.cr~ncfth ~.s 70 fr~et~ .r~ hosr-3~ - 3 ~ .c:,~ .[!~ C~':? ~}~d~ a ~ lr.i.~.a L5~
20 ~
thru~t !r~emb~?r OiC ~5 .fee-~ c!i.2met~r and 12.:E~et c'epth, cmd, at the o-t~ler end, and ancl~.or,illc3 ~eans a~out 10 ~eet: long and providjn~ lu1~es ha~ing a hGrizontally-projectecd area of ~0 SC~ 4 fl_oo Such an anchor bv.riecl vert,ically in c1ay to a clepth sllch tllat the u,c~per surface of the thrust m.e~nber is abouc 25 ~ee~ below the su~.^face of -the sea becl is calcula ted to have an ultlrnate load capacity in the u,,,~arc~ direc~
t:ion of 200:~ tonf appro~cimatel~ in the ~hort term ancl abollt - 10 15~ ton:E in the loncJ ter1l, ancl in the horl.~.ontal clixect.,ion a l.on~- term capac.i.ty o:E a~jout 960 -ton-~ Irl the case 'or loac, a~pli.ecl inter.nittently, cyclically or re~eatedly, t^.he ul.timat.e load capa.city is 15~! t.onE a-,r,?ro~lmately~
In ~and, the correspondin~ va1ue~ are, :i,n the 15 u.p;~rard d:lrect.ion, abou;: 3737 ~onf ~or koth s~ort and long ~ ^m, a'~out; 1~67 ton:~ in t:lle hori.~:ontal. direct:ion, arld about 1967 ~onf .~or the cvclic load.
If t}-~e anchor i~ buried vert:icall~ in .~tifer c.~lc~ c.~ a t.l~ ,uch ~ a;~ r ~l.rfac~ f~E ~h~ thr~
m~nlh~J: :i.,s hu~ic~.l about 10 feet below ~.he .suxfac~e o:f the sc~a h~c'X .i.s calcuL~eci l-o have a~ ''Cima'~e Joad c~acity i.n the~
U~?t,~7~:l7"c~l C~ C-`:Cl::'.iC.~Il o:E 2~330 't.OIlf ~l?p]~C~'~Ci.matC~ iIl th~ O,1:t, ~erm ~nd ~01~ appro~imateJ,y ton:E i.n the 1 on~J7 term / anc~ ~ in the hori~:ont~l di.rect:i,on a long term capac~lty o~E 16~2 -ton~:
25 ap~rv:S~ir.l~tei.y~ l'n the case oi: a lo2d applied lntermittent~
ly, c~c~lically Ql^ repeatedl~, the ultimate load capacit~
i.s abollt 20'1~ ton~
TXI ~axlcl.~ the correspoIlcling values a-re 2bout 2795 t~n.c ,ro~ ~oth long and s1lo-c-t term, a'~out 800 tonf in 30 tlle i1orizontal cl.L~ection, and abou.t 1381 for 1;he C!y~li.C
.1 . o ~-1 C~ c~
:Lt shoul~ b~3 bo,c~ ir~ irl~1 th~t ~hc ~bove e.~.pl~
.n.~ei~ely ore c-~n~ odir~exlt o.~ t.he embe~c1able anc11or in ci.~ 1 s.o:il con~it~',(,.;i~ aild thai, otler clifferent con:ri~-'ur .~ i o ';l ~ .` , i. '-'. `'? '~ ~na~,~ b~ r~ ,i.r~(1 i.~i o~'.r~ ci.. :L
~5~
- ~?1 cond~ t:.:iors~
The majox componer.ts o:, the anchor, .i~eO the thrusk r~ember, tie rod. an(l 1u~es may be fal?ricate~
separately :in a xan~Je o~ ~iæes Irom ~hich can be assembled an anchor crable or~ dealing t~;.i.th a speciFied loacdiny ox rc~.nc~e o~ loadincJs in a specified clirec-tion or ranfe o~
cl.irections a.nd. i.n a ~peci~ied soil structure~
Once in posit.ion, ~he anchoring mean~ e" the flulie~, contxibute substantiall~ to the 1^es.istance offer.~d by the ~nchor to upwaxd movement ~7hils'c the thrust mem~ex r-rov.ides a ,s~bstantial. ~)alt of the resi,stance orrcred ~?y the anchor to lateral mo~e~merlt. In adclition, however, the comn.?site ~!ass o the -thrust rnc~ bex togethe~. wich its :~xici::lonal resistance t.o ~ovemellt al~so contri.bute to the rc?slstanc~e off~red by l:he anchor to upw?rd mo~emenl.
.?~ c~l:i.i~.ional rea:.~st~ ce l.o ul?warc~rnovement -i.,-; r~cllliJ.ec~, thc~
ancllol- may ha~ff~ one or more ~c~ loncll arlcllo:rin(~ m~ans which ma~C~ ~ o~ a construct~ion si.m~lar to that of ~chc rnearl3 3 clesc.~.;.bed above~ Sucll a(t~l:itional anchorlncf n~l-ear-s ~Jill 2~ .be. secuxed to the ti.e rocl at a ~o:int ,paced fronl the lvwer end ~?.~` ttle tie xod~
W1^L~? ~;uch. ac.~ld:i.t:ic)na:L anc~lor:in~ 3nean,s are provi~
ded ~ i t i.s normal.ly pre:~`erahl~ that movement ~o tlle o~3e!
.~.~it.ion thereo~ i.fS ~,~-J~ectecl ~t ~e same time~, It ~,1ll Le ap~3reciâ-cecl cha.. othe.c ~r~l3er~d.;ny technlc;ues Inay be adopte~l tharl ~che one describecl aho~e ~ith re~ere~nce to Fic~su l~ arlc~ 110 Fc~r e.~r.~lple, th~ ,tep o~: emb~*dclincJ the ar~chor in~.o th~-~ eaL^~ a~ ~3e reolaced or ~,uoplemented ~y 'o rnl.nc;
a s~ ta,.-lt.ia l.ly verti.c,-3.1 h~12 i.n the ei-rt'L-I anc1 locatinc~
the a;lc~llo~ :in the hole,. The clepth o:E the~ hole ma~ he ~l~tc,~rr~ .necl ~oy t}~e llature oE ~he terrai.n throuc~n ~ 0~h ~Lt i5 .i^.O-mcr^1.o '~'0.'' e3i~ 1,C~lf?, c-.~ ~Olf_ r~.ay l~e r~re~-orme~ ~c7rl:rG~l~c~7 a ~ î.c,~r~ ~ c~eJ..L~ soi~ f:o ~h:LC~7~ e ancllo:~
~5 can ~e c~ n this Oa.^.,", ';.l:e cle~th o the 'nc~k~ i.i ~L.lL~5~2~3~
~ss th~r tl~e c~v; r~l 11. leng th 03~ the anchorO -r~ neces~ary, the base ol the llole may be unde~ r~;~tecl to allow o~ltward rnovelnPnt o:~ th~ flu];esO
~he ancllor mây also be e~beclded at a desl.red 5 locati.on bi~r~eans of a piling ric~. If -the loca-tion is on the sea bed t the rig :is conve~red to -the locatiQn b~ a barcie or ship and is then lowered. over -the side on to the sea bed. 7~1ternati.ve:ly, the ric~ may be launched from a sub~t~ntia:L.ly h.ori.-~ontal position on a dec~ of the harne or ship itl~.O a vextic~l positlon ancl then lo~ered to the sea bed.
~ et ac~;ain, khe- ric~ ma~ bt- accommodated in a s~e~
cLal l?.old in ~- ship adaptefl to carr~ 0~7 t ancnor embed~Lng op~ation~ Len 1. eqlllrecl, khe ri~ i~ lowered to the 5t'a he-:~. t11rO~!CI~ an aCCQ~5 op-.rli.nc~ i.n the hu~.l o~ the shi.p.
.F.I.t~ and 13 are 2 si.cle ~leva;io~ ntl plall respecti.vel~r ~i one fonrl that the E~ilinq xic~ might -ta].e, th;~ r:itl a.ncl G~>SOCi iated coln~onen~s ~einC~ sllown .in cli~ram~
r~ Gl t i ~ c . f o ri ~ c~ rl l y a The ~ cc)~ pri.ses an ~ pen :La~tice tower ~ s~
,-..~rt.c~c~ rc?~ l~cJ~3 fl5 ~dcll pi.vol:~:l.J.~ cu~l~.~d UJ~C~Il t.~l~?
to~ ?~ . r~ Cl~; O r~ I:ht ~ cjs ~5 ~?~I^e ~ Cl tl.;. ~
shoes ~5 ~JhiCh Iila~f inclucle levelling- clevice~c~ I o locate the to~Ye r ~ a verc; c.?.l pos.ition.
~ hin the lat~:ice 'cower i~ loc~ted ~he dr1v1.n~
mech~ni~m r~ol- a ha~ mer -~-'7 to ~h:i.cll rec~ipr~cating mov~ment:
is imi?al^tecl ~ria a ca~rle ~8 frorll the clrivincJ mec'laIlisln. A
1 iJ tiI,~J ca'~le ~'~9 ~ec~urecl to the upper end o tlle to~ler enables ~ r~ g to ~e lGwer ed into ai des.irecl lGc~a~ion~
'~ e hamrr.er ~-17 is ~lui~ded b~ c,uicle surface3 on t'rle t:ower ~ c-~ cl al?p:lies b10~C t.o the allchor 1 Vir3. c driVll-lg :foll..~ eL 5u that all.ows t:hc~ allchor to be elr.beddect be' o~/ the ,surace i.~ ed~ ~)e,si.r:abl~, the fo:l.lo~er ~xtencls u~-wc~r~ y ~ i h~.n ~ e tL~ .a` C b;~C~all.ie -t~n~ inl~)rO~.~e.~ ? stabil~
3S i.-~-y 0/ ~ }~ `.. r 2C~ ~ C~ rl~ U?p'?`~ t (~)~E t.~ 13.~ r 5~
~ ~3 i.5 :r,it'ced ~itl~ . protective hel~!let ancl interpose,cl betwe~er the hel7ne1- cnc'l-the e~nd of ~he ~ollo~er is a ti.mbcr ~cllshi.or-l". The cushion is fO~!nCl to recluc~ some~hac the peak ~lv.e c,:~ tlle han~mer iIIlpaC C. hut it al ~o increases the duration of t'i^~e impact and this c31ves quicker clriving~
r~he cusllion al.sc) reduces d~,tortion oF t}~e upper encl of the follo~.~er, rrhe :,-'ol.,lower i,~; not es.sen-~icll c~,nd h.-~^~ler l-~.low~
cou].d 'h~ im~pa.rted to t.he ~s,haft cli.rectly or throucfh thQ
proteo~-ti.-~te heime~ ancl 'cim'ber cus`hlon just descr.ibed~
~ rhe piling ri.cJ is useci ln ~he conventlonaJ, ~.nnel-ilai7~ J }~eell co.~ eyecl to t~'J-le clesired lo~at..on dnd. pl?~cied in osition a~ anchor .citeO ~Yhen the anchor has '~een embeclclecl,. tl~e ricf i..s /.ith;!~-awn ror u~e in anothe~: eI7lbecld.~
:ing o~ . aC:iOI~.
5~he ri.cl may ~ if cles ix ed, incorr-or;~tr~ huo-~ra7.~cv t:a.n~ hiC`ll ena'bl f? ~hf? ri~; to k~e r:l.oated to a clc-~ i.red :I.oca~i,on c;t ~¢-~ her~ he lc~ccl~.Lorl i.~s reache(~, c,he t).~s ~;re flOO(l~f?.~ c!~C~ .~llo~r ~ e rig to s.in'Js to ~tll~ se~ ~ecl~ The ~0 3`i CJ m~y h~f..? :ElQ~ t'd in a hori.~o~ ]. po~s:i.ti.on an~'!, at l'he locc~.c..i~ hc l~ nl~s ~Ire ..,e~lecc,lve.l.~ :r'.l.ooclc~ to ~ring thC?
r~ in~o ~ ~7er:ti.~ l o,.~.c-~n~-~.ti.otl ei.the~ befo~ or c~ .nc~ the sin~iinc~ o~ .rc~.tion~ en the anchor has been embeddec~, t~e tank,c, are fill~d ~ith ai.r to 3 a~ it~te return cjf the rig ~5 co the su,r~c~ce.
The anclloring mec-~n~ rna,y ~ake forlns other t.han the~ fl~lic~s de~ccr.-bec~ aho~7eO For e~ampl.e, ~ ~ol.low bulb m~r b~e c~tl-.acl}~ecl to t.he lower. end o-E the tie rod, the irlt~ i.or O F the ~ul,h comm;~icatiIlg ~ri.t'h c,lle :i.nc.e:rlox o-L the ~ie ]~ l.'he bul.'h i..~ formecl wit'n li.nes o, ~,~eec~nes,s dr=~i.nin~ a .series of t~Yo cr r(!~e prongs wh-.ch may be~ o:E
f].~ U~
The bul~.Ls sh;lped to fc~.ci:Li~e i.t~ movem~C?nc, ill ~ O ~ -.? f~'3~ r~iur i~-lq' ~ , r~.~r~ f-?cic~ o~--era ~ ior~ f~?ri ~
?,~, c~ c'~ c~ c~n~ is ~f~ cllf~:l; t~f? ~ b ~; El-~-lC~t~r.`C~' 5~
- 2c~ -a1 OnCJ 1-11e 1i~AeS 0~ wea]~nes~ anc~ the pronc"~ 5p la~fe~ out-wardly into the adjoininy soil.
The fracturirlg and ~play~nc~ ouJb ma~r.bc? accom~
pl~,h-?d by an r- l~.l.os:ive charge lns:ide the bulb, o,^ h~
pumpiny a fluc-nt su.bc:tance clowrl l:he tie rod into tll~? bu lbo The su~sta,lce rnay be liquiid. concre~te, li.cluid rnortar or an epo.~y re 9 lnO
~ h ~ ent ~^,ubstance rnay be con'cainecl~i-khin -che bulb a~nc'l/or tie rocl and EJîe.csurised to e:~fect frac'curin~
o~ t.he bulh and releasc? o the 3ub~tance ~llch then sets to ~ocrn ~ solid in~^iss rouncl the ~x-oncJ3 and th~s an e~fectitre ancl~oxlnc~; n~e-insO -P~lte.natl~relty, the .c~ubstance may be p~ pec.. down into ~uib via c~. ~U?pl~r line conn-~c;_e~; e~..ther c3ix~ct~ r bCJ tl~e ~,ulb o:L bO ~}le tl~ rodO
It i~, po,s~i.b.Le bO e:~'fect ~Fracturing anc~ .~pl~
~ Oll L' 0~ 'ch~ ror~ , by rmean~; o:F an e~plo~ Ye and t~'Lell pu~ t~ lue~ b ~lbsta~lc:e lnto bl~le :EraC bUrf?d b~ b t:o :~o.rm tlle ~30 Lid ma.,~; rc~errec~ t o 1YL~ tl~e prececlincj~ parac ~apll.
S~.L~?.~.in-J~ou'c o~ 1 he tprongs c~ou:ld bc? efected in p~ t hy c~ ?~ o~;:i~? c~ cle ~ncl il~ p(~ h~ mc~ ent o Luc~nt .c;ubsl::ance inl-o thc~ buL~ :Ltc~? nac:;~Tc!l~r, an r.~xplc;--re ~ cl~:CJi~? c~ol~:lc~ llSC~C'`~ 0 f t^ac'~tlr~ tllL~ ?.~t c~E ~L~r~
in t:hL~ bulb t\1ithout c~us:inc~ any ~ub~tctrltial mover~lent of the resultant pror~c.~s, that moveement bein~ e*ect:ed by thc3 2S fl~len~: subc~t~rlce.
FicJ~ 1~1 a~iLlowC sc`heJ(~2Lt~cally an aLnchor cn:~:t.er the ancl~oL h~s }~eC!Il e~ Leddec~L and t'ne bulb fract-~ured to prod~ce splcL~t?~l -ouL ~2ronc s 50 and f l~.tent- substa.nce ha~ been pulnl~e~.
into the ~ ul'~ to form a n~ ; 51 rouncl the p~:onc3-sa Fur~ c!r rc-?in:~orcerL~en-L, ln the fo:rm fc~r c-.~am~:Le o-f a h~-?lic~ lnc~L:i n~ ci~ 1e~.ible ~.ixe or roc~, c~c~ ld br-~
arrcLnc~ecl :i.n the tie rocl and -:orced QU L' wj.. I;h the 1uent ,c.S~C~s~.~n~e .~
C~ m~ c~.v ~ al~ ~c3(~.r~ cL~.f.~ LiCh is 3.~ r~ u'~ rP '~ b~ .t-,(l ~.o Eorrr! t:l~c~ nc!s, ~5~
- 2~ -yrout is then pulllped clown into the voids .ln the acJcJregate to :Eorm a 501:icl m~As~ rou.)d clncl ~/i'chin the pxono;,-;~
IE desirecl, a fluent ~i.ndinc.~ substance coul~t be ~sed in conjunction ~^.i.-th ..he flul..e-li.]~e anchoring means of the ancllc~r de~cr:ibecl above with reference to Figs. 1~90 Att the conclusio-n or.. the e~mbed.ciing operatiGn and after the Eluke.~ have beerl moved out~rarclly, the substance i9 ~u~.ped into the space ~et~le~en the fLu.~es ancl, on se-ttin~, forms a solid wedc~e therebetween ancl ho].cls '~^.he flukes in thei.r '10 e~tenclecl poai-t:i.on.~-, If neces3ary, the anchor may he so constr~e~tecl as to facilitate its removal from the earth ~hen it is no :Longer recJuired. Thls ma~ involve providlnc,i means for ;^e~tractiny the ~lukes tc -the cLosed posit:ion in the case o:E the ~Inchor d~scribed above w:ith reference to Fi.gsO 1~9 .lt:ernat-ive:L~,~, t:lle ancllor ma~ he dracJgecl ~rom ~hc~ earth by the applic~tion o:E a s,ui.ta~le..Eorce~
The anchoring means may take the form of separate anchoring devices secured to the tie rod at spaced-apart points along the length of the tie rod. Such separate devices may include one at the end of the tie rod. In this way, the resistance of the anchor to uplift forces i.e. forces tending to lift the anchor from its embedded position is increased.
The separate anchoring devices may be of a form requiring movement of components of the devices to positions in which the devices develop maximum resistance to uplift forces. Such components may be actuated individually to such positions or they may be linked to a common actuator which is able to move or allow the movement of all of the components to said positions at the same time.
The present invention further provides a method of embedding the said anchor, which has a thrust member mounted on the tie rod for relative movement along part at least of the length of the tie rod, in the earth, the method comprising positioning ~S2(~4 the tie rod substantially vertically and partially lodging the thrust member in the earth, driving the anchoring means into the earth, until the thrust member is at the other end of the tie rod, and then driving the thrust member into the earth.
The present invention further provides a method of embedding the said anchor, which has a thrust member mounted on the tie rod for relative movement along at least part of the length of the tie rod, in the earth, the method comprising positioning the tie rod substantially vertically, - 4a -~s~
drivincJ ;:he t:~lrust rnemberr into ~he ea.rth until it is par'cl~ or Eully lod~ed in po,C~ition~ c~n~ drivinc; the anchoring means into the earth until the thrust member i.s 2t the other end of the tie xod and ~ompleting the lodge~
ment of the th:cu~t me~ber if nece~sary.
The present invention further provides an em~edd-able anchor comprislncJ- a thxust member, a tie rod and means ~or anchoxing the device in the earth, the anchorincJ rneans compri~lncf at lea~t two members in the forrn of plates ~hich are p.ivotecl to the tie rod and mo~Jab.~e b~twe2n a fir~ or coll.apsed corldition in which the plates are substan-ti-a'~l.y parallel and a second or expanded condition in ~rhich they e~te~nd transver,sel~ relatlve to the a~is o~ the t:ie ro-3, means bei.n-J~ providec1 for holdi.ng the plates in t.heix co:Llapsecl condi.tlonO
'rhe thrtlst mem~er is of a form such that lt pro~
vicles a sub~tantial par~ o~ the resistance to lateral rno~ernent oE t,he anchor ~hen in position. The ancllori.ng means prov,;,des re~3ist.allce to upward movement o:. ~he anc'hor wl-lell .;,n ~oC.iti.on~
The present 1.nvention fu~ther pro~ides a method OiC
e~heddincf th~ afo.re~ai,d anchor compri.~ing the sa;.d plates, ~he method comprisi.ng dri~ring the anchor i nto the earth un~.il the thrust m~nber i~ lodged in positi.on, releasing 25 the hoLdirlg rîRans, and movinc3 the plat:es fror.l their coll-~apsed to their expanded condition~
The ~re~sent invention furth~c~c provides a methc)d oi embe.dd.iny an ernb2d.da~:Le ancho-.c .in the earth I the clev:ice e~orrl-pri.si.ng tne tnrust mem~er, a tie rod and the means fox 30 ancho-~-incJ the anchor in the earth, the rnethocl cornp:cisiny ~orrn.ing a substantiall~ ~rertically extend.in~ hole .in the earth and inse-ctincJ the anchor .^into the hole, The :invention further provides a method of em-beclcl3.n~ an ein"ciddable anchor having tll~-? l eatures of any 3~; t~./o or n~ore o:! the. n~l:?'~ ods dein~d aFo1-e.sai~O
rrhe invc?ntion further prov-.des an embedclablc?
anckor havin(~ t'ne ~ealures Ol any two or more of t.'ne anchors deEir~ed a:Eoresaid.
The :inverltion further prov.icles a method o:E
embedding an e~bedclahle anchor having the ~-eatures of any two or more of the anchors cle~ined aforesaidO
~ advan-bage of having bi.rlding material in the container, passacJe or -tube prior to clriving is that it is not necessar~ to provlde a separàte line for fil.li.nc~ the contai.ner, pa.ssa~e or tube after i.nstallation~
An advantage o~ usinc~ bindinc~ ma'cerial to rele~.se the holding means and motre t.he saicl members from the.ir collapsed to their expanded conditi.on is that in at leasl ~nost applications binding- material is rec~uired, in any event, to ho].d ~I~.e anchor:ing means in position~
An advanta~e of hav:i..ng a thru~t m~mher W~ l i.S
re.l.ativel~ movahle aloncL part at least o~ t.he lenc~tll of: the tle rod is that w~len ~he thrust m~nber is partially loclc~-ed in the earth it provlde.s a ~uide ~or the tie rod as the ~0 latte.~r is driven i.nto the earth~
All ~he anchors constructed in accordance ~ .h the invention may comprise, and a.l.~. 1rhe ~nethod~ c~ccorcl.i.nc~
to the invention rn~y use, an anc.hor com~rising a tie rod havin~ a cont:ai.ner or a longitudinal passaye between its en~.s or in t.h~ ~orm o~ a hollow shaft or tube~ The -tie rod may be in the form of a solid rod~ In such a case, th~ rod may have one or more e~tecrlal l~n~ituc~.inal grooves ~long i.t~ lerlc~.h throucJh which a mechanism ~or ~e:Leasinc~ the mova'~le members comprisin~ the anchoring ;neans.
All '~'~le em~eddable anchors constructecl i.n acco~d~
ance ~-~i.th th? invs*nti.on ma~,t colnprise~ and a:ll the me~hods accordin~ tc, the inventiorl may use, an anchc~:c ~ith anchor--in~ ~7;~ean~ coinprisinc~ a plurality o~ membe.,~.s ha~Ting a clos~d oJ: C`~ ;JSe(1 con~lition ancl an open or e~paL~cled con di~..ion c~nd mean, or ho.~.c~i.n~ ths? mernber~ i.n theii colla~secl ~L~4~
..
con.di.t~on~ The means may comprise one or more e~losive holts wh.ich nold the member:s in the closed o.r collclp.sed state un'cil movement to the open position is re~uiredO
~.he e~plosive char~-e or charge~ i5 or are then set oEf and then either the members are fo1^ced to their open p~sition,s by ~he exploslon or are released to be moved to th.ose open positions by some other mechanismO l'he explosive material in the bolc or bol.ts may ke se-t o~f by a trig~,~ering device mecl'nanically operated by a suitable mechanism operated by rernote control o.r by a control signal, ~or ~xample a radio sic~nal or an ult.ra ~on.i~c signa.l.. Alterna`cive:Ly, t'h.e mem-bers may be so s'.laped that, after they have been relea~ed, further em~eddin~ movement of the anchor c1auses the members to ~ove into cheir open positions~
All the~ embeddahle ancho.rs const.rllcted in accord-allce ~i.tl~ tl~e :invent:i.on, exceptc t'hat device hav.in~ a tllrust me~lber mount~d on the tie rod ~or relat.:lve movem~nt alonc~
part at least oE the length thereo~, may compr.ise, and all t.he methods accordincJ to the inverltion, exce~t that us:;nc;~
the relatively movable thrus~ me~mber, may use an anchor.l.ng device comprisin~, a t:hrus~.lnernbal- w~ich i.s securel to that end o:E th~? t:ie ro~ renlote :L'rom the anchorir~ nleans.
In all ~1G? methods accordina to the invelltion hincling material r~lay be .~orced from the con-tainer, pas.sag_?
or tu'~e to releasc-? the holding means~ ltern~tively, t'he ho.^:Ldin~ means can 'be relea~ed b~?r an exploslve ch~r~e or by a cuttln~ operati~n~ The e~losive char~e may he set o~f hy a sianal tran.5mitted from a position r~?mote f.ro1n the anchor. The sign~.l may be a radio signal or a signal at an u1tra-soni.c ~requc?ncy~
ln all the methods according ko the inventlon l~inc1i~g m2-terial may be used to ~fect the total move.?-nc?nt o~: the sai.d meml)ersO ~ ernallvely, the ho' d.ing means may be rel~?ese1 he~;o-e driving is co.mpletes the m~mbers bein~;
_5 p;-~lr~ !Oi~?C ~ r~ls kh.eir e~p~nde~ ~ol-?~l~Jcior~ O!i!~
5~
ple-ting the clrlvlr;~ operation and then being moved .into ~he:ir eY~pand~ed cont~ition by the bind:ing m~terialO
Holding means may be~ provided for holding the members in the open or expandt3d cont~ition. The holdi.ng means may be self~'otking when the member~ are in the con-d:ition just mentloned.
I~ all the methods according to the invention, ~inforcing material, for example in the form of a heli.cal wi.nclinc3 oE reinforcemel-lt, may be arranged in the container, p~sat~e or tu~e and rcrced out by the binding rncaterialu ~he reinForcement serves to reinforce tIle bulb formed around the anchoring me.~ans.
In all the methods according to the invention e~cept whext-~ the binding mate~rial is used to provid.e a~
lt3clst: p~rt of tht-3 rnovement of khe said members from their c~oll.~.~.psed to their e~ anded condition the method m~y further comp.rise releasing the h.olding means, for e~c~nple by an explosive chart3e c~r hy a cutting device, prior to com~le~
t:ion o~ the drivin~ operation, and mov.ing the said members ~rc~m tht?ir collapst-3cl condi.tion by completion of the drivincJ
oper~-.;'~..iorl. Th.i3 methotl ;.~: oE par~:icul~r aclv~ntage when the memh~r~ are con.stituted by the s~icl plates.
In all the method.s accoxcling to the inventic)n an e~plo~ive chargQ may be used to effect partial movement of ?5 ~he saicl members from their collap~ed to thei.r e~anded ; condition~
In a.~l the methods accordiny to the invention except wher~ the binding materlal and/or driving i.s usedto mc)ve sai.d me~ ers, an e~ploslve charge may be ~lsed to effect the ~ot~l movemen~ o:E the said members~
In all tlle me thods according to the invention, e~ct?pt ;^hat meth:)d where the tie rod is p--efilled with bi.nd i.rlc~ a~ lal ~ b:indinc~ matt-~ri.al may be passed dotrn the h;:llo'.`l sha:f t. or pass2~^1e ai te:r tht? anchoring device has bei?n 35 inst C1l3.eC3 .
~52~3~
ln a:L.l the method.s aceord.iny to the :;nventlon including the s~ep o:E embedc1ing th2 anchor i.nl-o the ear~h, that 5 ~ep can be replaced or supplemented by forming a .substan;ial.l.y verti.ca.lly e~te~ding hole in the earth and 5 in~erti.r~g the anchor into the hole~ If the hole is made deep enouy11, then no drlving wlll be req-uired but i~ t:he lenyth o t-:he nole .is less than the lencJth oE t11e tie xod, then dri.viny may ke required to com~lete lnstallatlon o L
the anchorinc~ de~ice after ik has been in~erted into the lC) ho~le-~O preLormlnci a hole in thl~ way 1nay be nec~e~.5ary, fo~r exan-"~Le w~ere the anchorinq device is to be in~t-alled in rocky texr-lir10 I:E necessary the base of the hole ~lay ~e u.ncle:c--re2laed ~
The holdincJ mean~ m~y comprise locXinc~ holts ~.7hich car1 be shc-a.recl h~ cuttiny when required to be released. Sucl1 .l.oc]iing bo.lt;s may he used lf the ~..i.d me1n~
bexs are irl the :~orm of flukes or plate~ ~which 1n~ ho pivoted to t1~e ~ie xod).
~lte.rnat.ive:ly, the sa.icl member.s may t-ocJether , o .ief.ir!.c~ a ho:L:lc~ , for ex21llr?1.~ a ~.u~)ular chamher, t11e said me1n.~-,er~.?.~eir1g :Erar1c~i.b1.y connected -toc.~e~her, ~or e~.;lmp~ by l.ir.es of ~ea1~eni~ .n thi.~ ca~e, o co~r,se, t~e holcil!lc~
means is con~ti.tuted by the fran~ible connectiGns which 1nay bxoken hy the pressure of the hinding material or ~y ~5 explosion o~` an explos.ive material i.n the hollow cham}~er~
~ ene~er any o* the mc~thods accordin~ io r.he invention is used ~or marine app1.ication, it is p.re:~erred tl1at the eml~eddi~ ; opeL^cltio~ accor.lpl:;shed ~y an unde:r-w~.t.er harr~mc?r~ Thi~ allo~ the anchor to ~e en~edded almost entirel.~r ~ ~ux~ace Gp~rations.
E'urther, ~or marine appli.cation~ it is preLer~bl.
J.~ anchor cab:!e(~) are a-ttached to the device ~e~ore dri~inc S!C'~ tn~t t11e c1ev.ice ~./ould be readv ~or service ~as SOOn ~3 tl1e- ~nchor:i~c3- meclns is proper:L~- installec~. Tl1e 5 C~IL~ ~.C~ !1C!Y ~ .\Ch~ ,r CC'~IlC-`C. l.iol1s il1cLudirl~ u~ s:l ~L5.'~
-- l, O ~
joints or other means ~7hich permil: a required degree o~
rnovement o'- the c~a~le~ I-loweve:r, LOr certain ap,plications, the c.-~le ma-~,r be connec;-ted a:Eter ins-tallation o-f the anc.~hor .
S The binding material may be mor._.-tr, concrete ancl/or an epo~r resinO ~en the bindircj material is istored in the passacle or tube it may include an agent ~or .ceta.rclinc;-che ra'ce o., settir~g of the makerialO
:.n all -~he anchors and metho~s accordin~- to the 1G invention one ox mor~ ~'urthe:r anchoring mearls may be arran~ed along tlle ].encJth of the tie rod.
It is prel.er.ced :iF the thrust member i5 of gen~
er.l.lly cylindrical focm and may be open-endedO Ot~her ~orms ma~ he used, for ex.~nple frusto~corl.ical or conîcal, 1.rj but a cylin~rical thruc~t member provides better displac-~e~
ment~lo.ld ch~-~raGt-eri.st:ics or the dev.ice. 'l~o iacili~.ate rrlc~ u,acttlre, a t'hru~;t m~mber of polygorlal, fOJ- exa7nple hexac~onal, Form ~ 3n seen in plan ancl al.so open--encled and cons~nllc-l-~ed -c~-rom plc~.tes may repres,ent a practical ap7Lpr.~o~
~) mal:lon ~o ~ cylinaer~ The shape o~ the thrus'c m~mber in oonjunctic,!n ~7i.-th thea shape o:~ other components oF the ernber~ ancllor mc~y al~o he detern~ined by the e~?f.~ct:ecl d.i.rcction o:E app~..ic~tion o~ the load to be sup~or~ed by t:l-le anchor w'nen embedded~ The interior of the tilrust mrmber may î~e diviclcd UP l~o ~ells ~y cl:ivid:in(~ wall~ whicll may e~tend rac~ially ~rom the c.ell~re line of the thrust me~berO
The clivicling ~.ralls ~lso act as stif~eners~
~ d~antageously to a55i.si: :lodcJincJ of tlle thrust membrer in ~he ear~l it i.5 provi.dccl wi.tl..l a cut~:i.ng edc~e or edg-es~
I t, i5 0 ~ pal. ticlllar ac.vantac~e i.~ the thrust member :i.s o:l~ o;~erl lattice or cel~.ular c,onstruct:ion, Such a coll.strllcctioll ciives a better ric~idity/~e:icJ'nt ..atio~
'J~'ne .l~ i.ce or cells arr.? s,o arrangec~L thai-. ear~h 3S p sse~s t'h-c,ucïh clur:;nc,~ eri.lh-.-ldmeni,~lTT~1ich is thu~ m.~-lcle ea~si.rer~
st~
The lat,tice or ce.l.l size is r.~referably 5UCIl tha'c e~?.rth bec~om~es pac]~t?d insicle the thxus t mernbex and 50 tt,~nc~s to become r etaimed~ thereinO
Pre-Eerablv, i the thrus t me}r.ber is mounted on 5 t.he -tie :Lod fO~ relative movement along part at least of the len~t-,h of the tie rod, the thrus t member is releasably secv.re~t'l to t'he tie rod .near to the anchori.n~ means. T}le thrust mern~er may :~rant.~.i bly be connec ted to the tie rod ~.
the connecti.on being l~ro~en l~y an explosi ve c~harge or may 10 be connec ced by oth~r releasak,le means for exa~-np I e e~plo~
si.ve bol ts O
A method usiny suc~h a thrust memb~r would then include the furthex ~tep of releasi.ng the thrllst mern~er rom the ti.e rod~ The thrust member may be r~le3sed when .15 ~. t ha,s 'he~n r~lr t~ r ~ od~ed i.n tlle earth . :I:n th.is case i.'c 1~: pr~'erre~ th~ lSt m~nlb~:!r ig r-lnc~i.b~ onilect~ 0 the tie rod 50 -tllat :it c~n be xele~sed ~rom the t-.iC? rod. 'by .ini.~.i.al (~riVincJ o:E the anchoring means ~hich breaks the ~ranc3ib:lc? conne.c~t:lc?n~ ~].ternati,vely the thrllst A~nem~er may ~C1 3J~-e c~o~np.1,e~el~ loc1~;e~ .in the e~ th by cdrlv:in;~ th;? ti.e LOd and anc'l~oxinc~ lnealls ancl t'tle t'h~^u.~.t mc~lnber then .r~.east~d Erom the ~ie ro~ to allo~ co.~pletic)n o dri~i.n~ o~' the -'-,ie rod and anchorin5i means.
I~ desired o.r fouIld to bC neces~ry, t'he thr~ls'c '25 m~n'ber may ac~ain be connected to the ~i,e rod arter the anchor 'has beetl ~tllly em~2c1c1ed i,n the earth~ Connection may be achie~e~ by the ~,~;e o~ wedgln~J s~1rface,s or by loc~:ing m~ans e~ ther selfr-actuati.ng or rec~uiri.ncJ actuat.ion from a remote ~o.in~, or hy t'ne use of ex~losive charge~
which de~orm the thrust member or a part thereof to lock t'ne memb~r ~o the tle rcd.
11h~?n t~le archo~ g means corn~rises two plates t~e~i Jnay be helc'~ ~o~e.,her si~n~?ly by bQlts ~hi~:h m~y be rele;i,se~ )l.o~i:ion or: by cuttinr;O rlhe l?lates can l:he 3'; '.~ eld .~ e~ e~ ;;)nded c:onditi.oi~ by :i-orc:i..n-fl.irl~'lirlc~
~ s~
~ 12 ~-rnat,erial into the space be~lo~^~ tlle plat.e.s. 2~l.terr~at:ively,aJld wi th advan-bage, howev er, a .I.ir.kage is provicled whicl1 so connec-t.~ the plates -'cogether that they are a:lso held in thei3- e~panded condition by the linkageO The lin]~ase may be seli--loc}iing to ho.Ld the plates in their expanded con-ditionO
'Iihe pre.~ent invention fur-~bher provi.de.s a support ~t.ruc-ture for supporting -the anchor durirlc~ dxiving, tlle structure cornpri~irlg a -tower for suppo3,^ting anc~/or guic~ing the t:Le rod, the tower h~in~ secured to a base ~Ol^ posj.
tioning the to-~Jer on the eartilO
Such an insta.l.lation is particula;ly u~efuL Eor - ma~.lne applica'.i.on, since when the base i~ pro~erly po~i~
tionec1 on tlle ~.ea~ ed accurate drivin~ can be accompli3hed whic'h i.~. not af:Eected h~,~ underwatel- curren~s, etc~ and dri,~ tJ cr-~n '~e startecl mo.re c,~,u:i.c'~ r than w.ith norma.'L'p:illllg and contin~le in rollcJ-'h weather sinc!e accurate ,sta~ion keep:ing o:E the supporbt vessel is not n~cessaryO
iilthoUCJh tlle to\`ier Call ha~re external c~uide5 i.~
pre:f..el-3,~ed if tlle ~ot~.re,r i,5 in the i:'orm oi a hollo~ S'.rlli''t .~or support:ing anc~/or quid.inc~ the t;ie rocl~
The stlpport st3^~cture m2y be em~loyed wlth an~ o-.
the anchoriny devices constructed in accordance witb the :~ nvention and/or in any o:E the prcc.esses accord1ng to the 25 invf~ntion~
r~he support structure is particularl~ usef~ll, howeve.r, ~ith an anchor, or .in a method which employs an anchor, havincJ a thrust member wl~ich is moun-ted ln the tle rod ~or rel.ative~ movemen.: along part at least o:E the 1.ength 3~ o the tie rod, the ~hrust meInber beinq releasably secured t:o tlle t:; e rocl near to the anchoring means. In thl3 case the .~,nchor _an be arranged on the sald structure Witil tile ti.e rod supporte~d b~ towe-c and with the thrust rn~ember dis~
posecl ben~atl~ ~he hac,er ~en the st,3-ucture i3 lc.~wer2d orl 3'j ~,o cl~c~ ~d.ci.~ i C~ . ( t o C,~ ? r ~Y:i. t~ Y2 i. ~ ,1 t 0 ,. tl ' 2 ~5~
~ 13 ~
anchor) can be usetJL to ~orce the thru.s'c r~ember into l:he earth unti.l the bac;e itse7~' is ,supported on the ear-thO
Proper ~ositioning o~ the base on the earth may be assis~.ed by dr.iving t.he structurt?. T}le an~hoî can t.hen he embeddec'l by dr.iving ~ into khe ear-ch, the thrust member beiny part.ially ox completely lodgecl in the earth b2fore it is released ~rom the tie rod.~
~ referably, the sllpport struccuxe is des:iyned for use w:ith an undexwake.r ha~ner, guides being ~.rovid.ed on the tower f'or th~ hanlanerO
~ dvarltageously, to assist recovery oE k'lle suppor.
structure, huoyancy ch2lnhexs may be incorpora-ted, preEer~
ably attached 'co Ol. forrning pack o~, the base, ~Jhi.ch can be ~ ed with watt?r for lowering and driving and into ~5 whic'h aL:i C may l)e pumped, aEtt-~r dri~ing has been con-lp.le-ted, to a.l.:low tll.~ s~ port -to be liftt-~d from thQ sea bed~
~ nchors ancl an ?inchor suppork ~tructurt-,~ con~-struc~ed, and em'~t?ddincJ methods per-.~or~ned, i.n accordance - t~ri,kll thc~ eni:iOn, will now be descrlbetJL, by wa~ o~ e~am~
ple only, wl.t]~ reEt-~renct~ to cLc~companyintJ dra~ ys~ o wl~ 1.''L~--Fit~o 1 is a ~;ide vi(~ o:E a ~irsk embot'~:iLment, Fig~ 2 is a p;Lan ~:rit~ 1 ol a par t o:~ thtS Fir. st embo~imenk, ~5 Fic~o ~ is a sitle ~iew o~ another part of the f:i.rst embodiment, Fiq, 4 i.s a :~:ront elevation of the part shown in Fig~ 3, Fic3so 5 and 6 a~.^e plarl and -i~ront alev~tion respec-tively o~ ,~urther pa~t or tlle emL~odime~nt of Fi~J. 1, Fig. '7 .i~ an elt-~ation partly in section ~f -Ihe ~31^~:S, o.'.- Fi.c3-s. 2 6 :~il assc~ lecl Cor.T!, FicJ~ ~, i.s a st-~cti.on orl the :I.ine V l`II VXII of:
.~5 : '-'.7~ 7 .
2~
Fi~ 9 i~ a viel~ in the direction 0lc arro~Js Ii~
in FicJo 7, ~i.gs~ 10 ~nd 11 are schematic .illu~trations of diE:Lerent stag~ c)~ an e~bedding proces~"
Fic~s. 12 and 13 are, re~spectively, side elevation and pl~n view or a piling rlg t~ith an anchor i.n position pxlor lo an emb~ddincJ
operatlon, ancl, Fiso 14 i~; a c;icle ~J.iew of a second embodi.ment.
l~eferr;.ng i'-'i.rst t.o Fiys.. 1 3 of the accompan~lng clrawlny3, a flrst emhocliment of the invention cc~mpri,ses ~.n ent~edd~ble anchor ind.i.cated generall~ by reference 1~ The anchor l~a~ a tie rod 2 in the form of ~ ol7.ow sha~t or tube t.o t:he .lowe.-c end of which is secured anchoring ir~ear,s 3 1~ s'hown :i.n ,F~ 1 ln a c10~-3d pc~ lt:iunO lio~able rel~;,;.vel~
.:o tlle i~:i.c~.-ccic~ ~. be~ cen ~t~ a~lcl~.oxillc,-lr!~ai~s 3 and a fl;~rc~e~ ~ec~ l a,-. t:he u~,)e.l: erld of the tle rod is a thrust m~....r~Jc3:r~ 5~
'.r'he t''l.7"~.";t mernbc!r 5 c~.om~ri~s a lo~er pilrt G o:f:
.0 c-y~ .nr.l~ri~ca.~ .r.-n w:it:'n a ser^l~s o:~ i..nterna l ri'~s 7 ~ end~n~-~i.f`.L~c.~ C~ o:l:ic)~ L. lk)~ r{)~lcJh ~h.ic:~h ~;I!C~ :i.e ~od .?.
e~tends a~ sho~r.~ i.n .r'ic3 0 ", rL'he tub2 ~'3 ei. t~~~nds only par t:L~
t:h:cou~;h the cylindf r~ e lower edQe~. of th~ ri~ 7 t:hus l~e.incJ ~r~c3:1.e.d 2S shvw!n. A 1 te:rnate ores O~ the r ik)s 7 e~tend 25 ~ c~rd 1~ :Erom the lower part 6 and sll~port tl:le upper part o~: ~the tul~e ~ to who.s~-? u.~e~ end is s~!cu.cea a f langed col:Lar f~ rile upper end~3 c~ the other J:ibs 7 a~e :Elush ~ith th~ u~ ,er e~lg~ of the part. 60 ~'lUS, the ri.~s 7 divide ~:he i.nterior of ihe 3~ 'ti!. 'l:','..`'t rne3rl~?er .;n l:o ~ e~ s 0.~. C'';?.l.lS ancl also ~rovide a ~1~S~31-C?~ C~J'. ~:.iLf~ 3 and ~i.c~:~di~ c~ t~l;? cvlindrical st.ruc~
ture ~
~ t`he lo ~e.r edCJ".S O~ lt'~ ? .ri1.~s 7 and that of ~he ~ W~-?-'` f.~ t 6 .~ ;-.or.~ ci,~ c~ur.ti.,~ ec3~ s (~^ h~ ed 35 1,~7;,-~h Such e~if~e.. to i ac illi~:ate mc)~ernent of the inf~nhe.. .i.n-to ~ s~
'15 the eart,h dur:~ ny an ernbedc3.inc~ opera~ .ion as ~,~ri.l:l ~e des-cr1bed below, I'he anchorin~ eans 3 com;~r:i.se kwo anc hor :~lui;es 10. 11 (FlyO 7) with spade~l.ik.e, ilat sucfaces 12, 13, 5 each with inr.ecJr~l ribs ~ loca-ted withln a recess -forrned by t~le f l?it sur.lEace and t.wo -~u.cther paca:l.le1 ribe .15 jc,:ined ~?~ -~hei.r :I.ow~r ends b~r a transverse wall 16 whose lower sur:E~.ce is l~evellf.~cl anc3 wedc~;e-slla}?ed as can be se~?n from FigsO 3 and 4~ As c~n be ef~en ~rom Figs. 3 and 4 the 10 ri.bs 14 arl~l 15 e~tencl -Eor ? ~hor ., distance ~ yoncl the ppe~r edc,~es o~ l:.he suraces 12, 13~
r~herf.-~ are l:hree r.ibs 1 ~L in sicle-by-sid.e, s~?acoc3.
para1l.el .re.l.~tlon,sl-~.L~?, t~e t.wc out,er xibs beinc3 orre~~! wi.l h gea:r t.eeth 17 on a~l arcuat,e upl~er euxface of the rlbs.7 At,.
15 ~ eir lc~ er en~ , tll~ ri.br., 1~ axe jo.inecl ~si a spi.n~?~le 1 S..
Th~ lf~ er erl~;e 19 0~ e~c!h ,surl.'~ce 12, 13 is poi.nl::ecl a~cl bevel.lc(l as .indlcat,ecl at 20, i:hf~ .be~el in t:l~e cen tre of ~t.h(3 lower, edc~o be:inc~ e~ct:c-~ndecl , a t 2 1, t o mee t t}le ~.o~ r ~ f~;f~ o:~' thf~ 3~r~-se llle~ r 16O
~0 r~ e ~70 ;EJ.uJ;e~ e pi.vol ~1.7,.y attachecl -to c~ ll.in~:Je bloc]~ 22 t~ ;. S and G) by mean.s ~:E bo1.t:s 23, 24 re~ ec~-t.ive:L~ wh:i.cll ~,r?~lss t'hro~ n. hcles ~5, 26 sespecl.ive:Ly in th~
upper par ts or the rib~s l ~ anf.,l 15 and also throu~1~l co:cres~
poncl1.~ holfaf~; 27, 2.~3 in e~ch of f ollr mollnti-r!c~ arm~ 9 ~5 e~ enclinc,~ rr~'rorn the l~ase 30 o:E the bloc'~ 22.. The l~ingfe bl.ock 22 i5 ~ ecl ~o the lower: encl o .:hf~ tie rod ~O
L;'~r.encling downwardl.y :~rom -the base 30 of-' t-L.~e i:ie b:Lc~fs~ an~l cent:rally be tween the E l llkeS 10 ~ ~7, 1 i,5 a :Lock {~aï' 3'i to ~ho.se ~.owe r e31Cl plates 31 a are wel~lecl ~o sup~o:: t 30 ,,~ t-.~ r2r~ie ~in ~2 on whickl are pi.votally l~ounted the 1 o~,~!er e3^~d~ c li.r.'l~s 33 ~ o~e ot.her ~nd~; are p~ votally a~.~ac~ ecl t o t:he~ 30i.nc:lles 18O
q'lle lc,cJ~ hal^ 31 ,passe~s thro~.lcJ7,l an ~pert1,7re 3~ i.n ,as .5 ~ t'h oc~ C~ ~hrou a ~
'~5 ~ ,,r~ 3'j ri`.~ `?~ !.it.~ C]~ r 3'! ~i~i.L'i~ 3.~s~
s~
~ 16 -second pt~ . c> CO~OperatinCJ wedo;es 36 secured to the base 30~
~ -~ splne t--lsseinbl~ ~omprls:inc~ parallel pla-tc?s 37 joined ar, tlleir u~,per enc~.s ~o t'.he ou-ter arm.s o~ the a3.-ms 2.g o~ the hix-c~e hloG~ ancl at their lower ends to a -trans-verse pla~e ~S, 'che lower parts o:E ~he ~la-te~ 37 beinc~
enlarc~ed to 3~ac~ilitate attachment of the plaLe 38~
rrhe tran~7er~e memhe:ct; 16 o~ the :Elukes are apertured at 3'3 to rece:i.ve an e~ >los.i~e ~ol~. (not showrl) o:~
cc)il~rent.iorial. forrn clesicJned to resist a predete~n:lned l,ens~le load and to break cl-~rly at t~ shear notch locat.ed on ~he stcm of the bolt~
e tie Lod 2 may be o:E Grt-c~e 5~ s'ceel fully ~i7--eld.~.~cl at its lo~Ye.r end ~o the base 30 of the anchor hlocl-~
i.t~se:L:L' a ml:l"d steel annea lecl castin~. '.I'he thru~t member 5a.nd .i~:s rl~s '7 ma~ he fabr:ica,:ed 3''rom i^ni:k~ s~.eel p:Late~
The flu]{es 10, 11 rnay t?.lSO be mi:Ld steel annealed cas~.in~s as i.s ~hc h.irlqe hlock 2,2. 'r~ in1~s 33 m~ he of hi.c3h terl;~ c? st2el as .rnt~ bc? the ancho]^ locX.
,'iO A rinq holt or o;:her su:itai:Le secl.~r:in~)- mean-~; (not W~ at~,~c~ .o t..'~ u~)~t~ e~l 0lc ~ rc~(-l 2 o~
the tllr~-,t nnertll:)c~r ~o ellab:l.c~ a moor.in~) cab:lc~ or ~ht~..n -tc~'~e 5QCUr'~C.'l. to the cl.nc~hor.
As ha~ been stated above, 'che thrusi- membex 2~ movaLlle re3.a~.iv~ r t~ the ~ ocl ~ ~nd c~n ce l~x ated i~
a po.a~'lon adjao~erlt t'i~e -.'l~-lkes so that i~ can act as a te~lplate w~i.ch g~.Li.~.'es the tie rod d~ing the initial stages o:f.' er.'lbeC'C'.-~ !IC,' ~he anchor in the earth. I~ de-~irecl, tlle t~ru.;~: m-~ml~e.r ma~,~ he te:~npora~ ,r fiæec' to the t.ie rod i.,n 3n ~he Ir)0.~3it;c,n j~.~.si:~de~scx.lbea, -the fi~lng bei.ng bro'~en dul^.;.no; ~'he .irl~;e-~l.rial mc)vement o~ the t.ie rod~
Fi~ 10 ~sho~rs in diagrc.~ at~ orm orl.l.y, the ~l~c'~lor i.n r~s~ ion on the sec~'bed prior to the c~-nence~
Inf;?`fi'~. oi 3..1 e;nbed~Jin~f c,per~ation~
'~,5 '~ .i.n~3 ~ e C~f~-`V.;.~ ? in th~ s~a 'k~c~ ,hc 2~4 ~7 ancho~ Lth the thrus t r.~ember 5 :in the position shown in E`i.g~ is l~oi.sted over '~he .sid~ o a barge 39~ The uppe:,.^ encl of the tie rod 2 is connected to a clet:2cha~].e 5 e:~tens.-.ion c~:r.i~/inc~ sh~.ft. ~1 o:~ an underw2ter har.lmer 42 5 The ~ole system i s then lvwerecl to the se~ bed.
The we-i yht o~ the device forces ~he thru.t member 5 into the tor? layer(.s~ of the sea ~ed materialO To f ac i.Li tate ent:ry o:t the thrus l-. rnember 5 it. mr y h~.ve a lower cut;tinc,~ eclc,fe ~30 r.~lhe device is now in the positic>n shown 10 in T~ . rrhe har~lrner ~ is now used to C7.riVe! the, t.;.e rod 2 into th~-~ earthl the thxust member 5 ~:e:L~ir:c-~ to guide the ~ ie rod 2 ~urillc~ i-ts clo~n~arcl movement. '.~.~ the '-h,r~st mem'~.)el- 5 :i.s c.~ -tachecl t.o -t.l,e tle rc~7 2 i.n:itia.l dr ivincJ o.' the latter shea~~s this con-ilec t iOIl so that t}le tie rod 2 is 1.~ the~ free to ~as~s throu~;h t~le thrust rneml~er 5.
Drivi.~ cc,n~in~les w-l-~i.l. Lh~ fla3lc~e ~ ol~ t,le t:i~
t ~C~ 2 en~ac~e~ che thrusc mcm~er 5. P,o~h the ti~ rocl 2 alld the thrust ~erllbar S are t.hr!n drivcn .into thei.r fin~l posi~
tion ~e`lo~v t~le .C,ea bed~ r.~ e l-hru,st membr-r 5 mc~y be dri-~ren 2C) ~ .0W tne ~surFace o:F t.lle sea ~-~ecl but: :it could be lefc -~Lush or sli~lt.l~r p:roud tllexeol~ de.pendi.nc~ on che corl.s.i.r;~
tency of. the .sea ~erl. m;l-tericll. l'he rio;ic~. mounti.nc~ oE the tllrust member 5 in the secl bed is facilitated by the o~en c~llular f c~r~ of tl~e mem.k~r, %~ ~he e~plosive bo].t hc>ldinc~ the ~lu];es 10, 11 to~ether .is fired just hefore the anchor re~aches i~s ~i.nal pos:ltion and th~ furt~;er mo~rement of tl~e ancho:l: i.nlo thclt posit::lon opens i.he flu1~es~ The openinc~ m.o~emen-t of one .E:Lu'.;e~ .s~nc~ronised tiitr that other .because the gear tee..l~ !7 0!`l the rihs 1~ move i.nto meshi.ny enc~aycment anrl tlle~; ea~.;teJ l.~r~e :,lukres move i.n ~lnison~ Cnce in th~eir ~n~.ly Op~`rle~ llS; ~he f ~ .c~ e 1.OC1;'?C~ e.reirl '~)y t~
~llCY'~ t~ nec~ ~hO~ ?~ the lln~ ?Lrlc~ irl ~
i~t:L ;~.' f~ ` C'~;~'f'`:~ f~ tl~ ,, ~ ? :' - i i l- .''~ t~ C`~ l c. ~ f C . C' ,'- i. r f ? C,~ . .i. A r ~l ~ C
s~
- ~.3 -membe.~r r; cou~d be c3.r~ l at leasl. partly :into th~? sea bed bQ~Core the dri,v3ncj- C)L~' t'hc-,~ tie rod commC?nces~ It .is poss:ihle -to drive the thrust mer~ber into its final lodc~-e~
rnent p,ositlon in the s~a bed before drivinc~- of the -t,le rod cor~nences~ his method may be adopt.ed in cases in w~lich the appar~.tl~s for embec1dincJ the anchor .is not suf:~iciently powe:riul -.-c, clri~re both ti1~USt rnem'~er and tie rod at the s~m~ til1le~
It will ~e ap,~recl~ted tha-t ~here mc~r be C1rCV~L1 s~ances in which the~ anchor is reclui..recl to re,~is~ loac~s which are al:pliec'J. to t~ne anchor from one sic!e on~y i~e,~
loads ~,rhich are su~tantiall~ te.ral anc do nAot CC)n'taill any subsL~ ntlal up.1l_t loacl ineO a load a~pliec! i.n suc'h a dlrectlon t.'ilat th2r~ is an upli3~t for-ce 0l1 the anc'ho~
ter~ LncJ to li3Cl lt ~XOAn t:~lr~ ocean b.~cl .Irl SU.Ch circun-~~ C~S ~ 5 `~,C~,~9i~ 1 e ~.0 dispen,se ~ith J~.e anchoxln;~
means ~o that tlle anchc)r comprise~, ba~,ica.ll,~, me~rQ.1.~ a ~ie r~,7f~ on t`~liC'fl t.he t'nr~lst men~ber i9 mOUrlt Thf? :form o:,' t'he thru~t m~?r[lb(?r ~ill be-~ dete~ tni.nf.
2~ r 't}lf~? f ~ct:crs re~erre~l to above, ~nd lCor e~am?le, a t'hl-u~ memh~r ol. tlle ~orlll o7f ~t.he melllbc?:l- r~ shown :i.n l~`if~ 1 rn~y ~,7C-` f=71~ .C~ ?~
'I'he t'.hxu~; t menlb~r may be permanently ~ ed l:o tlle tie rod or lt mc~y L7e mo~7able along at lea~t: â part of 25 t;he lf r.gtfl o:~ ~he~ ~;a rc.7d,, A~ df2,~C1-1.'.i,7e'l c~.~OOVf.~ the l-.hru5-'~
merni~er may he ~e~ cllahly J-:i.xed co the tie rod so a~ ~o be mova'hl~2 therewi.tl~ 'n^ll re~llir~;?cl. and, once tne~ connection betwe~?ll th-~ tl7,rust rtlr2rnbe:, ancl l:he tie rc~e~ is l:~rf~7l7en, ce'.a-tive movelr!ellt })e~ ?en t~ese t~Yo componf.~nts can therl ta]ie 3v p:Lace.
~ hllS~ i.n it,~ ba~:Lc ~Corm~ the ar7chor Ina~ tc~ e a :~orm coml,ri.sinc; ttle ti.f~? ~ofl 7 (FiqO 1 ) ~ itf1 a -t1~rust men er ~;i- 't.l!'.* F~ rm sho~.nn in Fi~Jure 1 s the lo~ier e~nf~ o the i.if~? ~'~.`f~ t f_~(J L~ n~ .S :ir~:i C~-ltf~C~ 'by i,llt? ~of~,tetl .~ir~
to --.a~``.fl''.t;.'~ f~,i;^ment of' -t''~ -tie ro~l in-to tf~ ea3~tt~., 'tL,l'`fe 52~
- 19 ~.
ancho:c:inc~ m~ 3 3 bei.r-~cJ ah~en t ~
I ~: i .s rlo~ es~;~n t:iz.l t.~ C tlle th.ru~; t me~ml~er bce mov~Lble alonc; the t:ie rodO The mem be:r ma-,y be securec~
permanentl~lr at som~ point a1ong- t.he .length o the tie .rod 5 for e~raTf,ple ai- the upper end adjacen!: the :~lange 40 Choi.ce of the di.men.sions o~ e ~nchor c~nd Gf 1t.~ component l,~arts, for e~amp:!.e, the thrust member, and the dept1l tc- whi.cll the components are buried are emheddecl will depend u-,l~o1~ 'che natu:L^e o:E the earth in ~hich the 10 ~nchor i~, tc Je embeclc'led, the rnac.~ni tude o the load to ~Je applied t:o tlle anchor ancl its d:irection of app1icc~c.ion~
The ,~h~,~e of the thrust memher in con ju.ilc tion with th~ ~h21~- o~ the ot'~er com~onel-lt~ oi. the ern'~edd2hl e anchor may also be det:e.c.inlned by the e~?ect,ed di, ection o~i.
'l 5 ap~].:l catio!~ o:~ t.h.e :I.oad ~ A :~ru~ i~o~conlc!al or c~:Lindrl cal t'hru~t r,leT,l.-~2i^ h.ls l.he ad;r~-l;ll:ac;e t.l~ t .i..t ~ il,h_talld :Load i'.rom any clirectic)n anc1 over a ~.r~de range of incl.lna-tion~ To l~lc~ te 3nanu..lc;~tllre, a ~'hxu~t me~ ber of ~olyc~ol1a~ Eor e.~ .rl1,rp.le ~lc-xa(~jona..1., :t~onn ~hr?n ~ee3l in plan ~:?;) arlc:l c-.~nsl:r-.lc~ted :~:'ro.n E).lat~,s may repre~ent a prac:tical a,~:,,,p.~o~ n,~ .:;orl to a cylincler. '.~hc~ lrU.,C`~ nl~mhe~r may hc,~ Inad.e .it~ C) or ~l03^~ clr ~ 3~c~3.e~ 1.y <~ ;elllb lc~cl ~OU~
t.i.e rod. ~tere tl3~ :loacl i5 f'rom a c~ n dix~ction on.Ly and wi th a partic~la-r :incli.rlation ?. s.impl.~r for}rl of t'hrus~
25 men~'b~r, ror r~ Zmp1~? a plate or shr~ form, m~r he a-lopte-lO
In ac1~',.i'c ion, where a nv.mhe.r of emhedclecl ancho-,-s are used to ancl.or a strllc-c:uL-e, ::he size arlcl shape of ~hr~
conm-~?onen ..s oi ec~ch s;tch ancho~ may al.so 'b2 cJe 1err~tilled ~ at lea.~ .in paxt, by t:h.-. nv.~.rl'i el^ of such ~.trlC,'lOr~: an~1 the clis~
~0 pOS:it:~Ol~ o.- e~lch a.nc~hor re'.a,:i.ve to the str~l~t,ure. In ~?axticula~ 'he ~i'hape of the thru~i- mr-~r;i.ber ma~ ~e cleter-m.i.nc-d .~,~y t1le f,ac-tox~ jllS1~ menJ~ i.orle~
~ '~n ~ n~ rl~labl~ ai~ or e~nk)o~..y:L.~ the .~nventi.on co1-n3~r i.,~Y!.~s a l..:ie~ ~-od T~ ocse :I.cr~ncfth ~.s 70 fr~et~ .r~ hosr-3~ - 3 ~ .c:,~ .[!~ C~':? ~}~d~ a ~ lr.i.~.a L5~
20 ~
thru~t !r~emb~?r OiC ~5 .fee-~ c!i.2met~r and 12.:E~et c'epth, cmd, at the o-t~ler end, and ancl~.or,illc3 ~eans a~out 10 ~eet: long and providjn~ lu1~es ha~ing a hGrizontally-projectecd area of ~0 SC~ 4 fl_oo Such an anchor bv.riecl vert,ically in c1ay to a clepth sllch tllat the u,c~per surface of the thrust m.e~nber is abouc 25 ~ee~ below the su~.^face of -the sea becl is calcula ted to have an ultlrnate load capacity in the u,,,~arc~ direc~
t:ion of 200:~ tonf appro~cimatel~ in the ~hort term ancl abollt - 10 15~ ton:E in the loncJ ter1l, ancl in the horl.~.ontal clixect.,ion a l.on~- term capac.i.ty o:E a~jout 960 -ton-~ Irl the case 'or loac, a~pli.ecl inter.nittently, cyclically or re~eatedly, t^.he ul.timat.e load capa.city is 15~! t.onE a-,r,?ro~lmately~
In ~and, the correspondin~ va1ue~ are, :i,n the 15 u.p;~rard d:lrect.ion, abou;: 3737 ~onf ~or koth s~ort and long ~ ^m, a'~out; 1~67 ton:~ in t:lle hori.~:ontal. direct:ion, arld about 1967 ~onf .~or the cvclic load.
If t}-~e anchor i~ buried vert:icall~ in .~tifer c.~lc~ c.~ a t.l~ ,uch ~ a;~ r ~l.rfac~ f~E ~h~ thr~
m~nlh~J: :i.,s hu~ic~.l about 10 feet below ~.he .suxfac~e o:f the sc~a h~c'X .i.s calcuL~eci l-o have a~ ''Cima'~e Joad c~acity i.n the~
U~?t,~7~:l7"c~l C~ C-`:Cl::'.iC.~Il o:E 2~330 't.OIlf ~l?p]~C~'~Ci.matC~ iIl th~ O,1:t, ~erm ~nd ~01~ appro~imateJ,y ton:E i.n the 1 on~J7 term / anc~ ~ in the hori~:ont~l di.rect:i,on a long term capac~lty o~E 16~2 -ton~:
25 ap~rv:S~ir.l~tei.y~ l'n the case oi: a lo2d applied lntermittent~
ly, c~c~lically Ql^ repeatedl~, the ultimate load capacit~
i.s abollt 20'1~ ton~
TXI ~axlcl.~ the correspoIlcling values a-re 2bout 2795 t~n.c ,ro~ ~oth long and s1lo-c-t term, a'~out 800 tonf in 30 tlle i1orizontal cl.L~ection, and abou.t 1381 for 1;he C!y~li.C
.1 . o ~-1 C~ c~
:Lt shoul~ b~3 bo,c~ ir~ irl~1 th~t ~hc ~bove e.~.pl~
.n.~ei~ely ore c-~n~ odir~exlt o.~ t.he embe~c1able anc11or in ci.~ 1 s.o:il con~it~',(,.;i~ aild thai, otler clifferent con:ri~-'ur .~ i o ';l ~ .` , i. '-'. `'? '~ ~na~,~ b~ r~ ,i.r~(1 i.~i o~'.r~ ci.. :L
~5~
- ~?1 cond~ t:.:iors~
The majox componer.ts o:, the anchor, .i~eO the thrusk r~ember, tie rod. an(l 1u~es may be fal?ricate~
separately :in a xan~Je o~ ~iæes Irom ~hich can be assembled an anchor crable or~ dealing t~;.i.th a speciFied loacdiny ox rc~.nc~e o~ loadincJs in a specified clirec-tion or ranfe o~
cl.irections a.nd. i.n a ~peci~ied soil structure~
Once in posit.ion, ~he anchoring mean~ e" the flulie~, contxibute substantiall~ to the 1^es.istance offer.~d by the ~nchor to upwaxd movement ~7hils'c the thrust mem~ex r-rov.ides a ,s~bstantial. ~)alt of the resi,stance orrcred ~?y the anchor to lateral mo~e~merlt. In adclition, however, the comn.?site ~!ass o the -thrust rnc~ bex togethe~. wich its :~xici::lonal resistance t.o ~ovemellt al~so contri.bute to the rc?slstanc~e off~red by l:he anchor to upw?rd mo~emenl.
.?~ c~l:i.i~.ional rea:.~st~ ce l.o ul?warc~rnovement -i.,-; r~cllliJ.ec~, thc~
ancllol- may ha~ff~ one or more ~c~ loncll arlcllo:rin(~ m~ans which ma~C~ ~ o~ a construct~ion si.m~lar to that of ~chc rnearl3 3 clesc.~.;.bed above~ Sucll a(t~l:itional anchorlncf n~l-ear-s ~Jill 2~ .be. secuxed to the ti.e rocl at a ~o:int ,paced fronl the lvwer end ~?.~` ttle tie xod~
W1^L~? ~;uch. ac.~ld:i.t:ic)na:L anc~lor:in~ 3nean,s are provi~
ded ~ i t i.s normal.ly pre:~`erahl~ that movement ~o tlle o~3e!
.~.~it.ion thereo~ i.fS ~,~-J~ectecl ~t ~e same time~, It ~,1ll Le ap~3reciâ-cecl cha.. othe.c ~r~l3er~d.;ny technlc;ues Inay be adopte~l tharl ~che one describecl aho~e ~ith re~ere~nce to Fic~su l~ arlc~ 110 Fc~r e.~r.~lple, th~ ,tep o~: emb~*dclincJ the ar~chor in~.o th~-~ eaL^~ a~ ~3e reolaced or ~,uoplemented ~y 'o rnl.nc;
a s~ ta,.-lt.ia l.ly verti.c,-3.1 h~12 i.n the ei-rt'L-I anc1 locatinc~
the a;lc~llo~ :in the hole,. The clepth o:E the~ hole ma~ he ~l~tc,~rr~ .necl ~oy t}~e llature oE ~he terrai.n throuc~n ~ 0~h ~Lt i5 .i^.O-mcr^1.o '~'0.'' e3i~ 1,C~lf?, c-.~ ~Olf_ r~.ay l~e r~re~-orme~ ~c7rl:rG~l~c~7 a ~ î.c,~r~ ~ c~eJ..L~ soi~ f:o ~h:LC~7~ e ancllo:~
~5 can ~e c~ n this Oa.^.,", ';.l:e cle~th o the 'nc~k~ i.i ~L.lL~5~2~3~
~ss th~r tl~e c~v; r~l 11. leng th 03~ the anchorO -r~ neces~ary, the base ol the llole may be unde~ r~;~tecl to allow o~ltward rnovelnPnt o:~ th~ flu];esO
~he ancllor mây also be e~beclded at a desl.red 5 locati.on bi~r~eans of a piling ric~. If -the loca-tion is on the sea bed t the rig :is conve~red to -the locatiQn b~ a barcie or ship and is then lowered. over -the side on to the sea bed. 7~1ternati.ve:ly, the ric~ may be launched from a sub~t~ntia:L.ly h.ori.-~ontal position on a dec~ of the harne or ship itl~.O a vextic~l positlon ancl then lo~ered to the sea bed.
~ et ac~;ain, khe- ric~ ma~ bt- accommodated in a s~e~
cLal l?.old in ~- ship adaptefl to carr~ 0~7 t ancnor embed~Lng op~ation~ Len 1. eqlllrecl, khe ri~ i~ lowered to the 5t'a he-:~. t11rO~!CI~ an aCCQ~5 op-.rli.nc~ i.n the hu~.l o~ the shi.p.
.F.I.t~ and 13 are 2 si.cle ~leva;io~ ntl plall respecti.vel~r ~i one fonrl that the E~ilinq xic~ might -ta].e, th;~ r:itl a.ncl G~>SOCi iated coln~onen~s ~einC~ sllown .in cli~ram~
r~ Gl t i ~ c . f o ri ~ c~ rl l y a The ~ cc)~ pri.ses an ~ pen :La~tice tower ~ s~
,-..~rt.c~c~ rc?~ l~cJ~3 fl5 ~dcll pi.vol:~:l.J.~ cu~l~.~d UJ~C~Il t.~l~?
to~ ?~ . r~ Cl~; O r~ I:ht ~ cjs ~5 ~?~I^e ~ Cl tl.;. ~
shoes ~5 ~JhiCh Iila~f inclucle levelling- clevice~c~ I o locate the to~Ye r ~ a verc; c.?.l pos.ition.
~ hin the lat~:ice 'cower i~ loc~ted ~he dr1v1.n~
mech~ni~m r~ol- a ha~ mer -~-'7 to ~h:i.cll rec~ipr~cating mov~ment:
is imi?al^tecl ~ria a ca~rle ~8 frorll the clrivincJ mec'laIlisln. A
1 iJ tiI,~J ca'~le ~'~9 ~ec~urecl to the upper end o tlle to~ler enables ~ r~ g to ~e lGwer ed into ai des.irecl lGc~a~ion~
'~ e hamrr.er ~-17 is ~lui~ded b~ c,uicle surface3 on t'rle t:ower ~ c-~ cl al?p:lies b10~C t.o the allchor 1 Vir3. c driVll-lg :foll..~ eL 5u that all.ows t:hc~ allchor to be elr.beddect be' o~/ the ,surace i.~ ed~ ~)e,si.r:abl~, the fo:l.lo~er ~xtencls u~-wc~r~ y ~ i h~.n ~ e tL~ .a` C b;~C~all.ie -t~n~ inl~)rO~.~e.~ ? stabil~
3S i.-~-y 0/ ~ }~ `.. r 2C~ ~ C~ rl~ U?p'?`~ t (~)~E t.~ 13.~ r 5~
~ ~3 i.5 :r,it'ced ~itl~ . protective hel~!let ancl interpose,cl betwe~er the hel7ne1- cnc'l-the e~nd of ~he ~ollo~er is a ti.mbcr ~cllshi.or-l". The cushion is fO~!nCl to recluc~ some~hac the peak ~lv.e c,:~ tlle han~mer iIIlpaC C. hut it al ~o increases the duration of t'i^~e impact and this c31ves quicker clriving~
r~he cusllion al.sc) reduces d~,tortion oF t}~e upper encl of the follo~.~er, rrhe :,-'ol.,lower i,~; not es.sen-~icll c~,nd h.-~^~ler l-~.low~
cou].d 'h~ im~pa.rted to t.he ~s,haft cli.rectly or throucfh thQ
proteo~-ti.-~te heime~ ancl 'cim'ber cus`hlon just descr.ibed~
~ rhe piling ri.cJ is useci ln ~he conventlonaJ, ~.nnel-ilai7~ J }~eell co.~ eyecl to t~'J-le clesired lo~at..on dnd. pl?~cied in osition a~ anchor .citeO ~Yhen the anchor has '~een embeclclecl,. tl~e ricf i..s /.ith;!~-awn ror u~e in anothe~: eI7lbecld.~
:ing o~ . aC:iOI~.
5~he ri.cl may ~ if cles ix ed, incorr-or;~tr~ huo-~ra7.~cv t:a.n~ hiC`ll ena'bl f? ~hf? ri~; to k~e r:l.oated to a clc-~ i.red :I.oca~i,on c;t ~¢-~ her~ he lc~ccl~.Lorl i.~s reache(~, c,he t).~s ~;re flOO(l~f?.~ c!~C~ .~llo~r ~ e rig to s.in'Js to ~tll~ se~ ~ecl~ The ~0 3`i CJ m~y h~f..? :ElQ~ t'd in a hori.~o~ ]. po~s:i.ti.on an~'!, at l'he locc~.c..i~ hc l~ nl~s ~Ire ..,e~lecc,lve.l.~ :r'.l.ooclc~ to ~ring thC?
r~ in~o ~ ~7er:ti.~ l o,.~.c-~n~-~.ti.otl ei.the~ befo~ or c~ .nc~ the sin~iinc~ o~ .rc~.tion~ en the anchor has been embeddec~, t~e tank,c, are fill~d ~ith ai.r to 3 a~ it~te return cjf the rig ~5 co the su,r~c~ce.
The anclloring mec-~n~ rna,y ~ake forlns other t.han the~ fl~lic~s de~ccr.-bec~ aho~7eO For e~ampl.e, ~ ~ol.low bulb m~r b~e c~tl-.acl}~ecl to t.he lower. end o-E the tie rod, the irlt~ i.or O F the ~ul,h comm;~icatiIlg ~ri.t'h c,lle :i.nc.e:rlox o-L the ~ie ]~ l.'he bul.'h i..~ formecl wit'n li.nes o, ~,~eec~nes,s dr=~i.nin~ a .series of t~Yo cr r(!~e prongs wh-.ch may be~ o:E
f].~ U~
The bul~.Ls sh;lped to fc~.ci:Li~e i.t~ movem~C?nc, ill ~ O ~ -.? f~'3~ r~iur i~-lq' ~ , r~.~r~ f-?cic~ o~--era ~ ior~ f~?ri ~
?,~, c~ c'~ c~ c~n~ is ~f~ cllf~:l; t~f? ~ b ~; El-~-lC~t~r.`C~' 5~
- 2c~ -a1 OnCJ 1-11e 1i~AeS 0~ wea]~nes~ anc~ the pronc"~ 5p la~fe~ out-wardly into the adjoininy soil.
The fracturirlg and ~play~nc~ ouJb ma~r.bc? accom~
pl~,h-?d by an r- l~.l.os:ive charge lns:ide the bulb, o,^ h~
pumpiny a fluc-nt su.bc:tance clowrl l:he tie rod into tll~? bu lbo The su~sta,lce rnay be liquiid. concre~te, li.cluid rnortar or an epo.~y re 9 lnO
~ h ~ ent ~^,ubstance rnay be con'cainecl~i-khin -che bulb a~nc'l/or tie rocl and EJîe.csurised to e:~fect frac'curin~
o~ t.he bulh and releasc? o the 3ub~tance ~llch then sets to ~ocrn ~ solid in~^iss rouncl the ~x-oncJ3 and th~s an e~fectitre ancl~oxlnc~; n~e-insO -P~lte.natl~relty, the .c~ubstance may be p~ pec.. down into ~uib via c~. ~U?pl~r line conn-~c;_e~; e~..ther c3ix~ct~ r bCJ tl~e ~,ulb o:L bO ~}le tl~ rodO
It i~, po,s~i.b.Le bO e:~'fect ~Fracturing anc~ .~pl~
~ Oll L' 0~ 'ch~ ror~ , by rmean~; o:F an e~plo~ Ye and t~'Lell pu~ t~ lue~ b ~lbsta~lc:e lnto bl~le :EraC bUrf?d b~ b t:o :~o.rm tlle ~30 Lid ma.,~; rc~errec~ t o 1YL~ tl~e prececlincj~ parac ~apll.
S~.L~?.~.in-J~ou'c o~ 1 he tprongs c~ou:ld bc? efected in p~ t hy c~ ?~ o~;:i~? c~ cle ~ncl il~ p(~ h~ mc~ ent o Luc~nt .c;ubsl::ance inl-o thc~ buL~ :Ltc~? nac:;~Tc!l~r, an r.~xplc;--re ~ cl~:CJi~? c~ol~:lc~ llSC~C'`~ 0 f t^ac'~tlr~ tllL~ ?.~t c~E ~L~r~
in t:hL~ bulb t\1ithout c~us:inc~ any ~ub~tctrltial mover~lent of the resultant pror~c.~s, that moveement bein~ e*ect:ed by thc3 2S fl~len~: subc~t~rlce.
FicJ~ 1~1 a~iLlowC sc`heJ(~2Lt~cally an aLnchor cn:~:t.er the ancl~oL h~s }~eC!Il e~ Leddec~L and t'ne bulb fract-~ured to prod~ce splcL~t?~l -ouL ~2ronc s 50 and f l~.tent- substa.nce ha~ been pulnl~e~.
into the ~ ul'~ to form a n~ ; 51 rouncl the p~:onc3-sa Fur~ c!r rc-?in:~orcerL~en-L, ln the fo:rm fc~r c-.~am~:Le o-f a h~-?lic~ lnc~L:i n~ ci~ 1e~.ible ~.ixe or roc~, c~c~ ld br-~
arrcLnc~ecl :i.n the tie rocl and -:orced QU L' wj.. I;h the 1uent ,c.S~C~s~.~n~e .~
C~ m~ c~.v ~ al~ ~c3(~.r~ cL~.f.~ LiCh is 3.~ r~ u'~ rP '~ b~ .t-,(l ~.o Eorrr! t:l~c~ nc!s, ~5~
- 2~ -yrout is then pulllped clown into the voids .ln the acJcJregate to :Eorm a 501:icl m~As~ rou.)d clncl ~/i'chin the pxono;,-;~
IE desirecl, a fluent ~i.ndinc.~ substance coul~t be ~sed in conjunction ~^.i.-th ..he flul..e-li.]~e anchoring means of the ancllc~r de~cr:ibecl above with reference to Figs. 1~90 Att the conclusio-n or.. the e~mbed.ciing operatiGn and after the Eluke.~ have beerl moved out~rarclly, the substance i9 ~u~.ped into the space ~et~le~en the fLu.~es ancl, on se-ttin~, forms a solid wedc~e therebetween ancl ho].cls '~^.he flukes in thei.r '10 e~tenclecl poai-t:i.on.~-, If neces3ary, the anchor may he so constr~e~tecl as to facilitate its removal from the earth ~hen it is no :Longer recJuired. Thls ma~ involve providlnc,i means for ;^e~tractiny the ~lukes tc -the cLosed posit:ion in the case o:E the ~Inchor d~scribed above w:ith reference to Fi.gsO 1~9 .lt:ernat-ive:L~,~, t:lle ancllor ma~ he dracJgecl ~rom ~hc~ earth by the applic~tion o:E a s,ui.ta~le..Eorce~
Claims (10)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An embeddable anchor comprising, in combination, a tie rod which can be embedded in the earth; anchoring means secured to the tie rod in the region of the lower end of the tie rod, said anchoring means comprising members movable between a first position in which the members lie in a closed formation and a second position in which the members lie in an open formation to provide a substantial part of the total resistance of the anchor to upward movement; thrust means mounted on the tie rod and extending substantially in the direction in which the tie rod extends, said thrust means being so mounted on the tie rod that it is movable along at least part of the length of the tie rod, said thrust means comprising a generally tubular member with an open lower end; and securing means mounted on one of said tie rod and said thrust means to enable a mooring cable or chain to be secured to the anchor, said thrust means providing a substantial part of the resistance to any lateral component, with respect to the axis of the tie rod, when a force is applied to said securing means.
2. An embeddable anchor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the anchoring members are interconnected by means ensuring that they move in synchronism with each other.
3. An embeddable anchor as claimed in claim 1 wherein releasable holding means are provided for holding the anchoring members in the first position whilst the anchor is driven into the earth to a predetermined depth, and the anchoring members are movable to the second position by continued driving of the anchor into the earth after the said releasable holding means is released.
4. An embeddable anchor as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the securing means is mounted on said thrust means and said tie rod is arranged to be driven into the earth to a certain depth with said tie rod moving relative to said thrust means while being so driven, said tie rod being arranged to engage said thrust means when the tie rod has been driven into the earth to the said certain depth so that the thrust means can be driven into the earth by driving the tie rod further into the earth.
5. An embeddable anchor as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the generally tubular member is also open at its upper end.
6. An embeddable anchor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thrust means includes a plurality of walls which divide the interior of the generally tubular member, over at least a part of its length, into a plurality of axially extending open-ended cells.
7. An embeddable anchor as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the thrust means includes an inner tubular member through which the tie rod passes and with respect to which the said generally tubular member is situated radially outwards, the inner tubular member being secured to the said generally tubular member.
8. An embeddable anchor as claimed in claim 6, wherein said walls are defined by a plurality of radially extending ribs securing said generally tubular member to an inner tubular member through which the tie rod passes.
9. An embeddable anchor as claimed in claim 8, wherein the inner tubular member projects beyond one end of the said generally tubular member and at least some of the radially extending ribs extend axially, over at least part of their radial extent, along the length of the projecting part of the inner tubular member.
10. An embeddable anchor as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the thrust means is captive on the tie rod.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB797178 | 1978-02-28 | ||
| GB7971/78 | 1978-02-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1145204A true CA1145204A (en) | 1983-04-26 |
Family
ID=9843300
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000321902A Expired CA1145204A (en) | 1978-02-28 | 1979-02-20 | Embeddable anchor and to a method of embedding such anchors |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0004150A1 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR830000610A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU525572B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE68T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1145204A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2952973A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2460837A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2043141B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7915020A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO152202C (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2122236B (en) * | 1982-03-30 | 1986-03-19 | Lipsker Eng | Ground anchor |
| NO301701B1 (en) * | 1995-10-19 | 1997-12-01 | Selantic As | Anchor |
| US20100290839A1 (en) * | 2009-05-18 | 2010-11-18 | Moshe Meller | Anchoring system for anchoring a base that supports a wind turbine |
| CN102673738B (en) * | 2012-05-22 | 2014-08-13 | 淮海工学院 | Automatic vertical tree root anchor |
| CN115094899A (en) * | 2022-06-21 | 2022-09-23 | 中国建筑第七工程局有限公司 | Recyclable steel plate template for foundation construction and construction method |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3228153A (en) * | 1962-07-02 | 1966-01-11 | Harvey Aluminum Inc | Explosive actuated anchor |
| US3343313A (en) * | 1963-01-15 | 1967-09-26 | Harvey Aluminum Inc | Apparatus for installing cemented anchors |
| DE1927087A1 (en) * | 1968-11-29 | 1970-06-25 | Sanji Genma | Ground anchor |
| US3621805A (en) * | 1970-02-02 | 1971-11-23 | Us Navy | Embedment anchor |
| DE2311385C3 (en) * | 1973-03-08 | 1979-03-29 | Mituo Kawasaki Kanagawa Shibata (Japan) | Anchoring device and method for inserting the device into the ground |
| IT1016480B (en) * | 1974-03-14 | 1977-05-30 | Micoperi Spa | SELF-LIFTING MARINE PLATFORM WITH SUBMERSIBLE STRUCTURE OF IRRIGID CHIN |
| US3962937A (en) * | 1974-07-18 | 1976-06-15 | Miller Leo C | Error adjustment method and structure for lathes and the like |
| US3962837A (en) * | 1974-10-11 | 1976-06-15 | Sero Samuel J | Apparatus for expandably engaging the walls of an earthen hole |
| US3969853A (en) * | 1975-02-03 | 1976-07-20 | Foresight Industries | Torque fin anchor |
| DE2649693C3 (en) * | 1976-10-29 | 1982-02-25 | Hikoitsu Tokyo Watanabe | Ground anchors and methods of driving and loosening the same |
-
1979
- 1979-02-20 CA CA000321902A patent/CA1145204A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-02-21 DE DE19792952973 patent/DE2952973A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1979-02-21 GB GB8008972A patent/GB2043141B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-02-21 EP EP79300273A patent/EP0004150A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1979-02-21 BE BEBTR68A patent/BE68T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-02-21 NL NL7915020A patent/NL7915020A/en unknown
- 1979-02-27 AU AU44618/79A patent/AU525572B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1979-02-27 NO NO790659A patent/NO152202C/en unknown
- 1979-02-28 KR KR1019790000615A patent/KR830000610A/en unknown
-
1980
- 1980-02-29 FR FR8004897A patent/FR2460837A1/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE68T1 (en) | 1980-05-16 |
| NO152202C (en) | 1985-08-21 |
| GB2043141B (en) | 1983-01-26 |
| NL7915020A (en) | 1980-05-30 |
| NO790659L (en) | 1979-08-29 |
| AU525572B2 (en) | 1982-11-11 |
| FR2460837A1 (en) | 1981-01-30 |
| FR2460837B1 (en) | 1984-04-06 |
| DE2952973A1 (en) | 1980-11-20 |
| NO152202B (en) | 1985-05-13 |
| GB2043141A (en) | 1980-10-01 |
| AU4461879A (en) | 1979-09-06 |
| KR830000610A (en) | 1983-04-16 |
| EP0004150A1 (en) | 1979-09-19 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |