CA1129945A - Complexing agents for zinc bromine storage systems - Google Patents
Complexing agents for zinc bromine storage systemsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1129945A CA1129945A CA311,588A CA311588A CA1129945A CA 1129945 A CA1129945 A CA 1129945A CA 311588 A CA311588 A CA 311588A CA 1129945 A CA1129945 A CA 1129945A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- bromine
- ammonium bromide
- cell
- diethyl
- zinc
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- ZRXYMHTYEQQBLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Br].[Zn] Chemical compound [Br].[Zn] ZRXYMHTYEQQBLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 120
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 118
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 116
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 230000031709 bromination Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000005893 bromination reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000000536 complexating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract 7
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc bromide Chemical compound Br[Zn]Br VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229940102001 zinc bromide Drugs 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000005207 tetraalkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 N,N-diethyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium bromide N,N,N-triethyl-N-methyl ammonium bromide Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- UMSGVWVBUHUHEH-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethyl(trimethyl)azanium;bromide Chemical group [Br-].CC[N+](C)(C)C UMSGVWVBUHUHEH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims 6
- YYWWIAMIOQXSER-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethyl(dimethyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CC[N+](C)(C)CC YYWWIAMIOQXSER-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 6
- IJJXIIFMAVRCIW-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethyl-methyl-propylazanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCC[N+](C)(CC)CC IJJXIIFMAVRCIW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 6
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen bromide Chemical compound Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 3
- GUWGEQWXKCKOQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2-chloroethyl(trimethyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCl GUWGEQWXKCKOQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- GMXGIJAQJDJKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-M chloromethyl-diethyl-methylazanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CC[N+](C)(CC)CCl GMXGIJAQJDJKBL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-O dimethylaminium Chemical compound C[NH2+]C ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 1
- GRVPDGGTLNKOBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M triethyl(methyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CC[N+](C)(CC)CC GRVPDGGTLNKOBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 66
- 229940074995 bromine Drugs 0.000 description 81
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 17
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 13
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 11
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 8
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- AXGSHZVAGVXBJN-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethyl(tripropyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCC[N+](CC)(CCC)CCC AXGSHZVAGVXBJN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000000153 supplemental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000005621 tetraalkylammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-azaniumyl-2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound NCC(O)C(O)=O BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100381997 Danio rerio tbc1d32 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100381999 Mus musculus Tbc1d32 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium bromide Chemical compound [NH4+].[Br-] SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003868 ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940006460 bromide ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010668 complexation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002844 continuous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- VYFNGSZRWLYKGI-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethyl(dipropyl)azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCC[N+](CC)(CC)CCC VYFNGSZRWLYKGI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002659 electrodeposit Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HWSZZLVAJGOAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-L lead(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pb]Cl HWSZZLVAJGOAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000000622 liquid--liquid extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-O oxonium Chemical compound [OH3+] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009790 rate-determining step (RDS) Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036647 reaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002311 subsequent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940007029 sustain Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HWCKGOZZJDHMNC-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC HWCKGOZZJDHMNC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- SEACXNRNJAXIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(methyl)azanium Chemical class CC[N+](C)(CC)CC SEACXNRNJAXIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
- H01M10/365—Zinc-halogen accumulators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US83824377A | 1977-09-30 | 1977-09-30 | |
| US838,243 | 1977-09-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1129945A true CA1129945A (en) | 1982-08-17 |
Family
ID=25276627
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA311,588A Expired CA1129945A (en) | 1977-09-30 | 1978-09-19 | Complexing agents for zinc bromine storage systems |
Country Status (5)
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4315482A4 (en) * | 2021-03-31 | 2025-09-10 | Eos Energy Tech Holdings Llc | HALOGEN COMPLEXING AGENTS BOUND TO THE CATHODE SURFACE IN A STATIC ZINC HALIDE BATTERY |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3274702D1 (en) * | 1982-04-14 | 1987-01-22 | Meidensha Electric Mfg Co Ltd | Electrolytes circulation type metal-halogen secondary battery |
| DE3372683D1 (en) * | 1982-11-04 | 1987-08-27 | Meidensha Electric Mfg Co Ltd | Electrolyte for zinc-bromine storage batteries |
| US4491625A (en) * | 1984-03-26 | 1985-01-01 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Zinc-bromine batteries with improved electrolyte |
| JPS6318819U (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) * | 1986-07-22 | 1988-02-08 | ||
| CA2963078C (en) * | 2014-10-06 | 2022-03-22 | Eos Energy Storage, Llc | Electolyte composition for a zinc-halide battery and bipolar electrode comprising a titanium carbide coated cathode box |
| CN107077975A (zh) * | 2014-11-03 | 2017-08-18 | 塞克姆公司 | 用于电能储存和发电装置的基于混合的烷基季铵盐或鏻盐的电解质组合物 |
| WO2016080300A1 (ja) * | 2014-11-18 | 2016-05-26 | 国立大学法人 長崎大学 | 二次電池 |
| JP6457825B2 (ja) | 2015-01-29 | 2019-01-23 | 日東電工株式会社 | 粘着シート、及び、光学部材 |
| WO2016181389A1 (en) | 2015-05-11 | 2016-11-17 | Bromine Compounds Ltd. | An additive for a flow battery |
| WO2017081678A1 (en) | 2015-11-10 | 2017-05-18 | Bromine Compounds Ltd. | Additives for a flow battery |
| ES2997364T3 (en) | 2016-03-29 | 2025-02-17 | Eos Energy Tech Holdings Llc | Electrolyte for rechargeable electrochemical cell |
| BR112021004708A2 (pt) * | 2018-09-12 | 2021-06-22 | Gelion Technologies Pty Ltd | bateria com agente sequestrante de halogênio, uso de um hsa polimérico, uso de um agente sequestrante de halogênio polimérico (hsa) que é um polímero e método de produção de uma bateria |
| JP7292859B2 (ja) | 2018-11-19 | 2023-06-19 | 藤森工業株式会社 | 表面保護フィルム、及びそれが貼着された光学部品 |
| CN114621496B (zh) * | 2020-12-10 | 2022-11-15 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种具有阻溴固溴功能Daramic复合离子传导膜的制备和应用 |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH509672A (it) * | 1969-04-23 | 1971-06-30 | Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche | Elettrodo per accumulatori elettrici a alogenuro di zinco in elettrolita acquoso del tipo a catodo solubile ed anodo disciolto |
| US3944430A (en) * | 1970-09-18 | 1976-03-16 | Union Carbide Corporation | Rechargeable galvanic cell and electrolyte therefor-II |
| US3915744A (en) * | 1971-08-31 | 1975-10-28 | Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche | Electric battery |
| CH554078A (fr) * | 1971-08-31 | 1974-09-13 | Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche | Accumulateur electrique. |
| US3816177A (en) * | 1972-11-17 | 1974-06-11 | Eco Control | Secondary cells and batteries |
| US4038460A (en) * | 1976-03-17 | 1977-07-26 | Eco-Control, Inc. | Halogen complexing ethers |
| US4038459A (en) * | 1976-03-17 | 1977-07-26 | Eco-Control, Inc. | Halogen complexing alcohols and nitriles |
| US4064324A (en) * | 1976-04-07 | 1977-12-20 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Metal-Halogenelectrochemical cell |
| US4105829A (en) * | 1976-04-07 | 1978-08-08 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Metal halogen batteries and method of operating same |
| US4104447A (en) * | 1977-09-26 | 1978-08-01 | Eco-Control, Inc. | Halogen complexing alkyl salts for use in halogen cells |
-
1978
- 1978-09-19 CA CA311,588A patent/CA1129945A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-09-29 DE DE19782842500 patent/DE2842500A1/de active Granted
- 1978-09-29 GB GB7838781A patent/GB2005064B/en not_active Expired
- 1978-09-30 JP JP11993278A patent/JPS5461640A/ja active Granted
- 1978-10-02 FR FR7828086A patent/FR2404928A1/fr active Granted
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4315482A4 (en) * | 2021-03-31 | 2025-09-10 | Eos Energy Tech Holdings Llc | HALOGEN COMPLEXING AGENTS BOUND TO THE CATHODE SURFACE IN A STATIC ZINC HALIDE BATTERY |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2842500C2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1987-10-15 |
| DE2842500A1 (de) | 1979-04-12 |
| JPS5461640A (en) | 1979-05-18 |
| JPS6313310B2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1988-03-24 |
| FR2404928A1 (fr) | 1979-04-27 |
| GB2005064B (en) | 1982-01-27 |
| FR2404928B1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) | 1983-07-29 |
| GB2005064A (en) | 1979-04-11 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |