CA1126541A - Method of pulley manufacture and product - Google Patents
Method of pulley manufacture and productInfo
- Publication number
- CA1126541A CA1126541A CA368,331A CA368331A CA1126541A CA 1126541 A CA1126541 A CA 1126541A CA 368331 A CA368331 A CA 368331A CA 1126541 A CA1126541 A CA 1126541A
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- Prior art keywords
- wall
- pulley
- roller
- base
- sheet metal
- Prior art date
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Abstract
A B S T R A C T
This invention relates to a novel method of making pulleys and pulley blanks from sheet metal. The sheet metal is stamped into pulley blanks having an upstanding cylindrical wall, the cylindrical wall is then thickened by being partially collapsed axially, followed by contacting with a roller. The roller can have a plurality of v-shaped grooves on its surface, to form a pulley for use with a poly-v belt. The pulley is provided during manufacture with flanges which strengthen it.
This invention relates to a novel method of making pulleys and pulley blanks from sheet metal. The sheet metal is stamped into pulley blanks having an upstanding cylindrical wall, the cylindrical wall is then thickened by being partially collapsed axially, followed by contacting with a roller. The roller can have a plurality of v-shaped grooves on its surface, to form a pulley for use with a poly-v belt. The pulley is provided during manufacture with flanges which strengthen it.
Description
f ~'12~;54~
~ his applicatlon relates to a method of thickening sheet metal in selected areas. In a more preferred embodiment, this application relates to a method of making pulleys frcm sheet metal.
The method of making pulleys from sheet metal has long been known. Such Pullevs are often made by a metal spinning pro~
cess, such as that shown in Wickw~re et al, U.S.P. 2,685,856, dated August 10, 1954, or Harrison et al, U.S.P. 1,828,464 dated October 20, 1931. Both of these patents show making of pulleys with a single v-groove, which can be used to contain and provide power to 10 a v-belt. It is possible also to make pulleys having two v-shaped grooves by a metal spinning process, as shown in U.S. Patent
~ his applicatlon relates to a method of thickening sheet metal in selected areas. In a more preferred embodiment, this application relates to a method of making pulleys frcm sheet metal.
The method of making pulleys from sheet metal has long been known. Such Pullevs are often made by a metal spinning pro~
cess, such as that shown in Wickw~re et al, U.S.P. 2,685,856, dated August 10, 1954, or Harrison et al, U.S.P. 1,828,464 dated October 20, 1931. Both of these patents show making of pulleys with a single v-groove, which can be used to contain and provide power to 10 a v-belt. It is possible also to make pulleys having two v-shaped grooves by a metal spinning process, as shown in U.S. Patent
2,892,431 of Killian et al, dated June 20, 1959. However, th1s involves more complicated machinery, and is also subject to diffi-culty because the formation of the v-grooves causes metal flow, leading to thinned portions of the pulley wall around the v-grooves whi ch may lead to failure of the pulley in operation.
It has been proposed to form pulleys having more than two v-grooves by the use of metal ~dies, as has been disclosed in U.S.P.
It has been proposed to form pulleys having more than two v-grooves by the use of metal ~dies, as has been disclosed in U.S.P.
3,368,376 of Previte, dated February 13, 1968. However, this pro-20 cess would require complicated dies with expanding arcuate seg~ents.Another process, which involves the spinning of shallow grooves which are folded together into a sinuous shape and impressed with a ~-grooved roller, has-been proposed ir~ U.S.P. 3,977,264 of Sproul.
This process also involves expanding die segments and complicated equipment, and requires that very thin grooved metal ;be p:~ecisely -~
folded together without tearing. Insofar as applicant is aware, neither the Previte nor the Sproul process has been used cormner~
cially.
The formation of v-gr~oves in the side of a pulley in any 30 of the aforesaid processes can lead to thinning of the pulley wall, and therefore failure of the pulley. One reason for this is that a considerable amount of metal flow must necessarily occ~lr in -;l-.
,.. .. . . . . . .
r ~1 ~.26541 these processes, and it is diffic:ult tc guide this flo~- in such a way that all portions of the finished v-groove in the pulley are of adequate thickness~ Accordingly, it is necessary to start from a fairly heavy gauge metal, so that the final pulley will ~ :
be of sufficient strength to resist the torsional stresses which would tend `
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to dri~e it out-of-round in operation;
- The existing spun pulleys have been usable with respect to single v-belts, which are belts having one flat side and one side shaped in an outwardly pointing vee configuration. How-ever, for many years, other ~elts, known as poly v-belts,have been '! used in a number of operations, such as for the powering of speci-alized machinery. These belts have one flat side and a plurality (usually six) of vee portions extending outwardly on the oppos~te side, in a saw-tooth pattern. The production of pulleys to enga~e such belts has been difficult, as the saw-tooth like configuration of a poly ~-b~elt xequi~es~ a number of sharply pointed vee config-uarations on the pulley, in relati~ely close proximity to one an-- othe. This uses up a great deal of metal. Accordingly, a rela~
tively thick walled pulley can must be used if traditional metal spinning techniques, or a die stamping technique such as that of Previte,is to be employed. The resulting pulleys ~ould be h6avy !~',. and expensive to make, and have not found favour in aut omobile ~anufacture, where low cost and weight reduction are desirable for commercial acceptance. The lac~ of effective, low cost, light-weight pulleys has prevented the widespread adoption of poly v-belts by the automob~le industry, despite other inherent advan-~,~ tages which have been recognized for such belts.
~; In most spinning or die-stamping methods, the pulley '.'5 blank is formed initially by drawing a flat piece of metal into a shape having a base and an upstanding cylindrical wall. This blank is commonly known as a "cann.- The pulley grooves are rolled !'`~ or die-stamped into the wall of the can. Accordingly, the initial r,' flat piece of metai must be chosen to ~e of a sufficient thickness .~ so that the can waIl, after drawing, is of sufficient thickness to make v-grooves of adequate strength for the intended application.
~owever, the drawing process produces a wall which is ei`the~- the same thic~ness as, or slightly thinn~r than-, the bas~. According}y, : . : :~
; - 2 -~:.~ ............ . . . . . . .
~26~41 in the known processes, the minimum thickness permissible for the starting piece of metal is determined by the minimum thickness tolerable in the walls of the can. As the can base is subjected to lesser stresses than the wall during formation of the pulley, it need not be as thick or strong as the wall. It would there-fore be advantageous in many cases, from a cost point of view, to provide a pulley can which has a strengthened wall.
Accordingly, it is the object of the present invention to provide a method for strengthening the approximately cylindrical lQ wall portions of a pulley blank or "can" so that the wall portion will be more robust than would otherwise be possible with the thickness of sheet metal used to form the pulley can. It is another object of the invention to prepare pulleys having at least four v-~rooves in their sides, such v-grooves having rela- -tively sharp bottoms to their vees. ~t is another object to form -~
a generalized method of thickening the sheet metal of vertical walls of a drawn can, so as to strengthen the vertical upstanding - -walls. It is another object to provide light-weight, strong pulleys for the purpose of powering poly v-belts in automobiles.
Having regard to these objects, the invention in one of its aspects comprises a novel sheet metal pulley comprising a circular sheet metal base of sheet metal having a predetermined thickness; a cylindrical wall upstanding from the base and fo~ned ;
from the same piece of sheet metal as the base, the metal thick~
ness of said wall being greater than the metal thickness of the ~ -~
sheet metal base; a first annular flange formed from the same piece of sheet metal as the base and extending outwardly from ~;
the wall at the point where the wall joins the base; and a second - ~
annular flange formed from the same piece of sheet metal as the ~ ~-30 wall and base extending outwardly from the end of the wall remote -from the base, said annular flanges defining the ends of the ~.
outer surface of the cylindrical wall.
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~2~;S41 Another aspect of the invention provides a noYel method of forming a pulley, which comprises providing a pulley blank formed of sheet metal and having a circular base and a cylindrical wall upstanding from the circumference of the base; partially, but not completely collapsing said wall in an axial direction;
providing a cylindrical backing block of smaller diameter than the pulley blank within the pulley blank; contacting the partially collapsed wall of the pulley blank with the face of a roller, said roller and saîd pulley blank being rotatable and said backing block being rotatable with the pulley, and one of said pulley and said roller being caused to rotate, said roller and said block being contacted with sufficient force such that both rotate, . .
while moving the roller inwardly to a predetermined distance from the backing block, wherehy the roller deforms the metal of the wall completely filling the space between the roller and the ~ ::
backing block and forming a smooth cylindrical interior wall when such roller is at the predetermined distance from the backing block, said roller having sloped faces at each end of the said face and said sloped faces coating with similarly sloped faces 2a on the apparatus which retains the pulley blank whereby to form flanges in said pulley bounding said wall, while said wall is being ormed.
The roller as described above can be smoothly cylindrical and the predetermined distance can be greater than ~,.1.
~1:26~41 the thick~ess of the ~etzl of the b~as~, whereby a smooth-walled pulley with a robust w~ll thic~er than the base and bounded by ~two flanges is obtained. In another embodiment, the ~e~n~ roll~r can have circumferential ri~ges whereby to impart a poly-v gr~o~e pattern on the face of the pulley between the flanges. In this case, the predetermined distance (between the part of the roller most closely approaching the backing block to the backing block) can be less than the thickness of the sheet metal of the pulley can, while still glving adequate strength.
In another embodiment, a smooth-walled pulley with a thickened wall is first formed, then this is contacted with a ~; -roller having circumferential ridges to give a poly-v grooved pulley.
The invention will be further described with respect to the drawings in which~
Figure 1 represents a sheet of sheet metal which is usable to form a pulley can.
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of one form of a pulley can formed from the metal af Figure 1.
Figures 2a and 2b show cross-sectional views of alter-~ nate forms of the base of the puIly can.
Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view of the pulley can of Figure 2 mounte~ in a conventional metal spinning a-pparat~
us . . '~
- Figure 4a sh~ws a p~rtial cross-sectional view of the can of Figure 2 and Figure 4b shows a partial croos-sectional view of the same can, ilIustrating a flange-forming step which can optionally be performed prior to partial collapsing of the can.
Figure 5 shows a partial cross-sectional view of the can of Figure 2, showing one method of collapsing the can par-tially.
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Figu~es 6a a~d 6b s~ow a partial cro~s-sectio~al ~iew of the can of Figure 2, illustratins succeQsive steps Qf an alternatlve way of collapsing the can partially.
Figures 7a and 7b show successive steps in the form-ing of v-groo~es in a partially collapsed can.
Figures 8a and 8b show successive steps in thicken-lng the walls of a partially collapsed can wlthout formlng V-grQOVes.
Figure 9 shows the formation of v-grooves in a can after the step of ~igure 8.
In its simplest form in manufacturing a pulley suit-able for poly v-belt use on automobiles, a pulley can is formed by deep drawing or spinning, in a conventional way, a sheet of flat metal. The particular sheet metal can be any of those conventionally used in spun pully manufacture. The most common of these are sheet aluminum and hot rolled, commercial quality, low carbon sheet steel. The sheet of sheet metal, such~as shown in Figure 1, has for example a thickness of 0.080 inch.
Thicker sheet metal can of course be used, and the upper limit to thickness depends upon the ultimate use envisaged for the ~; pulley to be made, and~the-preQsures able to be exerted by the drawing and sp~inning equipment to be used. The use o~f-thin sheet metal (i.e., between 0.Q70 inch and 0.I10 inch in thick- -ness) is preferred as the particular advantages of the~present invention are mu-ch more pronounced when thin sheet metal is used~
as then the invention provides pulleys from such thin sheet metal which have performance characteristics which could otherwise have only been obtained from pulleys made of a thicker grade o~f the particular sheet metal.
As stated above, a pulley blank (which is henceforth called a "can") is made according to conventional methods on a conventional deep drawing or rolling machine. Such a machine stamps a circular portion out of a sheet of ~heet metal 1 .
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-`` 112:6~
(~igure 1) and draws it into a ca~ having a b~se, and a~ up~ta~d-ins cylindrical wall. The can ~ay be of any desired dimension, dependlng upon the size of the e~uipment being used, and the size of the required final pulley. For example, for 5iX inch pulleys (a size often ~sed in automobiles) a circular pie~e nine ~ -inches in diameter is stamped out, and is drawn into a can with a 6.6 inch diameter base and a two inch high wall. A typical can is shown as 15 in Figure 2. The can of Figure 2 has a stepped base portion 10 and upstanding cylin~rical wall 11. The base portion 10 is usually pierced in its center by a hole at 12 in conventional manner, to provide for registration on metal spin~
ning equipment. Other holes may be pierced for registration purposes or for use as bolt holes when the pulley is completed.
. .
Additionally, the shape of the base 10 of the can need not be stepped as shown in Figure 2, but may instead be of flat or sloped configuration as shown in Figures 2a and 2b. Instead of a single hole, several holes may b~ pierced in the base in any desired pattern, as shown at 13 in Figure 2b. If desired, the pulley blank may be fitted with a hub formed of a separate piece of metal, as for example shown in United States Patent 2,696,740 issued December 1, 1954.
According to the method of the invention, the can is placed in a con~entional, ~eneral p~rpose, metal spinning ~ac~ine.
Such machines are available com:ercially, and will not be illus-trated here. As is usual, the machine is provided with chucks to hold a workpiece for rotation and with tool holders to move sel-ected tools toward and away from the axis of rotation of the work-piece. The machine is also capable of compres-sing a work-piece along its axis of rotation.
Figure 3 shows a can of the form of Figure 2 positioned~
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in a metal spinning machine between bottom chuck 20, and top chuck 23. The axis of rotation of the can is shown by the line ~126S4i a-a throu~h the chucks and t e c~n. As is comm2n in the pulley spinning art, the can is c~rrectly oriented so that its axis of rotation is the centre axis of the cylin~rical can wall. 5uch orientation can be achieved by ~eans of a can holding groove 21 in the bottQm chuck 20, and a central spindle 24 extending from chuck 23 and engaging hole 12, or by any other known means.
If desired, cylindrical internal support block 60 may be secured to the chuck 20 for rotation therewith. The block 60 has an indentation 61, to house spindle 24 when chucks 23 2nd 20 are moved together a predetermined distance.
It is preferred, for reasons to be described later, that the inner side of groove 21 be sloped, rather than vertical, as indicated at 25 in Figure 3. Top chuck Z3 also has a sloping annular portion 26 fa~ing the slope 25, also as shown in Figure 3.
If desired, a step of forming outer and inner flanges in the pulley wall can be carried out before thickening of the waIl and forming the grooves in it. Such a step is not absolutely necessary, as flanges can conveniently be formed during the course 2-0 of subsequent steps of pulley formation, as will be described.
However, it is sometimes con~enient to form the flanges f~rst, as this may permitibetter control-of the partial collapse of the pulley wall, as described later.
' - 7a -. ~126S~
The s ~p of flange formation is shown in ~igures 4a and 4b. Figure 4a shows a can positioned as shown in Figure 3, but with a roller 50 approaching it. ~he roller 50 is rotatable about an axis c-c parallel to a-a and is movable toward and away from axis a-a. The roller 50 has a generally cylindrical smooth outer face 51, and two sloped portions 52 and 53 each adjacent to the cylindrical face 51 as shown in Figure 4a. Alternately, the face of the roller can be slightly concave if desired. As is known in the art, such a roller can be mounted on springs, so that it can ;~ -~
move axially up and down slightly in response to pressures on its periphery. In the example shown, the roller is unpowered.
The chucks 20 and 23 are rotated simultaneou$1y, at the same speed and in the same direction, carrying with them the can 15 and blocX 60. As this rotation is occurring, the roller 50 ~s moved into contact with the wall 11 of the can 1~. SimultaneousIy, chuck 23 is moved downwardly a predetermined distance, so that, as the face 51 contacts the can ~all 11 and continues to move inwardly, -~the metal at the join betwee~ base 10 and wall 11 (shown at 16) is-fol~ed over by the pressure of the roller 51 bearing against the can. The sloping portion 52 of the rolIer helps fold over the Zo metal at 16 smoothly, to form a flange. Similarly, the sloping ¦
portion 53 helps form a flange smoothly at the end 17 of the~ can wall which is~most remote from the base. The roller 50 is moved inwardly toward the axis a-a a predetermined amount, having regard to the amount of downward movement of the chuck 23, so that the areas 16 and 17 of the wall 11 are folded into the position shown in Figure 4b, without undue stretching. Preferably (bu. not nec-essarily) the internal block 60 extends outwardly just sufficiently so that its external face 62 provides a backing support for the A'.~', ,' wall 11, when the roll~er 50 is at the innermost limit o its travel toward the axis a-a. It is preferred, however, that the block 60 should be of such a height that there is a gap, indicated . _ .
as 63 between the base 10 and the bloc~ 60 after this operation~
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so that the chuck 23 can ~e moved in subsequent steps of the pulley formation closer to the chucX 20, without the necessity of chanqing blocks 60. However, instead of leaving a space 63, it is also possible to dispense completely with the bloc~ 60 during the step shown in Figures 4a and 4b, or else, after completion of the step shown in Figures 4a and 4b, to remove the bloc~ 60 and replace it with a block having a smaller vertical height, before going on to further steps.
The steps shcwn in Figures 4a and 4b creat~ two flanges, 18 and 19, with a flat portion 117 between tnem. It will be noted that the flange l9 lies along the sloping portion 25 of the chuck 20 and is in fact formed between the sloping portion 53 of the roller 50 and the sloping portion 25 of the chuc~ 20. The slope of portion 25 should be pre-chosen so that it will provide a smooth bacX to assist in formation of flange 19.
As stated above, the step shown in Figures 4a and 4b is optional. It has the effect of accurately sizing two flanges 18 and l9, which fIanges are found to be useful in pulleys for poly v-belts, as they help to retain the poly v-belt in position when the pulley is ultimately formed. In the subsequent description, it will be assumed that the step of flange formation as shown in Figures 4a and 4b has not been carried aut, but it will be urder-stood by one skilled in the art that the steps to be described can be carried out with a pulley blan-k having flanges 18~~nd l9 as obtained from the carrying out of the steps shown in Figures 4a and 4b.
If the step of Figures 4a and 4b is not carried out, the first step to be performed on a pulley can ir. the process according to the invention is the partial collapsinq~ of the wall 11 of the pulley can lS. Such partial collapsing can be carried out in sever~l ways~ One way (which is not preferred~ is ~y a step of bulging the can as shown in ~. S. Patent 2,929,345 of :, R~-' -~, ' .
~2~5~
Zatyko, dated March 22, 1960. This step is not preferred as it re~uires special equipment, which must be specially mounted on the spinning machine for the purpose of the step, and subsequently ; -~
removed so that other steps can be carried out. An aliernative, and also not preferred manner, is simply to apply axial pressure to the c~uck 23, causing the wall 11 to buc~le, as shown at 112 in Figure 5. The buc~ling occurs in an irregular manner. The bloc~ 60 need not be present during the operation of partial col-lapse of the wall 11 to the approximate shape shown at 112, but it 10 can be present if desired. As will be obvious to one skilied in -the art, the irregular buckling could also be carried out after ;
flanges 18 and 19 have been formed by the method shown in Figures 4a and 4b.
An alternative, and preferred manner of partially collapsing the wall 11 is shown in Figures 6a and 5b. Figures-6a and 6b show a pair of rollers 31 and 32, which rotate about an axis b-b. These rollers are separated from one another b-~ a compression spring 33. Each of the rollers has a face with a sloping portion 34, a blunt extension 35, and a curved portion 36, which is lo-cated nearest the other roller. The two rollers are separated by the spring 33 a distance such that the projections 35 will engage wall 11, when the rollers 32 and 33 are moved together toward the wall, at fairly widely spaced points on wall 11. '' In the partial collapse of the can wall according to the method of FiguIes 6a and 6b, the chucks 20 and 23 are powered to rotate the can 11, and the rollèrs 31 and 32 are moved into contact with the can 11. As the rollers contact the can 11, they will of course begin rotating as well, as the rotation of the can L1 will cause them to rotate. The projections 35 will of course be the 30 first portions of rollers 31 and 32 to contact the can wall 11.
As soon as the portions 35 have contacted the wall, the chuc~ 23 is moved tow-ard the chuc~ 20, at the same time as the rollers 32 , .
26S~
and 31 are moved together toward the axis a-a. ~his will cause the can wall 11 to buckle, and, ~t ~he same time, the buckling ~i11 be controlled somewhat by the fact that the projections 35 will tend to stay in contact with the same portion of the can ~all th~t they originally contacted,with the spring 33 compre~sing as the chuck 23 mo~es toward the chuck 20. This will cause the can wall to lie along the contour of the curved roller face 36, as shown in Pigure 6~. The amount by which the rollers 31 and 32 should approach the axis a-a, and the design of the contours 36 ~nd the amount of movement of the chuck 23 will be obvious to a man skilled in the art. It is generally preferred to have the rollers 31 and 32 end up in face to face contact with one another, so that no point or burr on the metal is formed by a gap between the two faces 36, such as indicated at 37. ~owever, if a burr or point i~
formed, this is not detrimental, as it will be remo~ed during the l~ter processing steps. After the rollers 31 and 32 ~re ~ithdrawn further controlled collapse can be carried ou~ by moving the chucks 20 and 23 c~oser to one another by a desired amount.
The form of partially collapsed wall formed by the method of Figures 6a and 6b is shown in Figure 6b at 113. ~t will ~e noted that the shape of the collapsed wall is somewhat more regular than is formed by the method of Figure 5. ~erein-after, further steps of the invention will be described with respect to a wall of form 112, but it is understood that this disclosure ~pplies e~ually to a wall of form 113.
~o matter which method is used to collapse the wall, it is preferred that the wall 11 be collapsed so that its final height ~hl)~see Figure S) is from 25% to 75% of its original height h (see Figure 2). If a flange has been formed by the step of Figure
This process also involves expanding die segments and complicated equipment, and requires that very thin grooved metal ;be p:~ecisely -~
folded together without tearing. Insofar as applicant is aware, neither the Previte nor the Sproul process has been used cormner~
cially.
The formation of v-gr~oves in the side of a pulley in any 30 of the aforesaid processes can lead to thinning of the pulley wall, and therefore failure of the pulley. One reason for this is that a considerable amount of metal flow must necessarily occ~lr in -;l-.
,.. .. . . . . . .
r ~1 ~.26541 these processes, and it is diffic:ult tc guide this flo~- in such a way that all portions of the finished v-groove in the pulley are of adequate thickness~ Accordingly, it is necessary to start from a fairly heavy gauge metal, so that the final pulley will ~ :
be of sufficient strength to resist the torsional stresses which would tend `
~:..: . : , .: :~ :. ,:~
- la - .
~ . - - , .
,S , 4 Z~541 ^ - .
to dri~e it out-of-round in operation;
- The existing spun pulleys have been usable with respect to single v-belts, which are belts having one flat side and one side shaped in an outwardly pointing vee configuration. How-ever, for many years, other ~elts, known as poly v-belts,have been '! used in a number of operations, such as for the powering of speci-alized machinery. These belts have one flat side and a plurality (usually six) of vee portions extending outwardly on the oppos~te side, in a saw-tooth pattern. The production of pulleys to enga~e such belts has been difficult, as the saw-tooth like configuration of a poly ~-b~elt xequi~es~ a number of sharply pointed vee config-uarations on the pulley, in relati~ely close proximity to one an-- othe. This uses up a great deal of metal. Accordingly, a rela~
tively thick walled pulley can must be used if traditional metal spinning techniques, or a die stamping technique such as that of Previte,is to be employed. The resulting pulleys ~ould be h6avy !~',. and expensive to make, and have not found favour in aut omobile ~anufacture, where low cost and weight reduction are desirable for commercial acceptance. The lac~ of effective, low cost, light-weight pulleys has prevented the widespread adoption of poly v-belts by the automob~le industry, despite other inherent advan-~,~ tages which have been recognized for such belts.
~; In most spinning or die-stamping methods, the pulley '.'5 blank is formed initially by drawing a flat piece of metal into a shape having a base and an upstanding cylindrical wall. This blank is commonly known as a "cann.- The pulley grooves are rolled !'`~ or die-stamped into the wall of the can. Accordingly, the initial r,' flat piece of metai must be chosen to ~e of a sufficient thickness .~ so that the can waIl, after drawing, is of sufficient thickness to make v-grooves of adequate strength for the intended application.
~owever, the drawing process produces a wall which is ei`the~- the same thic~ness as, or slightly thinn~r than-, the bas~. According}y, : . : :~
; - 2 -~:.~ ............ . . . . . . .
~26~41 in the known processes, the minimum thickness permissible for the starting piece of metal is determined by the minimum thickness tolerable in the walls of the can. As the can base is subjected to lesser stresses than the wall during formation of the pulley, it need not be as thick or strong as the wall. It would there-fore be advantageous in many cases, from a cost point of view, to provide a pulley can which has a strengthened wall.
Accordingly, it is the object of the present invention to provide a method for strengthening the approximately cylindrical lQ wall portions of a pulley blank or "can" so that the wall portion will be more robust than would otherwise be possible with the thickness of sheet metal used to form the pulley can. It is another object of the invention to prepare pulleys having at least four v-~rooves in their sides, such v-grooves having rela- -tively sharp bottoms to their vees. ~t is another object to form -~
a generalized method of thickening the sheet metal of vertical walls of a drawn can, so as to strengthen the vertical upstanding - -walls. It is another object to provide light-weight, strong pulleys for the purpose of powering poly v-belts in automobiles.
Having regard to these objects, the invention in one of its aspects comprises a novel sheet metal pulley comprising a circular sheet metal base of sheet metal having a predetermined thickness; a cylindrical wall upstanding from the base and fo~ned ;
from the same piece of sheet metal as the base, the metal thick~
ness of said wall being greater than the metal thickness of the ~ -~
sheet metal base; a first annular flange formed from the same piece of sheet metal as the base and extending outwardly from ~;
the wall at the point where the wall joins the base; and a second - ~
annular flange formed from the same piece of sheet metal as the ~ ~-30 wall and base extending outwardly from the end of the wall remote -from the base, said annular flanges defining the ends of the ~.
outer surface of the cylindrical wall.
;, .,:.
~2~;S41 Another aspect of the invention provides a noYel method of forming a pulley, which comprises providing a pulley blank formed of sheet metal and having a circular base and a cylindrical wall upstanding from the circumference of the base; partially, but not completely collapsing said wall in an axial direction;
providing a cylindrical backing block of smaller diameter than the pulley blank within the pulley blank; contacting the partially collapsed wall of the pulley blank with the face of a roller, said roller and saîd pulley blank being rotatable and said backing block being rotatable with the pulley, and one of said pulley and said roller being caused to rotate, said roller and said block being contacted with sufficient force such that both rotate, . .
while moving the roller inwardly to a predetermined distance from the backing block, wherehy the roller deforms the metal of the wall completely filling the space between the roller and the ~ ::
backing block and forming a smooth cylindrical interior wall when such roller is at the predetermined distance from the backing block, said roller having sloped faces at each end of the said face and said sloped faces coating with similarly sloped faces 2a on the apparatus which retains the pulley blank whereby to form flanges in said pulley bounding said wall, while said wall is being ormed.
The roller as described above can be smoothly cylindrical and the predetermined distance can be greater than ~,.1.
~1:26~41 the thick~ess of the ~etzl of the b~as~, whereby a smooth-walled pulley with a robust w~ll thic~er than the base and bounded by ~two flanges is obtained. In another embodiment, the ~e~n~ roll~r can have circumferential ri~ges whereby to impart a poly-v gr~o~e pattern on the face of the pulley between the flanges. In this case, the predetermined distance (between the part of the roller most closely approaching the backing block to the backing block) can be less than the thickness of the sheet metal of the pulley can, while still glving adequate strength.
In another embodiment, a smooth-walled pulley with a thickened wall is first formed, then this is contacted with a ~; -roller having circumferential ridges to give a poly-v grooved pulley.
The invention will be further described with respect to the drawings in which~
Figure 1 represents a sheet of sheet metal which is usable to form a pulley can.
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of one form of a pulley can formed from the metal af Figure 1.
Figures 2a and 2b show cross-sectional views of alter-~ nate forms of the base of the puIly can.
Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view of the pulley can of Figure 2 mounte~ in a conventional metal spinning a-pparat~
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- Figure 4a sh~ws a p~rtial cross-sectional view of the can of Figure 2 and Figure 4b shows a partial croos-sectional view of the same can, ilIustrating a flange-forming step which can optionally be performed prior to partial collapsing of the can.
Figure 5 shows a partial cross-sectional view of the can of Figure 2, showing one method of collapsing the can par-tially.
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Figu~es 6a a~d 6b s~ow a partial cro~s-sectio~al ~iew of the can of Figure 2, illustratins succeQsive steps Qf an alternatlve way of collapsing the can partially.
Figures 7a and 7b show successive steps in the form-ing of v-groo~es in a partially collapsed can.
Figures 8a and 8b show successive steps in thicken-lng the walls of a partially collapsed can wlthout formlng V-grQOVes.
Figure 9 shows the formation of v-grooves in a can after the step of ~igure 8.
In its simplest form in manufacturing a pulley suit-able for poly v-belt use on automobiles, a pulley can is formed by deep drawing or spinning, in a conventional way, a sheet of flat metal. The particular sheet metal can be any of those conventionally used in spun pully manufacture. The most common of these are sheet aluminum and hot rolled, commercial quality, low carbon sheet steel. The sheet of sheet metal, such~as shown in Figure 1, has for example a thickness of 0.080 inch.
Thicker sheet metal can of course be used, and the upper limit to thickness depends upon the ultimate use envisaged for the ~; pulley to be made, and~the-preQsures able to be exerted by the drawing and sp~inning equipment to be used. The use o~f-thin sheet metal (i.e., between 0.Q70 inch and 0.I10 inch in thick- -ness) is preferred as the particular advantages of the~present invention are mu-ch more pronounced when thin sheet metal is used~
as then the invention provides pulleys from such thin sheet metal which have performance characteristics which could otherwise have only been obtained from pulleys made of a thicker grade o~f the particular sheet metal.
As stated above, a pulley blank (which is henceforth called a "can") is made according to conventional methods on a conventional deep drawing or rolling machine. Such a machine stamps a circular portion out of a sheet of ~heet metal 1 .
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(~igure 1) and draws it into a ca~ having a b~se, and a~ up~ta~d-ins cylindrical wall. The can ~ay be of any desired dimension, dependlng upon the size of the e~uipment being used, and the size of the required final pulley. For example, for 5iX inch pulleys (a size often ~sed in automobiles) a circular pie~e nine ~ -inches in diameter is stamped out, and is drawn into a can with a 6.6 inch diameter base and a two inch high wall. A typical can is shown as 15 in Figure 2. The can of Figure 2 has a stepped base portion 10 and upstanding cylin~rical wall 11. The base portion 10 is usually pierced in its center by a hole at 12 in conventional manner, to provide for registration on metal spin~
ning equipment. Other holes may be pierced for registration purposes or for use as bolt holes when the pulley is completed.
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Additionally, the shape of the base 10 of the can need not be stepped as shown in Figure 2, but may instead be of flat or sloped configuration as shown in Figures 2a and 2b. Instead of a single hole, several holes may b~ pierced in the base in any desired pattern, as shown at 13 in Figure 2b. If desired, the pulley blank may be fitted with a hub formed of a separate piece of metal, as for example shown in United States Patent 2,696,740 issued December 1, 1954.
According to the method of the invention, the can is placed in a con~entional, ~eneral p~rpose, metal spinning ~ac~ine.
Such machines are available com:ercially, and will not be illus-trated here. As is usual, the machine is provided with chucks to hold a workpiece for rotation and with tool holders to move sel-ected tools toward and away from the axis of rotation of the work-piece. The machine is also capable of compres-sing a work-piece along its axis of rotation.
Figure 3 shows a can of the form of Figure 2 positioned~
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in a metal spinning machine between bottom chuck 20, and top chuck 23. The axis of rotation of the can is shown by the line ~126S4i a-a throu~h the chucks and t e c~n. As is comm2n in the pulley spinning art, the can is c~rrectly oriented so that its axis of rotation is the centre axis of the cylin~rical can wall. 5uch orientation can be achieved by ~eans of a can holding groove 21 in the bottQm chuck 20, and a central spindle 24 extending from chuck 23 and engaging hole 12, or by any other known means.
If desired, cylindrical internal support block 60 may be secured to the chuck 20 for rotation therewith. The block 60 has an indentation 61, to house spindle 24 when chucks 23 2nd 20 are moved together a predetermined distance.
It is preferred, for reasons to be described later, that the inner side of groove 21 be sloped, rather than vertical, as indicated at 25 in Figure 3. Top chuck Z3 also has a sloping annular portion 26 fa~ing the slope 25, also as shown in Figure 3.
If desired, a step of forming outer and inner flanges in the pulley wall can be carried out before thickening of the waIl and forming the grooves in it. Such a step is not absolutely necessary, as flanges can conveniently be formed during the course 2-0 of subsequent steps of pulley formation, as will be described.
However, it is sometimes con~enient to form the flanges f~rst, as this may permitibetter control-of the partial collapse of the pulley wall, as described later.
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The s ~p of flange formation is shown in ~igures 4a and 4b. Figure 4a shows a can positioned as shown in Figure 3, but with a roller 50 approaching it. ~he roller 50 is rotatable about an axis c-c parallel to a-a and is movable toward and away from axis a-a. The roller 50 has a generally cylindrical smooth outer face 51, and two sloped portions 52 and 53 each adjacent to the cylindrical face 51 as shown in Figure 4a. Alternately, the face of the roller can be slightly concave if desired. As is known in the art, such a roller can be mounted on springs, so that it can ;~ -~
move axially up and down slightly in response to pressures on its periphery. In the example shown, the roller is unpowered.
The chucks 20 and 23 are rotated simultaneou$1y, at the same speed and in the same direction, carrying with them the can 15 and blocX 60. As this rotation is occurring, the roller 50 ~s moved into contact with the wall 11 of the can 1~. SimultaneousIy, chuck 23 is moved downwardly a predetermined distance, so that, as the face 51 contacts the can ~all 11 and continues to move inwardly, -~the metal at the join betwee~ base 10 and wall 11 (shown at 16) is-fol~ed over by the pressure of the roller 51 bearing against the can. The sloping portion 52 of the rolIer helps fold over the Zo metal at 16 smoothly, to form a flange. Similarly, the sloping ¦
portion 53 helps form a flange smoothly at the end 17 of the~ can wall which is~most remote from the base. The roller 50 is moved inwardly toward the axis a-a a predetermined amount, having regard to the amount of downward movement of the chuck 23, so that the areas 16 and 17 of the wall 11 are folded into the position shown in Figure 4b, without undue stretching. Preferably (bu. not nec-essarily) the internal block 60 extends outwardly just sufficiently so that its external face 62 provides a backing support for the A'.~', ,' wall 11, when the roll~er 50 is at the innermost limit o its travel toward the axis a-a. It is preferred, however, that the block 60 should be of such a height that there is a gap, indicated . _ .
as 63 between the base 10 and the bloc~ 60 after this operation~
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so that the chuck 23 can ~e moved in subsequent steps of the pulley formation closer to the chucX 20, without the necessity of chanqing blocks 60. However, instead of leaving a space 63, it is also possible to dispense completely with the bloc~ 60 during the step shown in Figures 4a and 4b, or else, after completion of the step shown in Figures 4a and 4b, to remove the bloc~ 60 and replace it with a block having a smaller vertical height, before going on to further steps.
The steps shcwn in Figures 4a and 4b creat~ two flanges, 18 and 19, with a flat portion 117 between tnem. It will be noted that the flange l9 lies along the sloping portion 25 of the chuck 20 and is in fact formed between the sloping portion 53 of the roller 50 and the sloping portion 25 of the chuc~ 20. The slope of portion 25 should be pre-chosen so that it will provide a smooth bacX to assist in formation of flange 19.
As stated above, the step shown in Figures 4a and 4b is optional. It has the effect of accurately sizing two flanges 18 and l9, which fIanges are found to be useful in pulleys for poly v-belts, as they help to retain the poly v-belt in position when the pulley is ultimately formed. In the subsequent description, it will be assumed that the step of flange formation as shown in Figures 4a and 4b has not been carried aut, but it will be urder-stood by one skilled in the art that the steps to be described can be carried out with a pulley blan-k having flanges 18~~nd l9 as obtained from the carrying out of the steps shown in Figures 4a and 4b.
If the step of Figures 4a and 4b is not carried out, the first step to be performed on a pulley can ir. the process according to the invention is the partial collapsinq~ of the wall 11 of the pulley can lS. Such partial collapsing can be carried out in sever~l ways~ One way (which is not preferred~ is ~y a step of bulging the can as shown in ~. S. Patent 2,929,345 of :, R~-' -~, ' .
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Zatyko, dated March 22, 1960. This step is not preferred as it re~uires special equipment, which must be specially mounted on the spinning machine for the purpose of the step, and subsequently ; -~
removed so that other steps can be carried out. An aliernative, and also not preferred manner, is simply to apply axial pressure to the c~uck 23, causing the wall 11 to buc~le, as shown at 112 in Figure 5. The buc~ling occurs in an irregular manner. The bloc~ 60 need not be present during the operation of partial col-lapse of the wall 11 to the approximate shape shown at 112, but it 10 can be present if desired. As will be obvious to one skilied in -the art, the irregular buckling could also be carried out after ;
flanges 18 and 19 have been formed by the method shown in Figures 4a and 4b.
An alternative, and preferred manner of partially collapsing the wall 11 is shown in Figures 6a and 5b. Figures-6a and 6b show a pair of rollers 31 and 32, which rotate about an axis b-b. These rollers are separated from one another b-~ a compression spring 33. Each of the rollers has a face with a sloping portion 34, a blunt extension 35, and a curved portion 36, which is lo-cated nearest the other roller. The two rollers are separated by the spring 33 a distance such that the projections 35 will engage wall 11, when the rollers 32 and 33 are moved together toward the wall, at fairly widely spaced points on wall 11. '' In the partial collapse of the can wall according to the method of FiguIes 6a and 6b, the chucks 20 and 23 are powered to rotate the can 11, and the rollèrs 31 and 32 are moved into contact with the can 11. As the rollers contact the can 11, they will of course begin rotating as well, as the rotation of the can L1 will cause them to rotate. The projections 35 will of course be the 30 first portions of rollers 31 and 32 to contact the can wall 11.
As soon as the portions 35 have contacted the wall, the chuc~ 23 is moved tow-ard the chuc~ 20, at the same time as the rollers 32 , .
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and 31 are moved together toward the axis a-a. ~his will cause the can wall 11 to buckle, and, ~t ~he same time, the buckling ~i11 be controlled somewhat by the fact that the projections 35 will tend to stay in contact with the same portion of the can ~all th~t they originally contacted,with the spring 33 compre~sing as the chuck 23 mo~es toward the chuck 20. This will cause the can wall to lie along the contour of the curved roller face 36, as shown in Pigure 6~. The amount by which the rollers 31 and 32 should approach the axis a-a, and the design of the contours 36 ~nd the amount of movement of the chuck 23 will be obvious to a man skilled in the art. It is generally preferred to have the rollers 31 and 32 end up in face to face contact with one another, so that no point or burr on the metal is formed by a gap between the two faces 36, such as indicated at 37. ~owever, if a burr or point i~
formed, this is not detrimental, as it will be remo~ed during the l~ter processing steps. After the rollers 31 and 32 ~re ~ithdrawn further controlled collapse can be carried ou~ by moving the chucks 20 and 23 c~oser to one another by a desired amount.
The form of partially collapsed wall formed by the method of Figures 6a and 6b is shown in Figure 6b at 113. ~t will ~e noted that the shape of the collapsed wall is somewhat more regular than is formed by the method of Figure 5. ~erein-after, further steps of the invention will be described with respect to a wall of form 112, but it is understood that this disclosure ~pplies e~ually to a wall of form 113.
~o matter which method is used to collapse the wall, it is preferred that the wall 11 be collapsed so that its final height ~hl)~see Figure S) is from 25% to 75% of its original height h (see Figure 2). If a flange has been formed by the step of Figure
4 prior to the collapse, the ~coll2psed" height hl includes the heisht of tho flanges 18 and 19. ConvenientlyO the height of bloc~ 60 is such thæt, after collapse has occurred by the desired amount, the block is in contact with the base 10 of the can, ~s showm in Figures 5 and 7a. . ~ .
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Once the wall has been collapsed into the shape 112 or 113, the operator can, according to the invention, either perform on it the steps of Figures 7a and 7b to obtain a final pulley suitable for use with a poly-v-~roove belt, or else the steps of Figures ~a and 8b to obtain a pulley having a thickened up- ~ -right wall and which is suitable for use with a flat belt. If the steps of Figures 8a and 8b are carried out, a subsequent step can (if desired) be carried out as is shown in Figure 9, to con-vert the pulley thus formed into one suitable for use with a poly v-belt. -Referring now to Figures 7a and 7b, one method of for-ming a pulley suitable for use with a poly v-belt from a col-Iapsed can haviny the configuration 112 or 113, will now be des-cribed. Figure 7a shows a roller 40, which rotates about an axis d-d, parallel to the axis a-a. The face of roller 40 is provided with a number-of sharp projections 41, spaced from one another by v-shaped indentations 42. The number and shape of projections 41 is the same as the number and shape of projections on the poly ..~:. .....
v-belt with which the pulley to be made is intended to be used.
In the example shown in Fisure 7a, there are six projections 41 separated by five indentations 42, in the same configuration as is used in a common type of v-~elt. The top of the roller 40 has ..:
a sloped transition surface 43 between its face and its top. ~;~
Similarly, there is a sloped transition surface 44 between the face and the bottom of the roller.
The chucks 20 and 23 are set into motion simultaneously ;
and in the same ~direction, causing the partially collapsed can to -3~te. The axis d-d is then moved toward the axis a-a. ~en ~ the fac~ of t~e _oller 40 comes in contact with the can, the roller - 30 aiso begins to rotate. The surface 43, as it engages the can, squeezes a portion 114 of the metai of the can wall against the sloped surface 26 o upper chuck 23, forming a fIange. Similarly, ~ ~
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the sloped surface 44 squeezes a portion 115 of metal against the sloped surface 25 of bottom chuck 20, forming a bottom flange. These two flanges are identical with the flanges formed at 18 a~d 19 in the step described with respect to Figure 4. If the step of Figure 4 has been carried out, and the flanges are already formed, the sloped portions 43 and 44 merely nest against the pre-existing flanges, and do little if any deforma-tion of metal.
The sharp projections 42 cut into the metal of the can wall 112, and deform it. If the can walI were not partially col-lapsed, i.e., if it were in the same state as is shown in Figure 2 at 11, the sharp projections would cut deeply into the thin sheet metal of the wall. If the sheet metal were relatively thin, i.e., below about .110 inch, and the depth of the inden-tations 42 from the projections 41 was approximately .125 inch, insufficient metal would flow into the indentations 42 to fill such indentatio~s before the sharp pro~ections 41 cut entirely through the metal of wall 11, or else approached so nearly to cutting through the wall as to render the wall ll extremely wea~.
How~ver, according to the metho~ of the invention, the col1apsed portion 112 of the wall provides mo-~e ~etal than a straight .
cylindrical wall would ~o. T~is gives sufficient metal, e~sen when sheet metal of initial thick~ess of 0.080 inch is u edj to fill completely 0.125 inch l~dentations at 42, while still re- ;~
taining a strong wall. ~ -The roller 40 is moved towards axis a-a until the i~-dentations 42 have all been fiLled with metal. The final~form of the can wall is shown in Figure 7b. It will be noted that there is an appreciable thickness~of metal indicated by the di~tance y between the points 41 and the inside 116 of the can wall which n~w rests firmly a~ainst the ex~eri~r wall 62 :' , l~Z~i541 of the backing bl~ck 60. The indentations 42 are fully filled with metal of the wall, as shown by t~e dimension x. Generally speaking, where the height hl is from .25 to .7~ of the height h~ a thickness of wall plus projections (dimensions y plus x in ~igure 7b) of from about 1.5 to 2.5 of the thickness of the original sheet metal can be obtained for sheet metals in the thickness range of about .070 inch to 0.130 inch. The relative size of dimensions y and x will of course depend on the size, shape and number of projections 42, and upon how close to the wall 62 and the roller 4C is allowed to approach. In order to obtain a strong pulley for use in an automobile, the roller 40 ~-is allowed to approach the wall 62 only closely enough so that the mir.imum wall thickness 7 will be 0.040 inch. A smaller minimum thickness would of course be permissible if the pulley were designed for uses requiring less strength.
During the operation of ~igure 7, the backing block 60 is extremely important, as its wall 62 assists in distri- -buting the metal of can wall 112 so thzt it fills all of the indentations 42.
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After the roller 40 has come to the position of ~igure 7b, it is removed, and the pulley can, which has now been fully fosmed into a pulley suitable for. use with a poly v-belt, i8 I removed. It will be noted that the pulley thus formed has two flanges, 18 and 19, ~thich give it considerable dimensional stabil-ity, and has a series of grooves~ (the mirror image of projections 41 and indentations 42 of the roller~ for use with a poly v-beIt.
An alternative arrangement, for use in making~a pulley with a flat-ace, is shown in Figures 8a and 8b. Turning first to Figure 8a, a roller 70, rotating around an axis e-e which is parallel ~o axis a-a is shown. This roller has a flat face 71 and two sloped portions 72 and 73. Portion 72 joins the flat face 71 to the top of the roller, whereas portion 73 joins the flat face to the bottom of the roller. The width of the face 71 is just slightly smaller than the width of the face 62 of backing , bloc~ 60, and the slope of the sloped surfaces 72 and 73 are chosen having regard to the slopes of surface 26 and 25 with which 2a they will co-act to form flanges.
The chucks 20 and 23 are caused to rotate simult~rleously - and in the same direction, carrying the can ~0 with them. The axis e-e of the roller 70 is caused to move toward the axis a-a, ~-with the roller oriented opposite the can as shown in Figure 8a.
The flat face 71 contacts the collapsed portion 112 of the can wall, pushing it against wall 62 of backing blocX 60. Simulta-neously, sloped surface~72 of roIler 70 squeezes a portion of the - metal of the~can wall against surface 26 of chuck 23, to form a -~
; fla~ge, and s~_faca 73 squeezes a portion of 'he metal O f the can wall against sloped surface 25, also forming a flangP.
Because of the bulged or partially collapsed surface of the wall~
- of the can, there i5 more metal than would be needed merely to , .
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make a flat wall of the ~ame thickness as the metal ~f the base.
Thus, when the r~ll.er 70 approaches the wall 62, a thlck, smo~th wall of metal 111 is formed, having smooth surfaces asainst :~ .
faces 71 a~d 62. The advance of the r~ller 70 is stoppeQ at a pre-determined place having regard to the amount of cQllapse which has been carried out in forming the buckled or collapsing wall 112, such that the newly formed wall 111 will be of a de- ~
sired thickness. Generally, the thickness obtained ~ill ~e ~ome- .
what in exceæs of the sheet ~etal forming the base 10 (excluding .
any strengthening members or hubs) such as about from 1 1/4 to 2 times (preferably 1 1/3 to 1 1/2 times) the thickness of : the base 10. Obviously, if the roller 70 were.advanced closer to .-the axis a-a, excess metal could squeeze out around the edges of :
the roller, leading to a thinner .wall 111, but-this would not be desirable, and does not form part of this invention. ;Having :regard to the teachings herein, a person skilled in the.art :can easily determine the amount of collapse required to give a suitable thickness 111, as he may require.
If the .flanges 1`8 and l9 have been prefQrmed, as shown ~ :
2~ .in F:igures 4a and 4b, t~en~the.faces 72.and `73 wil} not.in themr selves form flanges, but will merely mate sm~othly against the :pre-exi-sting flanges I8 a~d 1.9, p~e~enting metal from escapin~
from .the area between face 62 and ace 71, where t~e new, thlçker :~
wall 111 is being formed.
After the condition shown in Figurè 8b has been re~ached, ~ ! :
the roIler 70 is withdrawn, and the pulley can is removed from , : ~
the- chucks 2.0 and 23. A pulley can ha-ving a smoot~, robust wall .. ~.
111 has been formed, which is suitable as a pulley for a fla.t belt. The pulley also has flanges 18 and 19, which~serve t~
retain the belt in p}ace.
: ~3 2654 It will be note~ that the ste~s of Figures 7 a~d 8 each res,ult intrinsically in a pulley having flanges 18 and ~9.:
Generally, it is preferred to retain these flanges, a~d one of t-he advantages of the invention is that the flange reduces the possi-::
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bility of slippage of v-belts from pulleys formed according to the invention. However, it is possi~le, if desired~to remove the flanges 18 and 19 by means of a roller which nips off the flanges (as is ~nown in the spun pulley art for removing unwanted flanges or burrsl or by other conventional ~et~ods. Therefore, although the flanges fonm a very desirable part of the invention, ~t is un-derstood that unflanged pulleys also can be made by a process according to the invention.
If desired, instead of remo~ing the pulley as formed with wall 111 from the chucks 20 and 23, the pulley can instead be subjected to the application of roller 40, as shown in Fig. 9, following the steps shown in Figures 8a and 8b. The roller 40 ap-proaches in a manner similar to that described with respect to Fig-ures 7a and 7b, but, onthis occasion, it engages flat, thick wall 111, rather than the buckled wall 112. 8Owever, the result obtained is the same as was obtained by the steps described in Figures 7a and 7b, as can be seen by comparing Figure 9 to Figure 7b.
In the foregoing disclosure, the contacting of the various rollers with the surface of the can wall has been accomplished by rotating the two chucks 20 and 23 at the same speed and in the same direction, entraining the can 1~ along with them. The roller or rollers which then contact the surface of the can wall (such as, for exa~ple roller 40 or roller 70) are freely rotatable, but are not powered. When they contact the can wall, they are caused to rotate by their ~ontact with the rotating can, at the same speed as the rotating can. It is of course within the scope of the inventlon to have the chucks 20 and 23 freely rotatable, and in-stead to power the roller which approaches the can wall. Alter~
nately (although this is not preferred) both the roller a~d the ~`
chuc~s 20 and 23 could be powered so that both the can and the roller are caused to rotate. ~he directions of rotation should prefer~bly be such that, at the point of contact of the rsller ;
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and the can, the two are moving in the sz~.e direction. However, they need not be moving at exactly the same speed, and, under some circumstances, it is even possible to obtain good results with the can and the roller moving in different directions, al-though this ic not preferred.
Certain examples of the making of pulleys according to the disclosure given herein will now be given.
EXAMPLE I
A can of the form shown in Figure 2 is drawn by conven-10~ tional means from sheet steel of thickness 0.080 inches to have awidth of 6.6 inches and a height h of 2.0 inches. The can is col-lapsed according to the step shown in Figure 5 to a height h1 sf 1.0 inch. me method steps with respect to Figure 7a and 7b are then preformed on the can using a roller 40 having six grooves spaced ~.}40 inches from one another and having a depth of indentation 42 of 0.140 inches. The roller 40 is moved toward axis a-a until the dis-tance~ ~etween wall 62 and the projections 42 is 0.050 inches. When the roller 40 is removed and the can is removed from the chucks, it is found to be a well formea grooved pulley having two flanges (18 and 19 in the drawings) of approximately 6.6 inches in diameter and a central v-~elt receiving portion ha~ing an average diameter of 6.0 inches a~d hauing six grooves corresponding to projections 41. Each o~ these grooves i5 0-140 inches in depth, and the total depth of metal measured fr~m the bottom of a vee to the inside of the can (the distance y in Figur~ 7b) is 0.050 inches. The variation of depth between the six v-grooYes is insignificant, being less than .002 inches. The dimensions are substantially constant around the - diameter of a pulley.
EXAMPLE II
~0 - A sheet of sheet steel 0.080 inches in thickness is ~reformed into a can of thç sa~e shap~ as that describe~ in Ex-ample I. Th~e can is collapsed according to the ste~ sh-own in I Figure 5 to a height ht f 1-0 inch. The steps illus~rated in ¦ Figure~ 8a and 1 - .
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gb are carried out on the can. The roller 70 is allowed to ~.
approach the wall 60 such that the distance between face 71 and face 62 is 0.120 inches. When the roller 70 is withdrawn, and ~:
the can is removed from the chucks 20 and 22, it is found to have a v-belt receiving por~ion 6.0 inches.in diameter and two flanges approximately 6.6 inches in diameter at each side of the v-belt receivinq portion. The thickness of the wall of the v-belt re-ceiving portion is 0.120 inches, and the pulley is smoothly cylin- -drical in its v-belt receiving portion.
EXAMPLE III
A pulley formed according to the teachings of Example II is treated by a subsequent step as illustrated in Figure 9 and the :-associated disclosure. The~roller 40 is permitted to approach : so that the projections 42 are a distance of O.OS0 inches frcm : the face 62. When the roller is withdrawn and the can is removed from the chucks 20 and 23, a poly v-belt pulley which is.indis~
tinguishable from the pulley formed in Example I is formed.
Each of the pulleys formed in Examples I, II and. III is .
found to be hignly resistant to being forced out of round,and is .
judged to be suitable for automotive and indeed heavy truck appli- ::
cations.
It is understood that th.e invention is not limited to the exact roller structure shown, nor to the exact pulley shapes illustrated, because the particular shapes of the: rollers can be varied to provide other structural embodiments without departing ~ :
from the scope of the prèsent invention.
Having:now described the features of the invention., and ., ::
. the construction and operation of: the:preferred embodiments of the noveI method and the products provided by them, th.e inventor wishes it understood that the protection claim~ed is not li.mited . to the exa~t embodiments~ shown, but includ:es such modi:fications - - thereo-as will ~e obvious to persons-skilled in the a~t.. , and; ~:
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~h~t the p~otection claimed i9 therefore.limited only a set out -in the appended claims.
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Once the wall has been collapsed into the shape 112 or 113, the operator can, according to the invention, either perform on it the steps of Figures 7a and 7b to obtain a final pulley suitable for use with a poly-v-~roove belt, or else the steps of Figures ~a and 8b to obtain a pulley having a thickened up- ~ -right wall and which is suitable for use with a flat belt. If the steps of Figures 8a and 8b are carried out, a subsequent step can (if desired) be carried out as is shown in Figure 9, to con-vert the pulley thus formed into one suitable for use with a poly v-belt. -Referring now to Figures 7a and 7b, one method of for-ming a pulley suitable for use with a poly v-belt from a col-Iapsed can haviny the configuration 112 or 113, will now be des-cribed. Figure 7a shows a roller 40, which rotates about an axis d-d, parallel to the axis a-a. The face of roller 40 is provided with a number-of sharp projections 41, spaced from one another by v-shaped indentations 42. The number and shape of projections 41 is the same as the number and shape of projections on the poly ..~:. .....
v-belt with which the pulley to be made is intended to be used.
In the example shown in Fisure 7a, there are six projections 41 separated by five indentations 42, in the same configuration as is used in a common type of v-~elt. The top of the roller 40 has ..:
a sloped transition surface 43 between its face and its top. ~;~
Similarly, there is a sloped transition surface 44 between the face and the bottom of the roller.
The chucks 20 and 23 are set into motion simultaneously ;
and in the same ~direction, causing the partially collapsed can to -3~te. The axis d-d is then moved toward the axis a-a. ~en ~ the fac~ of t~e _oller 40 comes in contact with the can, the roller - 30 aiso begins to rotate. The surface 43, as it engages the can, squeezes a portion 114 of the metai of the can wall against the sloped surface 26 o upper chuck 23, forming a fIange. Similarly, ~ ~
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the sloped surface 44 squeezes a portion 115 of metal against the sloped surface 25 of bottom chuck 20, forming a bottom flange. These two flanges are identical with the flanges formed at 18 a~d 19 in the step described with respect to Figure 4. If the step of Figure 4 has been carried out, and the flanges are already formed, the sloped portions 43 and 44 merely nest against the pre-existing flanges, and do little if any deforma-tion of metal.
The sharp projections 42 cut into the metal of the can wall 112, and deform it. If the can walI were not partially col-lapsed, i.e., if it were in the same state as is shown in Figure 2 at 11, the sharp projections would cut deeply into the thin sheet metal of the wall. If the sheet metal were relatively thin, i.e., below about .110 inch, and the depth of the inden-tations 42 from the projections 41 was approximately .125 inch, insufficient metal would flow into the indentations 42 to fill such indentatio~s before the sharp pro~ections 41 cut entirely through the metal of wall 11, or else approached so nearly to cutting through the wall as to render the wall ll extremely wea~.
How~ver, according to the metho~ of the invention, the col1apsed portion 112 of the wall provides mo-~e ~etal than a straight .
cylindrical wall would ~o. T~is gives sufficient metal, e~sen when sheet metal of initial thick~ess of 0.080 inch is u edj to fill completely 0.125 inch l~dentations at 42, while still re- ;~
taining a strong wall. ~ -The roller 40 is moved towards axis a-a until the i~-dentations 42 have all been fiLled with metal. The final~form of the can wall is shown in Figure 7b. It will be noted that there is an appreciable thickness~of metal indicated by the di~tance y between the points 41 and the inside 116 of the can wall which n~w rests firmly a~ainst the ex~eri~r wall 62 :' , l~Z~i541 of the backing bl~ck 60. The indentations 42 are fully filled with metal of the wall, as shown by t~e dimension x. Generally speaking, where the height hl is from .25 to .7~ of the height h~ a thickness of wall plus projections (dimensions y plus x in ~igure 7b) of from about 1.5 to 2.5 of the thickness of the original sheet metal can be obtained for sheet metals in the thickness range of about .070 inch to 0.130 inch. The relative size of dimensions y and x will of course depend on the size, shape and number of projections 42, and upon how close to the wall 62 and the roller 4C is allowed to approach. In order to obtain a strong pulley for use in an automobile, the roller 40 ~-is allowed to approach the wall 62 only closely enough so that the mir.imum wall thickness 7 will be 0.040 inch. A smaller minimum thickness would of course be permissible if the pulley were designed for uses requiring less strength.
During the operation of ~igure 7, the backing block 60 is extremely important, as its wall 62 assists in distri- -buting the metal of can wall 112 so thzt it fills all of the indentations 42.
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After the roller 40 has come to the position of ~igure 7b, it is removed, and the pulley can, which has now been fully fosmed into a pulley suitable for. use with a poly v-belt, i8 I removed. It will be noted that the pulley thus formed has two flanges, 18 and 19, ~thich give it considerable dimensional stabil-ity, and has a series of grooves~ (the mirror image of projections 41 and indentations 42 of the roller~ for use with a poly v-beIt.
An alternative arrangement, for use in making~a pulley with a flat-ace, is shown in Figures 8a and 8b. Turning first to Figure 8a, a roller 70, rotating around an axis e-e which is parallel ~o axis a-a is shown. This roller has a flat face 71 and two sloped portions 72 and 73. Portion 72 joins the flat face 71 to the top of the roller, whereas portion 73 joins the flat face to the bottom of the roller. The width of the face 71 is just slightly smaller than the width of the face 62 of backing , bloc~ 60, and the slope of the sloped surfaces 72 and 73 are chosen having regard to the slopes of surface 26 and 25 with which 2a they will co-act to form flanges.
The chucks 20 and 23 are caused to rotate simult~rleously - and in the same direction, carrying the can ~0 with them. The axis e-e of the roller 70 is caused to move toward the axis a-a, ~-with the roller oriented opposite the can as shown in Figure 8a.
The flat face 71 contacts the collapsed portion 112 of the can wall, pushing it against wall 62 of backing blocX 60. Simulta-neously, sloped surface~72 of roIler 70 squeezes a portion of the - metal of the~can wall against surface 26 of chuck 23, to form a -~
; fla~ge, and s~_faca 73 squeezes a portion of 'he metal O f the can wall against sloped surface 25, also forming a flangP.
Because of the bulged or partially collapsed surface of the wall~
- of the can, there i5 more metal than would be needed merely to , .
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make a flat wall of the ~ame thickness as the metal ~f the base.
Thus, when the r~ll.er 70 approaches the wall 62, a thlck, smo~th wall of metal 111 is formed, having smooth surfaces asainst :~ .
faces 71 a~d 62. The advance of the r~ller 70 is stoppeQ at a pre-determined place having regard to the amount of cQllapse which has been carried out in forming the buckled or collapsing wall 112, such that the newly formed wall 111 will be of a de- ~
sired thickness. Generally, the thickness obtained ~ill ~e ~ome- .
what in exceæs of the sheet ~etal forming the base 10 (excluding .
any strengthening members or hubs) such as about from 1 1/4 to 2 times (preferably 1 1/3 to 1 1/2 times) the thickness of : the base 10. Obviously, if the roller 70 were.advanced closer to .-the axis a-a, excess metal could squeeze out around the edges of :
the roller, leading to a thinner .wall 111, but-this would not be desirable, and does not form part of this invention. ;Having :regard to the teachings herein, a person skilled in the.art :can easily determine the amount of collapse required to give a suitable thickness 111, as he may require.
If the .flanges 1`8 and l9 have been prefQrmed, as shown ~ :
2~ .in F:igures 4a and 4b, t~en~the.faces 72.and `73 wil} not.in themr selves form flanges, but will merely mate sm~othly against the :pre-exi-sting flanges I8 a~d 1.9, p~e~enting metal from escapin~
from .the area between face 62 and ace 71, where t~e new, thlçker :~
wall 111 is being formed.
After the condition shown in Figurè 8b has been re~ached, ~ ! :
the roIler 70 is withdrawn, and the pulley can is removed from , : ~
the- chucks 2.0 and 23. A pulley can ha-ving a smoot~, robust wall .. ~.
111 has been formed, which is suitable as a pulley for a fla.t belt. The pulley also has flanges 18 and 19, which~serve t~
retain the belt in p}ace.
: ~3 2654 It will be note~ that the ste~s of Figures 7 a~d 8 each res,ult intrinsically in a pulley having flanges 18 and ~9.:
Generally, it is preferred to retain these flanges, a~d one of t-he advantages of the invention is that the flange reduces the possi-::
.
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.
bility of slippage of v-belts from pulleys formed according to the invention. However, it is possi~le, if desired~to remove the flanges 18 and 19 by means of a roller which nips off the flanges (as is ~nown in the spun pulley art for removing unwanted flanges or burrsl or by other conventional ~et~ods. Therefore, although the flanges fonm a very desirable part of the invention, ~t is un-derstood that unflanged pulleys also can be made by a process according to the invention.
If desired, instead of remo~ing the pulley as formed with wall 111 from the chucks 20 and 23, the pulley can instead be subjected to the application of roller 40, as shown in Fig. 9, following the steps shown in Figures 8a and 8b. The roller 40 ap-proaches in a manner similar to that described with respect to Fig-ures 7a and 7b, but, onthis occasion, it engages flat, thick wall 111, rather than the buckled wall 112. 8Owever, the result obtained is the same as was obtained by the steps described in Figures 7a and 7b, as can be seen by comparing Figure 9 to Figure 7b.
In the foregoing disclosure, the contacting of the various rollers with the surface of the can wall has been accomplished by rotating the two chucks 20 and 23 at the same speed and in the same direction, entraining the can 1~ along with them. The roller or rollers which then contact the surface of the can wall (such as, for exa~ple roller 40 or roller 70) are freely rotatable, but are not powered. When they contact the can wall, they are caused to rotate by their ~ontact with the rotating can, at the same speed as the rotating can. It is of course within the scope of the inventlon to have the chucks 20 and 23 freely rotatable, and in-stead to power the roller which approaches the can wall. Alter~
nately (although this is not preferred) both the roller a~d the ~`
chuc~s 20 and 23 could be powered so that both the can and the roller are caused to rotate. ~he directions of rotation should prefer~bly be such that, at the point of contact of the rsller ;
f ~ ~2~;~41 --.
and the can, the two are moving in the sz~.e direction. However, they need not be moving at exactly the same speed, and, under some circumstances, it is even possible to obtain good results with the can and the roller moving in different directions, al-though this ic not preferred.
Certain examples of the making of pulleys according to the disclosure given herein will now be given.
EXAMPLE I
A can of the form shown in Figure 2 is drawn by conven-10~ tional means from sheet steel of thickness 0.080 inches to have awidth of 6.6 inches and a height h of 2.0 inches. The can is col-lapsed according to the step shown in Figure 5 to a height h1 sf 1.0 inch. me method steps with respect to Figure 7a and 7b are then preformed on the can using a roller 40 having six grooves spaced ~.}40 inches from one another and having a depth of indentation 42 of 0.140 inches. The roller 40 is moved toward axis a-a until the dis-tance~ ~etween wall 62 and the projections 42 is 0.050 inches. When the roller 40 is removed and the can is removed from the chucks, it is found to be a well formea grooved pulley having two flanges (18 and 19 in the drawings) of approximately 6.6 inches in diameter and a central v-~elt receiving portion ha~ing an average diameter of 6.0 inches a~d hauing six grooves corresponding to projections 41. Each o~ these grooves i5 0-140 inches in depth, and the total depth of metal measured fr~m the bottom of a vee to the inside of the can (the distance y in Figur~ 7b) is 0.050 inches. The variation of depth between the six v-grooYes is insignificant, being less than .002 inches. The dimensions are substantially constant around the - diameter of a pulley.
EXAMPLE II
~0 - A sheet of sheet steel 0.080 inches in thickness is ~reformed into a can of thç sa~e shap~ as that describe~ in Ex-ample I. Th~e can is collapsed according to the ste~ sh-own in I Figure 5 to a height ht f 1-0 inch. The steps illus~rated in ¦ Figure~ 8a and 1 - .
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~` liZ6541 - .
gb are carried out on the can. The roller 70 is allowed to ~.
approach the wall 60 such that the distance between face 71 and face 62 is 0.120 inches. When the roller 70 is withdrawn, and ~:
the can is removed from the chucks 20 and 22, it is found to have a v-belt receiving por~ion 6.0 inches.in diameter and two flanges approximately 6.6 inches in diameter at each side of the v-belt receivinq portion. The thickness of the wall of the v-belt re-ceiving portion is 0.120 inches, and the pulley is smoothly cylin- -drical in its v-belt receiving portion.
EXAMPLE III
A pulley formed according to the teachings of Example II is treated by a subsequent step as illustrated in Figure 9 and the :-associated disclosure. The~roller 40 is permitted to approach : so that the projections 42 are a distance of O.OS0 inches frcm : the face 62. When the roller is withdrawn and the can is removed from the chucks 20 and 23, a poly v-belt pulley which is.indis~
tinguishable from the pulley formed in Example I is formed.
Each of the pulleys formed in Examples I, II and. III is .
found to be hignly resistant to being forced out of round,and is .
judged to be suitable for automotive and indeed heavy truck appli- ::
cations.
It is understood that th.e invention is not limited to the exact roller structure shown, nor to the exact pulley shapes illustrated, because the particular shapes of the: rollers can be varied to provide other structural embodiments without departing ~ :
from the scope of the prèsent invention.
Having:now described the features of the invention., and ., ::
. the construction and operation of: the:preferred embodiments of the noveI method and the products provided by them, th.e inventor wishes it understood that the protection claim~ed is not li.mited . to the exa~t embodiments~ shown, but includ:es such modi:fications - - thereo-as will ~e obvious to persons-skilled in the a~t.. , and; ~:
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~h~t the p~otection claimed i9 therefore.limited only a set out -in the appended claims.
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Claims (9)
1. A sheet metal pulley comprising:
(i) a circular sheet metal base of sheet metal having a predetermined thickeness;
(ii) a cylindrical wall upstanding from the base and formed from the same piece of sheet metal as the base, the metal thickness of said wall being greater than the metal thickness of the sheet metal base:
(iii) a first annular flange formed from the same piece of sheet metal as the wall and base and extending outwardly from the wall at the point where the wall joins the base; and (iv) a second annular flange formed from the same piece of sheet metal as the wall and base extending outwardly from the end of the wall remote from the base, said annular flanges defining the ends of the outer surface of said cylindrical wall.
(i) a circular sheet metal base of sheet metal having a predetermined thickeness;
(ii) a cylindrical wall upstanding from the base and formed from the same piece of sheet metal as the base, the metal thickness of said wall being greater than the metal thickness of the sheet metal base:
(iii) a first annular flange formed from the same piece of sheet metal as the wall and base and extending outwardly from the wall at the point where the wall joins the base; and (iv) a second annular flange formed from the same piece of sheet metal as the wall and base extending outwardly from the end of the wall remote from the base, said annular flanges defining the ends of the outer surface of said cylindrical wall.
2. A sheet metal pulley as claimed in Claim 1, the thickness of the wall being from 1 1/4 to 2 times the thickness of the sheet metal thickness of the base.
3. A method of forming a pulley which comprises:
(a) providing a pulley blank formed of sheet metal and having a circular base and a cylindrical wall upstanding from the circumference of the base;
(b) partially, but not completely, collapsing said wall in an axial direction;
(c) providing a cylindrical backing block of smaller diameter than the pulley blank within the pulley blank;
(d) contacting the partially collapsed wall of the pulley blank with the face of a roller, said roller and said pulley blank being rotatable and said backing block being rotatable with the pulley, and one of said pulley and said roller being caused to rotate, said roller and said block being contacted with sufficient force such that both rotate, while moving the roller inwardly to a predetermined distance from the backing block, whereby the roller deforms the metal of the wall completely filling the space between the roller and the backing block and forming a smooth cylindrical interior wall when such roller is at the predetermined distance from the backing block, said roller having sloped faces at each end of the said face and said sloped faces coacting with similarly sloped faces on the apparatus which retains the pulley blank whereby to form flanges in said pulley bounding said wall, while said wall is being formed.
(a) providing a pulley blank formed of sheet metal and having a circular base and a cylindrical wall upstanding from the circumference of the base;
(b) partially, but not completely, collapsing said wall in an axial direction;
(c) providing a cylindrical backing block of smaller diameter than the pulley blank within the pulley blank;
(d) contacting the partially collapsed wall of the pulley blank with the face of a roller, said roller and said pulley blank being rotatable and said backing block being rotatable with the pulley, and one of said pulley and said roller being caused to rotate, said roller and said block being contacted with sufficient force such that both rotate, while moving the roller inwardly to a predetermined distance from the backing block, whereby the roller deforms the metal of the wall completely filling the space between the roller and the backing block and forming a smooth cylindrical interior wall when such roller is at the predetermined distance from the backing block, said roller having sloped faces at each end of the said face and said sloped faces coacting with similarly sloped faces on the apparatus which retains the pulley blank whereby to form flanges in said pulley bounding said wall, while said wall is being formed.
4. A method as claimed in Claim 3, in which the said face of the roller is smoothly cylindrical, whereby said wall of said pulley is formed into a smoothly cylindrical outer surface.
5. A method as claimed in Claim 4, in which said predetermined distance is from 1 1/4 to 2 times the thicknesss of the sheet metal of the pulley base.
6. A method as claimed in either of Claims 4 or 5.
additionally comprising contacting said smoothly cylindrical outer surface with a second roller having at least four parallel ridges around its circumference, while supporting said pulley wall internally, at least one of the pulley and the roller being caused to rotate, said roller and said pulley being contacted with suf-ficient force so that both rotate and the ridged circumference of the roller imparts a pattern of v-grooves to the wall.
additionally comprising contacting said smoothly cylindrical outer surface with a second roller having at least four parallel ridges around its circumference, while supporting said pulley wall internally, at least one of the pulley and the roller being caused to rotate, said roller and said pulley being contacted with suf-ficient force so that both rotate and the ridged circumference of the roller imparts a pattern of v-grooves to the wall.
7. A method as claimed in Claim 3, in which said face of said roller is provided with at least four parallel ridges around its circumference, and the ridges impart to the wall a pattern of parallel v-grooves.
8. A method as claimed in Claim 7, in which said predetermined distance (as measured from the part of the roller which most closely approaches the backing block to the backing block) is less than the thickness of the sheet metal of the base of the pulley can.
9. A method as claimed in Claim 8, in which said predetermined distance is greater than 0.040 inch.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA368,331A CA1126541A (en) | 1977-12-16 | 1981-01-12 | Method of pulley manufacture and product |
| CA000402458A CA1222889A (en) | 1977-12-16 | 1982-05-06 | Method of pulley manufacture and product |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA293,232A CA1094356A (en) | 1977-02-04 | 1977-12-16 | Method of pulley manufacture and product |
| CA368,331A CA1126541A (en) | 1977-12-16 | 1981-01-12 | Method of pulley manufacture and product |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1126541A true CA1126541A (en) | 1982-06-29 |
Family
ID=25668612
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA368,331A Expired CA1126541A (en) | 1977-12-16 | 1981-01-12 | Method of pulley manufacture and product |
| CA000402458A Expired CA1222889A (en) | 1977-12-16 | 1982-05-06 | Method of pulley manufacture and product |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000402458A Expired CA1222889A (en) | 1977-12-16 | 1982-05-06 | Method of pulley manufacture and product |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (2) | CA1126541A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4882944A (en) * | 1987-07-07 | 1989-11-28 | Metzeler Gmbh | Torsional vibration damper |
-
1981
- 1981-01-12 CA CA368,331A patent/CA1126541A/en not_active Expired
-
1982
- 1982-05-06 CA CA000402458A patent/CA1222889A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4882944A (en) * | 1987-07-07 | 1989-11-28 | Metzeler Gmbh | Torsional vibration damper |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA1222889A (en) | 1987-06-16 |
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